Статті в журналах: "Olfaction canine"

1

Galibert, F., N. Azzouzi, P. Quignon, and G. Chaudieu. "The genetics of canine olfaction." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10, no. 5 (September 2015): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.012.

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2

Galibert, Francis, Naoual Azzouzi, Pascale Quignon, and Gilles Chaudieu. "The genetics of canine olfaction." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 16 (November 2016): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.012.

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3

Guest, Claire, Rob Harris, Karen S. Sfanos, Eva Shrestha, Alan W. Partin, Bruce Trock, Leslie Mangold, et al. "Feasibility of integrating canine olfaction with chemical and microbial profiling of urine to detect lethal prostate cancer." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): e0245530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245530.

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Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the developed world. A more sensitive and specific detection strategy for lethal prostate cancer beyond serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) population screening is urgently needed. Diagnosis by canine olfaction, using dogs trained to detect cancer by smell, has been shown to be both specific and sensitive. While dogs themselves are impractical as scalable diagnostic sensors, machine olfaction for cancer detection is testable. However, studies bridging the divide between clinical diagnostic techniques, artificial intelligence, and molecular analysis remains difficult due to the significant divide between these disciplines. We tested the clinical feasibility of a cross-disciplinary, integrative approach to early prostate cancer biosensing in urine using trained canine olfaction, volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) artificial neural network (ANN)-assisted examination, and microbial profiling in a double-blinded pilot study. Two dogs were trained to detect Gleason 9 prostate cancer in urine collected from biopsy-confirmed patients. Biopsy-negative controls were used to assess canine specificity as prostate cancer biodetectors. Urine samples were simultaneously analyzed for their VOC content in headspace via GC-MS and urinary microbiota content via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing. In addition, the dogs’ diagnoses were used to train an ANN to detect significant peaks in the GC-MS data. The canine olfaction system was 71% sensitive and between 70–76% specific at detecting Gleason 9 prostate cancer. We have also confirmed VOC differences by GC-MS and microbiota differences by 16S rDNA sequencing between cancer positive and biopsy-negative controls. Furthermore, the trained ANN identified regions of interest in the GC-MS data, informed by the canine diagnoses. Methodology and feasibility are established to inform larger-scale studies using canine olfaction, urinary VOCs, and urinary microbiota profiling to develop machine olfaction diagnostic tools. Scalable multi-disciplinary tools may then be compared to PSA screening for earlier, non-invasive, more specific and sensitive detection of clinically aggressive prostate cancers in urine samples.

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4

Overall, Karen L. "Canine olfaction: from detection to biomarkers." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 52-53 (June 2022): A3—A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2022.06.006.

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5

Arner, L. D., G. R. Johnson, and H. S. Skovronek. "Delineating toxic areas by canine olfaction." Journal of Hazardous Materials 13, no. 3 (August 1986): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(86)85009-9.

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6

Quignon, Pascale, Maud Rimbault, Stéphanie Robin, and Francis Galibert. "Genetics of canine olfaction and receptor diversity." Mammalian Genome 23, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2011): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-011-9371-1.

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7

Brisbin, I. Lehr, and Steven N. Austad. "Testing the individual odour theory of canine olfaction." Animal Behaviour 42, no. 1 (July 1991): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80606-2.

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8

Kokocińska-Kusiak, Agata, Martyna Woszczyło, Mikołaj Zybala, Julia Maciocha, Katarzyna Barłowska, and Michał Dzięcioł. "Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082463.

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Olfaction in dogs is crucial for gathering important information about the environment, recognizing individuals, making decisions, and learning. It is far more specialized and sensitive than humans’ sense of smell. Using the strength of dogs’ sense of smell, humans work with dogs for the recognition of different odors, with a precision far exceeding the analytical capabilities of most modern instruments. Due to their extremely sensitive sense of smell, dogs could be used as modern, super-sensitive mobile area scanners, detecting specific chemical signals in real time in various environments outside the laboratory, and then tracking the odor of dynamic targets to their source, also in crowded places. Recent studies show that dogs can detect not only specific scents of drugs or explosives, but also changes in emotions as well as in human cell metabolism during various illnesses, including COVID-19 infection. Here, we provide an overview of canine olfaction, discussing aspects connected with anatomy, physiology, behavioral aspects of sniffing, and factors influencing the olfactory abilities of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).

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9

Sun, Pengjiao, Yunbo Shi, and Yeping Shi. "Bionic sensing system and characterization of exhaled nitric oxide detection based on canine olfaction." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): e0279003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279003.

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A quantitative monitoring system for fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in homes is very important for the control of respiratory diseases such as asthma. To this end, this paper proposes a small bionic sensing system for NO detection in an electronic nose based on analysis of the structure of the canine olfactory system and the airflow pattern in the nasal cavity. The proposed system detected NO at different FENO concentration levels with different bionic sensing systems in the electronic nose, and analyzed the data comparatively. Combined with a backpropagation neural network algorithm, the bionic canine sensing system improved the recognition rate for FENO detection by up to 98.1%. Moreover, electronic noses with a canine bionic sensing system can improve the performance of trace gas detection.

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10

Craven, Brent A., Eric G. Paterson, and Gary S. Settles. "The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 47 (December 9, 2009): 933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0490.

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The canine nasal cavity contains hundreds of millions of sensory neurons, located in the olfactory epithelium that lines convoluted nasal turbinates recessed in the rear of the nose. Traditional explanations for canine olfactory acuity, which include large sensory organ size and receptor gene repertoire, overlook the fluid dynamics of odorant transport during sniffing. But odorant transport to the sensory part of the nose is the first critical step in olfaction. Here we report new experimental data on canine sniffing and demonstrate allometric scaling of sniff frequency, inspiratory airflow rate and tidal volume with body mass. Next, a computational fluid dynamics simulation of airflow in an anatomically accurate three-dimensional model of the canine nasal cavity, reconstructed from high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans, reveals that, during sniffing, spatially separate odour samples are acquired by each nostril that may be used for bilateral stimulus intensity comparison and odour source localization. Inside the nose, the computation shows that a unique nasal airflow pattern develops during sniffing, which is optimized for odorant transport to the olfactory part of the nose. These results contrast sharply with nasal airflow in the human. We propose that mammalian olfactory function and acuity may largely depend on odorant transport by nasal airflow patterns resulting from either the presence of a highly developed olfactory recess (in macrosmats such as the canine) or the lack of one (in microsmats including humans).

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11

Horowitz, Alexandra, and Becca Franks. "What smells? Gauging attention to olfaction in canine cognition research." Animal Cognition 23, no. 1 (October 12, 2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-019-01311-z.

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12

GRANDJEAN, Dominique, Caroline ELIE, Capucine GALLET, Clotilde JULIEN, Vinciane ROGER, Loïc DESQUILBET, Guillaume ALVERGNAT, et al. "Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): e0268382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268382.

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Background Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, testing individuals remains a key action. One approach to rapid testing is to consider the olfactory capacities of trained detection dogs. Methods Prospective cohort study in two community COVID-19 screening centers. Two nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), one saliva and one sweat samples were simultaneously collected. The dog handlers (and the dogs…) were blinded with regards to the Covid status. The diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction was assessed as compared to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR as the reference standard, saliva RT-PCR and nasopharyngeal antigen testing. Results 335 ambulatory adults (143 symptomatic and 192 asymptomatic) were included. Overall, 109/335 participants tested positive on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR either in symptomatic (78/143) or in asymptomatic participants (31/192). The overall sensitivity of canine detection was 97% (95% CI, 92 to 99) and even reached 100% (95% CI, 89 to 100) in asymptomatic individuals compared to NPS RT-PCR. The specificity was 91% (95% CI, 72 to 91), reaching 94% (95% CI, 90 to 97) for asymptomatic individuals. The sensitivity of canine detection was higher than that of nasopharyngeal antigen testing (97% CI: 91 to 99 versus 84% CI: 74 to 90, p = 0.006), but the specificity was lower (90% CI: 84 to 95 versus 97% CI: 93 to 99, p = 0.016). Conclusions Non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction could be one alternative to NPS RT-PCR when it is necessary to obtain a result very quickly according to the same indications as antigenic tests in the context of mass screening.

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13

Juge, Aiden E., and Courtney L. Daigle. "PSIV-3 Canine olfaction as a disease detection technology: A systematic review." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.543.

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Abstract Capitalizing on canine olfactory capacity is a promising strategy for detecting and diagnosing human, animal, and plant diseases. The purpose of this review was to assess the extent of current research in canine disease detection. In this systematic review, multiple databases were searched for studies in which dogs were trained to detect diseases or health conditions. Following PRISMA guidelines, 1689 studies were screened and 50 relevant studies identified. The majority of studies (n = 31, 66%) took place in Europe. Lung cancer (n = 11, 22%), prostate cancer (n = 8, 16%), and breast cancer (n = 7, 14%) were the most frequently-studied conditions. Urine (n = 17, 34%) and breath (n = 9, 18%) were the most common sample types. Across all studies, 166 unique detection dogs were tested. The most numerous breed was Labrador Retrievers (n = 24, 14.46%). The median number of dogs per study was 2 (range: 1–20). To analyze experimental design and results, studies including multiple test paradigms were divided into sub-studies (n = 90). In 84.4% of sub-studies (n = 76), dogs were presented with sets of samples and 74.4% (n = 67) reported a constant number of samples per trial. The median number of samples per trial was 7 (range: 2–100). Of the sub-studies reporting a fixed number of positive samples (range: 1–10; n = 55), 87% (n = 48) presented one positive sample per trial. A plurality of sub-studies (n = 44, 49%) presented samples in a lineup. Sensitivity (median: 0.90; range: 0.13 to 1.0; n = 77) and specificity (median: 0.96; range: 0.08 to 1.0; n = 69) were the predominant measures of detection success, although reporting strategies were inconsistent. Dogs appear to have the capacity to detect disease via olfaction; yet the nascent nature of this discipline yields little consistency across studies.

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14

Juge, Aiden E., Nathan Hall, John Richeson, and Courtney L. Daigle. "38 Using Canine Olfaction to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Pilot Study." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_1 (March 8, 2022): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac028.037.

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Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle and is therefore a major welfare and economic concern. Identification of BRD-affected cattle using clinical illness score is problematic, and speed and cost constraints limit the feasibility of many diagnostic approaches. Dogs can rapidly identify humans and animals affected by a variety of diseases based on scent. Canines’ olfactory systems can distinguish between patterns of volatile organic compounds produced by diseased and healthy tissue. In this pilot study, two dogs were trained for seven months to discriminate between nasal swabs from cattle that developed signs of BRD within twenty days of feedlot arrival and swabs from cattle that did not develop BRD signs within three months at the feedlot. Nasal swabs were collected during cattle processing upon arrival to the feedlot and were stored at -80°C. Dogs were presented with sets of one positive and two negative samples and were trained using positive reinforcement to hold their noses on the positive sample. The dogs performed moderately well in the final stage of training, with accuracy for Dog A of 0.817 and Dog B of 0.647. During a double-blind detection test, dogs evaluated 123 unique and unfamiliar samples that were presented as 41 sets (3 samples per set), with both the dog handler and data recorder blinded to the positive sample location. Each dog was tested twice on each set of samples. Detection test accuracy was slightly better than the 0.333 expected by chance for Dog B at 0.451 (95% CI: 0.341-0.565) and was no better than chance for Dog A at 0.390 (95% CI: 0.284-0.504. Overall accuracy was 0.421 (95% CI: 0.344-0.500). While dogs showed some ability to discriminate between BRD-affected and healthy cattle using nasal swabs, the complexity of this task suggests that more testing is needed before identifying whether dogs could be effective as a screening method for BRD.

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15

Huff, Dillon E., Ariela Cantu, Sarah A. Kane, Lauren S. Fernandez, Jaclyn E. Cañas-Carrell, Nathaniel J. Hall, and Paola A. Prada-Tiedemann. "Odor Dilution Assessment for Explosive Detection." Analytica 5, no. 3 (August 9, 2024): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/analytica5030025.

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Canine olfaction is a highly developed sense and is utilized for the benefit of detection applications, ranging from medical diagnostics to homeland security and defense prevention strategies. Instrumental validation of odor delivery methods is key to standardize canine olfaction research to establish baseline data for explosive detection applications. Solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME/GC-MS) was used to validate the odor delivery of an olfactometer. Three explosive classes were used in this study: composition C-4 (C-4), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and ammonium nitrate (AN). Dynamic airflow sampling yielded the successful detection of previously reported target volatile organic compounds (VOCs): 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB) in C-4 and 2-ethylhexan-1-ol (2E1H) in ammonium nitrate and TNT across odor dilutions of 80%, 50%, 25%, 12%, and 3%. C-4 highlighted the most reliable detection from the olfactometer device, depicting a response decrease as a function of dilution factor of its key odor volatile DMNB across the entire range tested. TNT only portrayed 2-ethylhexan-1-ol as a detected odor volatile with a detection response as a function of dilution from 80% down to 12%. Comparatively, ammonium nitrate also depicted 2-ethylhexan-1-ol as an odor volatile in the dynamic airflow sampling but with detection only within the upper scale of the dilution range (80% and 50%). The results suggest the importance of monitoring odor delivery across different dilution ranges to provide quality control for explosive odor detection using dynamic airflow systems.

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Jeong, Seongsoo, Dongwook Kim, Wun-Jae Kim, and Gonhyung Kim. "Detection of volatile organic compounds from human prostate cancer cell using canine olfaction." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 49 (March 2022): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.10.010.

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17

Seo, In-Seok, Hwan-Gon Lee, Bonkon Koo, Chin Su Koh, Hae-Yong Park, Changkyun Im, and Hyung-Cheul Shin. "Cross detection for odor of metabolic waste between breast and colorectal cancer using canine olfaction." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): e0192629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192629.

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18

Yi, Tongmo. "A More Effective and Safer Treatment of Separation Anxiety." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/3/2022477.

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Separation anxiety is one of the most common canine-related disorders in dogs (Canis Familiaris) and charactered by the presentation of unacceptable levels of anxiety related behaviors in the absence of the human companion. While pharmaceutical treatment with antidepressant drugs shows some evidence for effectiveness, the impact is limited, and negative side effects are reported. In contrast, behavioral modification is proposed as an effective and safe method to address separation anxiety, but clinical research is lacking. This work reports the application of associative theory to animal behavioral treatment that considers the role of three senses for a treatment plan; vision, audition, and olfaction and has accumulated 129 successful cases in ten years. Summary data demonstrates the practical advantages including safety for the dogs and perceived effectiveness for the owners.

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Lawson, M. J., B. A. Craven, E. G. Paterson, and G. S. Settles. "A Computational Study of Odorant Transport and Deposition in the Canine Nasal Cavity: Implications for Olfaction." Chemical Senses 37, no. 6 (April 2, 2012): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjs039.

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Simon, Alison G., Lauryn E. DeGreeff, Kelvin Frank, Kimberly Peranich, Howard Holness, and Kenneth G. Furton. "A Method for Controlled Odor Delivery in Olfactory Field-Testing." Chemical Senses 44, no. 6 (May 21, 2019): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz031.

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Abstract A widely recognized limitation in mammalian olfactory research is the lack of current methods for measuring odor availability (i.e., the quantifiable amount of odor presented and thus available for olfaction) of training or testing materials during behavioral or operational testing. This research utilized an existing technology known as Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems (COMPS) to produce a reproducible, field-appropriate odor delivery method that can be analytically validated and quantified, akin to laboratory-based research methods, such as permeation devices that deliver a stable concentration of a specific chemical vapor for instrumental testing purposes. COMPS were created for 12 compounds across a range of carbon chain lengths and functional groups in such a way to produce similar permeation rates for all compounds. Using detection canines as a model, field-testing was performed to assess the efficacy of the method. Additionally headspace concentrations over time were measured as confirmation of odor availability using either externally sampled internal standard-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ESIS-SPME-GC-MS) or collection onto a programmable temperature vaporizing (PTV) GC inlet with MS detection. Finally, lifetime usage was considered. An efficient method for producing and measuring reliable odor availabilities across various chemical functional groups was developed, addressing a noted gap in existing literature that will advance canine and other nonhuman mammal research testing.

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21

Juge, Aiden E., Nathaniel Hall, John T. Richeson, and Courtney L. Daigle. "PSV-A-13 Using Canine Olfaction to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease: An Analysis of two Dogs’ Performance." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.473.

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Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) detection is a major challenge in feedlot cattle management. In a pilot study, two dogs were trained using sets of three samples to identify nasal swabs from cattle that developed signs of BRD after feedlot arrival. Cattle arrived at the feedlot in four lots and included a mixture of bulls (n=306) and steers (n=89). In the final stage of training, Dog A accuracy was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.79-0.85) and Dog B accuracy was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.60-0.67). A Kruskal-Wallis test identified differences in accuracy across lots (P < 0.001). Differences between pairs were identified by Wilcoxon tests. Accuracy for Lot 2 (0.53, 95% CI: 0.46-0.59) was lower than all other lots. The greatest accuracy, 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-1.00), was for sets where the positive sample came from a different lot than both negative samples, and differed from accuracy for all lots except Lot 4. A Wilcoxon test detected no differences (p = 0.76) in accuracy between sets that consisted of all bulls (0.73, 95% CI: 0.69-0.76) and sets that were a mixture of bulls and steers (0.72, 95% CI: 0.69-0.75). After training, in a double-blind detection test, unfamiliar samples (n=123) were presented to the dogs as 41 sets. Each set was evaluated twice by each dog. Accuracy for Dog A was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.28-0.50), no better than chance; however, Dog B’s accuracy was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.34-0.56), better than the 0.33 expected by chance. In the detection test, neither sample lot (p = 0.33) nor sex (p = 0.11) impacted performance for either dog. Dogs’ consensus accuracy was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.38-0.69). Overall, dogs showed some ability to discriminate between BRD-affected and healthy cattle using nasal swabs, however multiple compounding factors may have influenced canines’ decision making in this trial.

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Brooks, Spencer W., Daniel R. Moore, Evan B. Marzouk, Frasier R. Glenn, and Robert M. Hallock. "Canine Olfaction and Electronic Nose Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Detection of Cancer: A Review." Cancer Investigation 33, no. 9 (June 26, 2015): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07357907.2015.1047510.

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Hackner, Klaus, and Joachim Pleil. "Canine olfaction as an alternative to analytical instruments for disease diagnosis: understanding ‘dog personality’ to achieve reproducible results." Journal of Breath Research 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aa5524.

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Jezierski, Tadeusz, Marta Walczak, Tomasz Ligor, Joanna Rudnicka, and Bogusław Buszewski. "Study of the art: canine olfaction used for cancer detection on the basis of breath odour. Perspectives and limitations." Journal of Breath Research 9, no. 2 (May 6, 2015): 027001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/027001.

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Sokolenko, L. V., T. M. Sokolenko, Yu L. Yagupolskii, V. I. Kalchenko, Yu V. Veresenko, O. V. Nenia, Yu D. Kuchynskyi, et al. "Narcotic Drug Smell Mimics for Dog Training at Cynological Departments: Composition, Principle of Action, and Legal Frame work of their Use." Science and innovation 16, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.05.071.

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Introduction. Involvement of cynological departments to narcotics identification is widely used due to high sensitivity of canine olfaction. Problem Statement. Currently, cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine can use the samples of original narcotics in detector dogs learning and training for the purpose of developing or maintaining of the corresponding skill. However, narcotics are the substances under control; therefore, special normative procedures for their obtaining, usage, storage, and utilization exist. This order greatly complicates dogs training. The use of original narcotics is reasonable in special cynological schools during basic learning of detector dogs. Further training in departments is oriented to maintain skills and, as a rule, is carried out using pseudo narcotic scents, which does not contain original narcotics and does not possess narcotic activity. Majority of such pseudo narcotic scents is of foreign production and are expensive. This fact does not allow to provide with training aids all the cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine. Moreover, these pseudo narcotic scents are of limited range. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop domestic pseudo narcotic scents with extended range, which would not possess narcotic activity, but have similar odor properties like original narcotics and are cheaper in comparison to foreign counterparts. Materials and Methods. Pseudo narcotic scents of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were developed. These training aids consist of inert carrying agent and volatile organic impurities from narcotics. These training aids were tested with involvement of 12 detector dogs of the cynological departments of the National Policy of Ukraine and State border service of Ukraine. Results. Pseudo narcotic canine training aids for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were created and tested with detector dogs. It was shown that odorological profile of pseudo scents agreed with original narcotics. Conclusions. Pseudo narcotic scents which are perspective for introduction into production and further usage as canine training aids in cynological departments have been established.

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Warli, Syah Mirsya, Naufal Nandita Firsty, Adrian Joshua Velaro, and Zaimah Zulkarnaini Tala. "The Olfaction Ability of Medical Detection Canine to Detect Prostate Cancer From Urine Samples: Progress Captured in Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." World Journal of Oncology 14, no. 5 (October 2023): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjon1635.

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Grandjean, Dominique, Capucine Gallet, Clothilde Julien, Riad Sarkis, Quentin Muzzin, Vinciane Roger, Didier Roisse, et al. "Identifying SARS-COV-2 infected patients through canine olfactive detection on axillary sweat samples; study of observed sensitivities and specificities within a group of trained dogs." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): e0262631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262631.

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There is an increasing need for rapid, reliable, non-invasive, and inexpensive mass testing methods as the global COVID-19 pandemic continues. Detection dogs could be a possible solution to identify individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies have shown that dogs can detect SARS-CoV-2 on sweat samples. This study aims to establish the dogs’ sensitivity (true positive rate) which measures the proportion of people with COVID-19 that are correctly identified, and specificity (true negative rate) which measures the proportion of people without COVID-19 that are correctly identified. Seven search and rescue dogs were tested using a total of 218 axillary sweat samples (62 positive and 156 negative) in olfaction cones following a randomised and double-blind protocol. Sensitivity ranged from 87% to 94%, and specificity ranged from 78% to 92%, with four dogs over 90%. These results were used to calculate the positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each dog for different infection probabilities (how likely it is for an individual to be SARS-CoV-2 positive), ranging from 10–50%. These results were compared with a reference diagnostic tool which has 95% specificity and sensitivity. Negative predictive values for six dogs ranged from ≥98% at 10% infection probability to ≥88% at 50% infection probability compared with the reference tool which ranged from 99% to 95%. Positive predictive values ranged from ≥40% at 10% infection probability to ≥80% at 50% infection probability compared with the reference tool which ranged from 68% to 95%. This study confirms previous results, suggesting that dogs could play an important role in mass-testing situations. Future challenges include optimal training methods and standardisation for large numbers of detection dogs and infrastructure supporting their deployment.

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Willis, C. M., L. E. Britton, M. A. Swindells, E. M. Jones, A. E. Kemp, N. L. Muirhead, A. Gul, R. N. Matin, L. Knutsson, and M. Ali. "Invasive melanomain vivocan be distinguished from basal cell carcinoma, benign naevi and healthy skin by canine olfaction: a proof-of-principle study of differential volatile organic compound emission." British Journal of Dermatology 175, no. 5 (September 11, 2016): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14887.

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Haines, Aaron. "Canine olfaction science and law: Advances in forensic science, medicine, conservation, and environmental remediation. TadeuszJezierski, JohnEnsminger and L. E.Papet, editors. 2016. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 482 pp. $109." Journal of Wildlife Management 81, no. 4 (February 7, 2017): 742–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21226.

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30

Sarkis, R., J. Khazen, M. Issa, A. Khazzaka, G. Hilal, and D. Grandjean. "Dépistage du cancer colorectal par détection olfactive canine." Journal de Chirurgie Viscérale 154 (September 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchirv.2017.07.068.

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31

Grandjean, Dominique, Florine Hache, Capucine Gallet, Hélène Bacqué, Marc Blondot, Loic Desquilbet, Holger Volk, et al. "Acceptation par le public de la détection olfactive canine de la Covid-19 : à propos d’une enquête internationale avant redéploiement." Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France 176, no. 1 (2023): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bavf.2023.18303.

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Анотація:

La détection olfactive canine de la COVID-19 a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux internationaux démontrant son efficacité. Ceci nous a conduit à évaluer le positionnement du grand public à travers le monde vis-à-vis de cette nouvelle méthode de détection médicale. Le questionnaire, élaboré par l’équipe française NOSAÏS, fut traduit en 6 langues et diffusé à travers les différents continents grâce à une implication forte de l’équipe allemande de TiHo (École Vétérinaire de Hanovre) et de l’OMS (Organisation mondiale de la santé). Certaines carences reconnues par les auteurs en matière de représentativité des échantillons n’ont pas permis d’avoir recours à la notion d’interférence, mais des grandes tendances apparaissant fiables ont pu être extraites des résultats des questionnaires. La grande majorité des répondants de par le monde (95 à 97p100 hors Chine et Russie) présente un engouement certain pour la méthode et une totale acceptation de la détection olfactive canine de la COVID-19. Les répondants chinois sont, quant à eux, positionnés en opposition à la mise en place de la méthode, vraisemblablement par manque d’information et culture ancestrale plus distante du chien. Les répondants russes s’avèrent plus mitigés, ne montrant pas un intérêt débordant pour la méthode, mais ne s’opposant malgré tout pas à sa valorisation. Les commentaires libres laissés par les répondants à la fin du questionnaire ont permis de cibler les quelques inquiétudes existantes, essentiellement d’ordre éthique (bien-être animal) et scientifique. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient être pris en compte par les décideurs administratifs et politiques de nombre de pays pour enfin envisager un déploiement officiel de la méthode de test, surtout en cas de reprises pandémiques.

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Grandjean, Dominique, Clothilde Julien, Capucine Gallet, and Marc Blondot. "Détection olfactive canine de la COVID-19. Le chien au service dela santé humaine." Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives 6, no. 1 (March 2022): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pxur.2021.12.003.

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33

Magna, Gabriele, Lorena Di Zazzo, Manuela Stefanelli, Alexandro Catini, Rosamaria Capuano, Roberto Paolesse, and Corrado Di Natale. "Porphyrinoids-Junctions Based Chemical Sensors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 15 (August 28, 2023): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01151404mtgabs.

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The three main elements that form the porphyrinoids (aromatic ring, metal atom, and lateral compounds) provide the key to direct the chemical reactivity of the molecule towards desired classes of compounds. This property gives rise to a manifold of molecular architectures each with distinct features, that, in many cases, make them suitable for technological applications, among the others, chemical sensing. The gas sensing properties of porphyrinoids involves the interaction with airborne molecules [1,2]. These are driven by a multiplicity of mechanisms including hydrogen bond, Van der Waals forces, and coordination that are active at once. Coordinating molecules, such as amines, have a preferential absorption onto porphyrins solid state layers, however the response to other molecules is not negligible so, eventually porphyrin sensors are seldom selective. However, the pattern of sensitivity strongly depends on slight changes in the molecular structure. This facilitate the development of sensor arrays that can easily implement the combinatorial selectivity principle of olfaction [3]. This property has been exploited to prepare electronic noses for various applications, not least medical diagnosis from the analysis of the volatile portion of the human metabolites [4–6]. These results were obtained coating with porphyrin layers the surface of quartz microbalance sensors. These are mass sensitive piezoelectric devices where the crystal resonance frequency is matched with the electric resonance. Mass sensors are quite suitable to prepare sensors that preserve the global sensitivity pattern of porphyrinoids, thus enabling an efficient combinatorial selectivity suitable for those applications which are characterized by patterns of volatile compounds. In spite of these positive properties, quartz microbalances are bulky and costly devices not suitable for low-costs, miniaturized devices. Thus, the current challenge is the development of impedance-based sensors that can preserve the wide sensitivity pattern of porphyrinoids. To this regard, we have been interested to study the combination of porphyrnoids with conductive materials such as inorganic, and organic semiconductors. In this presentation some relevant results will be present in particular about porphyrinoids coated ZnO nanostructures [7], the functionalization of the internal surface of face-masks with blends of porphyrinoids and PEDOT [8]and the heterojunctions formed by corrole polymer and phthalocyanine [9]. The sensitivity patterns of these devices approaches the behavior of quartz microbalance sensors paving the way for an effective large-scale deployment of porphyrinoids based artificial olfaction systems. Reference [1] R. Paolesse, Porphyrinoids for Chemical Sensor Applications, Chem. Rev. 117 (2017) 2517–2583. [2] C. Di Natale, C.P. Gros, R. Paolesse, Corroles at work: a small macrocycle for great applications, Chem. Soc. Rev. 51 (2022) 1277–1335. [3] I. Manzini, D. Schild, Di Natale C., Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems, Physiol. Rev. 102 (2022) 61–154. [4] R. Gasparri, R. Capuano, A. Guaglio, V. Caminiti, F. Canini, A. Catini, G. Sedda, R. Paolesse, C. Di Natale, L. Spaggiari, Volatolomic urinary profile analysis for diagnosis of the early stage of lung cancer, J. Breath Res. 16 (2022). [5] Y.K. Mougang, L. Di Zazzo, M. Minieri, R. Capuano, A. Catini, J.M. Legramante, R. Paolesse, S. Bernardini, C. Di Natale, Sensor array and gas chromatographic detection of the blood serum volatolomic signature of COVID-19, IScience. 24 (2021) 102851. [6] M. Murdocca, F. Torino, S. Pucci, M. Costantini, R. Capuano, C. Greggi, C. Polidoro, G. Somma, V. Pasqualetti, Y. Ketchanji Mougang, A. Catini, G. Simone, R. Paolesse, A. Orlandi, A. Mauriello, M. Roselli, A. Magrini, G. Novelli, C. Di Natale, F.C. Sangiuolo, Urine LOX-1 and Volatilome as Promising Tools towards the Early Detection of Renal Cancer, Cancers (Basel). 13 (2021) 4213. [7] G. Magna, M. Muduganti, M. Stefanelli, Y. Sivalingam, F. Zurlo, E. Di Bartolomeo, A. Catini, E. Martinelli, R. Paolesse, C. Di Natale, Light-Activated Porphyrinoid-Capped Nanoparticles for Gas Sensing, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4 (2021) 414–424. [8] L. Di Zazzo, G. Magna, M. Lucentini, M. Stefanelli, R. Paolesse, C. Di Natale, Sensor-embedded face masks for detection of volatiles in breath: A proof of concept study, Chemosensors. 9 (2021). [9] L. Di Zazzo, A. Kumar, R. Meunier-Prest, C. Di Natale, R. Paolesse, M. Bouvet, Electrosynthesized copper polycorroles as versatile materials in double lateral heterojunctions (submitted) 2022.

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Maurer, Maureen, Michael McCulloch, Angel M. Willey, Wendi Hirsch, and Danielle Dewey. "Detection of Bacteriuria by Canine Olfaction." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 3, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw051.

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Abstract Background. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant medical problem , particularly for patients with neurological conditions and the elderly. Detection is often difficult in these patients, resulting in delayed diagnoses and more serious infections such as pyelonephritis and life-threatening sepsis. Many patients have a higher risk of UTIs because of impaired bladder function, catheterization, and lack of symptoms. Urinary tract infections are the most common nosocomial infection; however, better strategies are needed to improve early detection of the disease. Methods. In this double-blinded, case-control, validation study, we obtained fresh urine samples daily in a consecutive case series over a period of 16 weeks. Dogs were trained to distinguish urine samples that were culture-positive for bacteriuria from those of culture-negative controls, using reward-based clicker and treat methods. Results. Samples were obtained from 687 individuals (from 3 months to 92 years of age; 86% female and 14% male; 34% culture-positive and 66% culture-negative controls). Dogs detected urine samples positive for 100 000 colony-forming units/mL Escherichia coli (N = 250 trials; sensitivity 99.6%, specificity 91.5%). Dilution of E coli urine with distilled water did not affect accuracy at 1% (sensitivity 100%, specificity 91.1%) or 0.1% (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.6%) concentration. Diagnostic accuracy was similar to Enterococcus (n = 50; sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.9%), Klebsiella (n = 50; sensitivity 100%, specificity 95.1%), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 50; sensitivity 100%, specificity 96.3%). All dogs performed with similarly high accuracy: overall sensitivity was at or near 100%, and specificity was above 90%. Conclusions. Canine scent detection is an accurate and feasible method for detection of bacteriuria.

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Jendrny, Paula, Friederike Twele, Sebastian Meller, Albertus Dominicus Marcellinus Eras Osterhaus, Esther Schalke, and Holger Andreas Volk. "Canine olfactory detection and its relevance to medical detection." BMC Infectious Diseases 21, no. 1 (August 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06523-8.

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AbstractThe extraordinary olfactory sense of canines combined with the possibility to learn by operant conditioning enables dogs for their use in medical detection in a wide range of applications. Research on the ability of medical detection dogs for the identification of individuals with infectious or non-infectious diseases has been promising, but compared to the well-established and–accepted use of sniffer dogs by the police, army and customs for substances such as money, explosives or drugs, the deployment of medical detection dogs is still in its infancy. There are several factors to be considered for standardisation prior to deployment of canine scent detection dogs. Individual odours in disease consist of different volatile organic molecules that differ in magnitude, volatility and concentration. Olfaction can be influenced by various parameters like genetics, environmental conditions, age, hydration, nutrition, microbiome, conditioning, training, management factors, diseases and pharmaceuticals. This review discusses current knowledge on the function and importance of canines’ olfaction and evaluates its limitations and the potential role of the dog as a biomedical detector for infectious and non-infectious diseases.

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36

"Studies in canine olfaction, taste and feeding." Peptides 6, no. 4 (July 1985): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(85)90188-3.

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37

"Studies in Canine Olfaction, Taste and Feedin." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 22, no. 1 (January 1985): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(85)90506-4.

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38

Maidodou, Laetitia, Igor Clarot, Michelle Leemans, Isabelle Fromantin, Eric Marchioni, and Damien Steyer. "Unraveling the potential of breath and sweat VOC capture devices for human disease detection: a systematic-like review of canine olfaction and GC-MS analysis." Frontiers in Chemistry 11 (November 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1282450.

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The development of disease screening methods using biomedical detection dogs relies on the collection and analysis of body odors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in body fluids. To capture and analyze odors produced by the human body, numerous protocols and materials are used in forensics or medical studies. This paper provides an overview of sampling devices used to collect VOCs from sweat and exhaled air, for medical diagnostic purposes using canine olfaction and/or Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Canine olfaction and GC-MS are regarded as complementary tools, holding immense promise for detecting cancers and infectious diseases. However, existing literature lacks guidelines for selecting materials suitable for both canine olfaction and GC-MS. Hence, this review aims to address this gap and pave the way for efficient body odor sampling materials. The first section of the paper describes the materials utilized in training sniffing dogs, while the second section delves into the details of sampling devices and extraction techniques employed for exhaled air and sweat analysis using GC-MS. Finally, the paper proposes the development of an ideal sampling device tailored for detection purposes in the field of odorology. By bridging the knowledge gap, this study seeks to advance disease detection methodologies, harnessing the unique abilities of both dogs and GC-MS analysis in biomedical research.

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39

Khan, Michael Z., Alejandra Mondino, Katharine Russell, Beth Case, Gilad Fefer, Hope Woods, Natasha Olby, and Margaret Gruen. "A novel task of canine olfaction for use in adult and senior pet dogs." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (February 8, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29361-x.

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AbstractWhile much work has been done in the field of canine olfaction, there has been little exploration of hyposmia or anosmia. This is partly due to difficulties in reducing confounds like training history and environmental distraction. The current study describes a novel olfaction test using spontaneous search behavior in dogs to find a hidden food treat in a three-choice task with both light-phase and dark-phase conditions. The study was performed in 18 adult control dogs, 18 senior/geriatric dogs enrolled in a longitudinal aging study, and a single dog with severe nasal pathology. In the senior/geriatric and control groups, dogs performed with higher accuracy (p < 0.0001) and were less likely to show biased selection strategy (p < 0.01) in the dark-phase than light-phase. While senior/geriatric dogs performed above chance, they had lower accuracy in the dark-phase compared to controls (p = 0.036). Dogs who scored higher on an owner questionnaire of cognitive decline showed a positive correlation with performance in the dark-phase; performance on additional cognitive tests did not correlate with performance in the dark-phase. This task can be used to quantify canine olfaction using clearly defined endpoints and spontaneous behaviors thus making it feasible to compare between and within groups of pet dogs.

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40

Juge, Aiden E., Margaret F. Foster, and Courtney L. Daigle. "Canine Olfaction as a Disease Detection Technology: A Systematic Review." Applied Animal Behaviour Science, June 2022, 105664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105664.

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41

Grandjean, Dominique, Florine Hache, Capucine Gallet, Hélène Bacqué, Marc Blondot, Loïc Desquilbet, Holger Volk, et al. "Acceptation par le public de la détection olfactive canine de la CoViD-19 : à propos d’une enquête internationale avant redéploiement." Bulletin de l'Académie vétérinaire de France 176 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bavf.2023.71014.

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Анотація:

La détection olfactive canine de la CoViD-19 a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux internationaux démontrant son efficacité. Ceci nous a conduit à évaluer le positionnement du grand public à travers le monde vis-à-vis de cette nouvelle méthode de détection médicale. Le questionnaire, élaboré par l’équipe française NOSAÏS, fut traduit en 6 langues et diffusé à travers les différents continents grâce à une implication forte de l’équipe allemande de TiHo (École Vétérinaire de Hanovre) et de l’OMS (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé). Certaines carences reconnues par les auteurs en matière de représentativité des échantillons n’ont pas permis d’avoir recours à la notion d’interférence, mais des grandes tendances apparaissant fiables ont pu être extraites des résultats des questionnaires. La grande majorité des répondants de par le monde (95 à 97p100 hors Chine et Russie) présente un engouement certain pour la méthode et une totale acceptation de la détection olfactive canine de la COVID-19. Les répondants chinois sont, quant à eux, positionnés en opposition à la mise en place de la méthode, vraisemblablement par manque d’information et culture ancestrale plus éloignée du chien. Les répondants russes s’avèrent plus mitigés, ne montrant pas un intérêt débordant pour la méthode, mais ne s’opposant malgré tout pas à sa valorisation. Les commentaires libres laissés par les répondants à la fin du questionnaire ont permis de cibler les quelques inquiétudes existantes, essentiellement d’ordre éthique (bien-être animal) et scientifique. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient être pris en compte par les décideurs administratifs et politiques de nombre de pays pour enfin envisager un déploiement officiel de la méthode de test, surtout en cas de reprises pandémiques. Mots-Clés : Enquête, Grand Public, Olfaction canine, COVID-19, innovation cynotechnique

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Juge, Aiden E., Nathaniel J. Hall, John T. Richeson, and Courtney L. Daigle. "Using Canine Olfaction to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Pilot Study." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (July 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.902151.

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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle and is a major welfare and economic concern. Identification of BRD-affected cattle using clinical illness scores is problematic, and speed and cost constraints limit the feasibility of many diagnostic approaches. Dogs can rapidly identify humans and animals affected by a variety of diseases based on scent. Canines' olfactory systems can distinguish between patterns of volatile organic compounds produced by diseased and healthy tissue. In this pilot study, two dogs (“Runnels” and “Cheaps”) were trained for 7 months to discriminate between nasal swabs from cattle that developed signs of BRD within 20 days of feedlot arrival and swabs from cattle that did not develop BRD signs within 3 months at the feedlot. Nasal swabs were collected during cattle processing upon arrival to the feedlot and were stored at −80°C. Dogs were presented with sets of one positive and two negative samples and were trained using positive reinforcement to hold their noses over the positive sample. The dogs performed moderately well in the final stage of training, with accuracy for Runnels of 0.817 and Cheaps of 0.647, both greater than the 0.333 expected by chance. During a double-blind detection test, dogs evaluated 123 unique and unfamiliar samples that were presented as 41 sets (3 samples per set), with both the dog handler and data recorder blinded to the positive sample location. Each dog was tested twice on each set of samples. Detection test accuracy was slightly better than chance for Cheaps at 0.451 (95% CI: 0.344–0.559) and was no better than chance for Runnels at 0.390 (95% CI: 0.285–0.496. Overall accuracy was 0.421 (95% CI: 0.345–0.496). When dogs' consensus response on each sample set was considered, accuracy was 0.537 (95% CI: 0.384–0.689). Detection accuracy also varied by sample lot. While dogs showed some ability to discriminate between BRD-affected and healthy cattle using nasal swabs, the complexity of this task suggests that more testing is needed before determining whether dogs could be effective as a screening method for BRD.

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Maurer, Maureen, Todd Seto, Claire Guest, Amendeep Somal, and Catherine Julian. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Canine Olfaction: A Pilot Study." Open Forum Infectious Diseases, May 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac226.

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Abstract Background As the number of COVID-19 cases continue to surge worldwide and new variants emerge, additional accurate, rapid, and non-invasive screening methods to detect SARS-CoV-2 are needed. The number of COVID-19 cases reported globally is over 455 million and deaths have surpassed 6 million. Current diagnostic methods are expensive, invasive, and produce delayed results. While COVID-19 vaccinations are proven to help slow the spread of infection and prevent serious illness, they are not equitably available worldwide. Almost 40% of the world’s population remains unvaccinated. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 virus-associated volatile organic compounds found in the breath, urine, and sweat of infected individuals can be detected by canine olfaction. Medical detection dogs may be a feasible, accurate and affordable SARS-CoV-2 screening method. Methods In this double-blinded, case-control, validation study, we obtained sweat samples from inpatients and outpatients tested for SARS-CoV-2 by a polymerase chain reaction test. Medical detection dogs were trained to distinguish SARS CoV-2 positive samples from SARS-CoV-2 negative samples, using reward-based reinforcement. Results Samples were obtained from 584 individuals (6 to 97 years of age; 24% positive SARS CoV-2 samples and 76% negative SARS CoV-2 samples). In the Testing Phase, all dogs performed with high accuracy in detecting SARS-CoV-2: overall diagnostic sensitivity was 98% and specificity was 92%. In a follow-up phase, one dog screened 153 patients for SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting with 96% diagnostic sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusions Canine olfaction is an accurate and feasible method for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, including asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected individuals.

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Kim, Soohwan, Sandeepan Mukherjee, Jordi Fonollosa, and David L. Hu. "Canine-inspired Unidirectional Flows for Improving Memory Effects in Machine Olfaction." Integrative And Comparative Biology, April 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icad016.

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Abstract In a dog's nose, air flows unidirectionally from the nostrils’ inlet to its outlet. Previous simulations showed that unidirectional flow through a dog's complex nasal passageways creates stagnant zones of trapped air. We hypothesize that these zones give the dog a “physical memory” which it may use to compare recent odors to past ones. In this study, we conducted experiments with our previously built Gaseous Recognition Oscillatory Machine Integrating Technology (GROMIT) and perform corresponding simulations in two dimensions. We compared three settings: a control setting that mimics the bidirectional flow of the human nose, a short-circuit setting where odors exit before reaching the sensors, and a unidirectional configuration using a dedicated inlet and outlet that most mimics the dog's nose. After exposure to odors, the sensors in the unidirectional setting showed the slowest return to their baseline level, indicative of memory effects. Simulations showed that both short-circuit and unidirectional flows created trapped recirculation zones which slows the release of odors from the chamber. In the future, the memory effects such as the ones found here may improve the sensitivity and utility of electronic noses.

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Grandjean, Dominique, Capucine Gallet, Clothilde Julien, Marc Blondot, and Hélène Bacqué. "La détection biomédicale canine, un potentiel inexploité dans la gestion immédiate des crises épi/pandémiques et bioterrotistes… Application à la CoViD-19 dans le cadre du programme NOSAÏS." Bulletin de l'Académie vétérinaire de France 175 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bavf.2022.71013.

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La crise mondiale de la CoViD-19 a conduit plus de 60 équipes de par le monde à travailler sur la détection olfactive canine du portage du virus SARS-CoV-2 actif. L’équipe NOSAÏS, à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (France) fut un des tout premiers groups à débuter ce travail en mars 2020. Depuis, des dizaines de publications ont montré que le chien se révélait plus efficace, en termes de sensibilité et de spécificité, que les tests salivaires ou les tests de diagnostic rapide, et dans la plupart des cas au moins aussi performant que les examens par RT-PCR nasopharyngée. De tels résultats se doivent d’être pris en compte pour le futur, et les décideurs médicaux doivent ouvrir leur esprit à ce qui constitue un indéniable paradigme nouveau, incarnant parfaitement le concept “Une santé, Une médecine” : le chien et ses extraordinaires qualités olfactives peut jouer un rôle important en santé humaine et de manière plus large en détection biomédicale, tout comme les chiens de recherche d’explosifs ou de drogues le font depuis des années déjà avec succès. Mots-Clés : chien, olfaction, CoViD-19, détection biomédicale

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Angle, Craig T., Joseph J. Wakshlag, Robert L. Gillette, Todd Steury, Pamela Haney, Jay Barrett, and Terrence Fisher. "The effects of exercise and diet on olfactory capability in detection dogs." Journal of Nutritional Science 3 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jns.2014.35.

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AbstractA previous work suggests that dietary fat may influence canine olfaction. The present study evaluated whether olfactory performance could be influenced by forms of dietary fat and exercise. Seventeen certified detection dogs were fed three different diets (high fat, low fat or high polyunsaturated fat) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, olfactory testing was performed using a scent wheel in an olfaction laboratory using three explosive materials. The dogs completed eight to twelve scent trials before and after a 30 min treadmill exercise on five consecutive days. A mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to examine how diet, pre- or post-exercise, trial number, odourant, mass of target and target position influenced the probability of dogs alerting on the target odour. There were no significant changes in the dog's ability to find a target odour at threshold amounts. Dogs were 1·42 (1·08, 1·87; 95 % CI) times as likely to find a target on the high polyunsaturated fat diet relative to the high-fat diet (P = 0·009). The low-fat diet was not significantly different from either the high-fat diet or the high polyunsaturated fat diet (P = 0·12). Dogs were 1·49 (1·26, 1·76; 95 % CI) times as likely to find a target prior to exercise relative to after exercise (P < 0·001). Dogs on the high PUFA diet utilising maize oil showed mild improvement in olfaction. The exact reasons are unknown; however, the higher relative amount of linoleic acid in the diet may play a role in olfactory sensation which warrants further examination of optimal diets for detection dogs.

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Mouton, Alice, Deborah Bird, Gang Li, Brent A. Craven, Jonathan M. Levine, Marco Morselli, Matteo Pellegrini, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Robert K. Wayne, and William J. Murphy. "Genetic and anatomical determinants of olfaction in dogs and wild canids." Molecular Biology and Evolution, February 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaf035.

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Abstract Understanding the anatomical and genetic basis of complex phenotypic traits has long been a challenge for biological research. Domestic dogs offer a compelling model as they demonstrate more phenotypic variation than any other vertebrate species. Dogs have been intensely selected for specific traits and abilities, directly or indirectly, over the past 15,000 years since their initial domestication from the gray wolf. Because olfaction plays a central role in critical tasks, such as the detection of drugs, diseases, and explosives, as well as human rescue, we compared relative olfactory capacity across dog breeds and assessed changes to the canine olfactory system to their direct ancestors, wolves and coyotes. We conducted a cross-disciplinary survey of olfactory anatomy, olfactory receptor (OR) gene variation, and OR gene expression in domestic dogs. Through comparisons to their closest wild canid relatives, the gray wolf and coyote, we show that domestic dogs might have lost functional OR genes commensurate with a documented reduction in nasal morphology as an outcome of the domestication process prior to breed formation. Critically, within domestic dogs alone, we found no genetic or morphological profile shared among functional or genealogical breed groupings, such as scent hounds, that might indicate evidence of any human-directed selection for enhanced olfaction. Instead, our results suggest that superior scent detection dogs likely owe their success to advantageous behavioral traits and training rather than an “olfactory edge” provided by morphology or genes.

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Berg, Päivi, Tapio Mappes, and Miiamaaria V. Kujala. "Olfaction in the canine cognitive and emotional processes: from behavioral and neural viewpoints to measurement possibilities." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, December 2023, 105527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105527.

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Craven, Brent A., Eric G. Paterson, Gary S. Settles, and Michael J. Lawson. "Development and Verification of a High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Canine Nasal Airflow." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 131, no. 9 (August 4, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3148202.

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The canine nasal cavity contains a complex airway labyrinth, dedicated to respiratory air conditioning, filtering of inspired contaminants, and olfaction. The small and contorted anatomical structure of the nasal turbinates has, to date, precluded a proper study of nasal airflow in the dog. This study describes the development of a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the canine nasal airway from a three-dimensional reconstruction of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans of the canine anatomy. Unstructured hexahedral grids are generated, with large grid sizes ((10–100)×106 computational cells) required to capture the details of the nasal airways. High-fidelity CFD solutions of the nasal airflow for steady inspiration and expiration are computed over a range of physiological airflow rates. A rigorous grid refinement study is performed, which also illustrates a methodology for verification of CFD calculations on complex unstructured grids in tortuous airways. In general, the qualitative characteristics of the computed solutions for the different grid resolutions are fairly well preserved. However, quantitative results such as the overall pressure drop and even the regional distribution of airflow in the nasal cavity are moderately grid dependent. These quantities tend to converge monotonically with grid refinement. Lastly, transient computations of canine sniffing were carried out as part of a time-step study, demonstrating that high temporal accuracy is achievable using small time steps consisting of 160 steps per sniff period. Here we demonstrate that acceptable numerical accuracy (between approximately 1% and 15%) is achievable with practical levels of grid resolution (∼100×106 computational cells). Given the popularity of CFD as a tool for studying flow in the upper airways of humans and animals, based on this work we recommend the necessity of a grid dependence study and quantification of numerical error when presenting CFD results in complicated airways.

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Juge, Aiden E., Nathaniel J. Hall, John T. Richeson, Reinaldo F. Cooke, and Courtney L. Daigle. "Dogs' ability to detect an inflammatory immune response in cattle via olfaction." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 11 (April 9, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1393289.

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IntroductionCanine olfaction is a potential means for detection of respiratory disease in beef cattle. In a prior study, two dogs were trained to discriminate between nasal swabs from healthy cattle and cattle that developed Bovine Respiratory Disease. Dogs had some ability to identify samples from BRD-affected cattle, but results were ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to evaluate more dogs using better-controlled training and testing procedures.MethodsNasal and saliva swabs were collected from 96 cattle before and after administering a vaccine to induce an inflammatory immune response. Samples were stored at −80°C for up to 11 months before use, and samples from animals with an elevated body temperature at baseline were omitted. An automated olfactometer apparatus was constructed to improve blinding procedures and reduce opportunities for odor contamination. Four dogs were trained to distinguish between swabs from healthy and sickness-model cattle, including the two dogs from the previous study (“Runnels” and “Cheaps”) and two inexperienced dogs (“Molokai” and “Amy”). During a seven-month training period, dogs were exposed to samples from 28 animals. Dogs were tested on 59 sets of unfamiliar samples.ResultsPerformance varied among dogs (χ2 = 10.48, p = 0.02). Molokai's performance was above chance (0.73 ± 0.06, p = 0.0006), while Amy (0.44 ± 0.06, p = 0.43), Cheaps (0.53 ± 0.07, p = 0.79), and Runnels (0.56 ± 0.06, p = 0.43) did not respond correctly at a rate different from chance. Accuracy did not differ between nasal swabs (0.63 ± 0.08) and saliva swabs (0.53 ± 0.08, χ2 = 0.81, p = 0.37).DiscussionThe results of this study indicate that canine olfaction may be an effective means of detecting illness in beef cattle. However, individual dogs' aptitude for this detection task varies.

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