Дисертації з теми "Oiseaux de mer – Populations"
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Beaubrun, Pierre-Christian. "Le goéland leucophée (Larus cachinnans michahellis) au Maroc : reproduction, alimentation, répartition et déplacements en relation avec les activités de pêche." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20058.
Повний текст джерелаDasnon, Anaïs. "Estimation des populations d'oiseaux marins à nidification hypogée ou en habitats complexes : optimisation des méthodes dans les Terres Australes Françaises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS027.
Повний текст джерелаFacing the massive loss of biodiversity, it is crucial to increase our knowledge about populations in order to rapidly implement effective conservation measures. Seabirds are among the most threatened and little-known of all bird species. Many of their species nest in isolated territories, in burrows or in areas inaccessible to man. Traditional survey methods are mainly used to monitor seabird populations, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. In addition, new data acquisition and analysis tools offer new perspectives, but remain too untested.This thesis proposes, in the context of the Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises, to explore the effectiveness of traditional methods for estimating the populations of two coastal-nesting species, to test bioacoustics as a new method for estimating burrowing seabirds populations, and to use count and demographic monitoring data from a declining population to test the effectiveness of implementing conservation measures.Traditional survey methods are the most robust and can be used effectively to estimate and monitor seabird populations. These methods can be supplemented by the use of new technologies, in particular bioacoustics for surveys of hypogean nesting species. The combination of these methods and a sound understanding of the biology and ecology of the species will enable them to be conserved effectively over the long term
Dupraz, Marlène. "Convergence dans l'évolution de la spécialisation d'hôte chez des tiques : modèle tiques-oiseaux de mer à distribution mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT124/document.
Повний текст джерелаIntimate and repeated interactions between hosts and parasites can lead to parasite specialization to a given host via behavioral, morphological and/or genetic adaptations that act in combination with restricted gene flow. Specialization is a key process leading to the generation of parasite biodiversity and can help us understand the emergence of pathogenic organisms. Although little studied, host specialization has already been demonstrated to occur in previous studies of two nidicolous tick species: Ixodes uriae a hard tick parasitizing colonial seabirds in polar regions, and soft ticks of the complex Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato, that also exploit colonial seabirds, but this time in temperate and tropical zones. Both of these species act as vector to a wide variety of pathogenic organisms, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. However, the factors involved in host specialization remain unknown. In this context, the aim of my thesis was to determine 1) whether the evolution of host specialization is always accompanied by the same phenotypic changes and 2) whether these changes could help to identify the selective factors that influence this phenomenon. In this context, tick collections were conducted during the breeding period of the host birds in different areas of their distribution and morphometric analyses, based on landmark and contour methods, were performed on each individual tick. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were also carried out using the same individuals. Overall, the results demonstrate that morphological convergence occurs within these systems, highlighting the role of selection in the divergence process. Indeed, the ecological characteristics of the hosts, but also their micro-habitat, may exert significant selective pressures on ticks and may cause the observed divergence among populations. Likewise, the biological characteristics of each tick species, particularly in relation to dispersal capacity, may also come into play and will greatly modify the epidemiology of associated infectious agents.Keywords: Argasidae, convergent evolution, host-parasite interactions, Ixodidae, transmission ecology, seabirds
Cornet, Cindy. "Les capacités d'adaptations des oiseaux marins face aux changements environnementaux : le rôle de l'hétérogénéité au sein des populations." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ047/document.
Повний текст джерелаPopulation dynamics is driven by several life history traits shaped by the evolutionary history of the population. The alteration of one of these traits by environmental constraints may thus have effects on the population persistence. Individual adjustments of some phenotypic traits could then enable this population to rapidly respond to these constraints without the immediate necessity of genetic adaptations. During this PhD project, we identified variability in some of these traits in 3 sentinel species of polar ecosystems. These results allowed us to better understand the associations between these traits and the evolutionary pressures underlying these associations, as well as the importance of traits such as personality in the amount of variability in individuals’ fitness that remains unexplained. In the long term, we should then be able to better gauge the adaptive capacity of populations to face global changes
Quillien-Legrand, Marie-Christine. "Ectoparasitisme et arbovirus chez les oiseaux de mer, problèmes écologiques et de santé publique ? : étude de la population de mouettes tridactyles du Cap Sizun." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2034.
Повний текст джерелаCastège, Iker. "Evolution des populations d’oiseaux et de mammifères marins dans le Golfe de Gascogne en relation avec les changements environnementaux." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3025.
Повний текст джерелаThis Thesis report deals mainly with data processing of a long term data set (1976-2009) gathered from a long term survey of seabirds and sea mammals in the Bay of Biscay (France; East Atlantic). In this report we highlight some aspects of the spatio-temporal dynamics of those populations, and thus of the marine ecosystems in which they live. We emphasize the role of two major environmental forces. First of all, we investigated the direct influence of human-borne pollutions and accidental by-catches : recent oilspills (namely from the “Erika” and then the “Prestige” ships) had various and complex effects on seabird populations, but none on cetacean populations, given that stranding patterns were more likely linked by abundance and distribution of living animals at sea than by-catches or accidental oispills. Secondly, we adressed the influence of oceano-climatic variations on abundance of those top-predator populations. Overall results have important implications in species and ecosystem management (e. G. Marine Protected Areas design) as well as fundamental ecology (e. G. Ecosystem oceanography paradigm)
Barbraud, Christophe. "Forçage environnemental et prédateurs marins endothermes de l'Océan Austral: effets des changements climatiques récents et des pêcheries industrielles sur les populations." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770926.
Повний текст джерелаFay, Rémi. "De l’envol à la première reproduction : aspects écologiques et évolutifs des traits d’histoire de vie de jeunes oiseaux marins longévifs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS003/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo date, early life demographic traits have been poorly studied compare to adult traits in the vast majority of animal species. Young individuals are usually more difficult to study due to their small size, their mobile behavior and the high mortality rate that characterizes their life stage. However, the full understanding of the demographic processes requires the integration of all life stages. This lack of knowledge toward early-life stages is particularly detrimental for long lived species. Indeed for these species, the immature component represents a substantial part of the total reproductive value, having a high influence on the whole population dynamics. Hence, such limitations affect the accuracy of population projections in the context of global change and more generally our understanding of life history trait evolution. In order to fill in this gap, this PhD project focuses on early life demographic traits in a seabird species : the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans. In this very long-lived species, the immature period lasts around 10 years. Based on long-term individual monitoring and capture-recapture analyses, we estimated early-life survival and the access to reproduction according to age and sex. We also investigates the respective effects of extrinsic (e.g. climate, fisheries) and intrinsic factors (e.g. density dependence, parental effects) on these parameters. Many relationships between early-life vital rates and environmental variables have been described. From a theoretical perspective, we tested several predictions such as the canalization of life-history traits and the existence of different life-history strategies within a population. In this work, special attention was paid to demographic variations at the individual scale. Our study showed that vital rates of individuals of the same age and sex could be very different. We have linked early-life demographic traits with subsequent adult performances and identified some causes of these individual variations
Gineste, Benoit. "Étude de la biologie et de la vulnérabilité au développement anthropique des oiseaux marins nocturnes à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0015/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe biodiversity is currently threatened by human activities. As they depend both of marine and terrestrial habitats, seabirds are particularly exposed to human pressures. In Reunion Island, the consequences of the urbanization on populations are unknown. For conservation and environmental assessment purposes, accurate information on the species repartition, flight patterns and vulnerability to infrastructure is required. The goals of this thesis are to update biological information on species and to assess the vulnerability of nocturnal seabirds of Reunion Island exposed to infrastructure. We studied the evolution of the size and the repartition of the colonies of tropical shearwater Puffinus bailloni at the scale of the entire island over a 19-years period. The flight patterns of tropical shearwater and Barau's petrel Pterodroma baraui were described with radar technology at different spatial and temporal scales. Our results show an apparent stability of the tropical shearwater population despite an important light pollution. Tropical shearwater and Barau’s petrel present specific flight patterns. The estimated census of Barau's petrel suggests a population size higher than current estimation whereas the estimated census of tropical shearwater is reliable to current estimations. Barau's petrels' juveniles mostly take off during the first hours of the night. Decision making tools have been produced. Our study also highlights the need to conduct further fundamental and applied researches
Ruffino, Lise. "Ecologie, dynamique de population, comportement et impact d'un rongeur introduit Rattus rattus sur les îles de Méditerranée." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30022.
Повний текст джерелаRats Rattus spp. Are considered as a main driver of seabird rarefactions and a leading cause of petrel and shearwater extinction risk. However, the functioning of insular rat populations and the factors likely to affect their impacts on island ecosystems are still poorly understood. Indeed, questionings have been recently raised on the real mechanisms and the magnitude of rat impact on some seabirds with so cryptic nesting behaviours. The general idea of this PhD work lies on the necessity to better understand the ecology, the population dynamics of invasive rodents, the mechanisms of rat impact on seabirds but also of species persistence. As a first research axis, we were interested in the temporal dimension of biological invasions. The analysis of a database of ca. 300 islands and islets from the western Mediterranean basin allowed to underline that the long-term persistence of petrels and shearwaters, despite the longstanding introduction of black rats on these islands, may have been facilitated by various biogeographical contexts. Secondly, the study of the mechanisms of interactions between rats and shearwaters, and more particularly the mechanisms of impact, revealed unexpected limited interactions, along with limited predation capacities on bird eggs. Finally, the study of the trophic ecology of black rats, combined with a long-term survey of the population dynamics and movement paterns on a small Mediterranean island, with a marked spatio-temporal variation in the availability of resources, allowed to underline the low individual diet plasticity of black rats compared to the population level, and the importance of the effects of fresh water inputs and those of allochthonous resources on the functioning of insular rat populations. Future research perspectives should focus on better understanding the processes involved in the impacts of rats on insular biotas, in species extinctions but also in their long-term coexistence
Ridoux, Vincent. "Ecologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer des îles Crozet." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2035.
Повний текст джерелаKanyamibwa, Samuel. "Dynamique des populations de cigogne blanche ("Ciconia ciconia L. ") en Europe occidentale : contribution à la conservation des populations naturelles." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20093.
Повний текст джерелаCusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Le, Bohec Céline Gauthier-Clerc Michel Grémillet David. "Stratégies d'histoire de vie d'un oiseau longévif le manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/00000991.
Повний текст джерелаThèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 202-233.
Connan, Maëlle. "Biomarqueurs lipidiques, réseau trophique pélagique et écologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer Procellariiformes." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066622.
Повний текст джерелаLecomte, Vincent. "La Sénescence en milieu naturel : une étude pluridisciplinaire chez deux oiseaux marins longétifs, le grand Albatros et le Pétrel des neiges." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lecomte-Vincent/2010-Lecomte-Vincent-These.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVery little is known on the deterioration of physiological and behavioural performances with age in wild animals. Given the multifaceted nature of senescence, identifying the effects of age on physiology and behaviour remains a challenging. We investigated the effects of age on a broad array of phenotypic traits in two long-lived seabirds, the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (age 2–48+ years; Ile de la Possession, Southern Indian Ocean) and the Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea (age 7–46 years; Terre Adélie, Antarctica). We studied foraging behaviour using satellite tracking and miniaturized activity loggers, and monitored reproductive performance. An array of phenotypic traits (immune function, levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, baseline hormonal levels, endocrine and cardiac stress responses) known to reflect senescence in vertebrates was also examined. In Wandering albatrosses, there was age related patterns in foraging behaviour, stress response and reproductive performance, but not in baseline physiology. There was an unexpected pattern of spatial segregation by age in the foraging areas of male albatrosses. Old males, but not females, travelled a greater distance but were less active at the sea surface, and exhibited low foraging efficiency, suggesting that foraging ability (i. E. The ability of individuals to extract energy from their environment) might play a central role in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions. Moreover, the stress response of non-breeding males, but not breeding males, was affected by age, suggesting that age-related patterns are enhanced when individuals face ‘challenging’ conditions. In contrast, there was no detectable effect of age in females, suggesting that senescence rates are sex-specific in wild seabirds, as in humans an in laboratory model animals. In Snow Petrels, there was no detectable effect of age on PHA-induced immune response, PHA-induced hormone levels, chick growth or chick physiology, suggesting that physiological senescence is difficult to detect in this very long-lived seabird. Overall, our results highlight that age, gender, reproductive status and foraging ability interact in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions, and suggest that long-lived seabirds maintain a high level of physiological fitness in old age, which supports the disposable soma theory
Scherrer, Bruno. "Application et optimisation de l'échantillonnage probabiliste en écologie continentale." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20115.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Jean-Louis. "Variation géographique, adaptation et spéciation : l'exemple de Parus caeruleus (Aves)." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20233.
Повний текст джерелаEveillard-Buchoux, Marie. "Côtes rocheuses de Bretagne et oiseaux pélagiques : vers une valorisation intégrée du patrimoine naturel." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe North-West coasts of Europe provide rocky cliff nesting sites for a large number of Northern Hemis-phere pelagic seabirds. Although pelagic seabirds and their habitats have been studied from the geogra-phic standpoint for many years, the relation between seabird species and nest-site geomorphological characteristics represents a new field of study. Focu-sing on several Brittany populations, the present study demonstrates that the geomorphological characteristics of these micro-habitats appear to correspond to preferences for different seabird species, highlighting the importance of nest-site micro-geomorphological criteria to the successful reproduction of cliff-nesting seabirds. Extending these data to the spheres of conservation and eco-tourism, they underscore the importance, and even the primacy, of the protection of nesting popula-tions based on geomorphological criteria, rather than on large-scale, area-wide considerations. Conse-quently, much more emphasis should be placed on the importance of the geomorphological characteris-tics of nesting sites, as opposed to the present ‘bird only’ emphasis in most publications and tourist information
Joachim, Jean. "Dialectes et populations du pinson des arbres (Fringilla coelebs) dans le Sud-ouest de la France." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30006.
Повний текст джерелаMasski, Hicham. "Identification des frayères et étude des structures de population du turbot Psetta maxima L. Et du bar Dicentrachus labrax L. En Manche ouest et dans les zones avoisinantes." Brest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BRES2089.
Повний текст джерелаClaessens, Olivier. "Effets de la fragmentation de l'habitat sur les peuplements d'oiseaux forestiers tropicaux : le cas de la mise en eau du barrage de Petit Saut (Guyane franc̨aise)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0020.
Повний текст джерелаLarour, Marie-Lucile. "Les déplacements et leurs implications démographiques pour les populations d'oiseaux migrateurs soumis aux prélèvements cynégétiques : l'exemple du Fuligule milouin et du Fuligule morillon." Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ONIR028F.
Повний текст джерелаEnstipp, Manfred. "Diving energetics and fine scale foraging behaviour of avian divers and their capacity to buffer environmental change." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/ENSTIPP_Manfred_2005.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAvian divers are confronted with a number of physiological challenges when foraging in cold water, especially at depth. Diving is believed to be particularly costly in cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) because of their poor insulation and less efficient foot-propulsion. I used open-circuit respirometry to study the energetic requirements of two Phalacrocorax species, the European shag (P. Aristotelis) and the double-crested cormorant (P. Auritus) when diving in a shallow (1 m) and deep (10 m) dive tank. I also investigated the modifying effects of water temperature and feeding status on dive costs. My results indicate that the energetic costs during shallow diving in European shags and double-crested cormorants are comparable to other foot-propelled divers. Metabolic rate was significantly increased when diving to greater depth and at lower water temperatures, while feeding before diving increased metabolic rate, albeit not significantly. The strong effects of depth and water temperature on cormorant diving metabolic rate are most likely a consequence of their partially wettable plumage and their reduced plumage air volume, which makes them prone to heat loss and, hence, increases thermoregulatory costs. The energetic requirements of animals have to be satisfied by intake of resources from the environment. Hence, the quest for food is a central aspect of animal behavior. Although the study of seabird foraging behaviour has greatly profited from recent technological developments, we still know little about predator-prey interactions on a fine scale. I used an underwater video array to investigate the prey-capture behaviour of double-crested cormorants foraging on live rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I tested the effects of a variety of factors on the underwater foraging behaviour of cormorants and established a functional link between prey density and cormorant prey capture rate. Prey density and behaviour both significantly affected predator performance. At prey densities below 2-3 g fish m-3 birds increased their search time during a trial drastically, while prey-encounter rate was greatly decreased. When cormorants attacked shoaling rather than solitary trout, their capture success was significantly reduced, while pursuit duration was significantly increased. Seabird energetics and behaviour are typically studied on the individual or species level. However, if we want to understand how seabirds react to environmental changes, we have to consider entire communities. In the western North Sea, a large seabird assemblage critically depends on a single fish species, the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), which is also exploited by an industrial fishery. I developed an algorithm to test for the capacity of four seabird species during chick-rearing in Scotland to buffer a potential decline in sandeel abundance by increasing their foraging effort in various ways. My results show that under the conditions currently operating in this region shags and guillemots (Uria aalge) may have sufficient time and energy to allow them to increase their foraging effort considerably, while Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and gannets (Morus bassanus) appear more constrained by time and energy respectively. My study suggests that during chick-rearing gannets are working at the highest metabolic level of all species considered and hence, have the least physiological capacity to increase foraging effort. This indicates that gannets could potentially be very sensitive to a reduction in sandeel abundance. My thesis emphasises the importance of taking into account seabird energetics as well as fine scale behavioural requirements, when trying to develop management schemes for fisheries that will allow the coexistence of both seabirds and human fishery in a sustainable way
Sauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Bauthian, Isabelle. "Dynamiques spatiales des espèces d'intérêt cynégénétique : l' apport des modèles de dynamique des populations." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066378.
Повний текст джерелаSromek, Ludmila Katarzyna. "Phylogéographie et génomique des populations de la coque de lagune Cerastoderma glaucum." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4105.
Повний текст джерелаPrevious studies found a high level of genetic structuring among the European populations of the lagoon cockle Cerastoderma glaucum. However, the geographic locations of the major genetic divisions differed among markers and the small number of genetic markers used lacked the power to test for gene flow between divergent clusters. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to assess the population structure of C. glaucum using new genetic markers in the light of the respective role of past divergence and habitat fragmentation. To reach these objectives, populations from the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts have been investigated using: i) classical genetic markers (EPIC together with previously published microsatellites); ii) restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). When the classical genetic markers revealed the divergent character of Eastern Mediterranean populations, the RADseq approach allowed inferring phylogenetic relationships with an unprecedented resolution. Three deeply divergent lineages were described within C. glaucum: one in the Aegean-Black Sea region, one in the Ionian Sea, and the last one widely distributed from the Western Mediterranean to the Baltic Sea. This last lineage underwent further diversification with isolated entities detected in Western Mediterranean, Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic Sea. Compared to the sister species C. edule, which thrives in a less fragmented habitat, C. glaucum displayed a much stronger genetic differentiation among populations. Consequently, it seems that genetic incompatibilities, which emerged as a by-product of geographic isolation together with local adaptation, led to the origin of a species complex. These results highlight the evolutionary role of lagoon habitats, where genetic diversification can proceed very quickly
Perennou, Christian. "Peuplements d'oiseaux aquatiques en milieu anthropisé : un exemple, les plaines de la côte de Coromandel (Inde du sud-est)." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10194.
Повний текст джерелаNabholz, Benoît. "Dynamique évolutive de l'ADN mitochondrial des oiseaux et des mammifères : Mutation, Sélection et Taille des populations." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20115.
Повний текст джерелаThe origin and evolution of mitochondrial genome is fascinating. Currently, it makes up less than 1% of the whole organism genome, but contains some of the most important genes. A particularly intriguing feature of the animal mitochondrial genome is its hypermutability. The first goal of this work is to progress in our understanding of the determinism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) substitution rate variations by distinguishing between two classical hypotheses of evolutionary biology –the generation time hypothesis and the metabolic rate hypothesis– and an other hypothesis that comes from biomedecine, namely the longevity hypothesis. Using a phylogenetic approach, we obtained lineage-specific mitochondrial mutation rates across more than one thousand bird and mammalian species. This analysis reveals an unexpectedly high level of mitochondrial mutation rate variation between lineages. The bird/mammal comparison and a within-class analysis suggest that this variation could be linked to species longevity through a (direct or indirect) selective pressure reducing the mitochondrial mutation rate in long-lived species. In the second part of this work, we address the impact of natural selection and genetic drift on mtDNA. Recent evidence of positive selection acting on mtDNA (mostly in invertebrates) was used as a starting point. We showed that, contrary to invertebrates species, bird and mammal mtDNA evolution is mainly under purifying selection. Surprisingly, even in the absence of positive selection, population size variations have no effect on mtDNA genetic diversity, but influence the rate of non-synonymous substitutions. This result could be explained by strong stochasticity of population sizes. All these results contribute to increase our understanding of an unusually evolving genome, and also have implications for the numerous users of mtDNA as a tool to reconstruct population and species history
Rolland, Virginie. "Influence des changements climatiques et des pêcheries industrielles sur la dynamique des populations d'albatros de l'océan austral." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066707.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Buron-Brun Isaure. "Biologie des populations d'Acanthocéphales : étude du complexe Acanthocephaloides propinquus, parasite de Poissons marins et lagunaires." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20205.
Повний текст джерелаPoupart, Timothée. "Foraging ecology of winter-breeding seabirds in New Zealand." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS016.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough the cost of reproduction constrains animals to breed during spring/summer when food availability peaks, exception exist in seabirds with few species engaged in breeding during winter months. How their elevated energy needs can be sustained during a period traditionally reported for food shortage and challenging at-sea conditions is poorly understood. In addition, this unusual breeding phenology is adopted by more species in New Zealand than elsewhere in the world, with a concentration on the South island west coast where several winter breeding species are reported to forage with overlap. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to: 1) describe the fine-scale foraging behaviour of winter-breeding species from the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island, 2) investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors driving their foraging, and 3) quantify their niche overlap as they exploit similar areas during elevated energetically demand. Using bio-logging data (GPS, accelerometer, dive recorder) combined with stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen from whole blood), the winter foraging strategies of breeding males and females were investigated in a deep diver (Fiordland penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) and two surface-feeders / shallow divers (Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica and southern Buller’s albatross Thalassarche b. bulleri). The tracked individuals foraged close to their colony compared to their summer breeding congenerics, using primarily the nearby shelf-slope and neritic waters. Males and females displayed similar foraging behaviour in penguins and petrels, while spatial sexual differences occurred for albatross. All three species encountered prey at a high rate, allowing raising offspring with good success and without higher foraging effort than their summer-breeding congeners.These findings suggest that winter-breeding species have a phenology matching a winter prey resource on the shelf of the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island. With additional data from literature for little penguin Eudyptula minor and spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus, this winter-breeding community showed partial overlap of their foraging niche, but an accumulation of small divergences in home ranges, diving behaviour, temporal pattern of foraging, diet and trophic level is likely to explain their coexistence. Hence, winter-breeding can be a favourable phenology for high-level predators, which exploit shelf-slope and inshore waters undergoing winter mixing that insure fish and squids persistence through winter. In addition, winter-breeding also allow the matching of chick-fledging period with the spring (local primary production peak), and before the elevated needs of millions of summer-breeding species back from migration
Savina, Marie. "Modélisation écologique des populations de palourdes roses (Paphia rhomboi͏̈des) et d'amandes de mer (Glycymeris glycymeris) en Manche." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22064.
Повний текст джерелаPonce, Françoise. "Impact de l'alimentation sur la dynamique des populations de tétras lyre (Tetrao tetrix) dans les Alpes françaises : méthodologie, description, sélection, nutrition." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20019.
Повний текст джерелаSeytre, Catherine. "In situ monitoring of the fish assemblages in the recent Cap Roux marine protected aera (french Mediterranean) : reserve effect, trophic interactions and fish exportation." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4068.
Повний текст джерелаThe Cap Roux MPA (Saint-Raphaël) is a Marine Protected Area (MPA) initiated by the commercial fishermen of the Prud'homie de pêche de Saint-Raphaël and created in 2003. This 450-ha MPA was created as a management tool for local fisheries. This MPA is an outstanding site to study the reserve effect due to the following characteristics: recent implementation, availability of habitats and will for fisheries management. For this study, complementary observation methods: underwater visual censuses on Posidonia oceanica beds or with the new FAST method, and experimental fishing, allowed to sample different parts of the fish assemblage. The study of the Cap Roux MPA was combined with a study of the Scandola Marine Reserve (Corsica), created in 1975. The results obtained for the Scandola MPA were: a long-term reserve effect combined with a stabilisation of the fish assemblage structure within the no-take zone, a positive relationship between the fish assemblage diversity and secondary production, and a juvenile fish exportation from the MPA towards fished areas following the marine currents. In the recent Cap Roux MPA, the increase in abundance and size of target fish was still weak and no modification of the trophic structure inside the protected zone was observed. Five years after the MPA implementation, the restoration of fish stocks began but is not strong enough to fulfil the objectives of local fisheries sustaining
Vaugoyeau, Marie. "Les effets maternels en tant que médiateurs des changements globaux : mécanismes et conséquences sur les populations d'oiseaux : comparaison de populations à différents niveaux d'urbanisation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066172/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn global changes context, the transformation of rural or natural area into urban area is well studied. At once cause and consequence of global changes, urbanization induces high selections pressures on populations and ecosystems. Factors such as habitat destruction, temperature, luminosity and soil permeability increase diminish biodiversity in town. Environmental characteristics influence phenotypes and survival of organisms. Parents can modulate environmental influence on young or future adult phenotype by investing in reproduction. The aim of this thesis was to understand the role of maternal effects on urban bird phenotypes through description and relation between environmental variation, differences in phenology and in phenotypes within and among populations at different levels of urbanization. For this purpose, two species were selected; the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and the great tit (Parus major), present along an urbanisation gradient. Monitoring of three reproductive seasons were realised in seven sites in urban area, (parks of Paris), on in three sites in suburban areas and five reproductive seasons in two sites in rural area (Fontainebleau forest and private forest of CEREEP). The phenology, reproductive success and phenotype (coloured signals, body and physiological condition) of adults and nestlings were measured. Thesis results showed that for the two species, phenology did not differ between habitats but reproductive success was lower in Paris than in rural areas. Moreover, great tit coloration and nestling body condition varied with habitat. In order to understand how and which factors influenced great tit colouration, a supplementation experiment was realised after moult. Finally to study temperature influence on great tit reproductive success, a heating nest experiment was realised. Thesis results showed that blue and great tits are highly able to adapt to urban environments even if their reproductive success was decreased in urban area which explained presence in all Europeans cities
Frodello, Jean-Pierre. "Influence de la pollution par les métaux, en Méditerranée, sur les populations de cétacés et altérations histologiques concomitantes : extension à certains poissons." Corte, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CORT3044.
Повний текст джерелаMandon-Dalger, Isabelle. "Sélection de l'habitat et dynamique d'invasion d'un oiseau introduit, le cas du bulbul orphée à la Réunion." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10043.
Повний текст джерелаBino, Taulant. "L'avifaune aquatique du système lagunaire méditerranéen de Karavasta (Albanie) et sa conservation." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20059.
Повний текст джерелаBried, Joël. "Déterminisme de la fidélité au site et au conjoint chez les oiseaux dépendant des ressources marines." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10182.
Повний текст джерелаJeudi, de Grissac Sophie. "Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS016/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe juvenile stage of animals is often much of a mystery to scientists. Moreover, juvenile survival is known to be a strong determinant for the future of a population. Indeed, juvenile animals are known to face high mortality during the first months after independence, with survival rates improving with age. One ultimate hypothesis implies that juveniles have a lower survival rate than adults because of their lack of experience. Thus they are initially poor foragers and require a learning period (immaturity) to improve their efficiency before being able to bear breeding and its associated energetic costs. Proximal factors also influence juvenile survival, such as environmental fluctuations and competition. Studies on terrestrial animals have provided useful information thanks to the possibility of direct observation and, recently, bio-logging technologies. However, collecting data in the marine environment is more difficult, particularly when juveniles are concerned. Long-lived marine species such as seabirds have an extensive immature period extending from a few years up to more than ten years. The offspring of these species will usually leave their natal site and disperse at sea for several years before returning to breed on land, most of the time at their place of birth. This makes it difficult to obtain direct observations, and so documenting their first journey at sea to learn more about their behavioural and foraging ecology is a challenge. In this context, this PhD aims to unravel at least part of the mystery of juvenile seabirds’ early life by investigating the first months at sea of newly fledged individuals from several long-lived species of procellariiformes. Using state of the art advancements in biotelemetry, I was able to follow, at sea, by satellite a large set of juveniles from nine closely related species of albatross and petrel breeding in the French Southern Territories of the Southern Ocean : Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Some of these species had never been tracked before. Trajectories were analysed using various new statistical methods that allowed movement strategies, alongside foraging behaviour and spatial distributions, to be described, all in tight link with environmental conditions. The findings were discussed in the light of a comparison with adults of the same species. Using this huge dataset I first examined the dispersal strategies of young birds that had left their nest and were totally independent from their parents. I showed that the strategies, as well as the amount of innate information controlling them are highly variable depending on species. Their movements take them in various habitats following or not the parental strategies. The amount of variability in juvenile strategies is linked to potential plasticity when facing environmental changes. These parameters are related to the history life trait of species, and might affect demography and population dynamics. In addition, by analysing juvenile wandering albatross tracks I showed that although they quickly learn the basics of flight and foraging optimization required to survive at sea, behavioural differences with adults persist in time, suggesting that non-observable behaviours need a longer period of learning and memorisation. Finally, whatever the strategy adopted, it seems to be driven in part by intraspecific competition since juveniles mitigate competition with older birds by segregating spatially. This last point highlights the crucial need of acknowledging age-related distribution when making management decisions to protect seabird populations. This work provides new insights about several major aspects of the at-sea ecology of naïve individuals foraging alone in a highly unpredictable environment. We learn here how instinct followed by experience shape specific early life strategies that allow young birds to deal with environmental conditions and interspecific competition so as to be able to survive
Caudron, Arnaud. "Etude pluridisciplinaire des populations de truite commune (Salmo trutta L. ) des torrents haut-savoyards soumises à repeuplement : diversité intra-spécifique, évaluation de pratiques de gestion et ingénierie de la conservation de populations natives." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS056.
Повний текст джерелаIn the first part, the genetic diversity of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations is described (by analysis of microsatelittes of the ADN) on the whole hydrographic network of the Haute-Savoie. The main hatchery strains used to stock the rivers were studied too. The analysis of 163 river sectors allowed the location of eleven zones still harbouring native populations of the mediterranean lineage. The genetic structuration of these native populations allowed to determine six different management units. The second part presents a description of the stocking practices and an assesment, at large scale, of the respective contribution of stocking and natural recruitment. For that, the otolith fluoromarking method with Alizarin RedS was used to mark about 3 millions of fry by year during three years. The study has shown a higher contribution of the natural recruitment than stocking in standing population and in catches by anglers. The result showed, without knowing the reasons, high spatial and temporal variabilities of stocking contribution and that despite using the same restocking procedures. To finish, temporal studies were developped to evaluate the genetic effects of several strategies aimed to conserve and/or to rehabilite native populations. The results allow to help fishery managers to better conserve and restore native populations of brown trout
Desmarchelier, Manuela. "Contribution à l'étude de la biologie des populations de Tacauds Trisopterus luscus (L. 1758) en Manche orientale et dans le sud de la Mer du Nord." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10125.
Повний текст джерелаPichegru, Lorien. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d’oiseaux marins vulnérables dans le Benguela." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/PICHEGRU_Lorien_2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of rapid global changes, understanding the foraging mechanisms of marine top predators is crucial to determine their ability to adapt to environmental variability, in order to predict the consequences of changes on population dynamics and to define appropriate conservation measures for threatened species and the trophic webs to which they belong. In the Benguela upwelling system, in South Africa, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are vulnerable to extinction and are facing for 10 years onward a progressive south-eastward shift of their main prey, sardines (Sardinops Sagax) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), probably due to climate change. We performed a detailed study on Cape gannet foraging strategies, using birdborne recorders, and analysing their diet and the distribution and abundance of their prey in the Benguela. We showed that Cape gannets are able to increase substantially their foraging effort facing poor natural prey availability on the west coast of South Africa. However they are limited in the extent of their foraging area by the need to regularly come back to the colony to feed their young. Thus they turn to feeding behind trawlers on hake fishery discards (Merluccius spp. ) of poor nutritional content. These prey represent « Junk-food » for the gannet chicks and have a negative impact on their survival. Even if they allow adults to significantly decrease their foraging effort during winter, fishery discards can not compensate for a poor availability in sardines and anchovies during the breeding season. We have determined that below a density of 25 g m-2 of natural prey in their foraging area, breeding Cape gannets can not equilibrate their energy balance and fail massively in their breeding attempt. Faithful to their breeding site, Cape gannets come back to attempt breeding under sub-optimal conditions, and so are lead to an ecological trap, instead of emigrating. The social structure of a species can therefore lag its adaptation to environmental changes. Small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies, are currently scarce off the west coast of South Africa, enhancing the competition between seabirds and purse-seine fisheries. Biotelemetry, and particularly GPS tracking on Cape gannets and African penguins at sea, allowed us to precisely define theses birds’ foraging zones. Basing our decision on these data and on purse-seine fisheries activities, we suggest conservation measures that take into account foraging areas of these top predators, while considering local economic needs. These zones are crucial for the maintenance of threatened endemic populations and our data would help in an ecosystemic approach to fisheries management, for a sustainable exploitation of the environment
Albert, Céline. "Exposure of Arctic seabirds to pollutants and the role played by individual migratory movements and non-breeding distribution." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS020.
Повний текст джерелаThe Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg
Riffaut, Léa. "Impact des pollutions pétrolières sur les oiseaux marins : origine géographique des individus victimes et conséquences démographiques sur les populations." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066079.
Повний текст джерелаCorbeau, Alexandre. "Relations entre oiseaux marins et pêcheries : Albatros sentinelles de l’océan Austral." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS021.
Повний текст джерелаThe current 6th major species extinction crisis is also affecting seabirds, especially albatrosses. Their populations have decreased by 70% over the last 60 years, mainly due to mortality in longline fisheries. Large albatrosses cover enormous distances during their foraging trips and their curiosity and opportunism favour regular encounters with boats. Thus, they constitute privileged models for studying the relationships between seabirds and fisheries. During the course of this thesis, thanks to the development of new prototype loggers deployed on Wandering and Amsterdam albatrosses in the Indian Ocean and new methods for estimating by-catch risks, we were able to observe that natural foraging behaviours differ from those associated with a boat. Similarly, the intrinsic characteristics of birds (species, population, sex, age and personality) lead to differences in exposure to by-catch risk, particularly through the use of different habitats. Finally, we have shown that the characteristics of boats also have a strong influence on the risk of by-catch, in particular through the type of boats encountered, their legality, the fishing practices used and the presence of discards. We conclude by presenting new methods to better estimate the risks of by-catch and the need for fundamental knowledge of species and populations in order to better protect marine environments that are increasingly endangered
Moulins, Aurélie. "To the integrated approach and to the management of pelagic biodiversity inside a marine protected area : case of the cetacean populations in the Pelagos sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean sea)." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10027.
Повний текст джерелаPéron, Clara. "IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660322.
Повний текст джерелаSirami, Clélia. "Abandon des terres et avifaune : dynamiques spatiales et temporelles d’un paysage méditerranéen." Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0018.
Повний текст джерелаLand abandonment, less studied than agricultural intensification, affects an increasing number of regions. The slow rate of the vegetation dynamics it triggers makes its perception diffuseand the diagnosis of its effects on plants and animal communities uneasy. It is also a natural experiment for studying the ability of animals to respond to change. We analysed the consequences of land abandonment on the temporal and spatial dynamics of bird species in a Mediterranean landscape and the mechanisms involved. We used data on the avifauna collected between 1978 and 2003 in an area north of Montpellier (France). We confronted it with a detailed study of aerial photographs assessing temporal vegetation changes after cessation of the land use practices in place in the early XXth century. We confirmed an increase in occurrence of forest species, a decline in open habitat species and a progressive habitat closure through colonisation by ligneous plants. Some numerically stable species showed distribution shifts over time consistent with shifts in vegetation distribution and a potential for future population decline. For open habitat species, local extinction or colonisation depended on different spatial scales: plot scale for extinction and landscape scale for colonisation. Species responses to vegetation changes were linked to cumulative effects of a small number of biological characteristics: habitat selected (type and structure), habitat breadth, migratory behaviour, and type of geographical distribution. An open habitat species, with a narrow habitat breadth, migratory, and with a southern distribution range was more likely to be negatively affected by abandonment. A forest species with a broad habitat breadth, sedentary, and with a more northerly range was likely to benefit from it. Our results allow a better prediction of species sensitivity to land use changes and suggest appropriate scales for mitigation measures