Дисертації з теми "Oiseaux de mer – Observations"
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Dasnon, Anaïs. "Estimation des populations d'oiseaux marins à nidification hypogée ou en habitats complexes : optimisation des méthodes dans les Terres Australes Françaises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS027.
Повний текст джерелаFacing the massive loss of biodiversity, it is crucial to increase our knowledge about populations in order to rapidly implement effective conservation measures. Seabirds are among the most threatened and little-known of all bird species. Many of their species nest in isolated territories, in burrows or in areas inaccessible to man. Traditional survey methods are mainly used to monitor seabird populations, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. In addition, new data acquisition and analysis tools offer new perspectives, but remain too untested.This thesis proposes, in the context of the Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises, to explore the effectiveness of traditional methods for estimating the populations of two coastal-nesting species, to test bioacoustics as a new method for estimating burrowing seabirds populations, and to use count and demographic monitoring data from a declining population to test the effectiveness of implementing conservation measures.Traditional survey methods are the most robust and can be used effectively to estimate and monitor seabird populations. These methods can be supplemented by the use of new technologies, in particular bioacoustics for surveys of hypogean nesting species. The combination of these methods and a sound understanding of the biology and ecology of the species will enable them to be conserved effectively over the long term
Péron, Clara. "IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660322.
Повний текст джерелаRidoux, Vincent. "Ecologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer des îles Crozet." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2035.
Повний текст джерелаCusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Beaubrun, Pierre-Christian. "Le goéland leucophée (Larus cachinnans michahellis) au Maroc : reproduction, alimentation, répartition et déplacements en relation avec les activités de pêche." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20058.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Bohec Céline Gauthier-Clerc Michel Grémillet David. "Stratégies d'histoire de vie d'un oiseau longévif le manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/00000991.
Повний текст джерелаThèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 202-233.
Connan, Maëlle. "Biomarqueurs lipidiques, réseau trophique pélagique et écologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer Procellariiformes." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066622.
Повний текст джерелаLecomte, Vincent. "La Sénescence en milieu naturel : une étude pluridisciplinaire chez deux oiseaux marins longétifs, le grand Albatros et le Pétrel des neiges." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lecomte-Vincent/2010-Lecomte-Vincent-These.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVery little is known on the deterioration of physiological and behavioural performances with age in wild animals. Given the multifaceted nature of senescence, identifying the effects of age on physiology and behaviour remains a challenging. We investigated the effects of age on a broad array of phenotypic traits in two long-lived seabirds, the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (age 2–48+ years; Ile de la Possession, Southern Indian Ocean) and the Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea (age 7–46 years; Terre Adélie, Antarctica). We studied foraging behaviour using satellite tracking and miniaturized activity loggers, and monitored reproductive performance. An array of phenotypic traits (immune function, levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, baseline hormonal levels, endocrine and cardiac stress responses) known to reflect senescence in vertebrates was also examined. In Wandering albatrosses, there was age related patterns in foraging behaviour, stress response and reproductive performance, but not in baseline physiology. There was an unexpected pattern of spatial segregation by age in the foraging areas of male albatrosses. Old males, but not females, travelled a greater distance but were less active at the sea surface, and exhibited low foraging efficiency, suggesting that foraging ability (i. E. The ability of individuals to extract energy from their environment) might play a central role in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions. Moreover, the stress response of non-breeding males, but not breeding males, was affected by age, suggesting that age-related patterns are enhanced when individuals face ‘challenging’ conditions. In contrast, there was no detectable effect of age in females, suggesting that senescence rates are sex-specific in wild seabirds, as in humans an in laboratory model animals. In Snow Petrels, there was no detectable effect of age on PHA-induced immune response, PHA-induced hormone levels, chick growth or chick physiology, suggesting that physiological senescence is difficult to detect in this very long-lived seabird. Overall, our results highlight that age, gender, reproductive status and foraging ability interact in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions, and suggest that long-lived seabirds maintain a high level of physiological fitness in old age, which supports the disposable soma theory
Eveillard-Buchoux, Marie. "Côtes rocheuses de Bretagne et oiseaux pélagiques : vers une valorisation intégrée du patrimoine naturel." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe North-West coasts of Europe provide rocky cliff nesting sites for a large number of Northern Hemis-phere pelagic seabirds. Although pelagic seabirds and their habitats have been studied from the geogra-phic standpoint for many years, the relation between seabird species and nest-site geomorphological characteristics represents a new field of study. Focu-sing on several Brittany populations, the present study demonstrates that the geomorphological characteristics of these micro-habitats appear to correspond to preferences for different seabird species, highlighting the importance of nest-site micro-geomorphological criteria to the successful reproduction of cliff-nesting seabirds. Extending these data to the spheres of conservation and eco-tourism, they underscore the importance, and even the primacy, of the protection of nesting popula-tions based on geomorphological criteria, rather than on large-scale, area-wide considerations. Conse-quently, much more emphasis should be placed on the importance of the geomorphological characteris-tics of nesting sites, as opposed to the present ‘bird only’ emphasis in most publications and tourist information
Luzuriaga, Neira Nivia. "La surveillance des oiseaux commun des Galápagos : les enjeux de l'insularité et la formation d'observateurs." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066420.
Повний текст джерелаEnstipp, Manfred. "Diving energetics and fine scale foraging behaviour of avian divers and their capacity to buffer environmental change." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/ENSTIPP_Manfred_2005.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAvian divers are confronted with a number of physiological challenges when foraging in cold water, especially at depth. Diving is believed to be particularly costly in cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) because of their poor insulation and less efficient foot-propulsion. I used open-circuit respirometry to study the energetic requirements of two Phalacrocorax species, the European shag (P. Aristotelis) and the double-crested cormorant (P. Auritus) when diving in a shallow (1 m) and deep (10 m) dive tank. I also investigated the modifying effects of water temperature and feeding status on dive costs. My results indicate that the energetic costs during shallow diving in European shags and double-crested cormorants are comparable to other foot-propelled divers. Metabolic rate was significantly increased when diving to greater depth and at lower water temperatures, while feeding before diving increased metabolic rate, albeit not significantly. The strong effects of depth and water temperature on cormorant diving metabolic rate are most likely a consequence of their partially wettable plumage and their reduced plumage air volume, which makes them prone to heat loss and, hence, increases thermoregulatory costs. The energetic requirements of animals have to be satisfied by intake of resources from the environment. Hence, the quest for food is a central aspect of animal behavior. Although the study of seabird foraging behaviour has greatly profited from recent technological developments, we still know little about predator-prey interactions on a fine scale. I used an underwater video array to investigate the prey-capture behaviour of double-crested cormorants foraging on live rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I tested the effects of a variety of factors on the underwater foraging behaviour of cormorants and established a functional link between prey density and cormorant prey capture rate. Prey density and behaviour both significantly affected predator performance. At prey densities below 2-3 g fish m-3 birds increased their search time during a trial drastically, while prey-encounter rate was greatly decreased. When cormorants attacked shoaling rather than solitary trout, their capture success was significantly reduced, while pursuit duration was significantly increased. Seabird energetics and behaviour are typically studied on the individual or species level. However, if we want to understand how seabirds react to environmental changes, we have to consider entire communities. In the western North Sea, a large seabird assemblage critically depends on a single fish species, the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), which is also exploited by an industrial fishery. I developed an algorithm to test for the capacity of four seabird species during chick-rearing in Scotland to buffer a potential decline in sandeel abundance by increasing their foraging effort in various ways. My results show that under the conditions currently operating in this region shags and guillemots (Uria aalge) may have sufficient time and energy to allow them to increase their foraging effort considerably, while Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and gannets (Morus bassanus) appear more constrained by time and energy respectively. My study suggests that during chick-rearing gannets are working at the highest metabolic level of all species considered and hence, have the least physiological capacity to increase foraging effort. This indicates that gannets could potentially be very sensitive to a reduction in sandeel abundance. My thesis emphasises the importance of taking into account seabird energetics as well as fine scale behavioural requirements, when trying to develop management schemes for fisheries that will allow the coexistence of both seabirds and human fishery in a sustainable way
Sauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Dupraz, Marlène. "Convergence dans l'évolution de la spécialisation d'hôte chez des tiques : modèle tiques-oiseaux de mer à distribution mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT124/document.
Повний текст джерелаIntimate and repeated interactions between hosts and parasites can lead to parasite specialization to a given host via behavioral, morphological and/or genetic adaptations that act in combination with restricted gene flow. Specialization is a key process leading to the generation of parasite biodiversity and can help us understand the emergence of pathogenic organisms. Although little studied, host specialization has already been demonstrated to occur in previous studies of two nidicolous tick species: Ixodes uriae a hard tick parasitizing colonial seabirds in polar regions, and soft ticks of the complex Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato, that also exploit colonial seabirds, but this time in temperate and tropical zones. Both of these species act as vector to a wide variety of pathogenic organisms, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. However, the factors involved in host specialization remain unknown. In this context, the aim of my thesis was to determine 1) whether the evolution of host specialization is always accompanied by the same phenotypic changes and 2) whether these changes could help to identify the selective factors that influence this phenomenon. In this context, tick collections were conducted during the breeding period of the host birds in different areas of their distribution and morphometric analyses, based on landmark and contour methods, were performed on each individual tick. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were also carried out using the same individuals. Overall, the results demonstrate that morphological convergence occurs within these systems, highlighting the role of selection in the divergence process. Indeed, the ecological characteristics of the hosts, but also their micro-habitat, may exert significant selective pressures on ticks and may cause the observed divergence among populations. Likewise, the biological characteristics of each tick species, particularly in relation to dispersal capacity, may also come into play and will greatly modify the epidemiology of associated infectious agents.Keywords: Argasidae, convergent evolution, host-parasite interactions, Ixodidae, transmission ecology, seabirds
Poupart, Timothée. "Foraging ecology of winter-breeding seabirds in New Zealand." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS016.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough the cost of reproduction constrains animals to breed during spring/summer when food availability peaks, exception exist in seabirds with few species engaged in breeding during winter months. How their elevated energy needs can be sustained during a period traditionally reported for food shortage and challenging at-sea conditions is poorly understood. In addition, this unusual breeding phenology is adopted by more species in New Zealand than elsewhere in the world, with a concentration on the South island west coast where several winter breeding species are reported to forage with overlap. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to: 1) describe the fine-scale foraging behaviour of winter-breeding species from the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island, 2) investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors driving their foraging, and 3) quantify their niche overlap as they exploit similar areas during elevated energetically demand. Using bio-logging data (GPS, accelerometer, dive recorder) combined with stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen from whole blood), the winter foraging strategies of breeding males and females were investigated in a deep diver (Fiordland penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) and two surface-feeders / shallow divers (Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica and southern Buller’s albatross Thalassarche b. bulleri). The tracked individuals foraged close to their colony compared to their summer breeding congenerics, using primarily the nearby shelf-slope and neritic waters. Males and females displayed similar foraging behaviour in penguins and petrels, while spatial sexual differences occurred for albatross. All three species encountered prey at a high rate, allowing raising offspring with good success and without higher foraging effort than their summer-breeding congeners.These findings suggest that winter-breeding species have a phenology matching a winter prey resource on the shelf of the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island. With additional data from literature for little penguin Eudyptula minor and spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus, this winter-breeding community showed partial overlap of their foraging niche, but an accumulation of small divergences in home ranges, diving behaviour, temporal pattern of foraging, diet and trophic level is likely to explain their coexistence. Hence, winter-breeding can be a favourable phenology for high-level predators, which exploit shelf-slope and inshore waters undergoing winter mixing that insure fish and squids persistence through winter. In addition, winter-breeding also allow the matching of chick-fledging period with the spring (local primary production peak), and before the elevated needs of millions of summer-breeding species back from migration
Lombard, Alix. "Les variations actuelles du niveau de la mer : Observations et causes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079969.
Повний текст джерелаDiverses observations disponibles depuis peu nous ont permis de quantifier les contributions des divers facteurs climatiques à la hausse observée du niveau de la mer : expansion thermique de la mer due au réchauffement des océans, fonte des glaciers de montagne et des calottes polaires, apport d'eau des réservoirs continentaux. Le bilan de ces nouvelles observations nous permet d'expliquer en partie la hausse observée du niveau de la mer. En particulier, nous montrons que l'expansion thermique des océans n'explique que 25% de la hausse séculaire du niveau de la mer enregistrée par les marégraphes depuis 50 ans, tandis qu'elle contribue à la hauteur de 50% à la montée du niveau marin au cours de la dernière décennie. Parallèlement, des études récentes estiment que la fonte des glaciers de montagne et des calottes polaires pourraient contribuer pour environ 1 mm/an à l'élévation du niveau de la mer au cours de la dernière décennie.
De plus, la forte variabilité régionale des vitesses d'évolution du niveau de la mer révélée par les observations altimétriques de Topex/Poseidon résulte en grande partie de l'expansion thermique. Nous mettons également en lumière l'importante variabilité spatio-temporelle décennale de l'expansion thermique des océans au cours des 50 dernières années, qui semble dominée par les fluctuations naturelles du climat. De plus nous posons pour la première fois la question du lien qui existe entre les fluctuations décennales de l'expansion thermique des océans et la contribution climatique des eaux continentales au niveau de la mer. Enfin, une analyse préliminaire des observations gravimétriques de la mission spatiale GRACE sur les océans nous permet d'évaluer les variations saisonnières du niveau moyen de la mer liées aux variations du bilan de masse d'eau des océans.
Bried, Joël. "Déterminisme de la fidélité au site et au conjoint chez les oiseaux dépendant des ressources marines." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10182.
Повний текст джерелаJeudi, de Grissac Sophie. "Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS016/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe juvenile stage of animals is often much of a mystery to scientists. Moreover, juvenile survival is known to be a strong determinant for the future of a population. Indeed, juvenile animals are known to face high mortality during the first months after independence, with survival rates improving with age. One ultimate hypothesis implies that juveniles have a lower survival rate than adults because of their lack of experience. Thus they are initially poor foragers and require a learning period (immaturity) to improve their efficiency before being able to bear breeding and its associated energetic costs. Proximal factors also influence juvenile survival, such as environmental fluctuations and competition. Studies on terrestrial animals have provided useful information thanks to the possibility of direct observation and, recently, bio-logging technologies. However, collecting data in the marine environment is more difficult, particularly when juveniles are concerned. Long-lived marine species such as seabirds have an extensive immature period extending from a few years up to more than ten years. The offspring of these species will usually leave their natal site and disperse at sea for several years before returning to breed on land, most of the time at their place of birth. This makes it difficult to obtain direct observations, and so documenting their first journey at sea to learn more about their behavioural and foraging ecology is a challenge. In this context, this PhD aims to unravel at least part of the mystery of juvenile seabirds’ early life by investigating the first months at sea of newly fledged individuals from several long-lived species of procellariiformes. Using state of the art advancements in biotelemetry, I was able to follow, at sea, by satellite a large set of juveniles from nine closely related species of albatross and petrel breeding in the French Southern Territories of the Southern Ocean : Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Some of these species had never been tracked before. Trajectories were analysed using various new statistical methods that allowed movement strategies, alongside foraging behaviour and spatial distributions, to be described, all in tight link with environmental conditions. The findings were discussed in the light of a comparison with adults of the same species. Using this huge dataset I first examined the dispersal strategies of young birds that had left their nest and were totally independent from their parents. I showed that the strategies, as well as the amount of innate information controlling them are highly variable depending on species. Their movements take them in various habitats following or not the parental strategies. The amount of variability in juvenile strategies is linked to potential plasticity when facing environmental changes. These parameters are related to the history life trait of species, and might affect demography and population dynamics. In addition, by analysing juvenile wandering albatross tracks I showed that although they quickly learn the basics of flight and foraging optimization required to survive at sea, behavioural differences with adults persist in time, suggesting that non-observable behaviours need a longer period of learning and memorisation. Finally, whatever the strategy adopted, it seems to be driven in part by intraspecific competition since juveniles mitigate competition with older birds by segregating spatially. This last point highlights the crucial need of acknowledging age-related distribution when making management decisions to protect seabird populations. This work provides new insights about several major aspects of the at-sea ecology of naïve individuals foraging alone in a highly unpredictable environment. We learn here how instinct followed by experience shape specific early life strategies that allow young birds to deal with environmental conditions and interspecific competition so as to be able to survive
Quillien-Legrand, Marie-Christine. "Ectoparasitisme et arbovirus chez les oiseaux de mer, problèmes écologiques et de santé publique ? : étude de la population de mouettes tridactyles du Cap Sizun." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2034.
Повний текст джерелаTrémauville, Yves. "L'Avifaune de la boucle de Brotonne : écologie, éthologie." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES056.
Повний текст джерелаPichegru, Lorien. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d’oiseaux marins vulnérables dans le Benguela." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/PICHEGRU_Lorien_2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of rapid global changes, understanding the foraging mechanisms of marine top predators is crucial to determine their ability to adapt to environmental variability, in order to predict the consequences of changes on population dynamics and to define appropriate conservation measures for threatened species and the trophic webs to which they belong. In the Benguela upwelling system, in South Africa, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are vulnerable to extinction and are facing for 10 years onward a progressive south-eastward shift of their main prey, sardines (Sardinops Sagax) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), probably due to climate change. We performed a detailed study on Cape gannet foraging strategies, using birdborne recorders, and analysing their diet and the distribution and abundance of their prey in the Benguela. We showed that Cape gannets are able to increase substantially their foraging effort facing poor natural prey availability on the west coast of South Africa. However they are limited in the extent of their foraging area by the need to regularly come back to the colony to feed their young. Thus they turn to feeding behind trawlers on hake fishery discards (Merluccius spp. ) of poor nutritional content. These prey represent « Junk-food » for the gannet chicks and have a negative impact on their survival. Even if they allow adults to significantly decrease their foraging effort during winter, fishery discards can not compensate for a poor availability in sardines and anchovies during the breeding season. We have determined that below a density of 25 g m-2 of natural prey in their foraging area, breeding Cape gannets can not equilibrate their energy balance and fail massively in their breeding attempt. Faithful to their breeding site, Cape gannets come back to attempt breeding under sub-optimal conditions, and so are lead to an ecological trap, instead of emigrating. The social structure of a species can therefore lag its adaptation to environmental changes. Small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies, are currently scarce off the west coast of South Africa, enhancing the competition between seabirds and purse-seine fisheries. Biotelemetry, and particularly GPS tracking on Cape gannets and African penguins at sea, allowed us to precisely define theses birds’ foraging zones. Basing our decision on these data and on purse-seine fisheries activities, we suggest conservation measures that take into account foraging areas of these top predators, while considering local economic needs. These zones are crucial for the maintenance of threatened endemic populations and our data would help in an ecosystemic approach to fisheries management, for a sustainable exploitation of the environment
Albert, Céline. "Exposure of Arctic seabirds to pollutants and the role played by individual migratory movements and non-breeding distribution." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS020.
Повний текст джерелаThe Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg
Ayoub, Nadia. "Variabilite du niveau de la mer et de la circulation en mediterranee a partir de donnees altimetriques et de champs de vent : comparaison avec des simulations numeriques." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30254.
Повний текст джерелаCorbeau, Alexandre. "Relations entre oiseaux marins et pêcheries : Albatros sentinelles de l’océan Austral." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS021.
Повний текст джерелаThe current 6th major species extinction crisis is also affecting seabirds, especially albatrosses. Their populations have decreased by 70% over the last 60 years, mainly due to mortality in longline fisheries. Large albatrosses cover enormous distances during their foraging trips and their curiosity and opportunism favour regular encounters with boats. Thus, they constitute privileged models for studying the relationships between seabirds and fisheries. During the course of this thesis, thanks to the development of new prototype loggers deployed on Wandering and Amsterdam albatrosses in the Indian Ocean and new methods for estimating by-catch risks, we were able to observe that natural foraging behaviours differ from those associated with a boat. Similarly, the intrinsic characteristics of birds (species, population, sex, age and personality) lead to differences in exposure to by-catch risk, particularly through the use of different habitats. Finally, we have shown that the characteristics of boats also have a strong influence on the risk of by-catch, in particular through the type of boats encountered, their legality, the fishing practices used and the presence of discards. We conclude by presenting new methods to better estimate the risks of by-catch and the need for fundamental knowledge of species and populations in order to better protect marine environments that are increasingly endangered
Mayot, Nicolas. "La saisonnalité du phytoplancton en Mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066440/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe phytoplankton are essential for the oceanic trophic webs and for biogeochemical cycles on Earth. However, uncertainties remain about the environmental factors influencing its seasonality, and its growing efficiency. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the responses of the phytoplankton to the interannual variability of the environmental factors, in the Mediterranean Sea. More precisely, we aim to assess the influence of the environmental factors on phytoplankton seasonality. The interannual variability of the phytoplankton annual cycles are analyzed in the Mediterranean Sea, thus highlighting the regions associated with annual cycle variability, like the ones where deep-water formation events occur recurrently. One of these regions is the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. A multiplatform approach based on in situ observations is implemented to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the phytoplankton seasonality in this particular region. The influences of mixed layer depth and the light availability on phytoplankton seasonality are assessed. An intense deepening of the mixed layer (related to the deep convection) increases the magnitude of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Moreover, the strong deepening of mixed layer seems to induce favorable conditions for an important accumulation of micro-phytoplankton (composed of diatoms mainly). In turn, the phytoplankton production rate increases, mostly, the primary production rate of diatoms. Finally, at the scale of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, the shift in the phytoplankton community structure and in production induces an increase of the organic carbon stock produced during spring
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
MARZIN, PASCALE. "L'ornithose-psittacose : une maladie des oiseaux transmissible a l'homme ; a propos de trois observations faites dans le pays castelbriantais." Nantes, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NANT022M.
Повний текст джерелаCook, Timothée. "Ecologie des oiseaux plongeurs (Phalacrocorax spp. ) : réponses écophysiologiques, comportementales et sexuelles aux variations de l'environnement." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS230.
Повний текст джерелаThe first goal of this thesis was to understand what are the ecophysiological and behavioural adaptations of diving birds to the constraints of diving, by studying the blue-eyed shags from Crozet (Phalacrocorax melanogenis) and Kerguelen (P. Verrucosus). Both species made the longest and the deepest dives in the cormorant family, while foraging in a 3 - 7°c seawater for daily periods lasting 5 - 10 hours. It is likely that these performances are possible because of the use of a hypometabolism. When resource distribution allowed it, these shags used diving strategies close to optimality, submerging for periods facilitating a rapid surface reloading of oxygen reserves. Eventually, the study of the depth of neutral buoyancy showed these birds probably adjusted their respiratory air volumes to dive depth, as a mean for saving oxygen. The second goal of this thesis was to study the possible links between blue-eyed shag sexual dimorphism (smaller females) and the ecology. An important sexual segregation was found (females diving to a shallower depth compared to males and catching smaller fish), probably related to the sexual dimorphism. The intensity of the sexual dimorphism varied from one colony to the next and increased locally when the difference in mean dive depth between the sexes increased. This plasticity of the sexual dimorphism could help the species to adjust to the distribution of resource, while reducing intraspecific competition
Collet, Julien. "Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Повний текст джерелаIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Fort, Jérôme. "Réponses des oiseaux marins de l'Arctique aux contraintes environnementales hivernales dans le contexte des changements climatiques." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20268.
Повний текст джерелаHarsh environmental conditions encountered in North Atlantic during wintertime, characterized by frequent extreme weather events, are among the most challenging constraints for endothermic animals. Seabirds, which experience this environment for many months per year, play a central role in North Atlantic food webs, notably as top predators and indicators of marine ecosystems. In the current context of climate change, pronounced in North Atlantic waters, it is therefore a major objective to understand how seabirds respond and adapt to these environmental constraints shaping their survival and their population dynamics. We used a multidisciplinary approach (combining microelectronics, stable isotopic analyses, bioenergetics modelling and demography) focused on individual energy balance, to study the ecophysiological plasticity of the 3 main alcid species of the North Atlantic. We found that harsh winter conditions induce an energetic bottleneck for seabirds which might explain recurrent events of winter mass mortality, so called ‘seabird winter wrecks'. In response to increased energy expenditure, we showed that seabirds can adopt different strategies allowing higher energy intake. They can modulate their vertical (diving behaviour) and/or horizontal (migration) movements, as well as their trophic status, depending on the spatial and temporal availability of their prey. All together, these results constitute one of the first comprehensive studies of seabird winter ecology. These insights are essential to a better understanding of their population dynamics and constitute a firm foundation to future investigations of the impact of climate change on marine top predators
Seoane, Corral Lucía. "Interprétation géophysique du mouvement du pôle : apport des observations de géodésie spatiale, de météorologie, d'océanographie et d'hydrologie." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958536.
Повний текст джерелаThe polar motion excitation is mainly due to the mass transport of the atmosphere and the oceans. So far, the observed motion is not fully explained from seasonal to diurnal scales. Our effort has focused on the Chandler wobble as well as fluctuations with period smaller than 50 days and diurnal variations, which remain still partially unexplained. We show that the atmospheric and oceanic mass redistributions are the principal causes of the Chandler wobble irregularities and the rapid polar motion of periods between 3 and 50 days. However, major differences persist at diurnal scales. Moreover, the redistributions of the continental water are important but, modelling those processes is imprecise due to the complexity and lack of observations of terrestrial hydrology. Current models must be then validated and compared to the observed polar motion. We show that the hydrological models, coupled with oceanic and atmospheric effects, improve the seasonal and long term mass balance. Thanks to space mission Gravity Discovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), the total mass redistribution on the Earth can be determined with a different approach. Four analysis centers provide temporal variations of spherical harmonics C20, C21 and S21 of the gravity field that are proportional to the length of day and polar motion excitations caused by surface mass changes. We have analized the latest updates of these series. Despite a significant level of noise, their hydrological residual matches reasonably well the observed polar motion
Curé, Charlotte. "Etude des systèmes de communication acoustique des puffins du bassin méditerranéen : puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus et calonectris diomedea diomedea." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112130.
Повний текст джерелаShearwaters (procellariidae) are burrowing seabirds. They return to their colony at dusk and exhibit a high vocal activity. One single call is used in both sexual and territorial contexts. We conducted a comparative study of the acoustic communication systems of the three shearwater species in the Mediterranean basin (puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus and calonectris d. Diomedea). These species showing overlapping nesting areas, we focused on the species specific signature in the call. Considering the fidelilty to the mate and the incubation relays between partners, we also studied the sexual and individual vocal signatures. By performing acoustic analyses, we showed that these signatures were multiparametrics. By playback experiments, we showed that birds of three species were able to vocally identify the gender of their congeners. Replying only to conspecific same-sex calls, birds ensure burrow defence and mate guarding. Concerning the communication strategies between partners, significant differences were observed between species. Contrary to puffinus yelkouan, calonectris d. Diomedea vocally replied to its mate. For the former, an additional channel (olfactory for example) is probably necessary to ensure mate identification. Concerning the species-specific recognition, the differences in the acoustic codes observed between the species appeared all the more significant as the phylogenetic distance was high. Thus, even submitted to similar environmental and social constraints, Mediterranean shearwater species show differences in their communication system
Pettex, Emeline. "Ecologie alimentaire du Fou de Bassan Morus bassanus en Atlantique Nord à des échelles spatio-temporelles multiples." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825001.
Повний текст джерелаBécu, Guislain Louis Deschamps Pierre-Yves. "Contribution à la vérification des observations spatiales de la couleur de l'océan à l'aide du réseau de radiomètres optiques SIMBADA." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2004. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/415.
Повний текст джерелаRésumé. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Trois articles en anglais retirés. Bibliogr. p. 185-190.
Hamad, Najwa. "La circulation de surface dans le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée d'après les observations satellitaires infrarouge." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22029.
Повний текст джерелаStaszewski, Vincent. "Immuno-écologie et interactions hôte-parasite : cas du système oiseaux de mer-tique Ixodes uriae et agent de la maladie de Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato)." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066081.
Повний текст джерелаTaking into account the ecological context of host parasite interactions may be important to consider when examining trade offs between immune responses and the other needs of the organism. Ecological factors likely to affect exposure risk and the response to parasitism will ultimately affect the dynamics of biodiversity in host-parasite systems. Taking these aspects into account is thus necessary in order to define adequate public health policies and epidemiological risk models
Le, Gentil Éric. "Pollution par les hydrocarbures en Manche et en golfe de Gascogne : risques et prévention entre 1960 et 2004." Brest, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435266.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to decrease accidental and operationnal oil spills from vessels, the international community has created a system of risk prevention for oil pollution. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of this process in the English channel and the bay of Biscay between 1960 and 2004. In the first part, we present methods and data used to assess quantity and circumstances of oil spills from vessels. We show in the second part that Channel and bay of Biscay are more exposed to oil spills than regionals seas surrounding mainly because of maritime traffic caracteristics and climatic context. In the third part, we analyse the evolution of accidental and operationnal oil spills and we discuss the influence of the regulation framework (compliance rate with international norms by flag states, port states and coastal states) and of the socio-economic context on observed tendancies
Hu, Ziyuan. "Structures tourbillonnaires à l'ouest du golfe du Lion : modélisation numérique et mesures en mer." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22012.
Повний текст джерелаIn the western part of the Gulf of Lion, Millot (1979, 1982) had postulated the presence of mesoscale anticyclonic eddies. As already well studied in the open ocean, such structures could also play, in the coastal zone, an important role on the circulation and biogeochemistry, as well as on the coastal-offshore exchanges of energy and mass. The objectives of this PhD thesis is to characterize the anticyclonic eddies present in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and to understand their generation processes, using in a combined way numerical modelling and in situ measurements. The numerical model SYMPHONIE is used to simulate realistically the circulation of the Gulf of Lion, in order to help us understand the dynamics of such structures. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out, varying the model spatial resolution and the horizontal viscosity, to choose the best model configuration. A wavelet technique is applied on model outputs to identify eddies and estimate their characteristics (duration, size...). The numerical results have been used to set up the sampling strategy of the LATEX cruises and help us interpret in situ data. The analysis of the measurements collected during Latex08 (September 1-6 , 2008) confirmed the presence of an anticyclonic eddy in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and showed that its features agree with the ones of the simulated eddy. These in situ data, combined with the modeling results, allow us to better understand the eddies' dynamics. Thanks to a long period simulation (2001-2008) with the appropriate model configuration, we studied the repetitiveness and variability of the eddies, as well as their generation processes. Modeling results showed that during the 8 years of simulation, coastal anticyclonic eddies are present regularly, from May to October, in the western part of the Gulf of Lion with a life duration varying from several days to more than two months. The eddies with a life duration longer than 15 days need two conditions to be generated: a persistent and strong northwest wind and a strong stratification. Annual and interannual differences between the eddies present in the 8 years of simulation can be explained by varying the intensity of each of the two conditions
Aulert, Christophe. "Les stationnements de macreuses (Melanitta) sur le littoral augeron : biogéographie et environnement." Caen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CAEN1225.
Повний текст джерелаThe scoters (melanitta) are sea diving ducks which come in their thousands to overwinter every year along the coasts of Calvados, between the Orne bay and the seine estuary. The augeron's coast is the main wintering site for the common scoters (melanitta nigra) in France and the only regular site for the velvet scoters (melanitta fusca). Common and velvet scoters do not use the same areas. This spatial segregation is stable for the duration of the season, and from year to year. Parallel to the studying of the wintering quarters of scoters on the coasts of Calvados, seven components of the sphere were studied: sediments, currents, salinity, depth, temperature, benthic fauna, fishing. With this investigation, we cleared the eco-geographic factors of the wintering quarters of the scoters of the augeron's coast. The statistics and the maps were carried through S. A. S. Data. A study of heavy metals and organochlorines contamination of scoters was also carried out to check if an animal at the top of the trophy chain could be used to determine the pollution of the sphere. Bird can constitute a relatively good implement for a geographic study on the sea. However, they will not allow the apprehension of the whole geographic sphere and its complexity. Only the components which determine the wintering quarters of birds will be characterized. Before, it is necessary to know the factors which determine the wintering quarters for the birds
Hammarström, Anna, and Johansson Frida. "¨Man vill ju veta lite mer¨ : En kvalitativ observations- och intervjustudie om fjärdeklassares uppfattningar om lärarrespons i ämnet matematik." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för matematik (MA), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75990.
Повний текст джерелаBEAUMONT, HUBERT. "Caracterisation de la turbulence atmospherique et procedure d'amelioration des images pour des observations horizontales au dessus de la mer." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE5005.
Повний текст джерелаMichelot, Candice. "Le manchot Adélie, sentinelle de la glace de mer : étude du comportement de recherche alimentaire en réponse aux variations environnementales en période de reproduction." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS009.
Повний текст джерелаA central question in ecology is the understanding of the environmental change effects on organisms and on the ecosystem functioning. The Arctic and Antarctic warm faster than any other region on Earth, which has consequences on the sea-ice state and by extent on polar species which depend on it for their breeding and feeding activities. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the behavioural responses of a bio-indicator species, the Adélie penguin, during its foraging activity facing variable sea-ice conditions, at different species levels : individual, population, inter-population. We use a foraging activity dataset (GPS data, diet) on Adélie penguins obtained collected each year since 2010 in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica), at each breeding season in several colonies. We highlight foraging behavioural variations in that species related to sea-ice conditions and dynamics, but similar responses between individuals and between colonies facing comparable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of specific habitats and sea-ice conditions for an optimal foraging activity. We discuss about intrinsic and extrinsic factors at the origin of the observed variations, and of the implication of such variations on the reproductive behaviour of Adélie penguins. Those PhD results are replaced in a context of ecosystem conservation for the implementation of efficient protection measures based on the ecology of sentinel species
Bécu, Guislain Louis. "Contribution à la vérification des observations spatiales de la couleur de l'océan à l'aide du réseau de radiomètres optiques SIMBADA." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-7-8.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNous avons comparé les mesures SIMBADA avec d'autres mesures in situ, réalisées par trois autres instruments de terrain reconnus. La première comparaison a montré que le SIMBADA et le système de photomètre/radiomètre SMSR/SPMR s'accordent à 6% sur l'estimation de l'éclairement descendant et que les deux instruments estiment la réflectance marine avec une erreur de 10 à 20% entre 410 et 560 nm, et de 60 à 80% au-delà; la deuxième a montré que le SIMBADA et le photomètre solaire MicroTops mesurent l'épaisseur optique en aérosols avec une précision de 0. 02 en valeur absolue; enfin, la troisième a montré que le SIMBADA et le spectroradiomètre TriOS s'accordent à 3% (9% pour les grandes élevations solaires) sur l'estimation de l'éclairement descendant, et que les deux instruments estiment la réflectance marine avec une erreur de 10 à 15% entre 410 et 560 nm, et de 20 à 35% au-delà. Ces différentes analyses ont permis de montrer que le SIMBADA réalise ses mesures avec une précision de 0. 001 en termes de réflectance à 443 nm, ce qui est inférieur aux exigences (0. 002 à 443 nm). Enfin, la base de données SIMBADA a été utilisée pour vérifier les observations spatiales de la couleur de l'océan réalisées par les capteurs MERlS/ENVISAT et POLDER-2/ADEOS-2, en estimant leurs erreurs sur l'estimation de la réflectance marine, puis en les comparant aux exigences de l'observation spatiale de la couleur de l'océan (0. 002 en termes de réflectance marine au-dessus de la surface à 443 nm). La comparaison SIMBADA/MERlS a révélé une erreur assez importante sur les réflectances marines dérivées de MERlS après correction atmosphérique (RMS de 0. 008 à 443 nm). La comparaison SIMBADA/POLDER-2 a révélé une erreur moins importante sur les réflectances marines dérivées de POLDER-2 après correction atmosphérique (RMS inférieur à 0. 004 à 443 nm)
D'autre part, une analyse plus détaillée a été réalisée sur la vérification des données MERlS. Premièrement, les erreurs sur l'estimation de l'épaisseur optique en aérosols et du modèle d'aérosols dérivés de :MERlS sont assez élevées. Deuxièmement, l'erreur sur l'estimation de la réflectance marine croît aux courtes longueurs d'onde utilisées pour la couleur de l'océan, et est sans doute attribuable à la précision des codes de transfert radiatif utilisés et au choix des modèles d'aérosols utilisés. Aucun paramètre géophysique ou climatique (vitesse du vent, élévation solaire, latitude,. . . ) ne semble être corrélé à cette erreur. Par ailleurs, on améliore l'estimation de la réflectance marine en appliquant aux données un critère de qualité (flag :MERlSPCD_1_13) : le RMS passe dans ce cas à 0. 005 à 443 nm. Toutefois, ce critère semble diminuer d'un facteur deux le nombre de pixels déclarés valides. Enfin, l'impact des erreurs de correction atmosphérique sur l'estimation de la concentration en chlorophylle a été évaluée en appliquant le même algorithme bio-optique (OC4v4) aux réf1ectances marines issues de MERIS et de SIMBADA. La précision estimée est de 60% (30% lorsque le flag MERlS PCD_l_13 est appliqué), chiffre auquel il convient d'ajouter la variabilté naturelle de l'algorithme géophysique
Legrand, Brice. "Impact des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité marine tropicale : le cas des oiseaux marins de l’océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0043.
Повний текст джерелаClimate change will affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, but the consequences in terms of global biodiversity distribution are still unclear. Studies about selection of marine habitats and trends caused by global warming are growing. The telemetric monitoring provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variability on distribution of marine predators. All the issues are very important, we have decided to focus on seabirds. The first objective of this thesis project is to study the distribution and selection of foraging habitat of tropical seabirds during their reproductive phase and during their migrations. To characterize the habitat of an abiotic point of view. The second objective of this thesis project is to use scenarios for ocean habitats produced by IPCC to simulate, using habitat models, the temporal evolution of the distribution of suitable habitat. The third objective of this thesis project is to use the available monitoring data to identify "hotspots" of biodiversity. We looked, at first, the puffins Pacific. More particularly, we studied the variations between the different colonies of the same species, from the viewpoint of the distribution, activity and habitat selection. Then we studied the impact of the evolution of climate change on wintering habitat of Barau’s Petrels (Pterodroma baraui). We built habitat selection models. These models were then used to predict the evolution of wintering habitat in 2100, according to different IPCC scenarios. Finally, we have compiled the available telemetry data on seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals to study the distribution of marine megafauna in the Indian Ocean, and to identify hotspots of high density and high diversity. To establish, in time, protected marine areas
Bourgeois, Karen. "Ecologie, biologie et conservation d’un oiseau marin endémique de Méditerranée, Puffinus yelkouan." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30057.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose was to study Puffinus yelkouan, a pelagic seabird remaining poorly known, in order to fill the knowledge gaps for this species ecology and biology, and to provide tangible data for its management and conservation. The review of its world status and threats emphasized that this is a threatened species. We evaluated morphometric and acoustic sexing methods and identified parameters to be considered for monitoring and census planning. The breeding habitat selection analysis highlighted a particularly low occupation rate of the suitable habitat. The analysis of feral cat predation impact showed that this predation constitutes a major threat for the species and revealed an unexpected population structure. These results prioritized cat eradication on our study site (Hyères islands) in order to enhance the breeding population dynamics and to avoid its extinction, the abundance of suitable and available breeding habitat allowing an increase in the species population
Assali, Camille. "Contribution des radars embarqués à l'étude des stratégies collectives de recherche alimentaire chez les oiseaux marins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT075/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the ocean, prey is patchily distributed. To overcome this challenge, pelagic seabirds benefit from social information from conspecifics, heterospecifics, or fishing boats.As part of this dissertation, we aim at evaluating the influence of different information sources in seabird foraging strategies in the tropical pelagic environment.Seabirds can detect visible predators or boats at distances of over ten kilometres. We thus study the distribution of seabirds at sub-meso-scale, analysing images recorded from a radar on board a tuna purse-seiner. Radar images provide a visualisation of the instantaneous distribution of the in-flight seabird community as well as seabird movements within thirty kilometres of the seiner. We detect over-aggregatedand temporary patterns, spanning about ten kilometers, within flying seabirds’ distribution. Distancesbetween seabird groups are compatible with information exchanges within these aggregations. A finer scale study reveals coordinated flights of seabird groups distant of hundreds of meters from each others (« rakes »), and suggesting a high level of coordination during foraging. We then investigate the potential disturbance induced by the seiner in the seabirds’ foraging network.First results indicate that seabirds can discriminate the different seiner’s activities.To our knowledge, this work is the first contribution of on board radars use for the study of seabird ecology in the high seas, and opens interesting perspectives, such as the understanding of interactions’ dynamics within the marine top-predators guild
Le, Cozannet Gonéri. "Les conséquences de l'élévation du niveau marin pour le recul du trait de côte." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H036/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo which extent does present day sea-level rise affect shoreline changes? This question remains largely open due to the lack of knowledge and data regarding coastal hydrosedimentary processes and relative sea-level changes (i.e., including vertical ground motions). This PhD Thesis first addresses the question of measuring relative sea-level changes using a combination of geodetic data, including satellite-radar interferometry and permanent GPS stations. Then, it examines the case of coasts that experienced sea-level changes significantly different from the global average over the last 50 years. In the case of atoll islands of French Polynesia, the available data illustrate the major role of southern, trade and cyclonic waves in controlling shoreline changes. For some sheltered coasts, waves are suspected to combine with sea-level rise to favour shoreline retreat. In the case of the European coastal database Eurosion, about 17 000 coastal observations are available and have been analysed using a Bayesian network. Here, part of the spatial variability of shoreline changes can be explained by the fact that Fennoscandian coasts are not only accreting, but also uplifting due to the post-glacial rebound. Overall, these results suggest that it is still too early to observe obvious effects of climate-induced sea-level rise. A probabilistic analysis of the coastal sedimentary equation shows that under common assumptions on hydrosedimentary processes, sea-level rise impacts for beaches should become observable during the second half of the 21st century, if the efforts to maintain climate warming below the 2 C threshold fail. Finally, this PhD thesis offers opportunities for stimulating future research in the field of mathematics applied to the question of climate change and sea-level rise impacts to coastal zones
Steinmetz, François. "Étude de la correction de la diffusion atmosphérique et du rayonnement solaire réfléchi par la surface agitée de la mer pour l'observation de la couleur de l'océan depuis l'espace." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10010/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe main challenge for observing the”ocean colour” from space is to make the atmospheric correction which consists in extracting the marine signal from the measured dominated by the atmospheric scattering. In this context, we have studied specific problems that arise due to the quality of the sensor radiometry or to the viewing conditions. In the case of POLDER-3, we have used the in situ BOUSSOLE data to detect some problems, one of which can be attributed to a defect in the input (level1) data. We have made empirical corrections for these defects, resulting in an improvement of the accuracy of the marine reflectance products by a factor 1.5 to 2. Moreover, the same atmospheric correction algorithm was applied to the MERIS data to emphasize some of its features. The existing atmospheric correction algorithms are also limited by the sunglint, failing to retrieve marine parameters in the bright pattern of the sun reflected by the wavy sea surface. For many sensors (MERIS,MODIS...), this makes almost half of the observations at subtropical latitudes unusable, reducing the global coverage accordingly. We are presenting an original algorithm, called POLYMER, designed to make atmospheric correction over the whole sun glint pattern. The increase of spatial coverage is spectacular, while the accuracy on the retrieved marine parameters remains acceptable.This study shows that itis possible to retrieve the ocean colour in the sun glint contaminated areas and opens new opportunities for future applications
Le, Corre Nicolas. "Le dérangement de l'avifaune sur les sites naturels protégés de Bretagne : état des lieux, enjeux et réflexions autour d'un outil d'étude des interactions hommes/oiseaux." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00431281.
Повний текст джерелаCastège, Iker. "Evolution des populations d’oiseaux et de mammifères marins dans le Golfe de Gascogne en relation avec les changements environnementaux." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3025.
Повний текст джерелаThis Thesis report deals mainly with data processing of a long term data set (1976-2009) gathered from a long term survey of seabirds and sea mammals in the Bay of Biscay (France; East Atlantic). In this report we highlight some aspects of the spatio-temporal dynamics of those populations, and thus of the marine ecosystems in which they live. We emphasize the role of two major environmental forces. First of all, we investigated the direct influence of human-borne pollutions and accidental by-catches : recent oilspills (namely from the “Erika” and then the “Prestige” ships) had various and complex effects on seabird populations, but none on cetacean populations, given that stranding patterns were more likely linked by abundance and distribution of living animals at sea than by-catches or accidental oispills. Secondly, we adressed the influence of oceano-climatic variations on abundance of those top-predator populations. Overall results have important implications in species and ecosystem management (e. G. Marine Protected Areas design) as well as fundamental ecology (e. G. Ecosystem oceanography paradigm)
Kojadinovic, Jessica. "Écologie trophique de grands prédateurs marins de l'océan Indien occidental tropical par l'étude conjointe de la bioaccumulation d'éléments traces et de rapports isotopiques." La Réunion, 2006. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/06_17_Kojadinovic.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis study focuses on thé acquisition of knowledge of various aspects of thé trophic ecology of marine top predators from thé South-Western Indian Océan through thé analysis of trace élément levels and isotopic signatures. Three toxic éléments (cadmium, mercury and lead) and five essential éléments (copper, iron, manganèse, sélénium and zinc) were analyzed in six seabirds (Barau's Pétrel, Audubon's Shearwa'ter, White-tailed Tropicbird, Brown Noddy, Lesser Noddy and Sooty Tern) and five pelagic fishes (Swordfish, Yellowfin Tuna, Skipjack Tuna, Wahoo, Common Dolphinfish). A large range of trace élément levels were observed. Copper levels were high in thé liver of Yellowfin Tunas collected around Reunion Island, rénal iron and zinc levels were high, respectively, in Dolphinfish and Yellowfins sampled in thé Mozambique Channel, and mercury levels were highest in Barau's Pétrels liver and kidney. The large variations of trace élément levels were attributable to a combination of several factors influencing their bioaccumulation: thé organ or tissue considered, thé animais nutritional condition (for essential éléments), thé âge (determined through thé length for fish), thé geographical area, detoxification processes, thé species and thé diet