Дисертації з теми "Oiseaux de mer – Conservation"
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Dasnon, Anaïs. "Estimation des populations d'oiseaux marins à nidification hypogée ou en habitats complexes : optimisation des méthodes dans les Terres Australes Françaises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS027.
Повний текст джерелаFacing the massive loss of biodiversity, it is crucial to increase our knowledge about populations in order to rapidly implement effective conservation measures. Seabirds are among the most threatened and little-known of all bird species. Many of their species nest in isolated territories, in burrows or in areas inaccessible to man. Traditional survey methods are mainly used to monitor seabird populations, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. In addition, new data acquisition and analysis tools offer new perspectives, but remain too untested.This thesis proposes, in the context of the Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises, to explore the effectiveness of traditional methods for estimating the populations of two coastal-nesting species, to test bioacoustics as a new method for estimating burrowing seabirds populations, and to use count and demographic monitoring data from a declining population to test the effectiveness of implementing conservation measures.Traditional survey methods are the most robust and can be used effectively to estimate and monitor seabird populations. These methods can be supplemented by the use of new technologies, in particular bioacoustics for surveys of hypogean nesting species. The combination of these methods and a sound understanding of the biology and ecology of the species will enable them to be conserved effectively over the long term
Bourgeois, Karen. "Ecologie, biologie et conservation d’un oiseau marin endémique de Méditerranée, Puffinus yelkouan." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30057.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose was to study Puffinus yelkouan, a pelagic seabird remaining poorly known, in order to fill the knowledge gaps for this species ecology and biology, and to provide tangible data for its management and conservation. The review of its world status and threats emphasized that this is a threatened species. We evaluated morphometric and acoustic sexing methods and identified parameters to be considered for monitoring and census planning. The breeding habitat selection analysis highlighted a particularly low occupation rate of the suitable habitat. The analysis of feral cat predation impact showed that this predation constitutes a major threat for the species and revealed an unexpected population structure. These results prioritized cat eradication on our study site (Hyères islands) in order to enhance the breeding population dynamics and to avoid its extinction, the abundance of suitable and available breeding habitat allowing an increase in the species population
Le, Bot Tangi. "Influence d'une source prévisible de nourriture anthropogénique sur l'écologie spatiale, la dynamique populationnelle et la conservation d'un prédateur marin." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG075/document.
Повний текст джерелаSeabirds are flagship species, boundary objects linking air and water, oceans and continents, Northern and Southern countries, binding a great variety of socio-ecosystems across the planet. Due to their ubiquity, they are exposed to numerous global threats. Among them, interactions with fisheries might be the main risk for seabirds at sea. The conservation status of seabirds is thereby affected, and priority actions due to reduce these impacts have to be established. Indeed, seabirds catch the attention of all stakeholders and of the general public, who are sensitive to the fate of their populations. Implementing tools and strategies allowing seabird conservation is therefore an urgent societal request. The Northern gannet (Morus bassanus) is emblematic of seabird conservation in metropolitan France, with a single breeding colony under strict protection within the Réserve Naturelle Nationale de l’archipel des Sept-Îles. Despite all conservation efforts, colony size and breeding success have been declining in recent years. A decadal biotelemetry study allowed us to test hypotheses linked to this decline. Notably, we showed that, during the breeding season, gannets shifted from feeding on natural prey, to taking fisheries waste. The consumption of these anthropogenic subsides affects foraging effort, adult body condition and reproductive output. Further, we showed that, during the inter-breeding period, gannets were exposed to enhanced bycatch risk and competition with fisheries for small pelagic fish. This had a strong impact on adult inter-annual return rates to the colony, potentially explaining the recent decline of the Sept-Îles gannetry. Overall, we conclude that an integrated conservation plan for Northern gannets, as well as for the marine megafauna in general, is only possible through ecosystem-based fisheries management. Specifically, the joint use of fish stocks by marine predators and fisheries should be taken into account by management schemes, at-sea dumping of fishery wastes should be reduced, and marine protected areas including true no-take zones should be designed, also by taking into account the spatial ecology of the marine megafauna such as seabirds
Ridoux, Vincent. "Ecologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer des îles Crozet." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2035.
Повний текст джерелаCusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Beaubrun, Pierre-Christian. "Le goéland leucophée (Larus cachinnans michahellis) au Maroc : reproduction, alimentation, répartition et déplacements en relation avec les activités de pêche." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20058.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Bohec Céline Gauthier-Clerc Michel Grémillet David. "Stratégies d'histoire de vie d'un oiseau longévif le manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/00000991.
Повний текст джерелаThèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 202-233.
Connan, Maëlle. "Biomarqueurs lipidiques, réseau trophique pélagique et écologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer Procellariiformes." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066622.
Повний текст джерелаLecomte, Vincent. "La Sénescence en milieu naturel : une étude pluridisciplinaire chez deux oiseaux marins longétifs, le grand Albatros et le Pétrel des neiges." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lecomte-Vincent/2010-Lecomte-Vincent-These.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVery little is known on the deterioration of physiological and behavioural performances with age in wild animals. Given the multifaceted nature of senescence, identifying the effects of age on physiology and behaviour remains a challenging. We investigated the effects of age on a broad array of phenotypic traits in two long-lived seabirds, the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (age 2–48+ years; Ile de la Possession, Southern Indian Ocean) and the Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea (age 7–46 years; Terre Adélie, Antarctica). We studied foraging behaviour using satellite tracking and miniaturized activity loggers, and monitored reproductive performance. An array of phenotypic traits (immune function, levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, baseline hormonal levels, endocrine and cardiac stress responses) known to reflect senescence in vertebrates was also examined. In Wandering albatrosses, there was age related patterns in foraging behaviour, stress response and reproductive performance, but not in baseline physiology. There was an unexpected pattern of spatial segregation by age in the foraging areas of male albatrosses. Old males, but not females, travelled a greater distance but were less active at the sea surface, and exhibited low foraging efficiency, suggesting that foraging ability (i. E. The ability of individuals to extract energy from their environment) might play a central role in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions. Moreover, the stress response of non-breeding males, but not breeding males, was affected by age, suggesting that age-related patterns are enhanced when individuals face ‘challenging’ conditions. In contrast, there was no detectable effect of age in females, suggesting that senescence rates are sex-specific in wild seabirds, as in humans an in laboratory model animals. In Snow Petrels, there was no detectable effect of age on PHA-induced immune response, PHA-induced hormone levels, chick growth or chick physiology, suggesting that physiological senescence is difficult to detect in this very long-lived seabird. Overall, our results highlight that age, gender, reproductive status and foraging ability interact in shaping ageing patterns in natural conditions, and suggest that long-lived seabirds maintain a high level of physiological fitness in old age, which supports the disposable soma theory
Eveillard-Buchoux, Marie. "Côtes rocheuses de Bretagne et oiseaux pélagiques : vers une valorisation intégrée du patrimoine naturel." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe North-West coasts of Europe provide rocky cliff nesting sites for a large number of Northern Hemis-phere pelagic seabirds. Although pelagic seabirds and their habitats have been studied from the geogra-phic standpoint for many years, the relation between seabird species and nest-site geomorphological characteristics represents a new field of study. Focu-sing on several Brittany populations, the present study demonstrates that the geomorphological characteristics of these micro-habitats appear to correspond to preferences for different seabird species, highlighting the importance of nest-site micro-geomorphological criteria to the successful reproduction of cliff-nesting seabirds. Extending these data to the spheres of conservation and eco-tourism, they underscore the importance, and even the primacy, of the protection of nesting popula-tions based on geomorphological criteria, rather than on large-scale, area-wide considerations. Conse-quently, much more emphasis should be placed on the importance of the geomorphological characteris-tics of nesting sites, as opposed to the present ‘bird only’ emphasis in most publications and tourist information
Bino, Taulant. "L'avifaune aquatique du système lagunaire méditerranéen de Karavasta (Albanie) et sa conservation." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20059.
Повний текст джерелаKanyamibwa, Samuel. "Dynamique des populations de cigogne blanche ("Ciconia ciconia L. ") en Europe occidentale : contribution à la conservation des populations naturelles." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20093.
Повний текст джерелаEnstipp, Manfred. "Diving energetics and fine scale foraging behaviour of avian divers and their capacity to buffer environmental change." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/ENSTIPP_Manfred_2005.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAvian divers are confronted with a number of physiological challenges when foraging in cold water, especially at depth. Diving is believed to be particularly costly in cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) because of their poor insulation and less efficient foot-propulsion. I used open-circuit respirometry to study the energetic requirements of two Phalacrocorax species, the European shag (P. Aristotelis) and the double-crested cormorant (P. Auritus) when diving in a shallow (1 m) and deep (10 m) dive tank. I also investigated the modifying effects of water temperature and feeding status on dive costs. My results indicate that the energetic costs during shallow diving in European shags and double-crested cormorants are comparable to other foot-propelled divers. Metabolic rate was significantly increased when diving to greater depth and at lower water temperatures, while feeding before diving increased metabolic rate, albeit not significantly. The strong effects of depth and water temperature on cormorant diving metabolic rate are most likely a consequence of their partially wettable plumage and their reduced plumage air volume, which makes them prone to heat loss and, hence, increases thermoregulatory costs. The energetic requirements of animals have to be satisfied by intake of resources from the environment. Hence, the quest for food is a central aspect of animal behavior. Although the study of seabird foraging behaviour has greatly profited from recent technological developments, we still know little about predator-prey interactions on a fine scale. I used an underwater video array to investigate the prey-capture behaviour of double-crested cormorants foraging on live rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I tested the effects of a variety of factors on the underwater foraging behaviour of cormorants and established a functional link between prey density and cormorant prey capture rate. Prey density and behaviour both significantly affected predator performance. At prey densities below 2-3 g fish m-3 birds increased their search time during a trial drastically, while prey-encounter rate was greatly decreased. When cormorants attacked shoaling rather than solitary trout, their capture success was significantly reduced, while pursuit duration was significantly increased. Seabird energetics and behaviour are typically studied on the individual or species level. However, if we want to understand how seabirds react to environmental changes, we have to consider entire communities. In the western North Sea, a large seabird assemblage critically depends on a single fish species, the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), which is also exploited by an industrial fishery. I developed an algorithm to test for the capacity of four seabird species during chick-rearing in Scotland to buffer a potential decline in sandeel abundance by increasing their foraging effort in various ways. My results show that under the conditions currently operating in this region shags and guillemots (Uria aalge) may have sufficient time and energy to allow them to increase their foraging effort considerably, while Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and gannets (Morus bassanus) appear more constrained by time and energy respectively. My study suggests that during chick-rearing gannets are working at the highest metabolic level of all species considered and hence, have the least physiological capacity to increase foraging effort. This indicates that gannets could potentially be very sensitive to a reduction in sandeel abundance. My thesis emphasises the importance of taking into account seabird energetics as well as fine scale behavioural requirements, when trying to develop management schemes for fisheries that will allow the coexistence of both seabirds and human fishery in a sustainable way
Sauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Rolland, Jonathan. "Etude de la diversification des oiseaux et des mammifères par une approche phylogénétique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066476.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding how specific richness is distributed on Earth has been a priority for ecologists and evolutionary biologists for decades. Species richness in a given place results from a combination of processes linked to diversification rates, dispersal rates, and time. In order to evaluate the relative role of these different factors and gain a better understanding of how biodiversity patterns have been shaped, we use up-to-date methodologies, based on molecular phylogenies. The first part concerns the latitudinal diversity gradient, that is how species richness decreases from the tropics to the temperate regions. For mammals, we show that speciation is higher and extinction lower in the tropics than in temperate regions. For Carnivora, however, we show that the latitudinal diversity gradient could be independent from diversification rates, and rather explained by high rates of dispersal from temperate to tropical regions. The second part is focused on the identification of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that might play a role in the diversification of lineages. We study the impact of migration on bird diversification and the impact of temperature on mammal diversification. Finally, we investigate if and how phylogenetic inference tools can be useful for the conservation of biodiversity in a changing world
Dupraz, Marlène. "Convergence dans l'évolution de la spécialisation d'hôte chez des tiques : modèle tiques-oiseaux de mer à distribution mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT124/document.
Повний текст джерелаIntimate and repeated interactions between hosts and parasites can lead to parasite specialization to a given host via behavioral, morphological and/or genetic adaptations that act in combination with restricted gene flow. Specialization is a key process leading to the generation of parasite biodiversity and can help us understand the emergence of pathogenic organisms. Although little studied, host specialization has already been demonstrated to occur in previous studies of two nidicolous tick species: Ixodes uriae a hard tick parasitizing colonial seabirds in polar regions, and soft ticks of the complex Ornithodoros capensis sensu lato, that also exploit colonial seabirds, but this time in temperate and tropical zones. Both of these species act as vector to a wide variety of pathogenic organisms, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. However, the factors involved in host specialization remain unknown. In this context, the aim of my thesis was to determine 1) whether the evolution of host specialization is always accompanied by the same phenotypic changes and 2) whether these changes could help to identify the selective factors that influence this phenomenon. In this context, tick collections were conducted during the breeding period of the host birds in different areas of their distribution and morphometric analyses, based on landmark and contour methods, were performed on each individual tick. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were also carried out using the same individuals. Overall, the results demonstrate that morphological convergence occurs within these systems, highlighting the role of selection in the divergence process. Indeed, the ecological characteristics of the hosts, but also their micro-habitat, may exert significant selective pressures on ticks and may cause the observed divergence among populations. Likewise, the biological characteristics of each tick species, particularly in relation to dispersal capacity, may also come into play and will greatly modify the epidemiology of associated infectious agents.Keywords: Argasidae, convergent evolution, host-parasite interactions, Ixodidae, transmission ecology, seabirds
Poupart, Timothée. "Foraging ecology of winter-breeding seabirds in New Zealand." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS016.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough the cost of reproduction constrains animals to breed during spring/summer when food availability peaks, exception exist in seabirds with few species engaged in breeding during winter months. How their elevated energy needs can be sustained during a period traditionally reported for food shortage and challenging at-sea conditions is poorly understood. In addition, this unusual breeding phenology is adopted by more species in New Zealand than elsewhere in the world, with a concentration on the South island west coast where several winter breeding species are reported to forage with overlap. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to: 1) describe the fine-scale foraging behaviour of winter-breeding species from the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island, 2) investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors driving their foraging, and 3) quantify their niche overlap as they exploit similar areas during elevated energetically demand. Using bio-logging data (GPS, accelerometer, dive recorder) combined with stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen from whole blood), the winter foraging strategies of breeding males and females were investigated in a deep diver (Fiordland penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) and two surface-feeders / shallow divers (Westland petrel Procellaria westlandica and southern Buller’s albatross Thalassarche b. bulleri). The tracked individuals foraged close to their colony compared to their summer breeding congenerics, using primarily the nearby shelf-slope and neritic waters. Males and females displayed similar foraging behaviour in penguins and petrels, while spatial sexual differences occurred for albatross. All three species encountered prey at a high rate, allowing raising offspring with good success and without higher foraging effort than their summer-breeding congeners.These findings suggest that winter-breeding species have a phenology matching a winter prey resource on the shelf of the west coast of New Zealand’s South Island. With additional data from literature for little penguin Eudyptula minor and spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus, this winter-breeding community showed partial overlap of their foraging niche, but an accumulation of small divergences in home ranges, diving behaviour, temporal pattern of foraging, diet and trophic level is likely to explain their coexistence. Hence, winter-breeding can be a favourable phenology for high-level predators, which exploit shelf-slope and inshore waters undergoing winter mixing that insure fish and squids persistence through winter. In addition, winter-breeding also allow the matching of chick-fledging period with the spring (local primary production peak), and before the elevated needs of millions of summer-breeding species back from migration
Devictor, Vincent. "La nature ordinaire face aux perturbations anthropiques : impact de la dynamique temporelle et de la fragmentation spatiale des paysages sur les communautés." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066682.
Повний текст джерелаTorres, Lucas. "Phylogéographie et évolution moléculaire chez les Procellariiformes : apport à la diversification des oiseaux marins." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS023.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of conservation genetics is to protect both genetic diversity and the processes that shaped it, and to understand them. Procellariiformes (shearwaters, petrels and albatrosses) represent many species with high dispersal capacities but a strong philopatric behavior and with strong conservation needs. We conducted a multi-locus study on the Audubon shearwater complex, Puffinus lherminieri, from the North Atlantic and its two sister lineages in the Indian Ocean. We first showed that the genetic markers used here, and typically used to study the phylogeography of seabirds, were subject to introgression, hybridization, heteroplasmy, and the duplication and pseudogenisation of some mitochondrial genes. All of these phenomena have an impact on the quality and quantity of information produced by these markers. We led a comparative study and showed how best to manage some of these data problems and their treatment. We have also investigated the composition of the mitochondrial duplicated region and show that it have a complex evolution within the Procellariiformes and may have an influence on their biology and conservation. Finally, we have shown the influence of continental barriers but especially of sea surface temperature on the differentiation of seabirds. We also uncovered a structuration of the shearwater complex that needed to define new conservation priorities
Zarrella, André-Dominique. "La politique internationale des pêcheries en Méditerranée : exploitation, gestion et conservation des ressources naturelles de la mer." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10008.
Повний текст джерелаMediterranean sea is actually suffering from an overfishing of its resources because of a lack of an international control policy of its fisheries. There is urgency and at the same time difficulties to cure this delicate situation, so many are the conflicts between traditional fisheries and states in Mediterranean sea. It seems impossible to adapt the oceanic fisheries control policy to the Mediterranean sea. The only solution is to create a project of partition of its natural resources from the new international law of the sea and concept of enclosed sea
Bried, Joël. "Déterminisme de la fidélité au site et au conjoint chez les oiseaux dépendant des ressources marines." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10182.
Повний текст джерелаJeudi, de Grissac Sophie. "Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS016/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe juvenile stage of animals is often much of a mystery to scientists. Moreover, juvenile survival is known to be a strong determinant for the future of a population. Indeed, juvenile animals are known to face high mortality during the first months after independence, with survival rates improving with age. One ultimate hypothesis implies that juveniles have a lower survival rate than adults because of their lack of experience. Thus they are initially poor foragers and require a learning period (immaturity) to improve their efficiency before being able to bear breeding and its associated energetic costs. Proximal factors also influence juvenile survival, such as environmental fluctuations and competition. Studies on terrestrial animals have provided useful information thanks to the possibility of direct observation and, recently, bio-logging technologies. However, collecting data in the marine environment is more difficult, particularly when juveniles are concerned. Long-lived marine species such as seabirds have an extensive immature period extending from a few years up to more than ten years. The offspring of these species will usually leave their natal site and disperse at sea for several years before returning to breed on land, most of the time at their place of birth. This makes it difficult to obtain direct observations, and so documenting their first journey at sea to learn more about their behavioural and foraging ecology is a challenge. In this context, this PhD aims to unravel at least part of the mystery of juvenile seabirds’ early life by investigating the first months at sea of newly fledged individuals from several long-lived species of procellariiformes. Using state of the art advancements in biotelemetry, I was able to follow, at sea, by satellite a large set of juveniles from nine closely related species of albatross and petrel breeding in the French Southern Territories of the Southern Ocean : Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Some of these species had never been tracked before. Trajectories were analysed using various new statistical methods that allowed movement strategies, alongside foraging behaviour and spatial distributions, to be described, all in tight link with environmental conditions. The findings were discussed in the light of a comparison with adults of the same species. Using this huge dataset I first examined the dispersal strategies of young birds that had left their nest and were totally independent from their parents. I showed that the strategies, as well as the amount of innate information controlling them are highly variable depending on species. Their movements take them in various habitats following or not the parental strategies. The amount of variability in juvenile strategies is linked to potential plasticity when facing environmental changes. These parameters are related to the history life trait of species, and might affect demography and population dynamics. In addition, by analysing juvenile wandering albatross tracks I showed that although they quickly learn the basics of flight and foraging optimization required to survive at sea, behavioural differences with adults persist in time, suggesting that non-observable behaviours need a longer period of learning and memorisation. Finally, whatever the strategy adopted, it seems to be driven in part by intraspecific competition since juveniles mitigate competition with older birds by segregating spatially. This last point highlights the crucial need of acknowledging age-related distribution when making management decisions to protect seabird populations. This work provides new insights about several major aspects of the at-sea ecology of naïve individuals foraging alone in a highly unpredictable environment. We learn here how instinct followed by experience shape specific early life strategies that allow young birds to deal with environmental conditions and interspecific competition so as to be able to survive
Quillien-Legrand, Marie-Christine. "Ectoparasitisme et arbovirus chez les oiseaux de mer, problèmes écologiques et de santé publique ? : étude de la population de mouettes tridactyles du Cap Sizun." Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2034.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Hardy Magali. "Que reste-t-il de la liberté de la pêche en haute mer ? : essai sur le régime juridique de l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer /." Paris : Pédone, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38854673q.
Повний текст джерелаNotice réd. d'après la couv. Bibliogr. p. 389-414. Webliogr. p. 414-415.
RAFFIN, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005791.
Повний текст джерелаVincent, Cécile. "Bases écologiques de la conservation du phoque gris Halichoerus grypus en mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2019.
Повний текст джерелаRaffin, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2020.
Повний текст джерелаThis study allows an approach to management and protection of the marine environment of the Iroise Sea which is based on biological and ecological knowledge gained for the whole area. This work forms part of the national and international concern for biodiversity conservation by the acquisition and synthesis of scientific knowledge and their restitution with the other interested parties of conservation management. The biological richness of this marine area is attested by the presence of flagship-species, but the benthic environment has remained largely ignored. This study provides data which complete knowledge on the sedimentology of the Iroise's bottoms and allows the specification of the sedimentary cover and its space and seasonal variability. A broad range of sediment types is represented, with a basic importance of cobbles and gravels and the organization of the sediments in superimposed layers, inducing a high habitat complexity ; moreover, space variability masks seasonal variability. Following this, the study of the benthic fauna of the soft sediment bottoms allows the definition of the habitats and communities of the marine environment of Iroise, with six main units of communities of species, each comprising several facets, of which some have great ecological and patrimonial values. The importance of the frontal zone and its influence on the benthic communities are highlighted. An analyse of the use of space and resources in the Iroise Sea is outlined, as well as an assessment concerning the biodiversity and the current state of international reflections on marine protected areas. The final synthesis identifies the interests of the habitats and communities of Iroise and the potential anthropogenic threats in the short and medium term. The priorities and solutions for the conservation of this marine environment are discussed and a multiple-use zoning plan is proposed within the context of the future National Marine Park of the Iroise Sea
Maillard-Mulak, Véronique. "La cuisson sous vide de préparations à base de produits de la mer : aspects microbiologiques." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10063.
Повний текст джерелаPichegru, Lorien. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d’oiseaux marins vulnérables dans le Benguela." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/PICHEGRU_Lorien_2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of rapid global changes, understanding the foraging mechanisms of marine top predators is crucial to determine their ability to adapt to environmental variability, in order to predict the consequences of changes on population dynamics and to define appropriate conservation measures for threatened species and the trophic webs to which they belong. In the Benguela upwelling system, in South Africa, Cape gannets (Morus capensis) and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are vulnerable to extinction and are facing for 10 years onward a progressive south-eastward shift of their main prey, sardines (Sardinops Sagax) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), probably due to climate change. We performed a detailed study on Cape gannet foraging strategies, using birdborne recorders, and analysing their diet and the distribution and abundance of their prey in the Benguela. We showed that Cape gannets are able to increase substantially their foraging effort facing poor natural prey availability on the west coast of South Africa. However they are limited in the extent of their foraging area by the need to regularly come back to the colony to feed their young. Thus they turn to feeding behind trawlers on hake fishery discards (Merluccius spp. ) of poor nutritional content. These prey represent « Junk-food » for the gannet chicks and have a negative impact on their survival. Even if they allow adults to significantly decrease their foraging effort during winter, fishery discards can not compensate for a poor availability in sardines and anchovies during the breeding season. We have determined that below a density of 25 g m-2 of natural prey in their foraging area, breeding Cape gannets can not equilibrate their energy balance and fail massively in their breeding attempt. Faithful to their breeding site, Cape gannets come back to attempt breeding under sub-optimal conditions, and so are lead to an ecological trap, instead of emigrating. The social structure of a species can therefore lag its adaptation to environmental changes. Small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies, are currently scarce off the west coast of South Africa, enhancing the competition between seabirds and purse-seine fisheries. Biotelemetry, and particularly GPS tracking on Cape gannets and African penguins at sea, allowed us to precisely define theses birds’ foraging zones. Basing our decision on these data and on purse-seine fisheries activities, we suggest conservation measures that take into account foraging areas of these top predators, while considering local economic needs. These zones are crucial for the maintenance of threatened endemic populations and our data would help in an ecosystemic approach to fisheries management, for a sustainable exploitation of the environment
Albert, Céline. "Exposure of Arctic seabirds to pollutants and the role played by individual migratory movements and non-breeding distribution." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS020.
Повний текст джерелаThe Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg
Diagne, Mbenda. "L' apport du tribunal international du droit de la mer (TIDM) aux principes juridiques dégagés en droit de la mer." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0001.
Повний текст джерелаThe Law of the sea constitutes one of the oldest branches of the international law. It was for long time dominated by the liberty on the sea principle before it became progressively dominated by commercial and strategic concerns. Therefore, the numerous challenges concerning these areas are subject to international jurisdiction namely the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. First specialised jurisdiction at the end of the last century, the international tribunal for the law of the sea, during its thirteen years of existence, has contributed to the maritime law development and furthermore to the international law extending to areas such as environmental law. These contribution concerns not only the procedural rules but also the content rules. The Tribunal has focused its procedural organisation on the emergency theme setting short range goals in all the phases of the juridical procedure. Moreover, it has contributed to make clear some rules of the international law by adapting them on the law of the sea. But if some rules have been specified by the Tribunal namely the Duties and Rights of all the States in the Economic Exclusive Zone, the condition for the pursue law and the use of force on sea in combating the non-compliance, but some principles namely the principle of precaution have been shyly established
Corbeau, Alexandre. "Relations entre oiseaux marins et pêcheries : Albatros sentinelles de l’océan Austral." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS021.
Повний текст джерелаThe current 6th major species extinction crisis is also affecting seabirds, especially albatrosses. Their populations have decreased by 70% over the last 60 years, mainly due to mortality in longline fisheries. Large albatrosses cover enormous distances during their foraging trips and their curiosity and opportunism favour regular encounters with boats. Thus, they constitute privileged models for studying the relationships between seabirds and fisheries. During the course of this thesis, thanks to the development of new prototype loggers deployed on Wandering and Amsterdam albatrosses in the Indian Ocean and new methods for estimating by-catch risks, we were able to observe that natural foraging behaviours differ from those associated with a boat. Similarly, the intrinsic characteristics of birds (species, population, sex, age and personality) lead to differences in exposure to by-catch risk, particularly through the use of different habitats. Finally, we have shown that the characteristics of boats also have a strong influence on the risk of by-catch, in particular through the type of boats encountered, their legality, the fishing practices used and the presence of discards. We conclude by presenting new methods to better estimate the risks of by-catch and the need for fundamental knowledge of species and populations in order to better protect marine environments that are increasingly endangered
Péron, Clara. "IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660322.
Повний текст джерелаGianni, Fabrizio. "Conservation et restauration écologique des forêts marines Méditerranéennes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4028/document.
Повний текст джерелаLoss of marine forests of large brown seaweeds has been observed in recent decades, causing a reduction of ecosystem biodiversity. In the framework of the MMMPA project, this PhD aimed to address some important topics related to the conservation and restoration of algal forests, the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and fish herbivory. Different approaches were used: macroalgae surveys, literature reviews, manipulative experiments, tank-based experiments and GIS habitat mapping. Results from field experiments showed that native herbivorous fish, likely Sarpa salpa (salemas), can be the most effective herbivore of intertidal Cystoseira belts both on natural and artificial substrates. Indeed, salemas strongly affected the growth, biomass and reproductive output of natural forests and limited restoration success on artificial substrates. Likely, the role of the herbivorous fish in structuring macroalgal communities has been overlooked in the Mediterranean Sea so far. A review of the existing literature showed that knowledge on marine forests forming species has improved in recent decades. However, most of the research is not in relation to MPAs, likely due to the fact that marine forests are not always included in MPAs planning and management plans. Studies on marine forests are not homogeneously distributed in the world, being concentrated in the developed countries. Interestingly, an increase of the scientific interest (published papers) was observed. Nowadays, marine forests are under continuous threats and especially sensitive to multiple impacts
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Veriza, Roberto Francis. "Les yeux de la mer et les médecins de la mer : des espaces sacrés des ancêtres aux aires marines protégées des vazaha sur le littoral vezo à Madagascar." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30017.
Повний текст джерелаThe coastal strip of the southwest of Madagascar is occupied by the group of Vezo whose fishing is the main livelihood. This occupation is part of a long history since the days of the slave trade (seventeenth century). Vezo based their identity through fishing (with the introduction of banned sites to manage marine resources) and control of navigation. In the early 1980s, oceanographers have reported that marine and coastal ecosystems are "in danger." It is generally attributed to increased poverty, a strong demand for fish products by the national and international market, and a higher number of users of the sea. The negative result in the evolution of these ecosystems is the origin of the intervention, since the early 1990s, of the international institutions and development agencies to modernize traditional vezo practices and fishing gear. Similarly, conservationists have established marine protected areas and promoted “volontourism” and aquaculture. Through the example of Andavadoake, we analyze the evolution of the use of space as well as fishing practices, whose originality was managing tanifaly "sacred sites" which changes the vezo identity. An analysis of regional strategies in their historical depth allows us to challenge the classification in Vezo ethnic group, which is also one of the goals of our thesis. Finally, we will evaluate to what extent the policy of setting reserves participated in the organizational and spatial transformations Vezo. Finally, we evaluate how expansion of marine protected areas participate in the Vezo's organizational and spatial transformations
Cook, Timothée. "Ecologie des oiseaux plongeurs (Phalacrocorax spp. ) : réponses écophysiologiques, comportementales et sexuelles aux variations de l'environnement." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS230.
Повний текст джерелаThe first goal of this thesis was to understand what are the ecophysiological and behavioural adaptations of diving birds to the constraints of diving, by studying the blue-eyed shags from Crozet (Phalacrocorax melanogenis) and Kerguelen (P. Verrucosus). Both species made the longest and the deepest dives in the cormorant family, while foraging in a 3 - 7°c seawater for daily periods lasting 5 - 10 hours. It is likely that these performances are possible because of the use of a hypometabolism. When resource distribution allowed it, these shags used diving strategies close to optimality, submerging for periods facilitating a rapid surface reloading of oxygen reserves. Eventually, the study of the depth of neutral buoyancy showed these birds probably adjusted their respiratory air volumes to dive depth, as a mean for saving oxygen. The second goal of this thesis was to study the possible links between blue-eyed shag sexual dimorphism (smaller females) and the ecology. An important sexual segregation was found (females diving to a shallower depth compared to males and catching smaller fish), probably related to the sexual dimorphism. The intensity of the sexual dimorphism varied from one colony to the next and increased locally when the difference in mean dive depth between the sexes increased. This plasticity of the sexual dimorphism could help the species to adjust to the distribution of resource, while reducing intraspecific competition
Collet, Julien. "Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Повний текст джерелаIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Stahl, Lucile. "Le droit de la protection de la nature et de la diversité biologique dans les collectivités françaises d'Outre-mer." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_stahl_l.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThanks to its overseas collectivities, France enhances its heritage with a great diversity of species and ecosystems, often rare and sometimes unique. However, there are rather serious threats which weigh on this exceptional heritage. In this context, it is essential to evaluate the accuracy of the law of nature protection and biodiversity. The characteristics and legal status of the protection of nature, as well as its influence on the environmental, overseas and public laws, have been analyzed here. It will be shown that in contact with collectivities’ legal diversity – and a fortiori since the 28 March 2003 revision of the Constitution related to the decentralized organization of the Republic – a specific law on nature’s conservation is emerging. However, the efficiency of the overseas law, whether it is an exact copy of the law in Continental France or elaborated in a more autonomous way, still remains limited for the protection of biodiversity. It therefore appears necessary to strengthen the law on nature protection, both in its conception and enforcement. In this respect, an increase in awareness of certain ecological overseas’ specificities (such as being an island, extreme sensitivity to exotic invasive species, coral reef and endemic species, etc. ) could effectively contribute to this reinforcement
Le, Hardy Magali. "Problèmes juridiques posés par l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0033.
Повний текст джерелаMoulins, Aurélie. "To the integrated approach and to the management of pelagic biodiversity inside a marine protected area : case of the cetacean populations in the Pelagos sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean sea)." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10027.
Повний текст джерелаFort, Jérôme. "Réponses des oiseaux marins de l'Arctique aux contraintes environnementales hivernales dans le contexte des changements climatiques." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20268.
Повний текст джерелаHarsh environmental conditions encountered in North Atlantic during wintertime, characterized by frequent extreme weather events, are among the most challenging constraints for endothermic animals. Seabirds, which experience this environment for many months per year, play a central role in North Atlantic food webs, notably as top predators and indicators of marine ecosystems. In the current context of climate change, pronounced in North Atlantic waters, it is therefore a major objective to understand how seabirds respond and adapt to these environmental constraints shaping their survival and their population dynamics. We used a multidisciplinary approach (combining microelectronics, stable isotopic analyses, bioenergetics modelling and demography) focused on individual energy balance, to study the ecophysiological plasticity of the 3 main alcid species of the North Atlantic. We found that harsh winter conditions induce an energetic bottleneck for seabirds which might explain recurrent events of winter mass mortality, so called ‘seabird winter wrecks'. In response to increased energy expenditure, we showed that seabirds can adopt different strategies allowing higher energy intake. They can modulate their vertical (diving behaviour) and/or horizontal (migration) movements, as well as their trophic status, depending on the spatial and temporal availability of their prey. All together, these results constitute one of the first comprehensive studies of seabird winter ecology. These insights are essential to a better understanding of their population dynamics and constitute a firm foundation to future investigations of the impact of climate change on marine top predators
Ricard, Pascale. "La conservation de la biodiversité dans les zones maritimes internationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D065.
Повний текст джерелаMarine biodiversity conservation beyond national jurisdiction is currently subject of discussions in the United Nations. Indeed, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the «Constitution of the Oceans», is not sufficient to protect marine biodiversity efficiently, in the high seas and the Area. In 1982, the word «biodiversity» did not exist yet, so the Convention only refers to marine pollution or biological resources conservation or management. Some resources, as marine genetic resources, are not covered by the Convention, as well as certain activities or conservation and management tools like marine protected areas. The division of the oceans in different maritime zones, moreover, with distinct and fragmented legal regimes, does not allow States to accomplish their conventional obligations dealing with biodiversity conservation. The adoption of a new implementing agreement related to the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea and dealing with marine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use beyond national jurisdiction would clearly improve the cur-rent regime. However, such an agreement could turn not being enough toward this objective, and the achievement of the process of negotiation remains uncertain. Finally, it appears necessary to build a more global approach, resting on the identification of an international general obligation of conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. Such a global approach helps to overcome the limits of the actual regime of conservation, which is centered on a spatial approach of marine biodiversity conservation in common spaces, having opposed legal regimes
Barker, Nicole, and Nicole Barker. "Modelling waterfowl abundance and distribution to inform conservation planning in Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26105.
Повний текст джерелаLa planification systématique de la conservation requiert la sélection de certains milieux sur la base d’information quantitative. Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié la sauvagine nicheuse de la forêt boréale canadienne comme étude de cas. Les objectifs généraux étaient : 1) générer des informations sur l'abondance de la sauvagine utiles pour la planification de la conservation; 2) évaluer les effets de différentes méthodes de planification systématique sur la conservation de la sauvagine. Dans le chapitre 1, j’ai développé des modèles d'abondance d’espèces (MAE) à l’aide de modèles d’arbres de régressions répétées. Puisque l’évaluation statistique de ces modèles a démontré qu’ils performent bien, j’ai suggéré qu’ils soient utilisés pour planifier la conservation. Dans le chapitre 2, j’ai évalué les effets de l’agrégation des abondances de différentes espèces de sauvagine avant ou après la construction des MAE. Les résultats étaient similaires entre les deux stratégies de modélisation, ce qui suggère que la stratégie choisie n’aura que peu d'impact sur la planification de la conservation. Dans le chapitre 3, j’ai utilisé des cartes d'abondances d'espèces afin de réévaluer les hypothèses concernant les affinités de différentes espèces de sauvagine pour des biomes utilisés pour la nidification en Amérique du Nord. Onze espèces ont sélectionné les prairies-parcs à peuplier faux-tremble tandis que cinq espèces ont sélectionné la forêt boréale. Les espèces boréales n’étaient toutefois pas les plus abondantes dans le biome qu’elles ont sélectionné, ce qui met en évidence l'importance de tenir compte de la sélection d'habitats lors de la planification de la conservation. Dans le chapitre 4, j’ai comparé deux méthodes de construction de réseaux d'aires protégées dans la zone boréale en regard de leur capacité à prendre en compte la sauvagine et de la biodiversité globale. L'approche par filtre brut a construit des réseaux d’aires protégées plus représentatifs de la diversité écologique et tout en protégeant la sauvagine en proportion directe de la superficie du réseau. L'approche centrée sur la sauvagine pouvait protéger une plus grande proportion de la sauvagine, mais était plus pauvre écologiquement. Dans l’ensemble, ma thèse met en lumière les méthodes appropriées pour construire des réseaux de conservation à l’aide de MAE.
In this thesis, I investigated the conservation of waterfowl in the Canadian boreal region as a case study. The overall goals of this thesis were to: 1) generate information on waterfowl abundance and distribution that can be used for conservation planning and other applications, and then; 2) evaluate how various modelling or conservation planning methods will influence conservation planning decisions. In Chapter 1, I created the foundational species abundance models (SAMs) upon which the remainder of the thesis was built. Boosted Regression Tree models performed well, statistically, and I suggested that they can be used for waterfowl conservation planning in Canada. In Chapter 2, I extended these SAMs to species groups and assessed the difference between aggregating waterfowl abundance before or after model-building. Results were similar between the modelling strategies, suggesting that the strategy chosen will have little impact on conservation planning decisions. In Chapter 3, I used species abundance maps to re-evaluate the assumptions regarding large-scale habitat selection by waterfowl within North America. Eleven species selected the prairie-parkland while five selected the boreal. Those selecting the boreal were not always the most abundant species in the region. In Chapter 4, I compared two methods of building protected area networks in the boreal biome, in terms of their performance for protecting waterfowl and overall biodiversity. The biodiversity-oriented approach built more ecologically representative networks while protecting waterfowl proportionately to network area. The waterfowl-oriented approach protected more waterfowl but poorly represented the biodiversity of the region. As a whole, my thesis sheds light on appropriate methods to follow when building and using species abundance models for conservation planning.
In this thesis, I investigated the conservation of waterfowl in the Canadian boreal region as a case study. The overall goals of this thesis were to: 1) generate information on waterfowl abundance and distribution that can be used for conservation planning and other applications, and then; 2) evaluate how various modelling or conservation planning methods will influence conservation planning decisions. In Chapter 1, I created the foundational species abundance models (SAMs) upon which the remainder of the thesis was built. Boosted Regression Tree models performed well, statistically, and I suggested that they can be used for waterfowl conservation planning in Canada. In Chapter 2, I extended these SAMs to species groups and assessed the difference between aggregating waterfowl abundance before or after model-building. Results were similar between the modelling strategies, suggesting that the strategy chosen will have little impact on conservation planning decisions. In Chapter 3, I used species abundance maps to re-evaluate the assumptions regarding large-scale habitat selection by waterfowl within North America. Eleven species selected the prairie-parkland while five selected the boreal. Those selecting the boreal were not always the most abundant species in the region. In Chapter 4, I compared two methods of building protected area networks in the boreal biome, in terms of their performance for protecting waterfowl and overall biodiversity. The biodiversity-oriented approach built more ecologically representative networks while protecting waterfowl proportionately to network area. The waterfowl-oriented approach protected more waterfowl but poorly represented the biodiversity of the region. As a whole, my thesis sheds light on appropriate methods to follow when building and using species abundance models for conservation planning.
Princé, Karine. "Quel futur pour la biodiversité en milieu agricole dans un contexte de changements climatiques ? : de l'évaluation des mesures de conservation aux scénarios d'usage des sols." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833467.
Повний текст джерелаCuré, Charlotte. "Etude des systèmes de communication acoustique des puffins du bassin méditerranéen : puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus et calonectris diomedea diomedea." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112130.
Повний текст джерелаShearwaters (procellariidae) are burrowing seabirds. They return to their colony at dusk and exhibit a high vocal activity. One single call is used in both sexual and territorial contexts. We conducted a comparative study of the acoustic communication systems of the three shearwater species in the Mediterranean basin (puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus and calonectris d. Diomedea). These species showing overlapping nesting areas, we focused on the species specific signature in the call. Considering the fidelilty to the mate and the incubation relays between partners, we also studied the sexual and individual vocal signatures. By performing acoustic analyses, we showed that these signatures were multiparametrics. By playback experiments, we showed that birds of three species were able to vocally identify the gender of their congeners. Replying only to conspecific same-sex calls, birds ensure burrow defence and mate guarding. Concerning the communication strategies between partners, significant differences were observed between species. Contrary to puffinus yelkouan, calonectris d. Diomedea vocally replied to its mate. For the former, an additional channel (olfactory for example) is probably necessary to ensure mate identification. Concerning the species-specific recognition, the differences in the acoustic codes observed between the species appeared all the more significant as the phylogenetic distance was high. Thus, even submitted to similar environmental and social constraints, Mediterranean shearwater species show differences in their communication system
Pettex, Emeline. "Ecologie alimentaire du Fou de Bassan Morus bassanus en Atlantique Nord à des échelles spatio-temporelles multiples." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825001.
Повний текст джерелаÖzden, Aynur Gaye. "La @protection de la biodiversité en Mer Noire." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0022.
Повний текст джерелаThe Black Sea is a semi-enclosed sea surrounded by six countries : Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and the Ukraine. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean via the Turkish Straits : the Bosphorus, Dardanelles and the Marmara Sea. The Marmara Sea is the inland sea of Turkey and for this reason the international conventions relating to the protection of the biodiversity can not be put into practice to this inland sea. Likewise this fact causes many problems for the protection of the biological diversity of the Black Sea. The navigation in the Black Sea is important because of the transportation of oil from the Caspian Sea via the Marmara Sea to international markets. The Black Sea countries are conscious of the problems and they have recently elaborated two regional conventions : The Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution and The Draft Convention for Fisheries and Conservation of Living Resources of the Black Sea
Monti, Flavio. "Scale-dependent approaches in conservation biogeography of a cosmopolitan raptor : the Osprey." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS122.
Повний текст джерелаBeing a cosmopolitan and migratory species, the osprey Pandion haliaetus provides a good opportunity to explore how behavioural adaptations in different populations, that evolved under different ecological conditions and are widely spaced, can be the proximate causes of geographical distribution, genetic divergence, population connectivity, migratory strategies and foraging ecology. According to this, a multi-scale integrated approach has been adopted for the osprey: through an interdisciplinary framework made by molecular ecology, trophic ecology as assessed via stable isotopic analyses, spatial ecology through the use of novel biotelemetry tools, as well as population dynamics, fish censuses and assessments of levels of human disturbance, we: a) evidenced the existence of four different lineages at global scale that should be treated as Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) and deserve specific management; b) revealed population connectivity in the Western Palearctic; c) disentangled the migratory behaviour and winter ecology of Mediterranean ospreys and compared it with northern European populations, in an evolutionary context; d) stressed the need of adequate management measures to be adopted for three local populations of the Mediterranean basin (Corsica, Morocco and Italy). Overall, this work has led to some important advances with respect to the conservation biogeography of ospreys at different scales. Those insights are particularly valuable with respect to the effective management of this emblematic species
Zakovska, Karolina. "La protection de la biodiversité marine en droit international : à la recherche d'un cadre d'harmonisation d'une réglementation disparate." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4020.
Повний текст джерелаOceans represent over 90% of the biosphere; life abounds there in countless forms that interact with each other. This diversity is essential for the integrity of marine ecosystems, which in turn provide basic services to humanity. However, the diversity of marine life is threatened by the irresponsible behaviour of man causing marine pollution, habitat destruction and overexploitation of marine living resources. Given the discordance between the natural characteristics of the oceans (especially the relative homogeneity of the marine environment) and their fragmented legal regime, action at the international level taking into account the complexity of marine ecosystems is necessary to address the dangers that marine biodiversity faces. However, such action is complicated by the disparate nature of international law in this field. Evolving on an ad hoc basis in response to specific problems identified by scientists, international law perceives different marine organisms either as natural resources or as endangered components of nature, and thus subjects them to different rules and institutions. This disparity does not prevent effective action for the benefit of marine biodiversity on condition, however, that the relevant actors respect the general principles of environmental law. These principles make it possible to overcome the disparate nature of international law by creating a general harmonisation framework within which the rôle of all existing institutions would be respected and their efforts for the benefit of marine biodiversity would be mutually supportive