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1
Gasparotti, Carmen. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF MARINE OIL SPILLS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9, no. 4 (2010): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2010.073.
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Yudhbir, Lalit, and Eleftherios Iakovou. "A Maritime Oil Spill Risk Assessment Model." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Mantime oil transportation decision-making models that integrate with oil spill risk assessment methodologies are scarce. Recently, first time quantitative efforts have been developed for the maritime transportation of petroleum products. However, there still exists a serious gap in the literature concerning risk assessment models that provide a rather significant input to any maritime oil transportation model, namely the estimation and assignment of risk costs to the links of such a network. The authors first present a critical review of oil spill risk assessment efforts found in the literature and then the development of a novel oil spill risk assessment model. The goal of this risk assessment methodology is twofold: first, to determine and assign risk costs to the links of a maritime transportation network, and second, to provide insights into contributors that lead to spills. Such insights may further lead to guidelines for the prevention of future incidents leading to spills. A federal regulatory agency (such as the U.S. Coast Guard) and/or a commercial shipper may use the identification of the dominant contributors to oil spills to evaluate the merits of alternative regulatory and shipping policies that could lead to improved safety performance of the marine system. The authors finally exhibit the usage of the proposed methodology on a real case scenario.
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Martini, Natalia, and Roberto Patruno. "OIL POLLUTION RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREPAREDNESS IN THE EAST MEDITERRANEAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-259.
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ABSTRACT The East Mediterranean is an area of high oil traffic because it is an important transit centre between Middle Eastern/Russian oil and the western European countries/USA. Recent traffic developments show that the importance of this centre is expected to increase. ITOPF and REMPEC carried out a joint risk assessment study of the area. For the purpose of this paper the “East Mediterranean” includes the Adriatic Sea and the East Mediterranean Basin; this was necessary to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the issue, as the oil traffic in the Adriatic is strictly linked with the activities occurring in the East Mediterranean basin. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the East Mediterranean is a high risk area for oil spills. For this analysis the ITOPF oil spill data set was used (1974 to 2003). Results show that the majority of spills involving a quantity of less than 7 tonnes are operational, whereas medium and major spills result from accidents. Crude oil spills appear to have the highest occurrence in each of the spill size categories, with the highest value for major spills; the accident occurrence appears to be closely related to the import flow. A risk analysis for the East Mediterranean has been overdue, as this area is characterised by a very heterogeneous level of preparedness and response, by several sensitive areas, and a lack of active bi/tri-lateral cooperation agreements. It is concluded that the Eastern Mediterranean is a high risk area for tanker spills, and the risk is likely to increase with the predicted increases in tanker traffic.
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Zhao, Ya Peng. "Risk Assessment of Ship Oil Spills in the Ningbo-Zhoushan Port." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.462.
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The accidents of ship oil spill have been one of the most significant factors leading to marine pollution, so appropriate approaches to forecast ship oil spill risk has important significance. Risk assessment of ship oil spills is a complex multi-factor issue, which plays a key role of ship oil-spill emergency response. A novel fuzzy evaluation model for risk assessment of ship oil spill is presented by analyzing historic accident data and expert experience. The model is used to compute comprehensive accident probability of ship oil spill and analyze sensitivity of risk factors so as to evaluate ship oil spill risks quantitatively and find out major risk factors which influedce ship oil spill risk. At last, the presented model is applied to study the ship oil spill risk in Ningbo-zhoushan port, the assessment examples are proved to test the feasibility and reliability of the model.
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Short, Michael. "Oiled wildlife response for Antarctica: Practical and realistic solutions." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1559.
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ABSTRACT Through the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection all of the Antarctic member nations are required to have in place contingency plans for oil spills including oiled wildlife response. The current risks for marine pollution incidents to the Antarctic environment include refuelling activities associated with Antarctic stations/bases; routine station/base activities; and shipping associated with stations/bases, tourism, commercial fishing and whaling. Between 1981 and 2011 there have been reported 33 spills or near spill incidents associated with the Antarctic marine environment. Wildlife at risk from oil spills include seabirds (flying birds and penguins), pinnipeds and cetaceans. Antarctic and polar environments both provide a number of logistical and practical complications given their climatic and geographic character. The key elements for response actions for Antarctic wildlife identified are divided amongst primary, secondary and tertiary oiled wildlife response activities. Primary activities identified include focussing containment and clean up efforts to protecting wildlife as a priority using tools such as sensitivity mapping, stochastic and real time modelling. Secondary activities specific to individual wildlife groups were identified and included specialised hazing, exclusion and pre-emptive capture mechanisms focussed to the Antarctic environment. Tertiary activities are considered with regards to the real capacity of Antarctic stations to respond, take and rehabilitate oiled wildlife given the Antarctic environment and its limitations. The paper identifies realistic mechanisms and systems considering the climatic, logistical and practical issues of the Antarctic environment. Although specific to Antarctic bases the paper outcomes can be equally applied to other polar environments.
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Opaluch, James J., and Thomas A. Grigalunas. "OCS-RELATED OIL SPILL IMPACTS ON NATURAL RESOURCES: AN ECONOMIC RISK ANALYSIS1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-281.
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ABSTRACT Risk analyses of oil spills are important in the development of outer continental shelf (OCS) leasing policy as well as other marine policies relating to oil. This paper explores the use of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Resources (NRDAM/CME) to provide a risk analysis of oil spills related to OCS oil development. For the categories of natural resources included in NRDAM/CME, the expected value of damages from large oil spills appears quite small relative to the value of oil developed. Expected damages range from $300,000 to $19.7 million per billion barrels of oil developed. Ongoing research by the authors will refine these estimates by including additional categories of damages, which will increase the damage estimates, and oil spill cleanup and the effect of OCS production on reducing imports, which will reduce the estimated net costs of OCS development.
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Cavaye, Nicholas, and Gina Waibl. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL TO COMPARE OIL SPILL RISK FOR SINGLE & DOUBLE HULLED FPSOS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-725.
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ABSTRACT In recent years, following a number of high profile oil spills internationally, there has been an increased focus on improving the safety of oil tankers to prevent the environmental damage caused by oil spills. Regulations developed focus on replacing single hulled trading tankers with a double hulled configuration. However, many of the risks associated with trading tankers do not apply to Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels (FPSOs). The risk assessment undertaken for this report compares single with double hull FPSOs, with respect to events causing serious environmental impact. The study considers external and on-board causes of events which may cause serious oil spills including fire, explosion, accidental discharge, grounding, collision and hull failure. The risk assessment comprises a limited quantitative analysis using data from the literature and observations from experience, which are consistently applied to each of the hazardous events identified as relevant. The report also looks at the wider environmental factors associated with single versus double hull FPSOs in order to inform policy makers. The findings indicate that risk profiles of oil tankers are markedly different from FPSOs, and that there is a strong argument that overall environmental risks from a single hull FPSOs are lower than those for a double hulled F?SO. A single sided hull has potentially better structural performance; no risk of inter-hull formation of volatile explosive mixtures; delivers environmental benefits; and has simpler operational requirements than a double sided FPSO. The main advantage for using a double sided hull is the higher collision impact energy it can withstand without releasing oil into the environment.
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Walter, Robert A., Ronald C. DiGregorio, K. Jack Kooyoomjian, and Terry L. Eby. "AN ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILLS DURING TRANSPORT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-153.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines transportation-related oil spills reported to various systems maintained and operated by the federal government. These systems contain up to 15 years of historical spill data covering 26,500 incidents involving more than 8 billion gallons of spilled petroleum and petroleum products. These data were used to develop a risk assessment for various modes of transportation. Highway transport resulted in the most spills, while pipelines were responsible for the greatest quantity of product spilled. Preliminary exposure rates for transportation modes were developed as a first step toward development of predictive models. Exposure factors were developed relating highway spills to gasoline production, and vessel spills to crude production and imports. Less satisfactory exposure factors were developed for railroads and pipelines.
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Stephansen, Cathrine, Anders Bjørgesæter, Odd Willy Brude, Ute Brönner, Grethe Kjeilen-Eilertsen, Jean-Marie Libre, Tonje Waterloo Rogstad, et al. "ERA Acute – A Multi-Compartment Quantitative Risk Assessment for Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2017432. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000432.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Awareness of environmental risk and the demand for oil spill response planning associated with offshore marine operations has increased during the last decades. Environmental Risk Assessments (ERAs) are a crucial part of planning and execution of oil and gas (O&G) activities offshore. A sound ERA can support the O&G industry in environmental risk management (ERM) of operations. Authorities and Operating companies have requested updated methodology based on more recent research from oil spill events such as the Deep Water Horizon incident, with the possibility to perform more detailed analyses in e.g. sensitive areas. ERA Acute is developed to meet these requirements. It is a transparent method of quantitative analysis for environmental screenings, ERAs and Net Environmental Benefit Analyses (NEBAs) of oil spills in four compartments: Sea surface, shoreline, water column and sea floor. The methodology is grid-cell based and results can therefore be shown in a geographical information system (GIS) for any region globally. The user can identify areas of high risk - for use in decision support and spill response planning - independently of the region. Three levels of detail are defined, depending on availability of VEC data, suitable for screening purposes or more detailed studies. Calculations are carried out in two main steps: First, ERA Acute uses input from an oil spill fate and distribution model of choice to calculate exposure and impact to Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) in each grid cell and for each simulation. Calculations follow a common methodology framework, applying different mechanisms of impact and recovery for each compartment. Impacts are summarised, and in the second step, potential lag-and/or restitution time and risk are calculated for each VEC. The resulting resource impact factor (RIF) is an index that combines the extent of impact and recovery time. A statistical approach is used, based on numerous oil spill simulations covering each season in order to capture variations in spill drift and fate, species abundance and vulnerability. This paper describes the method. ERA Acute methodology is validated in sensitivity studies, field validations, comparison to relevant ERA methods, and documented in several dissemination steps including a guideline for best industry practice. The ERA Acute project is carried out by a consortium of industry partners (Statoil, Total, Norwegian Oil and Gas Association) and experts in environmental risk analysis (Acona, Akvaplan-niva (project manager), DNV-GL and SINTEF), supported by the Research Council of Norway.
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Jiang, Yao, Xu Zhao, Yaochi Wang, and Jinyu Wang. "Multi-Risk Source Oil Spill Risk Assessment Based on a Fuzzy Inference System." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 4227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Oil is one of the most important sources of energy, about 25 percent of which comes from offshore sources. As a result, the transportation of oil tankers, and the construction of offshore oil platforms and subsea pipelines have increased, to facilitate offshore oil exploitation. However, most oil spill risk assessments analyze the impact of one risk source, and rarely consider multiple risk sources in the study area. This paper focuses on three risk sources that may cause oil spills in a certain area, and establishes an oil spill risk assessment model through a fuzzy inference system. Oil spill probabilities for different risk sources are calculated through the model. According to the definition of oil spill risk, the risk probability of multiple risk sources in the study area is obtained, which can provide technical support for regional oil spill emergency capacity and emergency resource allocation.
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Reshnyak, V. I., and K. A. Kazmin. "Environmental risks of accidental pollution during oil spills at water transport." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper is devoted to the problem of protecting the environment from accidental environmental pollution from oil spills. Protection against this type of pollution is provided by a set of organizational measures and technical means that are aimed at preventing the occurrence of an accidental spill, stopping the flow of oil into the environment, eliminating the spill and eliminating its consequences. The development basis for a complex of protective measures in the form of a system including organizational measures and technical means was determined. This complex includes an operational procedure, the implementation of which provides effective protection against accidental pollution. The environmental risk assessment algorithm for emergency pollution of the environment during oil spills includes forming technical device groups for each technical object intended for moving oil. For each group, the environmental risk assessment is carried out by determining possible damage and the probability of an accidental spill, the causes of accidental spills are analyzed as well.
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Vijaya kumar, L. J., J. K. Kishore, P. Kesava Rao, M. Annadurai, C. B. S. Dutt, K. Hanumantha Rao, S. K. Sasamal, et al. "Oil Spill Map for Indian Sea Region based on Bhuvan- Geographic Information System using Satellite Images." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1085-2014.
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Oil spills in the ocean are a serious marine disaster that needs regular monitoring for environmental risk assessment and mitigation. Recent use of Polarimetric SAR imagery in near real time oil spill detection systems is associated with attempts towards automatic and unambiguous oil spill detection based on decomposition methods. Such systems integrate remote sensing technology, geo information, communication system, hardware and software systems to provide key information for analysis and decision making. <br><br> Geographic information systems (GIS) like BHUVAN can significantly contribute to oil spill management based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. India has long coast line from Gujarat to Bengal and hundreds of ports. The increase in shipping also increases the risk of oil spills in our maritime zone. The availability of RISAT-1 SAR images enhances the scope to monitor oil spills and develop GIS on Bhuvan which can be accessed by all the users, such as ships, coast guard, environmentalists etc., The GIS enables realization of oil spill maps based on integration of the geographical, remote sensing, oil & gas production/infrastructure data and slick signatures detected by SAR. SAR and GIS technologies can significantly improve the realization of oil spill footprint distribution maps. Preliminary assessment shows that the Bhuvan promises to be an ideal solution to understand spatial, temporal occurrence of oil spills in the marine atlas of India. The oil spill maps on Bhuvan based GIS facility will help the ONGC and Coast Guard organization.
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Yender, Ruth A. "Improving Seafood Safety Management after an Oil Spill." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 1303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1303.
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ABSTRACT Recent experience indicates that promptly providing state and local seafood safety managers with key information and assistance during an oil spill response can help prevent unnecessary restrictions on seafood harvest. Efforts by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Response and Restoration (ORR) to help facilitate and expedite the decision-making process of seafood safety managers after an oil spill include two recently published guidebooks on seafood testing and risk assessment. Of particular interest is a comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) criteria established for seafood at past United States oil spills. Depending on assumptions made in the health risk calculations, criteria for shellfish ranged from 5 to 120 parts per billion (ppb) benzo[a]pyrene equivalents. Nearly all seafood samples analyzed at these spills passed established criteria, indicating oil spills in the United States have not posed significant risk to human health through consumption of PAH-contaminated seafood. Seafood marketability has more often been impacted, due to petroleum taint (off-odor or off-flavor). Evaluation of seafood marketability can be facilitated through employment of standardized sensory testing protocols for detecting petroleum taint, such as those recently published by NOAA.
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Ly, Johan Marius. "Worst Case Preparation – Environmental Risk Based Dimensioning of Oil Spill Response." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 802–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.802.
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Abstract In Norway, the governmental oil spill response is primarily in place to cover for spills from unknown sources, or when the polluter is incapable of responding, or when his/her response is inadequate. The national plan for preparedness against acute pollution describes this. In 2015 a series of environmental risk based analyses specifically directed towards spills from ships were finalized. Together with a worst-case assessment on spills from an extremely large shipping incident and from an offshore blow-out we now have a set of analysis covering the whole range from smaller spills to worst case scenarios. Further, the Government presented a white paper on oil spill response to the Norwegian parliament in 2016, and these analyses are one of the inputs to the white paper. This paper will give an overview of the general methodology, process and recommendations from the environmental risk based analyses from the Norwegian mainland coastline and from Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The methodology follows three steps; a risk analysis, an environmental impact analysis and an emergency response analysis. The latter gives the recommendations related to equipment and other resources such as vessels and manpower, response time, training and exercises. The worst-case analysis follows a different methodology by being more descriptive than mathematical. Responding to the worst-case scenarios will depend upon using all available resources nationally, and includes international assistance. The scenarios from the analyses are also used as basis for large, national spill exercises, and the paper will give examples of exercises at Svalbard (in 2016), exercises with unified command from large offshore petroleum industry spill (2015) and a large ships collision with international assistance (planned for 2017).
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Arzaghi, Ehsan, Rouzbeh Abbassi, Vikram Garaniya, Jonathan Binns, and Faisal Khan. "An ecological risk assessment model for Arctic oil spills from a subsea pipeline." Marine Pollution Bulletin 135 (October 2018): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.030.
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Elizariev, Alex, Timur Yusupov, and Elena Elizarieva. "Oil spills forecasting in rail accidents." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 3-4 (January 19, 2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2016-3-4-28-35.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: To scientifically substantiate and develop forecasting basis of emergency situations consequences on railway transport. Methods: Theoretical generalization and analysis of the current knowledge and understanding of oil spills forecasting, a geographic information system. Results: In accordance with the analysis of statistical data, the emergency situation during the transportation of oil and oil products by rail are associated more with mechanical damage to special tanks and release of petroleum products into the environment with subsequent ignition, or by contamination of land or water areas. One of the key safety components on rail transport of petroleum products is the prediction of possible emergency situations, modelling of development processes of the strait of petroleum products and risk assessment. Based on the analysis of existing methods of calculation of the consequences strait of petroleum products, as well as features of the simulation of the expiry with use of modern software such as Autodesk Inventor, ArcGIS, Surfer, the proposed methodological framework for prediction of consequences of emergency situations on objects of railway transport. The paper shows the opportunity on the basis of threedimensional models of the terrain in the zone of emergency, by means of geographic information modeling to determine the shape of the spill of petroleum product of a multifactorial consideration of the different parameters determining the quantitative and qualitative sides of the processes of the strait of oil products will allow to improve the accuracy of predictive assessments, and the use of modern IT-technologies to provide efficiency calculations. Practical importance: Applicationof the proposed approach will determine the quality of any system of support of decision-making, especially when planning rescue operations, including in the justification of the choice of those or other technologies of their conducting and use of various rescue equipment.
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Chen, Cindy, and Robert Neumann. "ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM A PUGET SOUND OIL SPILL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-783.
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ABSTRACT An oil spill risk assessment determines the likelihood of accident occurrence and potential consequences of a spill when the spill occurs. An essential part of the risk assessment is an environmental impact assessment. The impact assessment identifies resources at risk and examines potential environmental contamination. Computer models can be used in conjunction with resource distributions to predict the impact of an oil spill. This paper provides an overview of the methodology used in assessing environmental impacts from an oil spill and examines various oil spill-modeling tools. The Regulatory Assessment: Use of Tug to Protect Against Oil Spills in the Puget Sound Area (USCG, 1999) includes a Qualitative Environmental Impact Assessment that serves as a case study demonstrating the environmental impact assessment process. The U.S. Coast Guard used this Regulatory Assessment to study the alternatives for improving maritime safety in the Puget Sound area. The following are elements and approaches adopted for the impact assessment:Problem formulation. Problem formulation is a planning and scoping process that establishes the goals, breadth, and focus of the risk analysis. A conceptual model is developed to identify environmental resources to be protected, data needed, and analysis to be used.Analysis. This analysis phase develops profiles of environmental exposure and effects of oil spills. The exposure profile characterizes the ecosystem that may be exposed and describes the magnitude and pattern of exposure.Validation. The validation process is a crucial step in defining the reliability of modeling environmental impacts. The use of several oil spill models can minimize the weakness and assumptions associated with each model. Actual spill incidents provide a range and magnitude of possible environmental damages, which further validate model results.
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Painter, Louis J., and Donald R. Haley. "APPROACHES TO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MARINE VESSEL OPERATIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-603.
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ABSTRACT An oil spill risk assessment study should show the estimated relationship between the magnitude of an adverse environmental impact and the probability of an impact's equaling or exceeding that magnitude. Any unacceptably large impact must have an acceptably low probability of occurrence. Unless such probabilities are correctly estimated, no informed decision can be made about the acceptability of a proposed project. In this paper, we review the basic rules of the calculus of probabilities, demonstrate their application to oil spill risk calculations, and discuss the analysis of data for estimating very low probabilities and the role of computer simulation models to estimate environmental effects. Throughout, a case study is used to point out the pitfalls and errors one should try to avoid. In this example, the correction of a number of errors in the probability calculations resulted in a 37-fold reduction in the collision spill probability estimate and a 3,500-fold reduction in the grounding spill risk estimate. Grounding spills had been estimated to have by far the most adverse environmental impacts. The corrections substantially reduced the expected values of the impacts.
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Stevens, Lisa. "Visualising spill risk: understanding and assessing regions of heightened vulnerability associated with increased seaborne transport of oil." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300151.1.
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Understanding and assessing the risk posed by oil spills is an essential starting point in oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response. However, it is a complex process and displaying results of a risk analysis can be particularly challenging. By modelling and analysing volumes of oil transported globally over a ten year period from 2001 to 2011, using data obtained from Lloyds' List Intelligence and historical data from ITOPF's tanker spills database, an informative and useful representation of risk can be derived. Incorporation of local marine sensitivity data into the model can further improving the risk assessment process. Although there has been a significant increase in seaborne oil trade over the last thirty years and this is predicted to continue for the foreseeable future, the number of accidental oil spills involving tankers is continuing to decline. GIS tools such as the one we describe are an important part of focusing the on-going efforts of government and industry. These tools can help build awareness of the risks through training courses and seminars and by developing regional initiatives in those areas where they can provide greatest benefit to minimise the threat of future incidents. This poster shows how by using a GIS platform to graphically visualise information, regional areas of heightened vulnerability are more effectively identified and communicated.
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Kanno, Cynthia, and John McCray. "Evaluating Potential for Groundwater Contamination from Surface Spills Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Production: Methodology and Application to the South Platte Alluvial Aquifer." Water 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Surface spills occur frequently during unconventional oil and gas production operations and have the potential to impact groundwater quality. A screening-level analysis using contaminant fate and transport simulations was performed to: (1) evaluate whether hypothetical (yet realistic) spills of aqueous produced fluids pose risks to groundwater quality in the South Platte Aquifer, (2) identify the key hydrologic and transport factors that determine these risks, and (3) develop a screening-level methodology that could be applied for other sites and pollutants. This assessment considered a range of representative hydrologic conditions and transport behavior for benzene, a regulated pollutant in production fluids. Realistic spill volumes and areas were determined using publicly available data collected by Colorado’s regulatory agency. Risk of groundwater pollution was based on predicted benzene concentrations at the groundwater table. Results suggest that the risk of groundwater contamination from benzene in a produced water spill was relatively low in the South Platte Aquifer. Spill size was the dominant factor influencing whether a contaminant reached the water table. Only statistically larger spills (volume per surface area ≥12.0 cm) posed a clear risk. Storm events following a spill were generally required to transport typical (median)-sized spills (0.38 cm volume per surface area) to the water table; typical spills only posed risk if a 500 or 100 year storm (followed by little degradation or sorption) occurred right after the spill. This methodology could be applied to evaluate spills occurring over other aquifers.
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Plastinin, Andrey E., Olga L. Domnina, Vasily N. Zakharov, and Ayrat M. Safarov. "Assessment of risks of occurrence and consequences of oil spill in the area of the Cheboksary river port." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 27, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2019-27-3-219-230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the significant number of oil spill incidents, spill forecasting plays an important role in developing plans for their prevention and response. In this article, the authors propose an analysis of the risk of oil pollution from ships in the region of the Cheboksary river port. The analysis was performed by determining the frequency of oil spills in the vicinity of the specified port, assessing the consequences (losses) and summarizing the estimates. At the same time, using mathematical modeling of oil spills in the region of the Cheboksary river port, the authors developed regression models for assessing damaging factors and calculated the size of the damage to the components of the environment (water, soil, air). The results of the studies performed in this work can be used in the development of measures to prevent or reduce the adverse effects of emergency situations, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions.
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Yu, Fangjie, Songyuan Xue, Yang Zhao, and Ge Chen. "Risk assessment of oil spills in the Chinese Bohai Sea for prevention and readiness." Marine Pollution Bulletin 135 (October 2018): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.029.
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McCay, Deborah P. French, Mark A. Jones, and Louis Coakley. "OIL SPILL MODELING FOR CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND EXAMPLE APPLICATION FOR FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-873.
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ABSTRACT Important questions that are asked by spill responders as well as those assessing potential impacts are: (I) What is the probability of oiling, above a threshold of concern, for each location near a potential spill site? (2) How soon will oil reach each site of concern? (3) How much oil contamination is expected (on average and worst case)? (4) Is there a potential for impacting biological resources with this oil? Using Applied Science Associates, Inc.'s (ASA) oil spill model (Spill Impact Assessment Package, SIMAP) in stochastic mode, these questions were evaluated for Florida Power & Light (FPL) for a variety of oil types and spill volumes, and for each of FPL's plants and terminals. The model was run many times, randomizing the start time over decade-long wind records. The model evaluates surface oil, shoreline oil, subsurface oil, and low molecular weight aromatics (the most toxic fraction of the oil). Both the mean and worst case exposure thickness/concentration are evaluated. The output includes contour maps, which may be interrogated (with the user interface) to determine the conditions under which worst case oiling occurs. The contours are overlaid on resource maps, showing where resources are most at risk and where protection would be most beneficial. FPL uses SIMAP for contingency planning, drills, spill response, and evaluation of fates and impacts of spills. ASA has developed databases for use in the model for the locations around each of FPL's plants and terminals. These data include shore and habitat type mapping, locations of sensitive resources, and current data sets generated by ASA's hydrodynamic model. The stochastic model may be used as a contingency planning tool or as a component of the ecological risk assessment process. It determines the range of distances and directions oil spills are likely to travel from a particular site, given wind and current data for the area. Practical uses for this information include the determination of which kinds of response equipment should be used in a particular area and where the equipment should be placed to be most effective, what areas are most at risk from possible spills at a specific location, and the expected magnitude of impacts.
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Nelson, Jake R., and Tony H. Grubesic. "Oil spill modeling." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317744737.
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Oil spill modeling is fundamental for planning and preparing for, as well as responding to and mitigating, actual spill events. As a result, significant research effort has been directed toward developing analytical approaches for deepening our understanding of spill risk, community vulnerability, oil behavior, spill outcomes, and impacts. The purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis of the oil spill risk assessment and impact modeling literature, with a focus on the vulnerability of local environmental, ecological, and community systems, as well as the geographic processes associated with modeling spills and transforming these data into a robust and meaningful impact assessments. The results of this progress report reveal a number of methodological and substantive commonalities across the scientific literature. Moreover, the synthesis of this literature should provide researchers with a strong foundation for pursuing future work in this domain.
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Linkov, Igor, and Jim R. Clark. "Approaches and Application of Comparative Risk Assessment Concepts to Oil Spill Preparedness Planning and Response." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-59.
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ABSTRACT Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) is emerging as a methodology that may be applied to facilitate decision-making when various possible activities compete for limited resources. The CRA framework may be an especially valuable tool for prioritization of remediation efforts and for making choices among various environmental policies specific to oil industry operations. This paper will show that CRA is an efficient and cost-saving tool that assists in developing oil spill response priorities based on the broadest possible range of concerns and issues important to all stakeholders. In addition, the CRA approach allows the cost/benefit evaluation of alternative environmental policies and strategies relative to the baseline risks and disruptions associated with oil spills (as well as other costs and benefits of petroleum use).
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Fahd, Faisal, Ming Yang, Faisal Khan, and Brian Veitch. "A food chain-based ecological risk assessment model for oil spills in the Arctic environment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 166 (May 2021): 112164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112164.
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Helle, Inari, Jussi Mäkinen, Maisa Nevalainen, Mawuli Afenyo, and Jarno Vanhatalo. "Impacts of Oil Spills on Arctic Marine Ecosystems: A Quantitative and Probabilistic Risk Assessment Perspective." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 4 (January 23, 2020): 2112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07086.
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Ma, Xiaoshuang, Jiangong Xu, Jun Pan, Jie Yang, Penghai Wu, and Xiangchao Meng. "Detection of marine oil spills from radar satellite images for the coastal ecological risk assessment." Journal of Environmental Management 325 (January 2023): 116637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116637.
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Ibarra-Mojica, Diana, Ágata Romero, Crisóstomo Barajas-Ferreira, Viatcheslav Kafarov, and Crisóstomo Barajas-Solano. "METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR EVALUATION OF OIL SPILLS ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY IN RIVERS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1806–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1806.
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ABSTRACT 2017-397 Rivers have been a major part in the development of human activities since the beginning of civilization. Globally, increased navigation in rivers and construction of oil storage infrastructure along its banks has increased the risk of spillage of these substances in freshwater bodies. Mitigation associated with such incidents impact depends largely on the formulation and implementation of adequate contingency plans. To make this possible the vulnerability assessment is a tool of primary information which integrates the identification of possible sources of hydrocarbon’s spills and the respective dispersion patterns (evaluation of susceptibility); as well as analysis of areas that could be more seriously affected by the presence of those spills (sensitivity testing). There are known methodologies and study cases for assessing vulnerability to oil spills in marine and coastal environments; however, for rivers there are not references of this type of work. This paper presents a methodological adaptation for assessing environmental vulnerability for oil spills in rivers, from the integration of known methodologies for evaluation of sensitivity and susceptibility in coastal marine and river environments. Given its standardization and wide use, the ESI (NOAA) method was selected for river sensitivity assessment. It was not considered necessary to have a standardized method for trajectory modeling and hydrocarbons spill degradation (susceptibility analysis), but it was established that in each case of study the selected tool must analyze the determinant processes as advection, adhesion to the edges, mechanical dispersion, evaporation, dissolution, and vertical mixing. Finally, an adaptation of the Index of Environmental Vulnerability to Oil (IEVO) was proposed. At the moment, the application of the methodology is being carried out in a river of Colombia, however the results still unfinished will not be part of the discussion of the work below.
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Quinn, Nick. "Industry arrangements for oil spill preparedness." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11095.
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In the post-Montara/Macondo world, the Australian petroleum industry has been actively represented on various working groups focused on the prevention, preparedness and response to significant oil spill incidents. Through the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC) based in Geelong, Victoria, cooperation and coordination with other international associations has been occurring to ensure ‘reasonable steps’ are taken to develop preparedness and response arrangements commensurate with the risks associated with industry activities.Concurrently and here in Australia, a thorough review of the National Plan has allowed industry to work with government to develop or amend a range of initiatives aimed at ensuring that industry and government strategies are integrated for maximum efficiency in all circumstances. The scene has been set by a reviewed national risk assessment focusing on all activities of hydrocarbon movement around the Australian coastline. So what has Australian industry actually achieved post-Montara in prevention, preparedness and response to oil spills? This extended abstract shares and explains the practical outcomes of the industry initiatives of oil spills in Australia. The outcomes are planning requirements, equipment location, mutual aid arrangements, training programs and the extended services of industry oil spill response organisations in Australia and overseas.
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Martínez-Gómez, C., A. D. Vethaak, K. Hylland, T. Burgeot, A. Köhler, B. P. Lyons, J. Thain, M. J. Gubbins, and I. M. Davies. "A guide to toxicity assessment and monitoring effects at lower levels of biological organization following marine oil spills in European waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 6 (March 25, 2010): 1105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq017.
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Abstract Martínez-Gómez, C., Vethaak, A. D., Hylland, K., Burgeot, T., Köhler, A., Lyons, B. P., Thain, J., Gubbins, M. J., and Davies, I. M. 2010. A guide to toxicity assessment and monitoring effects at lower levels of biological organization following marine oil spills in European waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1105–1118. The usefulness of applying biological-effects techniques (bioassays and biomarkers) as tools to assist in evaluating damage to the health of marine ecosystems produced by oil spills has been demonstrated clearly during recent decades. Guidelines are provided for the use of biological-effects techniques in oil spill pollution monitoring for the NE Atlantic coasts and the NW Mediterranean Sea. The emphasis is on fish and invertebrates and on methods at lower levels of organization (in vitro, suborganismal, and individual). Guidance is provided to researchers and environmental managers on: hazard identification of the fuel oil released; selection of appropriate bioassays and biomarkers for environmental risk assessment; selection of sentinel species; the design of spatial and temporal surveys; and the control of potential confounding factors in the sampling and interpretation of biological-effects data. It is proposed that after an oil spill incident, a monitoring programme using integrated chemical and biological techniques be initiated as soon as possible for ecological risk assessment, pollution control, and monitoring the efficacy of remediation. This can be done by developing new biomonitoring programmes or by adding appropriate biological-effects methods to the existing monitoring programmes.
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Titova, T. S., R. Akhtyamov, V. V. Bondarenko, and V. L. Pavlova. "Evaluation of the geoecological and fire situation in case of the oil spillage on the water surface." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 022044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022044.
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Abstract The work provides an assessment of the geoecological situation during an oil spill on the water surface. The modeling of the process of oil burning on the water surface is carried out, and also a model for estimating the oil burning time during depressurization of the underwater passage of the main oil pipeline is proposed. The assessment of individual and social risk in case of ignition of an oil spill as a result of depressurization of the underwater crossing of the main oil pipeline is given. The fire risk assessment was carried out under the condition of a guillotine rupture of the underwater pipeline, since, despite the lowest frequency of this type of depressurization, the levels of exposure to damaging factors, due to the largest volume of oil spills, will be maximum and will make the main contribution to the magnitude of the fire risk. When forecasting an emergency, a model of the spread of an oil slick along the water surface of a watercourse was developed, which takes into account the wind speed and the speed of the river flow.
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Titova, T. S., R. Akhtyamov, V. V. Bondarenko, and V. L. Pavlova. "Evaluation of the geoecological and fire situation in case of the oil spillage on the water surface." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032058.
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Abstract The work provides an assessment of the geoecological situation during an oil spill on the water surface. The modeling of the process of oil burning on the water surface is carried out, and also a model for estimating the oil burning time during depressurization of the underwater passage of the main oil pipeline is proposed. The assessment of individual and social risk in case of ignition of an oil spill as a result of depressurization of the underwater crossing of the main oil pipeline is given. The fire risk assessment was carried out under the condition of a guillotine rupture of the underwater pipeline, since, despite the lowest frequency of this type of depressurization, the levels of exposure to damaging factors, due to the largest volume of oil spills, will be maximum and will make the main contribution to the magnitude of the fire risk. When forecasting an emergency, a model of the spread of an oil slick along the water surface of a watercourse was developed, which takes into account the wind speed and the speed of the river flow.
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French, Deborah P., and Henry M. Rines. "VALIDATION AND USE OF SPILL IMPACT MODELING FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-829.
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ABSTRACT SIMAP (Spill Impact Model Application Package) is Applied Science Associates’ spill impact model system. The system is designed to simulate the fates and effects of spilled oils and fuels, to allow for an evaluation of the effectiveness of spill response activities, and to evaluate the probabilities of trajectories and resulting impacts. The physical fates and biological effects models in SIMAP are based on those in the CERCLA type A model for natural resource damage assessments (NRDAs), documented in French et al. (1996a). SIMAP may be used for real-time spill simulation, contingency planning, and natural resource damage and ecological risk assessments. The physical fates and biological effects models in SIMAP and the NRDA type A model were validated using data from 27 oil spills. The success of a model simulation depends on both the algorithms and the accuracy of the input data. The results of the validation, described herein, verify the model algorithms. The most important input data in determining accuracy of results are winds, currents, and biological abundances of the most affected species. Thus the model system, when applied with accurate environmental and biological data inputs, can quantitatively and objectively estimate the impacts of oil spills into aquatic systems.
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Kochergin, Gleb A., and Ildar N. Muratov. "Simulation model for assessing the risks of accidental oil spills based on cluster." Yugra State University Bulletin 60, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu20210139-47.
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The paper proposes a new risk-oriented approach to the implementation of control and supervision activities in the field of regional environmental control. The issues of building a simulation model of oil spill risks assessment, implemented in the form of a digital mapof the region based on a combination of clustering methods and spatial data analysis are considered. The analysis is based on data on accidents at field oil pipelines in the license areas of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug for the period from 2014 to 2020. The result of the analysis is a digital mappublished on the Internet with authorized access and reflecting 5 levels of risk for the districts of the study area.
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Fetissov, Mihhail, Robert Aps, Floris Goerlandt, Holger Jänes, Jonne Kotta, Pentti Kujala, and Robert Szava-Kovats. "Next-Generation Smart Response Web (NG-SRW): An Operational Spatial Decision Support System for Maritime Oil Spill Emergency Response in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 6585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126585.
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The Baltic Sea is a unique and sensitive brackish-water ecosystem vulnerable to damage from shipping activities. Despite high levels of maritime safety in the area, there is a continued risk of oil spills and associated harmful environmental impacts. Achieving common situational awareness between oil spill response decision makers and other actors, such as merchant vessel and Vessel Traffic Service center operators, is an important step to minimizing detrimental effects. This paper presents the Next-Generation Smart Response Web (NG-SRW), a web-based application to aid decision making concerning oil spill response. This tool aims to provide, dynamically and interactively, relevant information on oil spills. By integrating the analysis and visualization of dynamic spill features with the sensitivity of environmental elements and value of human uses, the benefits of potential response actions can be compared, helping to develop an appropriate response strategy. The oil spill process simulation enables the response authorities to judge better the complexity and dynamic behavior of the systems and processes behind the potential environmental impact assessment and thereby better control the oil combat action.
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Michel, Jacqueline, Malcolm L. Spaulding, Keith Michel, Malcolm MacKinnon, James O'Brien, and Stephen Palmer. "SPILLS OF NONFLOATING OILS: FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1301.
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ABSTRACT The Committee on Marine Transportation of Heavy Oils was formed by the National Research Council's Marine Board, in response to a congressional mandate that requested the U.S. Coast Guard to assess the risk of spills of oil, which may sink or be negatively buoyant, and the ability to clean them up. The study was also to assess clean-up technologies and identify and appraise technological and financial barriers that may prevent the prompt response to such discharges. The specific objectives of the study were to: (1) assess the threats posed by the marine transportation of group V oils by characterizing the trade in such oils and, in general terms, the resources at risk; (2) assess the adequacy of cleanup technologies for spills of group V oils and recommend research needs to develop new technology, as appropriate; and (3) identify barriers to effective response and recommend technological, financial, or management measures that would prompt effective response to spills of group V oils. This paper presents an assessment of the principal barriers to the effective response to spills of nonfloating oils, and the committee's key findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
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Varghese, Geeva. "An Assessment of the Increasing Risk of Marine Oil Spills and the Existing Preparedness Capabilities in the Southeast Asian Region." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 856–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.856.
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ABSTRACT A rapidly growing economy has pushed the energy demands and has significantly increased the exploration and production activities as well as the shipping traffic over recent years in the Southeast Asian Region. Since the introduction of offshore exploration and production in the 1960's, Southeast Asia has gone through a remarkable transition from an onshore to an offshore focused region with more than 80% of oil production coming from offshore fields in 2011. Also the region has recently moved into deepwater exploration and production activities which now makes up more than 10% of the offshore production. With the rising production volumes, the transport of oil products has continuously increased both in volume and in number of ships used. This trend is expected to grow further with the investment in new refinery capacity of several Southeast Asian countries. All these factors have significantly contributed to the increased risk of marine spill incidents in the region. An increased risk of oil spills necessitates an increase in the capability to respond and manage major oil spill incidents. Even though the Southeast Asian region has made some notable progress over the past few decades in terms of oil spill preparedness and response, the region's capabilities are arguably less mature compared to other parts of the world. Most of the countries in the region have been successful in establishing the elements of preparedness advocated by the OPRC (International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation) convention. But recent spill incidents and preparedness work in the region have revealed a need for greater collaboration between the government and industry stakeholders from oil, shipping and port industries, planning and preparing of major trans-boundary oil spill incidents and alignment of oil spill preparedness and response system of a country from the national to provincial level. This paper examines the increasing risks of oil spills from the growing vessel traffic and exploration and production activities in Southeast Asia against the current level of preparedness in the region. In doing so, the author will share the experience gained from working on various oil spill response planning and preparedness projects with the Governments and industry in the region with lessons learned, current developments and recommendation for improvements.
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Indriawan, Dena, Ankiq Taofiqurrohman, Indah Riyantini, and Ibnu Faizal. "Assessment of Risk Levels of Mangrove Forest Due to Oil Spill in Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency." E3S Web of Conferences 324 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132401004.
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Habitat risk assessment is critical to assess the state of an environment. This research was conducted with the aim to assessand map the risk value of Mangrove Forest due to the oil spill incident in the Muara Gembong Regency, Bekasi District, which previously polluted coastal areas, especially in the mangrove ecosystem. Risk assessment is carried out as an effort to mitigate disaster to have a better prevention strategy, especially in areas that have a higher risk. The method for assessing risk in the mangrove ecosystem in Muara Gembong uses Habitat Risk Assessment using the Euclidean Distance formula, which is divided into three risk classes: low, medium, high. The risk value in coastal areas prone to oil spills has a moderate risk value with a total area of 3.7 km2 because the mangrove ecosystem has good resilience, and low risk for the inner mangrove area of the coastal area has a low chance with an area of 2.85 km2. The risk value in the medium class is 1.02, and the risk value in the low rank is 0.11.
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McCoy, Deborah French, and Nicole Whittier. "Modeling Assessment of Potential Fates and Exposure for Orimulsion and Heavy Fuel Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-929.
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ABSTRACT Power Plants worldwide are considering conversion from heavy fuel oil to Orimulsion. As a demonstration of screening analysis, the consequences of hypothetical spill scenarios of these two fuels were evaluated and compared using spill modeling. The Spill Impact Model Application SIMAP was run in stochastic mode to determine probabilities and degrees of exposure. In stochastic mode, a large number of simulations are run for a given spill site and fuel release scenario, varying the spill date and time, and thus the environmental conditions, for each run. Outputs of the model were used to (1) generate probabilities that water surface, water column, and shoreline areas would be affected by a release from the given site; (2) determine the highest exposure concentration in time and for any possible environmental condition; and (3) evaluate cumulative exposure at each location around the spill site. The stochastic modeling approach provides an objective, quantitative method for comparing the consequences of the alternate fuels, avoiding the bias of subjectively choosing individual model runs to examine a priori, and providing a distribution of results that may be statistically described. This type of approach is an important advancement in performing ecological risk assessments for spills.
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Trudel, B. K., R. C. Belore, B. J. Jessiman, and S. L. Ross. "A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED SPILL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR UNTREATED AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL SPILLS IN THE U.S. GULF OF MEXICO." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-533.
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ABSTRACT A microcomputer-based spill impact assessment system has been developed and applied to the problem of making oil spill impact predictions and real-time dispersant use decisions for the U. S. Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of Florida. The system predicts the effects of chemically-dispersed and untreated spills on 70 important resources, including oil-sensitive habitats (salt marsh, coral reef) ecologically and economically important species, and shorelines and property. Impact is estimated by means of a model that integrates the effects of such variables as spill conditions, oil properties, environmental conditions, oil toxicity, and resource vulnerability. When used for decision making on dispersant use, the system computes the risk to all or a selected group of resources for a given spill when the spill is treated with dispersants (assuming complete or partial dispersant effectiveness) and when the spill is left untreated. The system produces a tabular summary of quantitative risk estimates for each resource for each countermeasure strategy. To be effective in making real-time management decisions for spills, the system completes its analysis quickly (in less than one hour for any given spill), is “user-friendly,” and yields detailed information on resource-specific impact calculations that are essential for real-time verification of predicted spill effects. The system has been developed in cooperation with environmental regulation and resource management agencies in the states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and with federal government agencies (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Minerals Management Service, and the U.S. Coast Guard), and has been funded by the Marine Industry Group.
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Sorgente, Roberto, Dario La Guardia, Alberto Ribotti, Marco Arrigo, Alessandro Signa, Federica Pessini, Gennaro Oliva, Andrea Pes, Angelo Perilli, and Antonia Di Maio. "An Operational Supporting System for Oil Spill Emergencies Addressed to the the Italian Coast Guard." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8121035.
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Oil spill models are used to simulate the evolution of an oil slick that occurs after an accidental ship collision, malfunctioning of oil extraction platforms, or illegal discharges intentionally released by ships into the marine environment. We present an integrated operational oil spill prediction system that improves capacities in preventing and mitigating maritime risks from oil spills. The objective is to provide forecast information about the transport and the fate of a hypothetical oil spill under Nearly-Real Time hydrodynamic conditions in the western and central Mediterranean Sea. This complex forecast system is developed in the framework of the project SOS-Piattaforme & Impatti Off-Shore to the needs of Italian Coast Guard and other institutions, such as the Ministry of the Environment. This service has been operational since July 2020. The innovative aspect of this work is a graphical user interface (the GUI), which allows to select properties, time, and location of a potential oil spill and show the evolution of oil slick concentration and oil fate parameters. This platform represents the first component of a future Decision Support System aimed to identify the risk assessment of oil spills in order to better manage emergencies and minimize economic damages.
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Farrington, John W. "Need to update human health risk assessment protocols for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood after oil spills." Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (January 2020): 110744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110744.
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Stevens, Leigh, Julian Roberts, and Deborah Hume. "INCORPORATING CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INTO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT IN NEW ZEALAND." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-265.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the New Zealand (NZ) approach used to define the likelihood and consequences of oil spills through the Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment process. A new methodology for consequence analysis was developed using 20 kilometre coastal cells established across the country for ranking and mapping sensitivity. For each cell, the resources present were evaluated under “environmental” categories (shoreline character, plants and animals, protected sites) and “human” categories (economic, cultural, and social, amenity & recreation). Factors within each category were allocated scores reflecting the sensitivity, vulnerability and reversibility of impacts at local, regional and national levels on a semi-quantitative 5-point score (very low / low / moderate / high or unknown / extreme). Qualitative descriptions (e.g. “no vulnerable plants or animals” ranging to “a number of vulnerable plants or animals of national importance, or at least one that is irreplaceable”) were used to ensure national consistency in scoring. Determining the presence or absence of environmental and human factors within each cell enabled individual scores to be summed for each category and graphically presented using diagonally split colour-coded squares on a map. This was overlain with the results of the regional oil spill likelihood analysis (e.g. how much, how often, where, what oil, and where from) providing an overall risk profile for NZ. The methodology was refined through national level multi-stakeholder meetings, and tested at two regional workshops to produce a data collection template for use by regional response agencies. The unique contribution of this work has been to incorporate consequence analysis into the assessment of regional and national risk profiles. Further quantifying the relative contribution of different activities and factors to the risk profile of each region, and nationally, will guide preventive and preparedness measures to lower the likelihood and impact of a spill. This in turn will determine the relative contribution each risk activity makes to the total risk profile which forms the basis for setting Oil Pollution Fund levies used to fund spill preparation in NZ.
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Evans, Louis H., Jeffery T. Spickett, Joseph R. Bidwell, Robert J. Rippingale, and Helen L. Brown. "APPLICATION OF ECOTOXICOLOGY TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93061.
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Environmental impact from offshore oil and gas exploration and production is likely to arise from five main sources—produced formation water, drilling fluids and cuttiftgs, industrial chemicals used in production activities, accidental oil spills and the physical disruption of the marine environment by coastal and offshore engineering works. The principle task of environmental managers is to evaluate the risk of impact on the marine environment from their company's activities and to formulate and implement company policy and procedures aimed at minimising this risk. Of critical importance is the determination of the extent and scope of the environmental program designed to control and monitor impacts.The development of environmental management programs in the oil and gas industry involves two main processes—ecological risk assessment and formulation of a monitoring program. This review outlines the steps involved in ecological risk assessment with specific reference to the offshore oil and gas industry. Information is presented on the basic principles involved in risk assessment, the main source of environmental impact from offshore oil and gas exploration and production and the different approaches that can be used to predict and monitor impacts. Approaches for improving the cost efficiency of ecotoxicological testing are discussed. Results of recent ecotoxicological studies on a biocide preparation and two corrosion inhibitors used in oil and gas production activities on the North West Shelf are also presented.
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Klasing, Susan A., Robert K. Brodberg, and Ellen R. Faurot-Daniels. "California Marine Oil Spill Fisheries Closure: Key Processes of the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) During a Fisheries Closure Event." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2011, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): abs102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2011-1-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Following the 2007 M/V Cosco Busan oil spill in San Francisco Bay, California, legislation was enacted to provide for the closure of fisheries by the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) after oil spills in marine waters. This legislation (DFG Code Section 5654) facilitated a partnership between the state's primary oil spill responder, the Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response (DFG/OSPR), and the state's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), the agency responsible for determining whether fish caught in California waters can be safely consumed. A fisheries closure protocol established as a result of the statute stipulates the role of staff at both agencies, from the initial spill responders to data evaluation and reopening of a closed fishery. OEHHA staff is required to assess the need for fisheries closure following a spill event. When a fisheries closure is deemed necessary for more than 48 hours, OEHHA will select species and chemicals for analysis, determine sampling strategies, conduct a risk assessment on the safety of fish and shellfish consumption, and work with DFG/OSPR to modify closure boundaries, if indicated. Relevant case study information from California spills, including the T/V Dubai Star is shown.
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Fernandes, R., F. Braunschweig, F. Lourenço, and R. Neves. "Combining operational models and data into a dynamic vessel risk assessment tool for coastal regions." Ocean Science 12, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 285–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-285-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The technological evolution in terms of computational capacity, data acquisition systems, numerical modelling and operational oceanography is supplying opportunities for designing and building holistic approaches and complex tools for newer and more efficient management (planning, prevention and response) of coastal water pollution risk events. A combined methodology to dynamically estimate time and space variable individual vessel accident risk levels and shoreline contamination risk from ships has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with vessel tracking automatic identification systems (AIS). The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in a study area – the Portuguese continental shelf – with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the virtual spilled oil amount reaching shoreline and its environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behaviour model running multiple virtual spills from vessels along time, or as an alternative, a correction factor based on vessel distance from coast. Shoreline risks can be computed in real time or from previously obtained data. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology to estimate the risk properly sensitive to dynamic metocean conditions and to oil transport behaviour. The integration of meteo-oceanic + oil spill models with coastal vulnerability and AIS data in the quantification of risk enhances the maritime situational awareness and the decision support model, providing a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts. The risk assessment from historical data can help finding typical risk patterns (“hot spots”) or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real-time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.
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Fernandes, R., F. Braunschweig, F. Lourenço, and R. Neves. "Combining operational models and data into a dynamic vessel risk assessment tool for coastal regions." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 4 (July 9, 2015): 1327–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1327-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The technological evolution in terms of computational capacity, data acquisition systems, numerical modelling and operational oceanography is supplying opportunities for designing and building holistic approaches and complex tools for newer and more efficient management (planning, prevention and response) of coastal water pollution risk events. A combined methodology to dynamically estimate time and space variable shoreline risk levels from ships has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with vessel tracking automatic identification systems (AIS). The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in a study area – Portuguese Continental shelf – with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the virtual spilled oil amount reaching shoreline and its environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behaviour model running multiple virtual spills from vessels along time. Shoreline risks can be computed in real-time or from previously obtained data. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology to estimate the risk properly sensitive to dynamic metocean conditions and to oil transport behaviour. The integration of meteo-oceanic + oil spill models with coastal vulnerability and AIS data in the quantification of risk enhances the maritime situational awareness and the decision support model, providing a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts. The risk assessment from historical data can help finding typical risk patterns, "hot spots" or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.
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De Vries, Pepijn, Jacqueline Tamis, Jasmine Nahrgang, Marianne Frantzen, Robbert Jak, Martine Van Den Heuvel-Greve, Chris Klok, and Lia Hemerik. "Quantifying the consequence of applying conservative assumptions in the assessment of oil spill effects on polar cod (Boreogadus saida) populations." Polar Biology 44, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02824-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn order to assess the potential impact from oil spills and decide the optimal response actions, prediction of population level effects of key resources is crucial. These assessments are usually based on acute toxicity data combined with precautionary assumptions because chronic data are often lacking. To better understand the consequences of applying precautionary approaches, two approaches for assessing population level effects on the Arctic keystone species polar cod (Boreogadus saida) were compared: a precautionary approach, where all exposed individuals die when exposed above a defined threshold concentration, and a refined (full-dose-response) approach. A matrix model was used to assess the population recovery duration of scenarios with various but constant exposure concentrations, durations and temperatures. The difference between the two approaches was largest for exposures with relatively low concentrations and short durations. Here, the recovery duration for the refined approach was less than eight times that found for the precautionary approach. Quantifying these differences helps to understand the consequences of precautionary assumptions applied to environmental risk assessment used in oil spill response decision making and it can feed into the discussion about the need for more chronic toxicity testing. An elasticity analysis of our model identified embryo and larval survival as crucial processes in the life cycle of polar cod and the impact assessment of oil spills on its population.
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Nissen-Lie, Torild Ronnaug, Odd Willy Brude, Ole Oystein Aspholm, Peter Mark Taylor, and David Davidson. "DEVELOPING A GUIDELINE FOR OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE PLANNING FOR OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Following the April 2010 Gulf of Mexico (Macondo) oil spill and the 2009 Montara incident in Australia, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) formed the Global Industry Response Group. This Group identified nineteen oil spill response recommendations (OGP, 2011) that are being addressed via an Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP) during 2012–2014. The OSR-JIP is managed by IPIECA on behalf of OGP, in recognition of IPIECA's long-standing experience with oil spill response matters. One of the nineteen recommendations concerned the development of an international guideline for offshore oil spill risk assessment and a method to better relate oil spill response resources to the risk level. Consequently, the OSR-JIP has published a guideline covering oil spill risk assessment and response planning for offshore installations. This paper describes the development and content of the guideline, including how the oil spill risk assessment process provides structured and relevant information to oil spill response planning for offshore operations. The process starts by defining the context of the assessment and describing the activity to be assessed. Thereafter it addresses a series of key questions:What can go wrong, leading to potential release of oil?What happens to the spilled oil?What are the impacts on key environmental - both ecological and socio-economic - receptors?What is the risk for environmental damage?How is the established risk utilised in oil spill response planning? The guideline draws on existing good practices in the determination of oil spill response resources. It promotes consideration, in tactical and logistical detail, of the preferred and viable response strategies to address scenarios covering the range of potential oil spills up to the most serious. The methodology to evaluate the potential spill scenarios utilizes a series of questions:What are the viable techniques/strategies to deliver response with greatest net environment benefit?What are the tactical measures required to implement the identified response strategies, considering technical, practical and safety factors?What Tiered resources are required to mount the tactical measures and achieve effective response? The paper summarizes the useful tools, key information and the necessary level of detail essential to perform an oil spill risk assessment for use in oil spill response planning.