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1
Levine, Robert A. "DRILLING FOR REALITY1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 1036–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-1036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT ARCO Marine, Inc. (AMI) has been holding regular oil spill drills for its spill team members since the mid-1970s. Over the years the drills have gotten more elaborate and more costly, employing equipment and testing initial response and transition management. By the 1993 drill, it was found, the drills were losing their educational benefits and for the most part had become well-rehearsed stage plays, with spill team members and other participants as actors and equipment as props. The drills were not providing the education necessary to develop team members for their roles as response managers. AMI rethought the drill process and, with the concurrence of the U.S. Coast Guard, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, and the Ship Escort and Response Vessel System, decided that it was time to “drill for reality.”
2
Klumpp, Christopher J. "Slaying the Paper Tiger." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT California's Oil Spill Response Organization (OSRO) and Plan-Holder Unannounced Drill Programs have provided an opportunity for state, Federal, and industry representatives to work together to ensure that the best achievable response for the State of California is attained. As a result of the success of these two initial programs, the Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) considers unannounced drills to be the cornerstone of response resource assessment. Unannounced drills present an opportunity to practice and improve how the OSROs and plan-holders (tank vessels, non-tank vessels, and facilities) respond to oil spills by testing contingency plans, reviewing the systems approach, and revealing issues that may hamper an oil spill response. The OSRO unannounced drills test the OSRO's response capabilities for the first six hours of a response, while the plan-holder drills test the owner/operator's ability to initiate a response to a spill incident, based on the owner/operator's contingency plan, for the first three hours of a response. Unannounced OSRO and plan-holder drills both require government agency notification, equipment activation and deployment, and response resources to be operated. Since the only way to evaluate how a plan-holder's team will respond in an emergency is to evaluate them in a non-emergency, adding the element of surprise allows the state to better make the determination as to the adequacy of their preparedness. Non-tank vessel, tank vessel, and facility operators are also required to conduct to plan-holder initiated drills, and these have also been highly successful. Part of the success of these drills is that they have revealed potential problems, for which plan-holder-initiated solutions or OSPR regulatory fixes have been identified and proposed. Through this process, the California Unannounced Drill Program has evolved from being planning standard-based to performance standard-based for OSROs. Under new legislation that reflects the OSRO performance requirements (Government Code 8670.29), plan-holders must now contract with one or more state-rated OSROs to meet contingency plan requirements and an OSRO will only be granted a state rating by participating in unannounced drills.
3
Foley, Paul. "IMPROVISED RESPONSE SOLUTIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The one truly common learning point coming out of every oil spill debrief is the understanding that no two spills are ever the same. This inherent variety coupled with the unpredictable nature of oil spills ensures that we can only ever aspire to attaining a level of preparedness somewhere short of being fully ‘response-ready’. Indeed, as the search for oil takes the industry further into unknown and unpredictable regions, responders are increasingly reliant on their initiative as one of the primary tools in a response. Remote locations, inadequate logistical support, unpredictable customs and poor planning can all lead to an absence of dedicated operational oil spill equipment where and when you need it most. Attending training courses and acting out drill after drill can teach core skills and impart confidence through repetition, but perhaps the most important skill of any responder is the ability to improvise and adapt. Rather than dispelling the importance of oil spill training and drills, this paper explains how a thorough knowledge of response strategies and techniques can allow a responder to adapt and engineer an effective response using limited resources. Within this paper, corralling without boom, in-situ gravity separation and dispersant application, are some of the examples within the author'S experience that will highlight the importance of ingenuity during an oil spill where adaptation and innovation have ensured a successful response despite the absence of dedicated oil spill equipment. The author concludes by exploring the merits and shortfalls of this approach and asks, “Is the responder'S toolbox really only limited by his imagination?”
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Shinn, Cassidee, Joe Stewart, and Yvonne Addassi. "Unannounced Drill Program: Testing Spill Management Team Capability through Vessel & Facility Oil Spill Contingency Plans." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2017425. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000425.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
California has approximately >10,000 vessels calling its ports each year, and 200–300 facilities state wide, many of which are required to have a California Oil Spill Contingency Plan (Contingency Plan) on file with Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR). Spill Management Teams (SMT), either staffed by Contingency Plan holders' employees or contracted out, and the use of the Incident Command System (ICS) structure must be described in these plans. OSPR introduced an unannounced SMT drill program (Program) in 2012 to ensure that Contingency Plan holders can successfully complete the proper initial notifications, activate their SMT, and use ICS in accordance with their approved Contingency Plan and California Code 820.01, Drills and Exercises. There are multiple goals of this Program, including the enhanced capability of SMTs, OSPR, and other partners. This Program provides continued education and training for Contingency Plan holders and SMTs in an effort to bolster the initial response phase of an actual incident. Through these drills, SMTs must demonstrate that they could make proper notifications and decisions during an actual incident and be staffed with trained personnel in ICS to fill positions before State and Federal representatives respond. Additionally, SMTs should deploy resources listed in their approved Contingency Plans and ensure those resources are up to date, available, and sufficient. Furthermore, drills provide an opportunity for OSPR and SMTs to build relationships through testing these procedures, which should make the initial response more efficient and effective. Lastly, the drills are often conducted with representatives from United States Coast Guard and Environmental Protection Agency, both of which have their own drill programs. Working in conjunction with federal partners ensures continuity and fewer required drills of SMTs. Since the beginning of the Program, SMTs continue to improve their response capabilities, validated by more successfully completed unannounced drills. OSPR has conducted 30 unannounced drills, all of which were on SMTs for marine facilities and vessels. With the expanded authority of OSPR to regulate facilities statewide in 2015, this Program will continue to grow. Ultimately, a more comprehensive Program should lead to enhanced SMT capability statewide, and therefore better protection of the State's natural resources overall. The goal of this poster will be to describe: 1) the history and purpose of this Program; 2) the lessons learned and improvements of SMTs and Contingency Plans; and 3) the expansion of the Program from marine to statewide.
5
Kazmierczak, Leon J., and Thomas A. Crawford. "RESULTS OF A FULL-SCALE SURPRISE TEST OF SUN'S MAJOR SPILL RESPONSE PLAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-623.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Sun Transport, the Marine division of Sun Refining and Marketing Company, a subsidiary of Sun Company, Inc., has conducted a series of drills to assess the effectiveness of its Oil Spill Response Plan. The latest drill, third in the series, was conducted in September 1982. Papers presented at the 1979, 1981, and 1983 Oil Spill Conference describe the plan, its rationale, and the previous two drills. This paper reviews the training progression of the previous exercises and reports on the findings and experiences of this latest exercise. As in previous drills, the planning committee and a few others were the only people in Sun Company with any prior knowledge of the drill. This simulation was the most extensive. It involved simultaneous and separate call-out scenarios, full-scale use of contractor cleanup crew and equipment, chartering aircraft, and participation by representatives of the Clean Caribbean Cooperative, the Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP), and the U.S. Coast Guard. The realism provided by this exercise allowed each participant to experience firsthand the problems on-scene at a major cleanup operation and to come away with confidence in managing them.
6
Plourde, Kristy, Jean R. Cameron, and Vickie Huyck. "THE OIL SPILL FIELD OPERATIONS GUIDE (FOG)-NEW AND IMPROVED1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-987.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The original oil spill Field Operations Guide (FOG) was a product of the Standard Oil Spill Response Management System (STORMS) Task Force comprised of representatives of the U. S. Coast Guard, California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), other states, the petroleum industry, oil spill response organizations, and local government. The STORMS Task Force produced this first version of the “oilized” Incident Command System (ICS) FOG and Incident Action Plan (IAP) forms in 1994 and made subsequent revisions in 1995 and 1996. With 2 more years of ICS experience and facilitated by the States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force, a new group of representatives from federal and state governments, the petroleum industry, and oil spill response professionals met to review and update the 1996 FOG and IAP forms in October 1998. The overall goal was to remain consistent with the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS) yet reflect the experience gained using ICS at actual oil spills and drills. The group met quarterly over an 18-month period, working collaboratively to reach a consensus on numerous changes. Some of the changes included adding an Environmental Unit to the Planning Section, revising the planning cycle diagram for the oil spill IAP process, and revising the IAP forms as appropriate to reflect the way oil spills are managed. All significant revisions/improvements will be highlighted in this paper and poster.
7
Okolo, N. "Oil Spill Preparedness in Kenya." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Following oil spills and petroleum fire incidents in Kenya, and in light of the recent increase in environmental awareness worldwide, the oil industry in Kenya and its affiliates have taken tangible steps to enhance alertness and implement emergency response plans. A National Oil Pollution Committee was formed in 1989 and charged with (1) assessing the existing capability of the industry to cope with oil spills, and (2) defining the maximum credible incident that the industry can handle, including establishing stock levels of equipment and chemicals, setting up plans, and organization and development of regular practice drills. Since the oil industry in Kenya cannot provide resources capable of responding to, and effectively controlling all emergencies which might occur, the National Oil Pollution Committee includes representatives of two government corporations, Kenya Ports Authority and Kenya Pipeline Company, and the four government ministries of Transport and Communications, Energy, Tourism and Wildlife, and Environment and Natural Resources. The Kenya Ports Authority has been appointed as the oil spill coordinator responsible for manpower, storage and maintenance of the equipment stockpile, and equipment employment in case of an oil spill.
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Narin van Court, Wade A., and Mark B. Robinson. "Insights from Meta-Analysis of Recent Exercises." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1388.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Oil terminals maintain and assess their oil spill response readiness by conducting drills and exercises in general accordance with the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) guidelines; however, they often do not realize the full benefits of the time and effort they invest in their exercise programs. Specifically, the way many terminals conduct and evaluate their drill and exercise programs does not provide an in-depth understanding of the capabilities and competencies of their personnel and their response contractors. URS Corporation (URS) recently performed a meta-analysis of tabletop exercises (TTX), equipment deployment exercises (EDX), and unannounced spill equipment deployment drills (UDD) that we facilitated at terminals around the United States. The meta-analysis was performed as a combined review of the after action reports from the various exercises to identify common lessons learned and areas for improvement. Specifically, the objective of the meta-analysis was to develop recommendations, based on an in-depth understanding of the identified common lessons learned and insights from our exercise facilitators, to enhance or improve terminals' oil spill response performance when implemented in the design of future drills and exercises. Based on our study, URS identified and developed recommendations to address the following areas for improvement: training/exercises did not build on previous efforts; TTX were “walk through” or discussion type of exercises and not conducted in “real time”; UDD were conducted in similar ways each time and did not “stress the system”; exercises and drills did not involve upper level (e.g., regional or corporate) personnel who may have significant roles in the response; terminal personnel did not have relationships with staff of industries, contractors, and/or agencies in their area; terminal personnel were not familiar with the Geographic Response Plans or Area Contingency Plans for their area; and exercise programs and post-exercise reviews and critiques did not effectively assess all 15 response plan components. By implementing the recommendations from our meta-analysis, terminals can expect to obtain significantly greater benefits in terms of competence and confidence to respond to oil spills for a modest investment in additional time, cost, and effort.
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Reimer, P. D., A. Lamarche, and E. H. Owens. "AUTOMATED SHORELINE OILING DATA GENERATION FOR SPILL DRILLS AND SCENARIOS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-905.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Realism during drills and exercises is sometimes difficult to achieve. A new technique to quickly and easily create data on “oiled shorelines” also generates displays that can be viewed on Google Earth™. Shoreline surveys are a fundamental aspect of any spill response and the data generated by these field surveys forms the basis for decisions by the spill management team regarding operational strategies, treatment tactics, and treatment end points. During an actual spill event these data are collected by field teams that survey the affected area and generate reports that are entered into a data management system. Oil spill drills and scenario exercises are a practical method to evaluate response functionality, train personnel and maintain readiness for both private sector organizations and regulatory agencies. Teams can be assembled, oil trajectories simulated, and all of the response decisions practiced. The one factor typically that is missing is actual oiled shoreline data to drive the decision process. Generation of this shoreline oiling data can be time consuming and require a level of effort that may not be considered warranted in terms of time and cost. A simple and rapid technique has been developed to create detailed and realistic oiling conditions on shorelines to address this deficiency. The data that is generated includes length, width, distribution, and thickness of oil within a selected tidal zone or zones; all of the typical SCAT data. This data can be easily transferred to GIS and database systems to generate the reports required by the management team and to track simulated cleanup activities. A similar application is to generate data for scenarios that commonly are included in oil spill response or contingency plans. This technique was used successfully during a major spill drill in Prince William Sound Alaska in May, 2007.
10
Villoria, Carlos, and Rosa Pérez. "OIL SPILL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE VENEZUELAN OIL INDUSTRY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-905.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT In 1991, the Venezuelan oil industry, through INTEVEP, its research and development subsidiary, started a project to implement an oil spill decision support system (DEPET 4.0) for the Venezuelan national oil spill contingency plan. For this primary tool for taking spill response actions in operational drills and real emergencies, the industry developed a database of possible scenarios in predetermined sites and for natural resource damage assessment. The system covers the entire Venezuelan coastline, with each of five management zones serviced by a separate base map and data.
11
Sylves, Richard T. "How the Exxon Valdez Disaster Changed America's Oil Spill Emergency Management." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709801600101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Alaska, profoundly changed America's oil spill emergency preparedness by compelling enactment of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 and inducing the oil industry to create the Marine Spill Response Organization. This study discerns both improvements and remaining flaws in the U.S. oil spill emergency preparedness since the Exxon Valdez disaster. Many organizations engaged in oil spill prevention and accident response have improved emergency planning, inspections, accident training and drills, clean-up equipment availability and deployment, and safety programs. Key federal and state agencies, non-governmental organizations, oil companies, and cooperative spill response groups have made many of these changes. Problems regarding spill liability, availability of rapid-response oil spill clean-up contractors, disputed environmental clean-up methods, slow conversion to double-hulling oil tankers, disputes over when officials should seek oil spill presidential disaster declarations, single vessel ownership dummy companies, and variable state oil shipping rules will continue to cause complications and vulnerabilities.
12
Sung, Mina, Jane Chung, Dae-il Kim, Chang woo Ha, Jong-In Han, and Sung Yong Kim. "Development and Application of Eco-friendly Oil Stimulant on Oil Spill Control Training." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300157. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300157.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We developed mimetic materials for oil spill drills of the Korean Coast Guard. Two selection criteria were adopted: physical properties and eco-friendliness. To make the drill effective, a mimetic substance candidate must have similar physical properties to crude oil, in terms of buoyancy, transportability, and significant color contrast. To minimize the possible impact on the marine environment in general and marine industry in particular, it must also be eco-friendly and non-toxic, as a major portion tends to be evaded from cleaning/capturing devices. Considering these, therefore, we selected natural oils extracted from marine biomass and presented results obtained from lab evaluations and field tests.
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Muskat, Judd, and L. “Guphy” Gustafson. "Data Management, Sharing, and Dissemination at Drills and Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2550.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT # 2017-234 The California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) has drafted a “Data Management and Sharing Plan” document for use in drills and oil spill response in California. Implementation of this plan will help to avoid compartmentalized isolation of information within the ICS units and sections, will facilitate data dissemination throughout the broader response community, and provide continuance throughout staff changes over a prolonged response. The OSPR document is a modified version of a document first created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R)1. In May of 2015 the OR&R document was adapted by OSPR and OR&R for use at the Refugio Pipeline Spill in Santa Barbara, California. This was the first use of such a document at an oil spill response in California. That document version has been subsequently revised by OSPR. The OSPR document retains all of the components of the original OR&R version but has been re-formatted in order to replace technological jargon with plain English to accommodate Incident Commanders and others less familiar with Geographic Information System (GIS) specific technical terms. The document addresses the use of a GIS based Common Operational Picture (COP), specific essential elements of information to be collected, data management, data sharing, requirements for field reporting, data quality control, data file formats, and data archiving. The current OSPR document is designed as a template for regular use by California’s State on Scene Coordinator (SOSC), and can be easily filled out and modified to the specific needs of any oil spill response incident.
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McCay, Deborah P. French, Mark A. Jones, and Louis Coakley. "OIL SPILL MODELING FOR CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND EXAMPLE APPLICATION FOR FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-873.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Important questions that are asked by spill responders as well as those assessing potential impacts are: (I) What is the probability of oiling, above a threshold of concern, for each location near a potential spill site? (2) How soon will oil reach each site of concern? (3) How much oil contamination is expected (on average and worst case)? (4) Is there a potential for impacting biological resources with this oil? Using Applied Science Associates, Inc.'s (ASA) oil spill model (Spill Impact Assessment Package, SIMAP) in stochastic mode, these questions were evaluated for Florida Power & Light (FPL) for a variety of oil types and spill volumes, and for each of FPL's plants and terminals. The model was run many times, randomizing the start time over decade-long wind records. The model evaluates surface oil, shoreline oil, subsurface oil, and low molecular weight aromatics (the most toxic fraction of the oil). Both the mean and worst case exposure thickness/concentration are evaluated. The output includes contour maps, which may be interrogated (with the user interface) to determine the conditions under which worst case oiling occurs. The contours are overlaid on resource maps, showing where resources are most at risk and where protection would be most beneficial. FPL uses SIMAP for contingency planning, drills, spill response, and evaluation of fates and impacts of spills. ASA has developed databases for use in the model for the locations around each of FPL's plants and terminals. These data include shore and habitat type mapping, locations of sensitive resources, and current data sets generated by ASA's hydrodynamic model. The stochastic model may be used as a contingency planning tool or as a component of the ecological risk assessment process. It determines the range of distances and directions oil spills are likely to travel from a particular site, given wind and current data for the area. Practical uses for this information include the determination of which kinds of response equipment should be used in a particular area and where the equipment should be placed to be most effective, what areas are most at risk from possible spills at a specific location, and the expected magnitude of impacts.
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duVair, Pierre H. "INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: MULTIPLE ROLES FACING NATURAL RESOURCE TRUSTEE AGENCIES1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the continually evolving subjects of emergency response and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) from the perspective of a state natural resource trustee agency. Following the Exxon Valdez and American Trader spills, California enacted a law that gave the Department of Fish and Game primary responsibility for management of oil spills in marine waters of the state. There are considerable advantages to placing the lead responsibility for spill response and damage assessment on a single trustee agency which must carry out prespill planning and training, and participate in drills. Trustee agencies potentially face numerous roles in significant spill events; methods have been developed to facilitate the conduct of these activities. In particular, the unified command structure, incident command system, and the trustee NRDA team concept are useful.
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Toriello, Tina M., Jan Thorman, Pamela Bergmann, and Richard Waldbauer. "Industry and Government Roles in Addressing Historic Properties in Oil Spill Response: Lessons Learned From A Recent Exercise and Incidents." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-693.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on industry and government roles for addressing historic properties during oil spill response. In 1997, the National Response Team (NRT) developed a Programmatic Agreement on Protection of Historic Properties during Emergency Response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (PA) (National Response Team, 1997). At the 1999 International Oil Spill Conference (IOSC), U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) representatives discussed the development and implementation of the PA, which is intended to ensure that historic properties are appropriately taken into account during the planning for and conducting of emergency response to oil spills and hazardous substance releases. Following the 1999 IOSC, DOI and Chevron representatives began a dialog regarding industry and government roles under the PA. Chevron invited the DOI representatives to participate in an October 1999 large-scale, industry-led spill exercise; a precedent-setting drill that included historic properties protection as a key objective. This 2001 paper focuses on how industry and government have worked together to protect historic properties, government roles in PA implementation, and lessons learned. As an example of what industry can do to support the protection of historic properties during planning and response activities, this paper describes Chevron's Historic Properties Program, a program managed under its emergency spill response environmental functional team (EFT). A discussion of lessons learned focuses on the need for clear definition of industry and government roles, and the benefits of building a foundation of cooperation between industry and government to protect historic properties. Of particular importance is the inclusion of historic properties in all aspects of oil spill preparedness and response, including planning, drills, training, and response organization structure and staffing. Experience from incident response in Alaska has shown that the PA assists Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSCs) and responsible parties, while also protecting historic properties, when the FOSC is prepared to implement the PA promptly and effectively.
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Storey, Elin, and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. "TRAINING, TESTING, DEMONSTRATING COMPETENCY AND AUDITING A DRILL OR SPILL RESPONSE: DRILLTRAC." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The State of Washington developed DRILLTRAC, a training and competency program for managing oil spills and drills. DRILLTRAC represents an organizational commitment to stand-up a well qualified team at spills of all levels in order to fulfill a fundamental trust responsibility to protect public health, safety and the environment. The agency intends to hold itself to the same high standards that are expected from the regulated community. In addition, through the development of a well qualified team, the agency will be able to assist those unregulated spillers with providing an initial spill management team. DRILLTRAC consists of training and testing, required performance demonstrations at drills and spills, seeded staff to coach performance, response auditing and finally training and outreach to the community. The Program centers around a manual that is based on the 2000 Field Operations Guide (FOG), but is greatly enhanced with coaching tips, information flow diagrams and guidance on what actions need to be taken between the meetings. The manual is available on-line. During the first month it became available, the manual was downloaded over a thousand times. Some of the key training points under DRILLTRAC are:How do you ensure adequate staffing?How do you resolve conflict within unified command?How are critical decisions made by unified command documented?How does a trustee organization ensure that the interests of the state are consistently and adequately protected through the incident command system?How do you develop and measure an aggressive response?How do you ensure that the process being followed leads to the development of an aggressive, objective driven Incident Action Plan?How do you ensure consistent drill evaluation and drill design? This paper will discuss the development of the program, the goals and some of the points of organizational resistance in the implementation. DRILLTRAC builds confidence, accountability and mutual trust in spill management. It is mission driven for the state of Washington.
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Coakley, Louis “Coke.” "Visual Materials for Oil Spill Responders: The Florida Power & Light Experience." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-693.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The use of visual materials is critical for oil spill responders to evaluate the magnitude of potential oil spill impacts. Florida Power & Light has developed extensive visual resources to prepare and support oil spill responders. These resources come in both electronic and hard copy formats. This paper describes these resources including digital aerial photos, surface photos, digital ortho-photos, satellite imagery, surface and aerial digital video, and a host of mapping products (NOAA Nautical Charts, State Boater Guides, etc.). The paper also addresses how these resources are obtained, updated and have been utilized at Corporate and US Coast Guard oil spill drills. Florida Power & Light has fourteen oil storage facilities that have extensive visual resources available to responders. Most of these facilities have up to 200 digital photos that are georeferenced and available to responders in electronic and hard copy photo albums. The incorporation of digital video has also greatly improved responders understanding of area characteristics and deployment opportunities.
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Coelho, Gina M., James C. Staves, and David E. Fritz. "Putting SIMA into Action for Spill Response Planning in the US." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT 2017-413 The term Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA) is used to describe the risk-based decisions that are made when considering response options during oil spills, and is offered here as a replacement for the historically used term Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA). Despite many papers, fact sheets, and presentations on the topic, the term still means different things to different people. Most agree that the concept of SIMA is an important one, but trying to put SIMA into action for contingency planning – or a response - may mean something very different to a regulator or stakeholder than it means to a responsible party or an oil spill removal organization. In Summer 2015, the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues (known as IPIECA), released a NEBA “Good Practice Guide” (GPG) that incorporates NEBA into the response strategy selection process primarily during the contingency planning stage. This paper applies those concepts within the United States (US) regulatory framework, highlights how SIMA can be applied not only to contingency planning, but to response actions and drills, and provides case studies on the use of SIMA in the US.
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Lamarche, Alain, Chrystel Black, Anna-Paula Varanda, and Edward H. Owens. "THE USE OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOFTWARE TO IDENTIFY SHORELINE TREATMENT OPTIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-55.
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ABSTRACT A PC-based software package has recently been completed that provides decision makers with support for developing shoreline cleanup strategies. Using data obtained from systematic surveys of shore-zone conditions, or from training or drill scenarios, an artificial intelligence approach builds on existing published manuals and on field experience to develop response options and recommendations for planners and managers. The system has four basic output components that include:the synthesis of the physical shore-zone character and oiling conditions,an evaluation of stranded oil persistence,a ranking of response priorities, andrecommended shoreline treatment and/or cleanup methods in a four-layer mode that includes surface or subsurface and heavy/moderate or light/very light oiling conditions. The assessment of shoreline oiling conditions includes evaluation of oil volume, oil type (including weathered oils), and surface and subsurface conditions. The primary functions of the software include storing and sorting data on shoreline character and oiling conditions, simulating spill conditions for training and drills, and providing real-time recommendations in a spill event. The paper describes the general design as well as the format, input parameters, output data formats, and applications of the software. The project has been a joint government-industry effort supported by Environment Canada and Industry Canada.
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Hielscher, Al, and Scott McCreery. "Maximizing The Resource Tracking Effort." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-895.
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ABSTRACT Tracking resources in emergency response situations can be a time consuming and laborious undertaking. Many times the Resource Unit within the Incident Command System (ICS) is in the unenviable position of playing “catch-up” with what is occurring in the field. Implementation of National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS) ICS tracking methods help to streamline this complex task. Participation in numerous oil spill drills and actual spill incidents has helped Environmental Compliance Options (ECO) and Genwest Systems, Inc. personnel observe, develop, and adopt methods and tools to make response resource tracking more accurate and efficient.
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Coakley, Louis, Mark A. Jones, and Kathy Scott. "BENEFITS AND USE OF AN OIL SPILL RESPONSE WEB SITE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1121.
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ABSTRACT Providing accurate and timely information to the public following an oil spill event can be a challenging exercise for oil spill responders. In an event that generates a great deal of media and public interest, it is important to use a variety of communications tools to ensure the best and most credible response is given to interested parties including the general public, regulators, politicians, news media, local officials, and company shareholders and employees. In addition to timely and accurate company news releases, one of the most effective new tools that can be used to facilitate effective and efficient communication in any emergency including an oil spill event is the use of an event-specific Web site. Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) has demonstrated the use of an oil spill Web site as part of its annual corporate oil spill drills and has received positive feedback from response partners at the state and federal level. In its demonstrations, FPL has been able to post near real-time communications that would contribute to the public's understanding of a spill event and response. The way that FPL uses its Web site is as part of a joint news center, operated in support of FPL's Incident Command System (ICS). The news center develops and disseminates oil spill response and recovery information using a variety of tools, of which the Web-based news center is the most recent addition. Using a joint news center—including an event-specific Web site—also minimizes the likelihood of potentially conflicting information by providing a common location for all the parties to prepare, review, and issue news related to an event. This paper identifies what the authors believe are the key elements necessary to set up and maintain an oil spill response Web site, including a description of ICS benefits, content, and design requirements and resources. Specific Web site ingredients also are noted including the posting of news releases, maps, photos, media advisories and fact sheets, environmental reports, and links to other relevant Web sites.
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Neilson, David E. "GETTING IT CORRECT, WITH THE RIGHT TOOLS INTERNATIONALLY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 1017–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-1017.
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ABSTRACT This paper addresses the international situation regarding oil spill preparedness drills or exercises. It attempts to cover the requirements of planning, developing, and managing exercises internationally. The paper discusses certain key points in the planning, development, and exercise-execution phases, and offers a process flow methodology for these important stages. Following the exercise, the debrief methods and collation of data to provide the exercise report are also discussed.
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Ferry, Leann. "Citizens and Industry Working Together To Make Oil Transportation Safer." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-793.
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ABSTRACT The Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council (RCAC) is an independent non-profit corporation promoting the environmentally safe operation of the Alyeska Marine Terminal in Valdez, Alaska, and associated oil tankers. RCAC's work is mandated by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and guided by a contract with Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. Conflict is inherent in the relationship of citizens, industry, and government. The priorities of the citizens and those of the oil industry are fundamentally different and sometimes directly opposed. Such differences do not preclude citizens, industry and government from sharing environmental objectives. Joint projects have been especially successful in promoting effective working relationships between citizens, industry and government. Since 1990, RCAC has participated in several projects with the oil industry and government agencies on a wide range of issues including oil spill drills, disabled tanker towing, a tanker risk assessment, non-indigenous species invasions in waterways, and marine fire response capabilities. When stakeholders develop and manage a project together, disagreements can be identified and worked out early. This can minimize conflict and lead to common ground. Ten years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, citizens, industry, and government are working together in Alaska to make oil transportation safer.
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Hillman, Sharon O. "ICS-It's More Than a Two-Dimensional System." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-869.
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ABSTRACT Spill management is a critical component in successful response to any incident. Today's world of response utilizes variations of the Incident Command Systems (ICS) to successfully perform this piece. The success of spill management is based, in part, on detailed contingency planning and in size, responding time frames, and potential complexity of the incident command organization brought together for the event. There are specific requirements for the regulatory and response teams to accomplish, but what is not well described is how these team systems work together. ICS components are practiced in large drills and real responses by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company for its crisis management and implementation of the Prince William Sound Tanker Oil Discharge Prevention and Contingency Plan. This type of spill training plays an important role in validating the viability of ICS. The exercises showcase a multifaceted ICS organization that can best be described in three dimensions. Understanding the interrelationship of these dimensions to the overall ICS management team and response operations is critical for success. This paper describes the ICS system as used for the Prince William Sound crude oil TAPS trade and employed by Alyeska; the multi-dimension of a large working system and provides some examples of interactions that might occur.
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McFarland, Barry, and Kim Estes. "FROM TRAINING TO TESTING: DETAILS OF AN AGGRESSIVE DRILL AND EXERCISE PROGRAM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-15.
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ABSTRACT With 1997 comes a second triennial period of exercises following the implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Exercises should now be performed in more of a testing environment than in a training environment. Aggressive exercises seek to test response plans and spill management teams rather than to provide opportunities for training. Aggressive exercises also require that one learn by taking risks and making mistakes. Consequently, for this aggressive style of drills and exercises to succeed, regulatory authorities must acknowledge risk taking when they are evaluating exercises. Though training will always be a focus, at least in some elements of response exercises, it should become more specific and compartmentalized while the remaining bulk of the response is being tested. Because aggressive exercises require full agency representation, joint exercises should be considered a way of reducing the number of industry-led drills while achieving credit for multiple plan holders.
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Castle, Robert W., Kevin Malamma, and David C. Barry. "Tactical Action Planning for Pipelines." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1011.
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ABSTRACT Contemporary Oil Spill Contingency Planning commonly focuses on notification procedures and organizational issues. Specific pre-planning for the physical response to specific oil properties, local geography, and environmental conditions is frequently neglected. The tactical action planning concepts presented in this paper address these issues by carefully examining the characteristics of specific oils under the spectrum of ambient conditions, the physical properties of the potentially impacted area, probable spill movement, and the presence of sensitive resources. These concepts also address the availability of response equipment and those techniques that will perform under the conditions encountered. Field surveys are then conducted to identify and catalogue specific control sites where initial response actions may be appropriate. Surveys include taking digital photographs of the area and collecting GPS coordinates of response locations. The resultant plans will facilitate the initial response to releases anywhere along the subject pipeline. Data and recommendations are organized in the form of a hard-copy manual consisting of maps, tables, and illustrated instructions. Data files, interactive mapping software, and data management software are also provided on CD. A software component allows the planning effort to be used during drills and exercises, as well as for emergency response management.
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Donohue, Keith M., Miguel Moyano, Dario Miranda-Rodríguez, Elliott Taylor, Ian Moscoso, and Roxanne Jensen. "A True Roadmap for Response Preparedness Capacity Building in Developing States." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 822–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.822.
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ABSTRACT Throughout much of the developing world, capacity building efforts are often delivered without implementing guidelines, whereby receiving states accept offers and/or expend their own funds for training, technical assistance and resource procurements without sound long-term plans of how to effectively capitalize on the efforts and truly build sustainable response preparedness capacity. The scope of various international, governmental and nongovernmental programs available to countries in need is potentially vast, but all too often contractors, offering organizations, or multiple agencies within the same offering organization or nation, provide capacity building that is not always linked to each other or designed to optimally build upon each other in a successive manner that moves the sovereign recipient towards a more robust response preparedness posture. This paper illustrates how a simple application of program evaluation and strategic planning, used along with very basic drills and exercises and the ARPEL RETOS™ tool assessments, can help developing states set true paths towards building better oil spill response preparedness structures in drastically resource constrained, multi-agency environments. This paper discusses how RETOS™ was used to assess oil spill response preparedness throughout the Wider Caribbean Region and presents the audience with a new outlook for conducting capacity building efforts in developing states.
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Houghton, Jonathan P., Allan K. Fukuyama, Dennis C. Lees, William B. Driskell, Gary Shigenaka, and Alan J. Mearns. "IMPACTS ON INTERTIDAL EPIBIOTA: EXXON VALDEZ SPILL AND SUBSEQUENT CLEANUP." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-293.
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ABSTRACT Following the Exxon Valdez spill, several approaches were used to remove crude oil from the beaches of Prince William Sound. Pre- and post-treatment monitoring in 1989 documented the severe short-term impacts to intertidal epibenthos of hot water wash treatments widely used to remove stranded oil. Quantitative field surveys were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to evaluate recovery of littoral habitats from the effects of oiling and hot water washing. Stratified random sampling was used to assess epibiota at sites representing several habitats and degrees of disturbance. Effects of hot water treatments applied in 1989 remained visible in intertidal assemblages through 1991. Some hot water-treated rocky beaches that had been stripped of biota at middle and upper intertidal elevations showed little colonization by 1990. In 1990, statistically significant differences were noted between variables measured on unoiled beaches and those same variables on hot water-treated beaches. On other oiled rocky beaches that received less severe or no treatment, the majority of the community dominants, including rockweed, mussels, barnacles, limpets, drills, and littorines, survived the oiling. While these populations were still depressed below abundance levels on unoiled beaches in May 1991, by July recovery of most species had raised abundances to levels seen on unoiled beaches. In the summer of 1991, few statistically significant differences remained between the biota of unoiled rocky shores and those of hot water-washed shores, but full recovery is still several years away in many areas.
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Clumpner, Curt, and Barbara Callahan. "Optimizing the value of near misses in wildlife response preparedness: The Kulluk Incident." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2288.
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ABSTRACT Mitigating the impact of an oil spill on wildlife is one of the stated priorities in nearly every oil spill. Wildlife in some way is regularly included in drills and exercises in many places around the world. While planning, training, and exercising are critical to wildlife preparedness, responders know that nothing compares to real world experience. In many spills and near miss situations, the Wildlife Branch is not activated until after there are documented wildlife impacts. Most incident management teams will only bring in professional oiled wildlife responders when oiling of wildlife has occurred or is imminent. During the December 2013 response to the Kulluk Tow Incident, a small Wildlife Branch was activated as an integral part of the Incident Command structure put in place. The Wildlife Branch proceeded to provide a detailed plan for an active response, if one was needed. Over the next week, while the rig grounded, refloated and finally towed to a place of refuge, the Wildlife Branch, working with the Environmental Unit, developed a wildlife plan that identified the resources at risk, the wildlife response options and the personnel, equipment and facilities that would be needed if oil were to be released. The Alaska Wildlife Response Center was prepared for activation, wildlife responder's availability, and travel time was documented and incident specific equipment gaps were identified and sourced. Additionally, specific incident plans were developed for hazing (bird deterrence), solid waste and wastewater that stood ready for implementation. While Alaska has a robust preparedness and exercise program, the quick decision by Shell and the Unified Command to ensure wildlife response was in place, if needed, provided a real test of the oiled wildlife response system with all the problems, challenges and changing parameters of a real event. It added real value by showing the public and trustees the importance that was placed on wildlife protection as well as by increasing integration, confidence and teamwork in the Alaskan response community.
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Miles, Chris. "PREPARING FOR FIRST OIL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-201.
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ABSTRACT In this paper the author draws from experience gained at the new ENL (ExxonNefigas) Export Terminal at DeKastri in the Russian Federation. The Terminal received first oil in late September 2006, to export through 5 new build tankers loading at the new Single Point Mooring facility. The oil is produced to the east of Sakhalin, and is pumped via the Chaivo Terminal across Sakhalin Island and the Tartar Straights to mainland Russia. Once ashore the pipe route turns south to DeKastri, a total run of approximately 230 kilometres. The main task set was to prepare for and conduct a Tier 1 Drill for Offshore and Shoreline Response, so as to demonstrate to the Russian Authorities the ENL capability and level of readiness. There was a large amount of equipment to be commissioned, stored in a dedicated Oil Spill Response (OSR) warehouse within the terminal. Equipment is also located on 2 dedicated vessels used for mooring and icebreaking duties. The response team to be trained were all Russian Nationals, many of whom had already attended nationally accredited courses but lacked practical experience. For this reason the priority for training was to assess the most likely scenarios along pipelines, the terminal and the SPM, and to conduct a series of exercises building up to weekly Drills that encompassed all aspects of a real mobilisation. The acting team lead had to supervise briefings, select appropriate equipment, and identify logistics and safety and welfare arrangements. At the operational location the seasonal variation of the weather is a huge factor, so it was vital to run exercises to cover all eventualities both onshore and offshore. As well as the preparation of the team and equipment response procedures had to be examined and modified, introducing a system to ensure complete readiness of all the factors that contribute to an effective Tier 1 response. The paper will explore the process of preparing for first and identify issues faced along the way.
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Jacobi, Michele, Nancy E. Kinner, Bobby H. Braswell, Kurt D. Schwehr, Kimberly S. Newman, and Amy A. Merten. "ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-881.
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ABSTRACT The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), a partnership between the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and NOAA'S Office of Response and Restoration (ORR), is leading an effort to develop a data platform capable of intefacing both static and real-time data sets accessible simultaneously to a command post and assets in the field with an open source internet mapping server. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA™) is designed to give responders and decision makers ready access to geographically specific data useful during spill planning/drills, incident response, damage assessment and site restoration. In addition to oil spill and chemical release response, this website can be relevant to other environmental incidents and natural disasters, responses and regional planning efforts. The platform is easy to operate, without the assistance of Information Technology or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) specialists. It allows users to access individual data layer values, overlay relevant data sets, and zoom into segments of interest. The platform prototype is being developed specifically for Portsmouth Harbor and the Great Bay Estuary, NH. The prototype demonstrates the capabilities of an integrated data management platform and serves as the pilot for web-based GIS platforms in other regions.
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Collins, Stephen M., and Phillip A. Lebednik. "DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING OF A FACILITY OIL RESPONSE TEAM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 535–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-535.
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ABSTRACT Over the course of fifteen years, Tosco's Avon Refinery has developed a highly successful oil spill response organization. Three approaches were evaluated: use of management personnel without in-house training, use of management personnel with in-house training, and all-volunteer personnel with in-house training. The all-volunteer approach has been the most effective, based on continuing evaluations. This approach has been flexible and has been upgraded to meet the needs of changing response criteria. Benefits of the all-volunteer approach include a high rate of participation and consistency, rapid response, familiarity with the facility, knowledge of local sensitive resources, and training in local conditions. Difficulties associated with the approach include conflicts with normal duties, ongoing training costs, and training for shift workers. Costs associated with the approach include equipment purchase, equipment maintenance, supplies, training and drills, and management costs. Equipment was carefully selected to meet the specific characteristics of the environment surrounding the refinery. Performance standards were developed to provide training criteria in specific areas (such as boat operations, boom deployment, and navigation). Completion of all performance standards leads to personnel certification and response status.
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Merten, Amy A., Zachary Winters-Staszak, and Nancy E. Kinner. "Incorporating Traditional Knowledge and Subsistence Mapping into the Arctic Environmental Response Management Application." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1512.
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ABSTRACT Access to information from local and indigenous communities is vital to improving oil spill preparedness and response, and to ensuring efficient prioritization and protection of subsistence and culturally sensitive areas. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA®) is an online mapping tool that integrates both static and real-time data, such as Environmental Sensitivity Index maps, ship locations, weather, ocean currents, and more in a centralized format for environmental responders and decision makers. This allows for high-impact and fine-resolution visualization of data for solving complex environmental response and resource issues. As part of the overall ERMA project, baseline datasets have been collected from government sources, private corporations, universities, local entities, and non-governmental organizations (NGO). Arctic ERMA—a regional instance of the ERMA application—covers the U.S. high Arctic, with use in all of Alaska as well as internationally. To identify and gather Arctic-specific data, workshops were conducted in the Northwest Arctic Borough (NWAB), North Slope Borough (NSB), and Edmonton, Canada focusing on oil spill scenarios that could affect villages in each region, and developing prioritized datasets needed to support planning, response, and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) work. As part of the overall ERMA project, baseline datasets have been collected from government sources, private corporations, universities, local entities and non-governmental organizations. Most of these datasets are publicly available. ERMA has been tested in Arctic drills and was used to support the USCG's “Arctic Shield” exercise, September 2013. Through this exercise, ERMA was able to incorporate onboard ship information, field-collected data, photos, sensor data and other scientific input collected during the USCG Cutter Healy cruise. The exercise identified some of the challenges the response community could face during a spill in the Arctic and the region's dependence upon local knowledge in successfully minimizing environmental effects and human-dimension impacts. This presentation will discuss collaborations and next steps.
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Branson, Dennis E., Jereme Altendorf, and Marc Hodges. "FUSING INCIDENT MANAGEMENT/RESPONSE WITH INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION/SECURITY … … THE “3 R+” CONCEPT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-765.
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ABSTRACT The terrorist attacks of 9/11 brought an urgent, necessary call to protect the safety and security of the nations Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources (CI/KR). Most of these efforts have been to deter/prevent a terrorist attack through vulnerability assessment and increased physical security (e.g. “gates, guns and guards”). Just as the federal government was getting on solid ground with increased homeland security against the terrorist threat, the devastation of the 2005 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita brought to light the need for a true “All Hazards” approach to response. Added to this is the growing awareness that environmental incidents could significantly impact regional stability, and even threaten national security. Simply stated: “Yesterday'S major oil spill could be tomorrow'S national security incident.” The November 2007 allision (and resulting serious oil spill) of the tank ship COSCO BUSAN with the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, provided a glimpse into these concerns and brought increased attention back upon this long standing marine safety mission. Ironically the 2006 “Safe Seas” exercise tested almost the very scenario of the COSCO BUSAN one year ago to the day of the spill. “Safe Seas” and other major drills (like “TOPOFF,” etc.) are tremendous tools for government and private sector stakeholders to enhance preparedness to response and test existing security and infrastructure protection systems. Given the above, traditional Oil Spill Response (OSR) is now part of a broader, more complicated systems-approach to domestic Incident Management (IM). The United States Coast Guard'S Marine Environmental Protection (MEP) mission has required the unique military I regulatory service to forge a collaborative relationship with the oil and gas industry - or “sector” (as defined in the National Infrastructure Protection Plan NIPP). This government-to-industry partnership was born out of decades of marine safety prevention/response efforts most visible following the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Many involved in the field of emergency management; as well as their security counterparts recognize it is difficult to understand both IM and IP, despite the myriad of new and developing federal plans and doctrine as we pass the half way point of the first decade in the Post 9/11 “new normalcy.” Due to dynamic and synergistic partnership between the U.S. Coast Guard and the American Petroleum Institute (API) a coordination and communication opportunity was identified that resulted in a concept of simplifying the landscape via a” 3 R+” concept. The focus areas of this paper are:To bring increased clarity to the current and emerging state of interoperability between the government and the private industry sector.Provide a simplified “Big Picture” view of what private sector professionals (middle to upper management in the emergency response/safety & health fields) need to know regarding the framework of the national system for our critical infrastructure and first line response, using the oil & gas sector as an example; Note: Although the target audience for this papen/presentation are private sector professionals, primarily in the response and security fields, the plans highlighted and information outlined could apply to those working IM or IP in any industry or government sector.
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Owens, Ed, and Richard Santner. "Integration of a Shoreline Response Program (SRP) and SCAT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 679374. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.679374.
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ABSTRACT The Shoreline Response Program (SRP) is an adjustment within an Incident Management System (IMS) intended to improve current practices. An SRP builds on the recognized strengths of an IMS-based organization and of a SCAT program that utilizes an integrated and focused approach to streamline and better coordinate the decision and planning processes and the operational implementation activities. An SRP is an extension of the traditional SCAT program but with a broader focuses on strategic and tactical planning to minimize the short- and long-term impacts of oil on shorelines, the efforts and costs involved in a shoreline response, and the volumes of waste that would be generated. The inclusion of an SRP concept in drills, exercises and preparedness training can directly improve the ability to respond quickly and effectively during the initial response phase. Not implementing an SRP at the very outset of a spill response, when typically the best opportunities exist for the removal of bulk oil, can have significant long-term consequences. Shifting an emphasis on management and physical resources from, often only partially successful, on-water activities to onshore shoreline activities when oil can be picked up more rapidly and effectively can significantly reduce i) the footprint of the response, ii) the duration and scale of the shoreline operation, iii) the exposure of shore zone resources to the oil, and so accelerate environmental recovery, and iv) waste generation.
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Sobieski, Daniel M., and Kathryn L. Kelley. "Revised PREP Guideline Review: What You Should Know?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.156.
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ABSTRACT No. 2017 – 296 On April 11, 2016 the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) released the 2016 National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) Guidelines. The new guidelines became effective on June 10, 2016 and replaced the previous guidelines issued in 2002. Established under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), the PREP guidelines were developed to provide a mechanism for compliance with response plan drill and exercise requirements under the Act and implementing regulations. Use of the PREP Guidelines is voluntary, however, compliance with the PREP guidelines will satisfy these requirements. The 2016 PREP Guidelines apply to all OPA 90 response plan holders including USCG regulated vessels and marine transportation-related facilities, EPA non-transportation-related onshore and offshore facilities, PHMSA-regulated facilities and pipelines, BSEE-regulated offshore facilities and area on-scene coordinator (OSC) exercises. The guidelines specify that, within a three-year cycle, all elements of the Facility Response Plan (FRP) or Vessel Response Plan (VRP), including the 15 core components, should be exercised in a drill, or series of drills, involving the Owner/Operator, Qualified Individual (QI), Oil Spill Removal Organizations (OSRO) and Salvage and Marine Firefighting (SMFF) resource providers. This paper will provide an overview of the PREP requirements, including plan holder initiated exercises, the remote assessment and consultation exercises (RACE) for vessels, shore-based tabletop exercises, response equipment deployment exercises, and Government Initiated Unannounced Exercises (GUIEs). As the QI, O’Brien’s has designed, conducted, played, and or evaluated well over 1,000 PREP related activities. This paper will discuss the implementation of PREP from the QI’s perspective, and the identification of some lessons learned and best practices that may be applicable more broadly to support the regulated industry and response community with the implementation of PREP.
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Lamarche, Alain, and Edward H. Owens. "INTEGRATING SCAT DATA AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT SHORELINE CLEANUP OPERATIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-499.
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ABSTRACT An analysis of the work performed by the various teams involved in shoreline cleanup operations has been applied to the design of an approach for the integration of data collected by the SCAT process with electronic maps produced by geographical information system (GIS) technology. This has led to the implementation of a PC-based system that incorporates a database of SCAT information, a knowledge base on oil behavior and shoreline cleanup, and a GIS. The system provides support to data collection using the SCAT approach for field teams and to map-based data analysis for planners and managers. In the course of this work, a set of the maps that are considered the most useful for summarizing information about shoreline conditions was designed and evaluated. This evaluation initially involved consultation with individuals experienced in shoreline cleanup. The applicability of the map representation for decision making was further tested during spill drills. SCAT surveys generate a large volume of data that need to be captured and integrated. There is a risk that this large amount of information might overwhelm decision makers involved in the management of shoreline cleanup operations. The paper describes the various modifications that were made to the SHORECLEAN software package to provide some solutions to these problems. These include providing specialized SCAT data entry forms, automating the links between a SCAT database and a GIS, and producing map representations that provide clear, useful, and nonmisleading information for decision makers.
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Cameron, Jean R. "Oil Spill Risks from Nontank Vessels1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-263.
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ABSTRACT An issue of increasing concern worldwide is that of oil spills from nontank vessels that carry large quantities of petroleum product as fuel or lubricants. The New Carissa incident in Oregon in 1999 is only one of several that have impacted the U.S. West Coast in the last few years. Others include the M/V Kuroshima, which grounded in Dutch Harbor, Alaska in 1997, and the M/V Kure, which spilled oil in Humbolt Bay also in 1997. The Tenyo Maru was cut in half in a collision and sank with the loss of one life and a spill of at least 100,000 gallons of heavy fuel oil and diesel in Washington State in 1991. Additional examples of both spills and threats of spills are sited, both in the United States and worldwide. This paper examines a number of actions that have been taken in response to this threat. One such model is the Canadian requirement that vessel owner/operators demonstrate a formal agreement with an approved response contractor, and list that contractor in their Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP). A more comprehensive approach would be to establish approved “umbrella” contingency plans for major port areas, supported by contracts with oil spill removal organizations (OSROs). This preferred model has been adopted by the U.S. West Coast states, and affords the opportunity for the contracted responders to drill with emergency response officials, thus improving the likelihood of an efficient, coordinated spill response. This paper also proposes spill prevention design elements for nontank vessels.
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Vasconcellos Lopes, Bruno, Ana Pavlovic, Thaísa Beloti Trombetta, Phelype Oleinik, Caroline Barbosa Monteiro, Ricardo Cardoso Guimarães, Douglas Vieira da Silva, and Wiliam Correa Marques. "Numerical Study of Oil Spill in the Patos Lagoon Under Flood and Ebb Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7010004.
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Facing great obstacles to eradicate environmental hazards generated by oil spills, it is crucial to establish actions against such accidents. In this context, the focus of this study is to analyze oil spills at the harbor region of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. The Easy Coupling Oil System (ECOS) model was used to model the oil spills under different environmental conditions simulated by the hydrodynamic model Telemac-3D, with the intention to identify the main forces controlling the movement of the oil slicks over a year of averaged hydrodynamic conditions from 2003 to 2015. The computational domain comprises the Patos Lagoon, the harbor area of Rio Grande and the Southern Brazilian Shelf. For the oil spill simulations, eight distinct events were defined considering both flood and ebb conditions in the estuarine region of the Patos Lagoon. The oil spill simulations showed that, in ebb conditions, the oil slick movement is mainly ruled by the currents, moving towards the outflow. After a few hours, the wind action makes the slick move towards the margins of the waterway. In flood conditions, on the other hand, the oil slick drifts to the interior of the estuary, following the dominant currents and the local winds.
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Theodotou, Stephanie. "Corporate Liability and Compensation Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Is There a Need for an International Regime?" Groningen Journal of International Law 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5b51d56596663.
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The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of the current fragmented legal framework regarding corporate liability and compensation following oil spills from offshore installations, in light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It evaluates whether Deepwater Horizon has signalled the need to adopt a uniform international regime, which will regulate compensation and liability concerning oil spills from offshore oil installations. The first part of this article provides the factual background of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, with an emphasis on the corporate liability and compensation issues that arose in this incident and the response by the U.S. Government. The second part evaluates the effectiveness of the current three-tiered system of compensation in the oil tanker industry, as well as the supplementary voluntary agreements thereto, and assesses whether this legal framework could be adopted to the regime governing oil spills from offshore oil installations. It notes the stark contrast between oil spills from oil tankers and oil spills from offshore oil installations, in that an oil tanker’s maximum storage capacity is known which makes the risk of potential spillage calculable. In contrast, it is impossible to make such a calculation for oil spills resulting from offshore oil installations since, although the storage capacity of the installation is defined when it is constructed, the amount of oil that can be spilled directly from the well drilled into the marine environment is unpredictable. The third part discusses the prospects for adopting an international civil liability and compensation regime governing oil spills from offshore installations, with reference to several international and regional attempts that have been made to establish an efficient regime and provides proposals for an efficient and effective international regime.
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Addassi, Yvonne Najah, and LCDR Jeffrey Rubini. "Stakeholder Analysis for On-Scene Coordinators and Area Committees: A simplified multi-step technique to understand grassroots participation." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1070–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1070.
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ABSTRACT State and federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and Area Committees acknowledge the benefits of engaging stakeholders to help support environmental protection goals and objectives. Whereas existing stakeholder management tools provide guidance to enable well-organized volunteerism during operational phases of oil spill response, incident lessons learned suggest there is less guidance on the broader stakeholder engagement process that occurs during planning and preparedness phases. The tendency to re-live conditions resulting in lessons re-learned indicate that tools designed to resolve those lessons are either ill-equipped to address the problem, not feasible to employ, are glossed over as someone else’s responsibility, are not incorporated into regional or area contingency plans, and/or are not integrated into incident command system design and functionality during drills and exercises. This paper provides OSCs and Area Committees a simplified multi-step technique to analyze and evaluate a range of stakeholders prior to conducting actual stakeholder engagement and well before stakeholders are engaged during a response. Although stakeholder engagement during response is critical and can benefit mutual goals, initiating these efforts during response is not optimal, especially when incident realities shift emphasis from grassroots capacity building to risk communications. Stakeholder engagement should begin well prior to a response with deliberate analysis of stakeholders as part of the planning and preparedness process. The multi-step technique may improve the efficacy of Area Contingency Plans, the primary conduit implementing National Contingency Plan aims of nongovernmental participation, by enhancing the design and functionality of stakeholder engagement. The outcomes achieved may help to deliver fundamental tenants of public policy and service— where problems are framed so that available solutions are fiscally, technically, and politically feasible, advance the common good, and include a broad array of stakeholders through proactive public participation.
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Fiocco, Robert J., and Alun Lewis. "Oil Spill Dispersants." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010027.
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Introduction: The purpose of any oil spill response is to minimise the damage that could be caused by the spill. Dispersants are one of the limited number of practical responses that are available to respond to oil spills at sea.When oil is spilled at sea, a small proportion will be naturally dispersed by the mixing action caused by waves. This process can be slow and proceed to only a limited extent for most situations. Dispersants are used to accelerate the removal of oil from the surface of the sea by greatly enhancing the rate of natural dispersion of oil and thus prevent it from coming ashore. Dispersed oil will also be more rapidly biodegraded by naturally occurring microorganisms. The rationale for dispersant use is that dispersed oil is likely to have less overall environmental impact than oil that persists on the surface of the sea, drifts and eventually contaminates the shoreline. The development of modern dispersants began after the Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967. Many lessons have been learned since that spill, and consequently the modern dispersants and application techniques in use today have become an effective way of responding to an oil spill. For example, the dispersant response to the Sea Empress spill in 1996 demonstrated that dispersants can be very effective and prevent a much greater amount of environmental damage from being caused (6). This chapter describes the chemistry and physics of dispersants, planning and decision-making considerations, and finally their practical application and operational use in oil spill response.
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Chang, John, and James S. Taylor. "A RISK-BASED DRILL CANDIDATE SELECTION SYSTEM FOR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, OFFICE OF PIPELINE SAFETY1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1147.
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ABSTRACT The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS), U.S. Department of Transportation plans and conducts about 20 government-led tabletop exercises and two area exercises annually under its Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) drill program. Until recently, one of the main objectives in the drill candidate selection process each year was to select a mixture of operators whose pipeline facility spill response plans represented the range of plans required under the agency's OPA 90 regulation. The annual list of drill candidates represented large to small operators transporting crude oil and refined products in various regions of the country. While this approach has worked well, OPS wanted to ensure that the selection process was not inadvertently missing operators whose pipeline facility spills pose the greatest threats to safety and the environment. As a result, OPS developed a quantitative-based process to identify drill candidates. The process uses weighted factors, including input from the Regional Pipeline Safety Offices combined with professional judgment to produce a risk-based approach to help OPS select the operators to drill.
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Usher, David. "How Response Contractors are Remaining Vigilant and Viable Despite the Downward Trend in Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-809.
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ABSTRACT The number of oil spills occurring in U.S. waters from vessels and facilities has decreased steadily over the past several years, and professional oil spill response contractors have found themselves in the position of bolstering and/or securing other lines of work to ensure they remain vigilant, viable, and ready to respond when and where needed. Coupled with a down economy, spill contractors – like other businesses – are making tough decisions on how to do more with less, while maintaining the same level of readiness expected of them from their clients – which includes the oil and maritime industries, along with local, state and federal government. While the regulatory mechanisms are in place to exercise contractor resources between spill events, they are not enforced or utilized enough. Of equal importance is ensuring that the response contractor is compensated for deploying its resources during these drill scenarios. This paper will discuss the measures private sector response contractors are taking to ensure they remain ready to respond, other business lines they are pursuing, and how the regulatory authorities can assist in maintaining the national protection and readiness provided by the private sector response community. It will also discuss how the private sector response community can assist with the national Homeland Defense initiatives, most notably mitigation services for terrorist actions that ultimately impact the environment
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Villoria, Carlos, Elia Gomez, and Nelson García Tavel. "NATIONAL DRILL OF THE VENEZUELAN OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-513.
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ABSTRACT In November 1993, the first drill of the Venezuelan national oil spill contingency plan (VNCP) was carried out to evaluate both the response capability of the plan to cope with an emergency and the effectiveness of the regional response organization to manage the given scenario. During four days of intensive work, 800 participants, evaluators, and controllers of the drill made decisions and took actions to mobilize resources and pollution countermeasure equipment for cleanup operations. To measure the effectiveness of the response actions, 23 oil spill response processes were evaluated based on flow charts or decision trees designed for each process. In summary, the drill covered all areas related to response actions in the case of an oil spill (alert, notification, evaluation, decision-making, mobilization, field response, and postmortem), evaluating the ability of the VNCP to cope with a major emergency and identifying weaknesses in order to improve the response capability.
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Houridis, Harry, and Mellor Peter. "Oil spill tracking buoy—revolutionising offshore response and recovery." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14130.
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April 2014 marked the four-year anniversary of the BP Deepwater Horizon Disaster; a rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico that killed 11 workers and led to the worst offshore oil spill in US history. Oil gushed from the sea floor for 87 days before the well was capped an estimated 5 million BBL spilled into the Gulf, inflicting untold environmental damage. The event highlighted how little the industry knows about containing deep-water oil spills or about how oil spreads. Oil washed up hundreds of miles away on coastlines in Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida, but scientists struggled to determine where all of the oil had gone. Had some of it evaporated or was it hiding below the surface? Had it been carried by currents to the Gulf’s deep waters or perhaps even further? No one can say for sure. The resulting science highlighted that oil drifts along the surface of ocean water at 97% of current speed, but at only a fraction of the wind speed. During the Deepwater Horizon Disaster, the tracking buoys sat too proud and were driven the wrong way by the wind. It is essential to track the currents, since they account for at least 95%–98% of the ultimate oil spill trajectory. WorleyParsons designed, developed and deployed an oil spill tracking buoy (OSTB) to provide a scientific instrument for capturing only the surface currents. The specific gravity of each buoy is such that it tracks surface currents. Material selection and manufacture, ocean validation and telecommunication engineers came together to produce such a device, which is largely underwater but can continue to communicate with satellites.
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Waldron, Darryle. "A PRO-ACTIVE SPILL RESPONSE TRAINING PROGRAM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-779.
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ABSTRACT Training is necessary, required by agencies, and cost-effective in dealing with response to oil spills. Clean Seas has for the past 22 years, developed and provided over 10,000 training days to member company personnel as well as contractors and regulatory agencies. The practice of having an annual drill, reviewing the contingency plan, having a cookout, and going back to real work is over. Member companies in the Santa Barbara Channel work in a tightly regulated environment that hasn't noticed the change that other areas felt after the Exxon Valdez. On-the-job training has no place when a spill occurs. A proactive training program has proven to be cost-effective whenever contingency plans have had to be used.
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Dala, Aliyu, and Tughrul Arslan. "In Situ Sensor for the Detection of Oil Spill in Seawater Using Microwave Techniques." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040536.
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Nearly 30% of oil drilled globally is done offshore. Oil spillage offshore has far-reaching consequences on the environment, aquatic lives, and livelihoods as it was evident in the Deepwater Horizon and Bonga oil spills. A novel microwave in situ oil spill sensor was developed in this work. The device is comprised of two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-encapsulated ultra-wideband underwater microwave trefoil antennas enclosed in a Faraday cage with one serving as the receiving antenna and the other as the transmitting antenna. Heavy aromatic-naphthenic Azeri crude oil was used as an inclusion in the seawater host medium. Substantial changes in the measured reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) coefficients were observed as the medium was adulterated with crude oil starting from 200 MHz to around 2500 MHz. The changes in the dielectric properties of the media resulted in changes in both the S11 and S21 signifying and detecting an occurrence of the oil spillage. Thus, by employing radio frequencies, oil spillage was detected using the in situ monitoring device in seawater.
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Chen, Xuan, Feng Yu, Changjun Zou, Xiuwen Liu, and Guangqiang Liu. "Research of 3D Oil Spill Response Drill System." Aquatic Procedia 3 (March 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.222.
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