Книги з теми "Oil Encounters"

The paper summarizes and examined extensive evidence on the environmental, geological and technological challenges of exploration and production of oil and gas, encountered during the development of the gigantic fields. Investigated environmental problems of underground disposal of wastes, the formation of zones of technogenic pollution, ecology megalonyx pressures and many others. Describes the environmental effects of oil and gas companies on the environment. The proposal for reducing the negative anthropogenic influence on the geoecological conditions of the environment. Justified the monitoring of the exploration and exploitation of deposits of natural raw materials. Is designed to masters, post-graduate students and students studying on the specialty "Environmental Geology", "Geology and Geochemistry of combustible minerals", "Geology of marine oil and gas fields", "Hydrogeology and engineering Geology", a wide range of scientific and industrial workers of the oil and gas industry, high school teachers and graduate students geoenvironmental, environmental, oil and gas fields.

<p>«Vibrations in Structures» concentrates on vibrations in structures as excited by human motion or machine operation. Man-induced vibrations may arise from walking, running, skipping, dancing, etc. They occur mostly in pedestrian structures, office buildings, gym­nasia and sports halls, dancing and concert halls, stadia, etc. Existing publications treat by and large some isolated aspects of the problem; the present one attempts, for the first time, a systematic survey of man-induced vibrations. Machine-induced vibrations occur during the operation of all sorts of machinery and tools with rotating, oscillating or thrusting parts. The study concentrates rather on small and medium size machinery placed on floors of industrial buildings and creating a potential source of undesirable vibrations. The associ­ated questions have rarely been tackled to date; they entail probiems similar to those of man-induced vibrations.</p> <p>The book is consciously intended to serve the practising structural engineer and not primarily the dynamic specialist. It should be noted that its aim is not to provide directions on how to perform comprehensive dynamic computations. Instead, it attempts the following:</p> <ol> <li>to show where dynamic problems could occur and where a word of caution is good advice;</li> <li>to further the understanding of the phenomena encountered as well as of the underlying principles;</li> <li>to impart the basic knowledge for assessing the dynamic behaviour of the structures or structural elements;</li> <li>to describe suitable measures, both preventive to be applied in the design stage and remedial in the case of rehabilitation.</li> </ol>

In the eight years since the first edition of this book was published by NACE International, the demand for corrosion management expertise and services (i.e., training, auditing, consultancy, and field implementation) has been growing, both within the hydrocarbon and the non-hydrocarbon industries. This latest edition is almost a total revamp of the previous one and greatly benefits from the author’s continuous learning process through his frequent involvement with various oil and gas sectors and different industries as a corrosion management trainer, auditor, and consultant. Since the latter half of 2015, when he started working as an independent corrosion engineering and corrosion management consultant, he has been increasingly engaged with numerous upstream, midstream, and downstream oil and gas assets as well as in various non-hydrocarbon industries. Such continuous encounters have taught him many new valuable lessons and provided him with a much deeper insight into how we often manage our assets’ integrity, our strengths and weaknesses, the sometimes very trivial causes of our integrity oversights and mistakes, and so on. He has done his best to reflect all such new learning and improved asset integrity management insight in this book.

This chapter charts the transformation of Hoodoo as it moves from the plantation environment and encounters both snake-oil Hoodoo and the spiritual marketplace of the urban environment. Prior to emancipation, the larger plantation slave communities, as well as areas of high black concentration, had functioned as culturally potent repositories and cultural germination sites where, partially due to demographics, the culture-making process was intensified. The period following emancipation was transformative in every sense for African Americans and black belt traditional Hoodoo. In particular, Hoodoo would find itself approaching a critical crossroads in its identity and existence from emancipation to World War II. This chapter examines how the black belt Hoodoo complex was modified and transformed under the influence of both internal and external factors from Reconstruction to World War II. It shows that conjure after emancipation would continue to figure significantly in black consciousness of self, family, and community under the new freedom.

Scope This standard practice describes the use of iron counts as a corrosion-monitoring method and some common problems encountered when using this method. This standard is a guide for those designing corrosion-monitoring programs as well as those carrying out the programs in the field. Rationale During the review of the previous revision of this document, it was observed that the document lacked guidelines regarding the conversion of iron count number to corrosion rate. The corrosion rate number provides easy data interpretation and possible actions. The end user will be able to establish key performance indicators using the corrosion rate thus established for the system based on the trends. Other changes in this revision include:

An illustrated account of the dramatic engagement between the Luftwaffe’s Me 163 units and Allied bombers during the closing years of World War II. In the summer of 1944, US Army Air Force (USAAF) aircrews flying over the Third Reich reported observing small, high-speed ‘batlike’ aircraft flying close to their formations. The Luftwaffe’s extraordinary Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket-powered interceptor was making its devastating debut with Jagdgeschwader (JG) 400. Capable of reaching high altitudes in the shortest possible time by using a volatile rocket fuel, the Me 163 was the Luftwaffe’s most impressive yet dangerous aircraft, and the fastest in the world. Luftwaffe expert Robert Forsyth details the testing of the aircraft and its lethal SG 500 ‘Fighter Fist’ weapons system, as well as its deployment against the B17s and B24s of the USAAF’s Eighth Air Force and, from late 1944, the Lancasters and Halifaxes of RAF Bomber Command. These duels started a deadly form of warfare, with the bomber squadrons striking at Germany’s synthetic oil refineries and jet airfields, and the Me 163s of JG 400 trying to stop them using cutting-edge aeronautical technology. Using specially commissioned artwork, original photographs and rare first-hand interviews with the pilots that fought the decisive dogfights, this exciting book describes the pivotal encounters over Northern Europe.

Magnetic fields, with a magnitude comparable with that of the earth (10−4 tesla), affect trajectories of electrons and hence gain and collection efficiency. The inclusion of a high-permeability shield usually offers sufficient protection. Photomultiplier (PMT) performance is affected by electric field gradients generated by the proximity of a metal housing. The design criteria of such housings are discussed. Strong magnetic fields of the order of a tesla require special devices. Operation in harsh environments such as those encountered in oil well logging requires performance at high temperature (200 °C) and in situations of high shock and vibration expressed in terms of power spectral density. Rugged PMTs can meet all these requirements. Applications at cryogenic temperatures, such as liquid argon, can also be met with special PMTs.

[Abstract] The 6th International Workshop on Rock Physics (6IWRP) was held A Coruña, Spain, between 13th and 17th of June, 2022. This meeting follows the track of the five successful encounters held in Golden (USA, 2011), Southampton (UK, 2013), Perth (Australia, 2015), Trondheim (Norway, 2017) and Hong Kong (China, 2019). The aim of the workshop was to bring together experiences allowing to illustrate, discuss and exchange recent advances in the wide realm of rock physics, including theoretical developments, in situ and laboratory scale experiments as well as digital analysis. While rock physics is at the core of the oil & gas industry applications, it is also essential to enable the energy transition challenge (e.g. CO2 and H2 storage, geothermal), ensure a safe and adequate use of natural resources and develop efficient waste management strategies. The topics of 6IWRP covered a broad spectrum of rock physics-related research activities, including: • Experimental rock physics. New techniques, approaches and applications; Characterization of the static and dynamic properties of rocks and fluids; Multiphysics measurements (NMR, electrical resistivity…); Deep/crustal scale rock physics. • Modelling and multiscale applications: from the lab to the field. Numerical analysis and model development; Data science applications; Upscaling; Microseismicity and earthquakes; Subsurface stresses and tectonic deformations. • Coupled phenomena and rock properties: exploring interactions. Anisotropy; Flow and fractures; Temperature effects; Rock-fluid interaction; Fluid and pressure effects on geophysical signatures. • The energy transition challenge. Applications to energy storage (hydrogen storage in porous media), geothermal resources, energy production (gas hydrates), geological utilization and storage of CO2, nuclear waste disposal. • Rock physics templates: advances and applications. Quantitative assessment; Applications to reser voir characterization (role of seismic wave anisotropy and fracture networks). • Advanced rock physics tools. Machine learning; application of imaging (X-ray CT, X-ray μCT, FIB-SEM…) to obtain rock proper ties. This book compiles more than 50 abstracts, summarizing the works presented in the 6IWRP by rock physicists from all over the world, belonging to both academia and industry. This book means an updated overview of the rock physics research worldwide.

Scope This NACE standard is a guide for selecting corrosion resistant materials for the supply, storage, pumping, and injection of water encountered in oilfield operations where external or subsea exposure to saltwater is not a consideration. These recommendations are also applicable to metals used in conjunction with carbon dioxide injection. Special metallic materials are required for many water handling systems; however, a thorough evaluation of the water in each operation should be conducted to determine if such materials are required. Nonmetals are not covered in this standard, but where nonmetals are a solution, they are listed as such for the specific effectiveness they may provide. This standard considers only the corrosion aspects of material selection. This standard has been prepared by NACE Task Group T-1F-7, which is a component of NACE Unit Committee T-1F on Metallurgy of Oilfield Equipment. T-1F functions under the auspices of Group Committee T-1 on Corrosion Control in Petroleum Production. The T-1F Unit Committee is composed of individuals representing manufacturers, suppliers, and users of oilfield equipment. The materials and metal property requirements given in this standard are based upon a review of field data and represent the best judgment of Task Group T-1F-7 and T-1F. Each system should be evaluated to determine the applicability of the stated material. This standard has been prepared as a guide to the selection of corrosion resistant metallic materials to be used in all phases of handling water for injection into oil-bearing formations. Included in the application of this standard are metallic materials used in conjunction with carbon dioxide (CO2) injection. The materials tabulated are only those frequently used for the purposes shown in the tables and are not implied to be the only materials suitable for the stated purposes. This standard is not intended to provide complete material specifications for design purposes.

Pipeline Coatings begins with a review of coating fundamentals, including the evolution of coating technology and the principles for coating formulation. Guidelines for coating design, selection, and application are presented. The structure of a coating system and the high-performance coating’s essential properties and characteristics are covered in detail. Some standard testing methods for determining and evaluating coating properties are included. Coatings used in the oil/gas pipeline industry are then covered. Generally, pipeline coatings are divided into two categories (plant-applied and field-applied coatings). The authors describe primary coatings in both categories such as coal tar, asphalt, PE, liquid epoxy, FBE, and high-performance composite coating (HPCC), as well as field-applied liquid coatings (i.e., tape coatings, shrink sleeve, wax, mastics, and many others) in terms of their structures, properties, products, and applications. Coating failures encountered on pipelines in the field are reviewed, including an analysis of its effect on pipeline integrity. Both permeable coatings and impermeable coatings receive particular attention, and their interactions with CP are discussed. The shielding effect of coating failures under a variety of scenarios is included to provide an understanding of this industry-important problem. The tests and results described in this chapter come from the authors’ research activities. This first-hand information provides recommendations to the industry for avoiding incompatibility between pipeline coating candidates and CP. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been a primary mechanism resulting in pipeline failure. It has been acknowledged that SCC occurrence is subject to coating failures. The authors focus on mechanistic aspects of the essential role of coating failures in pipeline SCC, including its initiation and propagation. Both near-neutral pH and high-pH SCC on pipelines are introduced, and correlations between the type and properties of coatings and their failure mechanisms are established. Discussions detail the development of solution chemistry and electrochemistry under disbonded coating to support SCC. Techniques for characterizing coating properties and testing coating performance in the field and research laboratory are also covered. The discussion provides insights essential to a complete testing and evaluation program for pipeline coating candidates, and for predicting long-term coating performance. Depending on an individual technique’s capability and actual coating property needs, one can choose a testing method from convenient, simple inspection tools to complex, research-oriented equipment. Various coating application techniques are introduced and discussed, covering many important issues required for understanding what is necessary when a coating is applied to metal substrate, including pipelines. The content is based on realistic experiences. Finally, industrial experience with inspection and management of pipeline coatings is included. Inspections have been integral to the PIM (pipeline integrity management) program and ensure the integrity and safety of pipeline systems.