Готові списки джерел за темами / Offshore in-situ measurements

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Offshore in-situ measurements"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 листопада 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Offshore in-situ measurements"

Girleanu, Alina, Florin Onea, and Eugen Rusu. "Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone." Inventions 6, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6020041.

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The present work aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind energy potential that characterizes the Romanian coastal environment using in situ measurements and reanalysis of wind data (ERA5) that cover a 42–year time interval (1979–2020). A total of 16 reference points (both land and offshore) equally distributed along the Romanian sector are used to evaluate the local wind energy potential, targeting in this way several sites where a renewable wind project could be established. Compared to the in situ measurements (land points), the ERA5 dataset underestimates the wind speed by at least 11.57%, this value increasing as we approach the coastline. From the analysis of the spatial maps, it is likely that the wind speed steadily increases from onshore to offshore, with a sharp variation near the coastline being reported. Furthermore, the assessment of some state-of-the-art offshore wind turbines was conducted using 12 systems defined by rated capacity ranging from 2 to 10 MW. Some scenarios were proposed to identify sustainable offshore wind projects to be implemented in the Romanian coastal zone based on these results.

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Jangir, Pramod Kumar, Kevin C. Ewans, and Ian R. Young. "On the Functionality of Radar and Laser Ocean Wave Sensors." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091260.

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Ocean wave design criteria are required for the design of offshore platforms and floating systems, which are derived using in situ measurements. However, there is uncertainty regarding the performance of the instruments used for the in situ measurements. The main instruments used by the offshore industry are the Datawell Directional Waverider buoy and Rosemount WaveRadar, with Laser instruments also having been used for specific studies. Recent reports indicate measurements from these three instruments differ in the order of 10% but given the quite disparate nature of the measurements made by these instruments, it is far from clear what the source of this difference is. This paper investigates the wave measurement principles of Radar and Laser instruments using linear wave field simulations to better understand how the instruments perform. The Radar and Laser simulations include modeling electromagnetic signal beam reflections from water surfaces of an area equal to their footprint sizes, considering their beam characteristics and antenna pattern. The study confirms that the Radar underestimates spectral levels at frequencies above 0.5 Hz due to its significantly larger footprint at the water sea surface compared to the Laser (5.25 m vs. 0.15 m). The Laser performs well for almost the entire frequency range for all the cases considered.

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Remmers, Tiny, Fiona Cawkwell, Cian Desmond, Jimmy Murphy, and Eirini Politi. "The Potential of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) 12.5 km Coastal Observations for Offshore Wind Farm Site Selection in Irish Waters." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020206.

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The offshore wind industry has seen unprecedented growth over the last few years. In line with this growth, there has been a push towards more exposed sites, farther from shore, in deeper water with consequent increased investor risk. There is therefore a growing need for accurate, reliable, met-ocean data to identify suitable sites, and from which to base preliminary design and investment decisions. This study investigates the potential of hyper-temporal satellite remote sensing Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) data in generating information necessary for the optimal site selection of offshore renewable energy infrastructure, and hence providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional techniques, such as in situ data from public or private entities and modelled data. Five years of the ASCAT 12.5 km wind product were validated against in situ weather buoys and showed a strong correlation with a Pearson coefficient of 0.95, when the in situ measurements were extrapolated with the log law. Temporal variations depicted by the ASCAT wind data followed the same inter-seasonal and intra-annual variations as the in situ measurements. A small diurnal bias of 0.12 m s−1 was observed between the descending swath (10:00 to 12:00) and the ascending swath (20:30 to 22:30), indicating that Ireland’s offshore wind speeds are slightly stronger in the daytime, especially in the nearshore areas. Seasonal maps showed that the highest spatial variability in offshore wind speeds are exhibited in winter and summer. The mean wind speed extrapolated at 80 m above sea level showed that Ireland’s mean offshore wind speeds at hub height ranged between 9.6 m s−1 and 12.3 m s−1. To best represent the offshore wind resource and its spatial distribution, an operational frequency map and a maximum yield frequency map were produced based on the ASCAT wind product in an offshore zone between 20 km and 200 km from the coast. The operational frequency indicates the percentage of time during which the observed local wind speed is between cut-in (3 m/s) and cut-out (25 m/s) for a standard turbine. The operational frequency map shows that the frequency of the wind speed within the cut-in and cut-off range of wind turbines was between 92.4% and 97.2%, while the maximum yield frequency map showed that between 40.6% and 59.5% of the wind speed frequency was included in the wind turbine rated power range. The results showed that the hyper-temporal ASCAT 12.5 km wind speed product (five consecutive years, two observations daily per satellite, two satellites) is representative of wind speeds measured by in situ measurements in Irish waters, and that its ability to depict temporal and spatial variability can assist in the decision-making process for offshore wind farm site selection in Ireland.

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Sultan, Nabil, and Sara Lafuerza. "In situ equilibrium pore-water pressures derived from partial piezoprobe dissipation tests in marine sediments." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 12 (December 2013): 1294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0062.

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Excess pore-water pressure has a significant effect on submarine slope stability and sediment deformation, and therefore its in situ equilibrium measurement is crucial in carrying out accurate slope stability assessments and accurately deriving geotechnical design parameters. In situ equilibrium pore-water pressure is usually obtained from pore pressure decay during piezocone tests. However, submarine shelves and slopes are often characterized by the existence of low-permeability (fine-grained) sediments involving long dissipation tests that are an important issue for offshore operational costs. Consequently, short-term and (or) partial dissipation tests are usually performed and in situ equilibrium pore-water pressures are predicted from partial measurements. Using a modified cavity expansion approach, this paper aims to predict for four different sites the in situ equilibrium pore-water pressures. Comparisons between predicted and observed in situ equilibrium pore-water pressures allowed the development of a guide to evaluate the minimum time required to perform short-term dissipation tests for a given marine sediment. The main finding of this Note is that the second derivative of the pore pressure, u, versus the logarithm of time, t, ∂2u/∂ln(t)2 must be positive to calculate accurately the in situ equilibrium pore-water pressures from partial measurements.

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Mizuta, Darien Danielle, and Gary H. Wikfors. "Depth Selection and In Situ Validation for Offshore Mussel Aquaculture in Northeast United States Federal Waters." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090293.

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As mariculture progresses offshore in the US Exclusive Economic Zone, technical and ecological challenges need to be overcome, such as the choice of suitable sites that favor the production of target species. The offshore culture of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, is performed with submerged longlines and mussels need to withstand more motion than on coastal sites. Temperature affects the ability of the byssus to adhere to farming rope, while chlorophyll concentration provides an estimation of food availability. Together, these are important factors in predicting the suitability of offshore mussel farms. To identify suitable depth of submersion for mussel ropes in New England federal waters, historical oceanographic data of temperature and chlorophyll a from 2005 to 2012 were used. The results suggest that mussel ropes were submerged during summer to a minimum depth of 15 m in northern and a 20-m depth in southern areas of New England where temperature is at a species-optimum and phytoplankton biomass is abundant. For the site offshore Massachusetts, in situ biodeposition measurements validated predicted depth, confirming satisfactory mussel performance. Promising local areas have shallow thermoclines, such as offshore Long Island, Cape Ann and New Hampshire. Recommended depths can be adjusted to future temperature increases associated with climate change.

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Calore, Daniele, and Nicola Fraticelli. "State of the Art Offshore In Situ Monitoring of Microplastic." Microplastics 1, no. 4 (November 2, 2022): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1040044.

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Microplastics make up a significant amount of the overall quantity of plastic debris that is present in seawater. However, their detection and monitoring at sea is cost-inefficient and challenging; typically, it consists of water sampling with special manta nets, followed by long (i.e., weeks) laboratory analysis to obtain valid results. The analysis of the state-of-the-art technologies capable of monitoring/detecting microplastics in the sea (typically in coastal areas) presented in this paper shows that there are currently no specific tools to obtain quick measurements. The classic multiparametric probes are useless and the contribution of their relative chemical–physical parameters to determine the presence of microplastics in water is insignificant. The evolution in the last decade of hardware and software tools for capturing hologram images and related post-processing seems to be one of the most effective methods available currently for the rapid detection of microplastics in seawater. In particular, some results of monitoring campaigns carried out in the Adriatic Sea using this type of technology are reported. The acquired data are analyzed and discussed, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, with indications of the possible methodologies that could be used to improve these systems.

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Saviano, Simona, Anastasia Angela Biancardi, Florian Kokoszka, Marco Uttieri, Enrico Zambianchi, Luis Alberto Cusati, Andrea Pedroncini, and Daniela Cianelli. "HF Radar Wind Direction: Multiannual Analysis Using Model and HF Network." Remote Sensing 15, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15122991.

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HF radar systems have the potential to measure the wind direction, in addition to surface currents and wave fields. However, studies on HF radar for wind direction determination are rare in the scientific literature. Starting with the results presented in Saviano et al. (2021), we here expand on the reliability of the multiannual wind direction data retrieved over two periods, from May 2008 to December 2010 and from January to December 2012, by a network of three SeaSonde high-frequency (HF) radars operating in the Gulf of Naples (Central Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Sea). This study focuses on the measurements obtained by each antenna over three range cells along a coast–offshore transect, pointing to any potential geographically dependent measurement. The scarcity of offshore wind measurements requires the use of model-generated data for comparative purposes. The data here used are obtained from the Mediterranean Wind–Wave Model, which provides indications for both wave and wind parameters, and the ERA5@2km wind dataset obtained by dynamically downscaling ERA5 reanalysis. These data are first compared with in situ data and subsequently with HF-retrieved wind direction measurements. The analysis of the overall performance of the HF radar network in the Gulf of Naples confirms that the HF radar wind data show the best agreement when the wind speed exceeds a 5 m/s threshold, ensuring a sufficiently energetic surface wave field to be measured. The results obtained in the study suggest the necessity of wind measurements in offshore areas to validate the HF radar wind measurements and to improve the extraction algorithms. The present work opens up further investigations on the applications of wind data from SeaSonde HF radars as potential monitoring platforms, both in coastal and offshore areas.

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Zhang, Hong, Xiaolei Liu, Anduo Chen, Weijia Li, Yang Lu, and Xingsen Guo. "Design and Application of an In Situ Test Device for Rheological Characteristic Measurements of Liquefied Submarine Sediments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060639.

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Liquefied submarine sediments can easily lead to submarine landslides and turbidity currents, and cause serious damage to offshore engineering facilities. Understanding the rheological characteristics of liquefied sediments is critical for improving our knowledge of the prevention of submarine geo-hazards and the evolution of submarine topography. In this study, an in situ test device was developed to measure the rheological properties of liquefied sediments. The test principle is the shear column theory. The device was tested in the subaqueous Yellow River delta, and the test results indicated that liquefied sediments can be regarded as “non-Newtonian fluids with shear thinning characteristics”. Furthermore, a laboratory rheological test was conducted as a contrast experiment to qualitatively verify the accuracy of the in situ test data. Through the comparison of experiments, it was proved that the use of the in situ device in this paper is suitable and reliable for the measurement of the rheological characteristics of liquefied submarine sediments. Considering the fact that liquefaction may occur in deeper water (>5 m), a work pattern for the device in the offshore area is given. This novel device provides a new way to test the undrained shear strength of liquefied sediments in submarine engineering.

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Platis, Andreas, Marie Hundhausen, Astrid Lampert, Stefan Emeis, and Jens Bange. "The Role of Atmospheric Stability and Turbulence in Offshore Wind-Farm Wakes in the German Bight." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 182, no. 3 (October 10, 2021): 441–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00668-4.

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AbstractAirborne meteorological in situ measurements as well as stationary measurements at the offshore masts FINO1 and FINO3 in the German Bight are evaluated in order to examine the hypothesis that the wake dissipation downstream of large offshore wind farms depends on atmospheric stability. A long-term study of the mast data for the years 2016 and 2017 demonstrates a clear dependence of stability on the wind direction. Stable conditions are predominantly expected during southerly winds coming from the land. The analysis of various stability and turbulence criteria shows that the lapse rate is the most robust parameter for stability classification in the German Bight, but further implies that stability depends on the measurement height. A near-surface (0 to 30 m), predominantly convective, layer is present and more stable conditions are found aloft (55 to 95 m). Combing the stability data with the airborne measurements of the offshore wind-farm wakes reveals the trend of a correlation between longer wake lengths and an increase in the initial wind-speed deficit downwind of a wind farm with stronger thermal stability. However, the stability correlation criteria with the wake length downstream of the four investigated wind farms, Godewind, Amrumbank West, Meerwind Süd/Ost, and Nordsee Ost, contain large variance. It is assumed that the observed scattering is due to the influence of the wind-farm architecture and temperature inversions around hub height. These, however, are crucial for the classification of stability and illustrate the complexity of a clear stability metric.

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Volker, P. J. H., J. Badger, A. N. Hahmann, and S. Ott. "The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 4 (April 29, 2015): 3481–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-3481-2015.

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Abstract. We describe the theoretical basis, implementation and validation of a new parametrisation that accounts for the effect of large offshore wind farms on the atmosphere and can be used in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models. This new parametrisation, referred to as the Explicit Wake Parametrisation (EWP), uses classical wake theory to describe the unresolved wake expansion. The EWP scheme is validated against filtered in situ measurements from two meteorological masts situated a few kilometres away from the Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev I. The simulated velocity deficit in the wake of the wind farm compares well to that observed in the measurements and the velocity profile is qualitatively similar to that simulated with large eddy simulation models and from wind tunnel studies. At the same time, the validation process highlights the challenges in verifying such models with real observations.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Offshore in-situ measurements"

Strömstedt, Erland. "Submerged Transmission in Wave Energy Converters : Full Scale In-Situ Experimental Measurements." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179740.

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Different wave power technologies are in development around the world in different stages of prototype testing. So far only a few devices have been deployed offshore at full scale for extended periods of time. Little data is published about how these different devices perform. This thesis presents results from experiments with the full-scale offshore wave energy converters at the Lysekil research site on the Swedish west coast. The theories, experiments, measurements, performance evaluations and developments of the submerged transmission in the direct driven permanent magnet linear generator are in focus. The reciprocating submerged transmission fulfills the purpose of transmitting the absorbed mechanical wave energy through the capsule wall into the generator, while preventing the seawater from entering the capsule and reducing the life time of the converter. A measuring system with seven laser triangulation sensors has been developed to measure small relative displacements between piston rod and seal housing in the submerged transmission with excellent accuracy for the purpose of evaluating both functional behavior and successive wear in-situ. A method for calculating relative tilt angles, azimuth angles, differential tilt angles, and successive wear in the submerged transmission has been developed. Additional sensors systems have been installed in the converter enabling correlation and a thorough investigation into the operating conditions of the transmission and the converter. The thesis presents unique results from the measurements. A data acquisition system transmits the signals from the converter on the seabed to an onshore measuring station. Results are presented in time-, frequency- and the time-frequency domain. The results have given important information for further development of the submerged transmission, which is important to the survivability of the system. The thesis describes the status of research, and is a step that may influence future designs of wave energy devices for reaching survivability and a cost-effective renewable energy system.

Published is a preprint version of the full text and should be combined by the errata.

The Lysekil Wave Power Project

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Marcille, Robin. "Learning-based forecasting of metocean variables : a path to maintenance operations optimization for offshore wind energy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0416.

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Les opérations de maintenance de l’éolien en mer sont sensibles aux incertitudes des prévision météo-océaniques. Les modèles de prévision numérique sont limités par leur coût de calcul pour l’estimation des incertitudes, ce qui pousse au développement de méthodes basées sur l’apprentissage profond. L’importance des mesures in-situ en mer est mis en exergue par les résultats de cette thèse. Une méthode basée sur le clustering non supervisé de données de modèle numérique est proposée pour la définition d’un réseau de capteurs optimal pour la reconstruction de la ressource en vent. Des méthodes d’apprentissage profond sont proposées pour la prévision météo-océaniques probabiliste. Nous montrons leur intérêt pour assimiler un grand nombre de données d’entrée. Une hypothèse de postérieur Gaussien et une approche générative utilisant les flots normalisants sont comparées. Ceux-ci permettent de relâcher les hypothèses sur la distribution postérieure, maintenant une capacité d’échantillonnage et de calcul exact de la vraisemblance. Un cas d’étude réaliste est construit sur une zone représentative pour l’éolien en mer en France. Pour la prévision jointe du vent et des vagues, les propriétés non-Gaussiennes des flots normalisants se sont montrées bénéfiques à la calibration de la prévision. Un cadre d’évaluation représentatif des opérations en mer est proposé incluant la génération de scénarios et mesurant l’impact économique et le risque lié à la prise de décision. Nous montrons qu’il est crucial de prendre en compte le risque dans la sélection et l’évaluation des modèles de prévision
Offshore wind energy maintenance operations are highly sensitive to forecast uncertainty. Numerical weather prediction are limited by their computational cost for the uncertainty estimation and the update frequency, which is an argument for the development of data-driven methods. The importance of offshore measurements is highlighted by the results. A method for designing an optimal sensors network is proposed using unsupervised clustering. This method has been used by the French weather service to define future networks of floating LIDAR for offshore wind. Deep learning models for the joint probabilistic forecasting of metocean parameters are proposed. Their relevance for assimilating a large amount of input data is demonstrated. A Gaussian posterior and a generative approach using normalizing flows are compared. It is shown that the use of normalizing flows can relax any assumption on the shape of the forecast probability density while maintaining sampling and likelihood computation capabilities. A real case study dataset is built on a relevant area for offshore wind. The probabilistic models are adapted for joint wind and wave forecasting, for which the non-Gaussian properties of the normalizing flows is beneficial for forecast reliability. An evaluation framework dedicated to offshore operations is proposed, including the generation of probabilistic scenarios and the measure of decision-making economic impact. It is shown that the search for an economic optimum in the probabilistic decision-making leads to higher risk during operations, and this should be taken into account for forecast selection and evaluation

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Laya, Enrique J. "Système de surveillance pour la détection du dommage de fatigue cumulée dans les structures offshore en acier." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECAP0048.

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Pour vérifier le comportement des liaisons tubulaires soudées, étude d'un système de mesure en temps réel des déformations sur la section nominale des tubes arrivant aux noeuds ; technologiquement le système est conçu à partir des matériels existants.

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Книги з теми "Offshore in-situ measurements"

Mardell, G. T., and J. Galloway. An Intercomparison of Dual H.F. Long Range Radar Data with in Situ Current Measurements (Offshore Technology Report). Stationery Office Books, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "Offshore in-situ measurements"

Silva, Armand J. "Comparison of in Situ and Ship-Board Vane Measurements on a Deep-Sea Clay." In Offshore Site Investigation, 219–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7358-2_14.

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Stuyts, Bruno, Wout Weijtjens, Carlos Sastra Jurado, and Christof Devriendt. "Improved Monopile-Soil Interaction Modeling through In Situ Monitoring." In State-of-the-Art of Mathematical Modelling, Dynamics, and Control of Wind Turbines Engineering [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006730.

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The performance of offshore wind turbines is strongly influenced by the structural dynamics of the overall support structure. In situ measurements of the natural frequency of monopile-supported wind turbine structures have highlighted a mismatch between the as-designed and as-built natural frequencies of these structures. This design inaccuracy can be attributed to the lateral stiffness provided by the subsoil. Accurate characterization of the lateral support provided by the soil is further complicated by the non-linear and cyclic behavior of soil. Recent research on monopile soil-structure interaction has focused on onshore field testing and numerical modeling but there are limited investigations the in situ behavior of full-scale offshore wind turbines. In this contribution, in situ monitoring data from two Belgian offshore wind farms is used to investigate the applicability of the recently developed pile-soil interaction guidance to full-scale offshore structures and to suggest improvements where necessary. The research focuses on back-analysis of bending moments during quasi-static thrust loading. Strain measurements along the length axis of the monopile allow direct measurement of the bending moment absorption below the mudline. The monitoring data reveals an important contribution of the scour protection system installed around the foundation, which can be accounted for in the pile-soil interaction calculations.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Offshore in-situ measurements"

Ballard, Jean-Christophe, and Richard Jewell. "Observations of pipe-soil response from in-situ measurements." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/24154-ms.

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Jing, Xu-Dong, Alisdair Gillespie, and B. M. Trewin. "Resistivity Index From Non-Equilibrium Measurements Using Detailed In-Situ Saturation Monitoring." In Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/26798-ms.

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Naylor, P., N. C. Sargent, A. P. Tilsed, and M. D. Frorup. "Oil Relative Permeability for Gravity Drainage Based on In-Situ Saturation Measurements." In Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23101-ms.

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Taboada, Victor Manuel, Shuang Cindy Cao, Diego Cruz roque, and Procoro Barrera Nabor. "Assessing Small-Strain Shear Modulus Based On In Situ Seismic Measurements in Bay of Campeche Sand." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32583-ms.

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Abstract A database with in situ measurements of shear wave velocity (VS), cone tip resistance (qc), and basic soil properties of sand has been established from fifteen offshore geotechnical investigations performed in the Bay of Campeche. VS values were obtained from P-S logging. The database was tailored to develop empirical correlations for small-strain shear modulus (Gmax) based on qc (or relative density), void ratio, and effective stress. Three empirical correlations were developed to determine Gmax based on: 1) void ratio, effective vertical stress, and coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest; 2) effective vertical stress and relative density determined from CPT data; and 3) effective vertical stress and cone tip resistance. To evaluate the accuracy of the correlations, a comparison was made between VS computed from the three empirical correlations and in situ VS measurements at an independent site. The predictions of VS fall in a rather narrow band, 15 % lower and higher than the in situ VS measurement, which supports the conclusion that these equations provide a useful approach to estimating VS or Gmax for use in ground response analyses or offshore wind farm foundation design at sites where time constraints and finite resources prevent the feasibility of making in situ VS measurements.

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Sharma, Neha, Jill S. Storie, Kelsey M. Obenour, Michael J. Leber, and Ashwanth Srinivasan. "Loop Current Hyperactivity: Analysis of In Situ Measurements in the Gulf of Mexico." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/27229-ms.

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Tjelta, T. I., A. W. W. Tieges, F. P. Smits, J. M. Geise, and T. A. Lunne. "In-Situ Density Measurements by Nuclear Backscatter for an Offshore Soil Investigation." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/4917-ms.

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Teufel, L. W. "In Situ Stress Measurements In Inclined Holes In The North Sea: Application To Water Flooding And Enhanced Oil Recovery." In Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13986-ms.

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Laddha, Chetan, Lorna Ortiz-Soto, Leslie Baksmaty, and Juan Dominguez-Olivo. "In-Situ Sensing of Underwater Gas Releases." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205428-ms.

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Abstract The O&G industry has been producing hydrocarbons from subsea reservoirs for several decades. However, there is a technological gap in the ability to reliably detect and quantify dissolved gases within the water column. This technological gap has in turn led to a scientific gap in our ability to determine the subsurface origin of subsea fluid emissions. Gas releases are commonly found in the marine environment primarily because of naturally occurring seeps and occasionally due to Oil and Gas production activities. There is a need to be able to identify the gas composition and accurately characterize its source (i.e., ongoing microbial activity or thermogenic derived hydrocarbons). However, building a reliable solution which allows this differentiation between thermal and microbial sources in the underwater environment as well as the inference of their subsurface origin requires a multi-disciplinary subsurface workflow coupled comprehensive high-fidelity measurements at the seabed. As one of the front-end building blocks of any robust multi-disciplinary workflow, there is a need for development of an in-situ sensing and sampling capability which allows real-time assessment and geological characterization of the underwater emissions across the upstream industry, from exploration to abandonment. Such a capability would also be complementary to the geohazard and subsurface assessment practices e.g., by reducing lost rig time during interventions by allowing quick characterization of emissions that arise from natural seeps or LOPC (Loss of Primary Containment) events. This paper describes the maturation of a compact underwater in-situ sensing technology deployed from autonomous or tethered underwater vehicles and which enables measurements of gas constituents and their respective isotopes at the seabed.

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Le Crom, Izan, Yves Perignon, Jean-Baptiste Saulnier, and Christian Berhault. "Extreme Sea Conditions in Shallow Water: Estimations Based on In-Situ Measurements." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10752.

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This paper focuses on the assessment of the environmental extreme conditions in term of wind and waves at the SEMREV wave energy test site for application in the design of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices and components. The paper will first present the existing in situ wind and wave measurements. A prediction chain from global to regional scales, and based on a regional wave model calibrated at the SEMREV location, is then described. It enables to build a specific 22 year hindcast dataset for the test site. Long term extrapolation is finally achieved at the SEMREV location using existing methodologies for deep water conditions. Long term extrapolations methods are usually very sensitive to the parameterization and configuration of the prediction chain and we demonstrate in this study that the best overall performances are reached by a POT method at this stage of development in the prediction chain.

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Prevosto, Marc, Kevin Ewans, George Z. Forristall, and Michel Olagnon. "Swell Genesis, Modelling and Measurements in West Africa." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11201.

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Swell events show a large variety of configurations when they arrive at sites off West Africa after generation and propagation of waves across the Atlantic Ocean. Within the West Africa Swell Project (WASP JIP), these different configurations have been described and discussed and the ability of numerical models to reproduce faithfully their properties has been assessed from comparisons with in-situ measurements. During the austral winter months, swells approach West African coast from the south to south-westerly direction. These swells are generated by storms in the South Atlantic mainly between 40°S and 60°S. But during austral summer, north-westerly swells are also observed coming from North Atlantic. Typical situations of superposition of these different swells are illustrated in the paper. In spite of a poor overlapping between numerical and in-situ measurements databases at the time of the WASP project, and of reduced durations of measurement campaigns, comparisons between in situ measurements and hindcast models permitted identification of the limitations of the different numerical models available. Three sites have been used for this study, one in the Gulf of Guinea with directional Waverider and Wavescan buoys, a second one off Namibia with a directional Waverider and one last instrumented with two wavestaffs off Cabinda (Angola). In addition, the existence of infra-gravity waves in shallow water measurements has been investigated.

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