Статті в журналах: "Offshore environment"

1

Zachary, S., G. Feld, G. Ward, and J. Wolfram. "Multivariate extrapolation in the offshore environment." Applied Ocean Research 20, no. 5 (October 1998): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1187(98)00027-3.

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2

Ellermann, Katrin. "The random environment of offshore systems." PAMM 6, no. 1 (December 2006): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200610312.

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3

Tucker, Sarah J., Kelle C. Freel, Elizabeth A. Monaghan, Clarisse E. S. Sullivan, Oscar Ramfelt, Yoshimi M. Rii, and Michael S. Rappé. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of SAR11 marine bacteria across a nearshore to offshore transect in the tropical Pacific Ocean." PeerJ 9 (November 4, 2021): e12274. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12274.

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Surveys of microbial communities across transitions coupled with contextual measures of the environment provide a useful approach to dissect the factors determining distributions of microorganisms across ecological niches. Here, monthly time-series samples of surface seawater along a transect spanning the nearshore coastal environment within Kāneʻohe Bay on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, and the adjacent offshore environment were collected to investigate the diversity and abundance of SAR11 marine bacteria (order Pelagibacterales) over a 2-year time period. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, the spatiotemporal distributions of major SAR11 subclades and exact amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were evaluated. Seven of eight SAR11 subclades detected in this study showed distinct subclade distributions across the coastal to offshore environments. The SAR11 community was dominated by seven (of 106 total) SAR11 ASVs that made up an average of 77% of total SAR11. These seven ASVs spanned five different SAR11 subclades (Ia, Ib, IIa, IV, and Va), and were recovered from all samples collected from either the coastal environment, the offshore, or both. SAR11 ASVs were more often restricted spatially to coastal or offshore environments (64 of 106 ASVs) than they were shared among coastal, transition, and offshore environments (39 of 106 ASVs). Overall, offshore SAR11 communities contained a higher diversity of SAR11 ASVs than their nearshore counterparts, with the highest diversity within the little-studied subclade IIa. This study reveals ecological differentiation of SAR11 marine bacteria across a short physiochemical gradient, further increasing our understanding of how SAR11 genetic diversity partitions into distinct ecological units.

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4

Mishra, Debasisha, and Biswajit Mahanty. "A study of software development project cost, schedule and quality by outsourcing to low cost destination." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 29, no. 3 (April 11, 2016): 454–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-08-2014-0080.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find good values of onsite-offshore team strength; number of hours of communication between business users and onsite team and between onsite and offshore team so as to reduce project cost and improve schedule in a global software development (GSD) environment for software development project. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs system dynamics simulation approach to study software project characteristics in both co-located and distributed development environments. The authors consulted 14 experts from Indian software outsourcing industry during our model construction and validation. Findings – The study results show that there is a drop in overall team productivity in outsourcing environment by considering the offshore options. But the project cost can be reduced by employing the offshore team for coding and testing work only with minimal training for imparting business knowledge. The research results show that there is a potential to save project cost by being flexible in project schedule. Research limitations/implications – The implication of the study is that the project management team should be careful not to keep high percentage of manpower at offshore location in distributed software environment. A large offshore team can increase project cost and schedule due to higher training overhead, lower productivity and higher error proneness. In GSD, the management effort should be to keep requirement analysis and design work at onsite location and involves the offshore team in coding and testing work. Practical implications – The software project manager can use the model results to divide the software team between onsite and offshore location during various phases of software development in distributed environment. Originality/value – The study is novel as there is little attempt at finding the team distribution between onsite and offshore location in GSD environment.

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5

Govindarajan, Suresh Kumar, Avanish Mishra, and Abhishek Kumar. "OIL SPILL IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT: REQUIREMENTS FOLLOWING AN OFFSHORE OIL SPILL." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 4 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.4.1.

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The global lifestyle of this modern world has become more dependent on petroleum-based products, whose applications are involved almost everywhere. Since a large quantity of oil is being used on a daily basis, the spilling of oil by various means during its storage and transportation has become inevitable. This work focuses on the spilling of oil in a marine environment, generally referred to as an offshore oil spill, in contrast to an onshore oil spill associated with a terrestrial environment. These oil spills not only devastate the natural resources and unsettle the economy, they also jeopardize marine life, as well as human health. The remediation of an oil spill remains very challenging, when the disaster is associated with a large aerial extent. In this context, a sound understanding is required on the origin, seeping, composition and properties of the spilled oil in order to better monitor the spreading of the oil spill. In this manuscript, a detailed list of fundamental queries, which will be required to be addressed at the instance of an oil spill has been deduced, which will be extremely useful for the oil spill respondents as there are no previous studies that exclusively provide the type and nature of data required to be collected, immediately following an oil spill. Furthermore, this manuscript has deduced a list of sensitive and essential plots that will be required in order to analyse and forecast the spreading of an oil spill. An essence of weathering and its associated movement of oil spill has been included.

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6

EDWARD, N. S. "Work-based Learning in an Offshore Environment." European Journal of Engineering Education 18, no. 2 (January 1993): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043799308923235.

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7

Appiott, Joseph, Amardeep Dhanju, and Biliana Cicin-Sain. "Encouraging renewable energy in the offshore environment." Ocean & Coastal Management 90 (March 2014): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.11.001.

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8

Bitner-Gregersen, Elzbieta M., and øistein Hagen. "Uncertainties in data for the offshore environment." Structural Safety 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(90)90010-m.

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9

M, Halafawi. "The Impact of Marine Environment on Jackup Rig Stability." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000238.

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Changing the conditions of offshore environment influences the offshore units' stability. In paper, a study of the impact of marine environment on a jackup rig was implemented. Firstly, the procedures of departure, transit, and emplacement on any emergency jacking location / stand by location are reviewed. After that, the conditions of weather forecasting are predicted and computed such as wave and wind lengths, speeds, and heights. Maps of changing wind and wave conditions are plotted. Surveying methods are used to determine the final location of the jackup rig. Maps of positioning the jackup rig are constructed. Additionally, the impact forces on the rig derrick are therefore computed. The developed results are effectively predicting the safe conditions and optimizing the positioning survey of the rig.

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10

JINDAL, NIDHI, AJOY KUMAR BISWAL, and KUMAR HEMANT SINGH. "Analytical Velocity Modeling In High Pore-Pressure Environment, Offshore East Coast of India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 10, no. 02 (April 26, 2017): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0202.

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11

Sun, Min Young, Ki Yeol Lee, and Byung Young Moon. "A Study on the Structural Analysis of Jacket Substructure Related to Offshore Wind Power Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.387.

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The currently applied structure and fatigue assessment of support structure for offshore wind energy converter was based on common design rules. The accurate evaluation for environments of sea floor as to installation of support structure, loads of generator, dynamic loads in operation, and offshore environmental loads might be an essential requirement to acquire a safety design for the substructure. This study aims at dedicating to offshore-relevant technology fields by suggesting design methods of structures and estimating their safety in relation to the structural analysis of the substructure requiring high safety to various environment conditions. Especially, with respect to 5MW Offshore Wind Power System, this study will provide information about major wind directions and duration in combination with the developing wave climate at the test field. In this study in the dynamic analysis for 5MW offshore wind power substructure which is considered to be proper in Korea, it is expected that reliability of domestic technology is confirmed with respect to its structural stability.

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12

Putri, Rieska Mawarni, Etienne Cheynet, Charlotte Obhrai, and Jasna Bogunovic Jakobsen. "Turbulence in a coastal environment: the case of Vindeby." Wind Energy Science 7, no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 1693–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1693-2022.

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Abstract. The one-point and two-point power spectral densities of the wind velocity fluctuations are studied using the observations from an offshore mast at Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm, for a wide range of thermal stratifications of the atmosphere. A comparison with estimates from the FINO1 platform (North Sea) is made to identify shared spectral characteristics of turbulence between different offshore sites. The sonic anemometer measurement data at 6, 18, and 45 m a.m.s.l. (above mean sea level) are considered. These heights are lower than at the FINO1 platform, where the measurements were collected at heights between 40 and 80 m. Although the sonic anemometers are affected by transducer-flow distortion, the spectra of the along-wind velocity component are consistent with those from FINO1 when surface-layer scaling is used, for near-neutral and moderately diabatic conditions. The co-coherence of the along-wind component, estimated for vertical separations under near-neutral conditions, matches remarkably well with the results from the dataset at the FINO1 platform. These findings mark an important step toward more comprehensive coherence models for wind load calculation. The turbulence characteristics estimated from the present dataset are valuable for better understanding the structure of turbulence in the marine atmospheric boundary layer and are relevant for load estimations of offshore wind turbines. Yet, the datasets recorded at Vindeby and FINO1 cover only the lower part of the rotor of state-of-the-art offshore wind turbines. Further improvements in the characterisation of atmospheric turbulence for wind turbine design will require measurements at heights above 100 m a.m.s.l.

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13

Tofigh, Mohammad Ali, and Nurhasliza Hashim. "Site Selection for an Offshore Wind Power Station Under a Fuzzy Environment." Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things 6, no. 2 (2022): 08–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jisiot.060201.

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The Malaysian government’s support for offshore wind power production has led to an increase in a few proposals. An important factor in the overall efficiency of any offshore wind farm is the site selection process, which is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) task. However, classical MCDM techniques often fail to choose a suitable site because of three main challenges. First, compensation is regarded as a problem in the processing of information. Second, data usage and data leakage are often ignored in the decision-making process. Third, interaction difficulty in fuzzy environments is easily ignored. This study provides a framework for making site selection decisions for offshore wind farms while addressing the constraints. Fuzzy VIKOR is used in the second stage of the AHP process to analyze the site’s results with respect to evaluation criteria for offshore wind farms. A comprehensive index system, which incorporates the veto criteria and evaluation criteria for selecting offshore wind power station sites, is devised. Then, the system is used to transmit imprecise information to decision makers by using a triangular fuzzy set. Likelihood-based valued comparisons indicate that imprecise choice information can be correctly used, and issues of information loss can be logically avoided. A case study of Malaysia is used to demonstrate the validity and practicality of the site selection technique. This research offers a theoretical basis for accurate offshore wind power evaluation in Malaysia.

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14

Nash, James H., and David D. Molsberry. "THE PERFORMANCE OF BOOMS IN AN OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-1025.

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ABSTRACT The Marine Spill Response Corporation, Southwest Region, conducted offshore oil spill training exercises and boom tests between May 22, 1991, and August 2, 1991. Test documents and still and video pictures document the operations and evaluation of each of the nine booms used. The tests determined operational performance in the following areas: boom handling, loading, securing, deploying, retrieving, seagoing performance, response to waves, and tow force.

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15

Wan, Andrew C. C. "Use of Unmanned Platforms in an Offshore Environment." Journal of Petroleum Technology 42, no. 05 (May 1, 1990): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/17905-pa.

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16

Morton, I. D., and J. Bowers. "Extreme value analysis in a multivariate offshore environment." Applied Ocean Research 18, no. 6 (December 1996): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1187(97)00007-2.

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17

Parkes, Katharine R. "Work environment, overtime and sleep among offshore personnel." Accident Analysis & Prevention 99 (February 2017): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.022.

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18

Vorpahl, Fabian, Holger Schwarze, Tim Fischer, Marc Seidel, and Jason Jonkman. "Offshore wind turbine environment, loads, simulation, and design." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2, no. 5 (November 12, 2012): 548–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.52.

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19

Zhang, Quan, Cheng Bi Zhao, Xiao Ming Chen, You Hong Tang, and Wei Lin. "Tendon Response of 10 MW Offshore Wind Turbine TLP Platform in Extreme Environment Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.119.

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Deep-sea offshore wind resources are extremely abundant. Large offshore wind turbine is the future trend to utilize of deep-sea offshore wind resources. Because of excellent heaving, pitching and rolling performances, tension-leg platform ( TLP ) is one of best floating support structures for large wind turbine. However, under extreme environment condition, the large tendons which are required for large offshore wind turbine TLP platform will meet extreme response, even lead to damage. Extreme response of tendon of a 10 MW offshore wind turbine TLP platform ( an improved MOSES TLP ) in the extreme environment condition is studied here. It is showed that the global motions can meet the basic requirements for 10 MW floating wind turbine, where the maximum angle of TLP is less than 100. Meanwhile, the maximum tendon tension of the TLP in the simulation is less than the breaking force, which meets the requirements of API rules on tendon of TLP.

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20

Qi, Jing Jing, Shao Yan You, and Zhi Qing Yin. "Study on the Interaction between Offshore Constructions and Marine Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2347.

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The appearance of the offshore constructions will affect the hydrodynamic environment greatly. The direct effect is the change of hydrodynamic environment, which will affect the silt migration path and cause local scour. So a local refined calculation model of tidal distribution is developed in this paper to study the tidal current distribution and sediment scouring and deposition around the offshore constructions. Then an artificial island at Shengli Oil filed is taken for example. The developed model above is adopted to simulate the tidal distribution and local scouring change before and after the construction of the artificial island. The results of calculation show that excessive flow velocity appears near the construction, which cause sever local scour. And the calculation results can also provide technical support for the safety evaluation of the offshore constructions.

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21

Cockcroft, A. N. "Routing and the Environment." Journal of Navigation 39, no. 2 (May 1986): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000084.

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One aspect of marine navigation which has particular application to the protection of the environment is the establishment of traffic separation schemes and other routing measures in coastal waters. Extensive pollution may be caused by marine casualties. The use of routing to reduce the risk of strandings and of collisions between ships or with offshore structures will be considered in this paper.

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22

Herring, Robbie, Kirsten Dyer, Paul Howkins, and Carwyn Ward. "Characterisation of the offshore precipitation environment to help combat leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 1399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1399-2020.

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Abstract. Greater blade lengths and higher tip speeds, coupled with a harsh environment, have caused blade leading edge erosion to develop into a significant problem for the offshore wind industry. Current protection systems do not last the lifetime of the turbine and require regular replacement. It is important to understand the characteristics of the offshore environment to model and predict leading edge erosion. The offshore precipitation environment has been characterised using up-to-date measuring techniques. Heavy and violent rain was rare and is unlikely to be the sole driver of leading edge erosion. The dataset was compared to the most widely used droplet size distribution. It was found that this distribution did not fit the offshore data and that any lifetime predictions made using it are likely to be inaccurate. A general offshore droplet size distribution has been presented that can be used to improve lifetime predictions and reduce lost power production and unexpected turbine downtime.

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23

Grad, Paul. "Offshore USA." Refocus 6, no. 5 (September 2005): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(05)70456-x.

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24

Quintal, Vanessa, and Ian Phau. "Students’ perceptions of an internationalised learning environment." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 32, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-04-2013-0066.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore student perceptions of the internationalised learning environment across a particular university's home and offshore campuses. It addresses three research questions namely: what constitutes the internationalised learning environment for students? Can a university offer an internationalised learning environment that is equitable for students across its home and offshore campuses? And what differences exist in the internationalised learning environment for students in a university's home and offshore campuses? Design/methodology/approach – In total, 484 completed responses were collected from the university's six campuses in Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. Findings – Findings suggested significant differences in the way students perceived of teaching reputation, context-specific curriculum, resources, student-support staff interaction and their attitude towards their university. Practical implications – These insights could help a university's teaching staff and administrators to focus on specific attributes in marketing the internationalised learning environments of each of its campuses. This could give the university better opportunity for improving the learning process and its outcomes for students. Originality/value – This paper sets out to define the parameters of the internationalised learning environment and conducts an audit of this environment from the student perspective. Findings suggested significant differences in the way students perceived of teaching reputation, context-specific curriculum, resources, student-support staff interaction and their attitude towards their university. In the market of fierce competition for international students, it is crucial that these positive attributes be part of the marketing messages in any promotion campaigns for universities.

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25

Thilmany, Jean. "Offshore analysis." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 05 (May 1, 2008): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-may-3.

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This article discusses design equipment built to withstand rigors of life in the ocean. Equipment called upon by the offshore industries undergoes hard use in the face of nature. Engineers in the offshore industry rely on finite element analysis (FEA) because of the demands of their business. Many engineers call upon the analysis technique to ensure that the equipment they design can withstand the unique ocean rigors and the dangers inherent in the offshore environment. Many offshore companies run FEA analysis to calculate that their equipment will function properly under conditions unique to the industry, like lifting heavy equipment in confined areas. Engineers rely on simulations and analysis to ensure that they have the basis of their design correct and that the equipment they create will function for two decades. While simulation will never totally replace the need to verify results by testing a prototype, analysis is useful in a number of ways. A prototype may run successfully, but actually be very close to failing. Engineers have no way to know that unless they also look at analysis numbers.

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26

Dong, Xiao Hui, Tie Jun Yuan, and Ru Hong Ma. "Corrosion Mechanism on Offshore Wind Turbine Blade in Salt Fog Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.258.

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Targeted at the phenomenon of offshore wind turbine blades cracking and tearing up, the corrosion mechanism on offshore wind turbine blade in salt fog environment is researched. By means of analyzing the blades structural damage and the corrosion in salt fog environment, the main damage forms of the blades can be summed up with a further view to discussing and analyzing the corrosion mechanism on offshore wind turbine blade in salt fog environment from the perspective of both physical and chemical corrosion. A final conclusion is reached which shows that the pitted surface of the blade developed from the pumping and milling of sand blown by wind is the incentive and hydrone diffusion and ultraviolet radiation are the main factors that lead to the aging of materials and corrosion of blades.

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27

Mishra, Debasisha, and Biswajit Mahanty. "The effect of onsite-offshore work division on project cost, schedule, and quality for re-engineering projects in Indian outsourcing software industry." Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal 7, no. 3 (November 11, 2014): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/so-06-2014-0010.

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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to make an attempt to find good values of onsite–offshore team strength; number of hours of communication between business users and onsite team and between onsite and offshore team to reduce cost and improve schedule for re-engineering projects in global software development environment. Design/methodology/approach – The system dynamics technique is used for simulation model construction and policy run experimentation. The experts from Indian software outsourcing industry were consulted for model construction, validation and analysis of policy run results in both co-located and distributed software development environment. Findings – The study results show that there is a drop in the overall team productivity in outsourcing environment by considering the offshore options. But the project cost can be reduced by employing the offshore team for coding and testing work only with minimal training for imparting business knowledge. The research results show that there is a potential to save project cost by being flexible in project schedule. Research limitations/implications – The study found that there could be substantial cost saving for re-engineering projects with a loss of project schedule when an appropriate onsite–offshore combination is used. The quality and productivity drop, however, were rather small for such combinations. The cost savings are high when re-engineering work is sent to offshore location entirely after completion of requirement analysis work at onsite location and providing training to offshore team in business knowledge The research findings show that there is potential to make large cost savings by being flexible in project schedule for re-engineering projects. Practical implications – The software project manager can use the model results to divide the software team between onsite and offshore location during various phases of software development in distributed environment. Originality/value – The study is novel as there is little attempt at finding the team distribution between onsite and offshore location in global software development environment.

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28

Liang, Yan, Jia-lei Yan, Jun-lei Wang, Peng Zhang, and Bao-jie He. "Analysis on the Time-Varying Fragility of Offshore Concrete Bridge." Complexity 2019 (January 20, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2739212.

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For offshore bridges, the most prominent problem in the whole life cycle is that it is in an earthquake prone zone and an offshore corrosion environment at the same time. A nonlinear dynamic analysis model is set up for an offshore multispan and continuous rigid frame bridge based on the OpenSEES platform. The fragility surface of the bridge pier, bearing, bridge platform, and system are established by selecting a reasonable damage constitutive model of the material durability and a damage index analysis that studies the damage of the bridge durability to time-varying seismic fragility of bridge components and the system of the whole life cycle in offshore environment. The results show that the durability damage will lead to a constant decline in seismic capacity of the pier and an increase of the seismic demand under earthquake action as well as the probability to reach the ultimate failure state; compared to high piers, a low pier is more vulnerable to the offshore corrosion environment; the seismic fragility of bridge platform is higher than that of simply bearing; and the influence of offshore corrosion on environment is relatively large. With the prolongation of service period, the effect of durability damage on the seismic fragility of bridge system cannot be ignored in the coastal environment and it is necessary to make a reasonable evaluation on the seismic fragility of bridge structure during the whole life period.

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29

Deigaard, Rolf, and Jorgen Fredsow. "OFFSHORE SAND WAVES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (January 29, 1986): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.78.

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A theoretical model for the equilibrium dimensions of offshore sand waves is presented. The model is an adaptation of the dune model by Fredsoe (1982) to the marine environment, making use of the physical analogies between offshore sand waves and river dunes. The predicted sand wave heights and lengths conform well with the observations of sand wave formation reported in the literature. One of the results from the model is that for a given wave climate sand waves will only be formed under a certain range of mean current velocities. This range becomes narrower for increasing wave height or decreasing water depth and grain size.

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30

Ahmed, Mushtaq, Zafarullah Nizamani, Akihiko Nakayama, and Montasir Osman. "Generation of Offshore Environments in the Numerical Wave Tank to Model Metocean Conditions Interaction with Offshore Structure Near the Free Surface." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 945, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/945/1/012018.

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Abstract Offshore structures play a vital role in the economy of offshore oil-producing countries, where mostly fixed jacket type structures are used to produce oil and gas installed in shallow water. In an offshore environment where structures are installed, there exist met ocean forces such as wind, waves, and currents. These met ocean conditions when interacting with offshore structures near the free surface, generate loads. The estimation of such loads is very much important for the proper design of these structures. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of waves with a jacket platform by generating offshore environments in the numerical wave tank (NWT). To achieve this goal, ANSYS Fluent is used for the flow analysis by using continuity and Navier Stokes equation. Results are verified and validated with the analytical work. Wave crests under operating condition generate a force of 1.3 MN which is the lowest in magnitude as compared to wave crest which produces 4.5 MN force under extreme conditions. Unlike operating wave crest, the operating wave trough generates a higher force of 1 MN than extreme conditions which account for 1.5 MN forces. Forces produced by the extreme offshore environment are 30% higher than those generated under operating conditions. It is concluded from the results that a positive force is exerted onto the structure during the water entry phase while a negative force is observed when the water leaves the structure.

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31

Andiola, Lindsay M., Denise Hanes Downey, Brian C. Spilker, and Tracy J. Noga. "An Examination of the Interactive Effect of Feedback Source and Sign in the Offshoring Environment: A Social Identity Perspective." Behavioral Research in Accounting 30, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-52182.

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ABSTRACT Public accounting firms regularly rely on offshore professionals to assist with client work. However, differences in interpersonal dynamics between offshore staff members and the supervisors they report to may yield positive and/or negative work outcomes. We examine how feedback source (offshore or onshore supervisor) and feedback sign (negative or positive) interact to affect offshore staff members' satisfaction with feedback. This is an important issue because subordinate satisfaction with performance feedback is a key determinant of future performance and turnover intentions. We find that offshore staff members are less satisfied with negative feedback from an offshore (local Indian) supervisor, a member of their in-group, than an onshore (remote U.S.) supervisor, a member of their out-group. However, their satisfaction with positive feedback does not significantly differ between feedback sources. Further analysis reveals that greater satisfaction is associated with increases in the effort the staff member plans to put forth in the future. JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M54; D91. Data Availability: Please contact the authors.

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32

Driver, J., O. F. Graff, R. Eie, T. Lund, and S. Woodhouse. "NOVEL OFFSHORE LNG SOLUTIONS." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06018.

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The demand to process associated and stranded gas is growing and there is increasing commercial interest in offshore LNG production. Limitations in available land and carrier access, safety and environmental considerations and difficult onshore permitting have created an interest in locating LNG terminals offshore. These factors are providing incentives to develop solutions and the technologies required to transfer the liquefaction and re-gasification segments of the LNG chain to offshore locations. Some of the hurdles that need to be overcome are associated with equipment size, weight and layout, energy consumption, the marine environment and, for floating facilities, the moving environment. All of these aspects need to be addressed to produce an overall design that meets technical, commercial, safety and environmental requirements. This paper presents some recent developments in offshore LNG solutions for floating and fixed offshore LNG production and offshore LNG re-gasification terminals. Specific case studies for each facility are: a floating LNG production facility for the Nnwa-Doro gas field offshore Nigeria; a fixed offshore liquefaction facility in the Arctic region; and, the Adriatic LNG receiving terminal located offshore Italy. Information about an alternative method of transporting natural gas—called heavy liquefied gas (HLG)—which has some specific advantages over traditional LNG, is also presented. For each case study, design, construction, cost and schedule are discussed where applicable.

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33

Sarpkaya, T. "Offshore Hydrodynamics." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920085.

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In this paper, we present several applied as well as fundamental research problems related to the future needs of the offshore engineering. The paper starts out with a detailed discussion of the current uncertainties and constraints. Then, specific research issues on environmental input conditions, on the role of computational fluid dynamics, and on damping and dynamic response are presented. It is suggested that an appreciation of the input parameters, acquisition of extensive data to properly characterize the ocean environment, development of new methods and tools to acquire relevant data, extensive use of the computational methods, basic/applied research on the dynamic response and damping of structures, use of new materials, science-and-technology transfer from sister disciplines (e.g., aerospace industry, keeping in mind the complexities brought about by the presence of the air-water interface), and other related research will significantly enhance our ability to design and build a variety of safer and economical offshore structures in deeper waters as well as over marginal fields in the next few decades. This herculean effort will require several decades of complementary experimental, numerical and analytical studies of ocean-structure interaction which will serve to elucidate the basic as well as applied fluid mechanics phenomena relevant to the offshore mechanics.

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34

Ole, Ngozi, and Hemen Philip Faga. "Assessing the Impact of the Brent Spar Incident on the Decommissioning Regime in the North East Atlantic." Hasanuddin Law Review 3, no. 2 (August 12, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v3i2.1075.

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The advent of deep-water oil exploration has increased concern for the impact of oil activities on marine environment, especially regarding disused or decommissioned facilities offshore. Before the Brent Spar incident, which galvanised international efforts to protect the environment, international and regional legal instruments on decommissioning of offshore oil installations was weak and ineffective in protecting the environment from the effect of disused facilities. This paper examined the efforts made by international and regional actors to remedy the lapses of the pre-Brent Spar legal instruments on decommissioning of offshore oil facilities, especially regarding the new provisions on environmental protection. The paper concluded that the supplementary legal instruments made post-Brent Spar have not radically transformed the legal regime on decommissioning of offshore oil facilities because contracting states still reserve the discretion to permit abandonment of disused facilities.

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35

Jones, Craig, Grace Chang, Jason Magalen, and Jesse Roberts. "Validation of a Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport Modeling Framework for the Evaluation of Offshore Wind Farms." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.6.6.

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AbstractDevelopment of alternative energy production in the United States continues at a rapid pace, with significant public and private investment in recent years. Offshore wind energy (herein referred to as offshore wind) has become a significant contributor to the global energy market, and the number of projects in the United States is rapidly increasing. As the technology continues to improve, the ability to deploy offshore wind turbines in deeper waters becomes increasingly feasible; however, differences in deployment environments bring unique challenges. To continue developing offshore wind as a viable renewable energy source, the United States must overcome three critical hurdles: (1) reduce the cost of generating offshore wind electricity, (2) accelerate the deployment and permitting process, and (3) integrate the new electrical source with the national grid. This work aims to help reduce time and costs associated with planning, development, and permitting by accurately predicting environmental responses to the presence of offshore wind arrays. We demonstrate that interactions between offshore wind infrastructure and the environment can be accurately assessed through a focused model development and validation process that considers the interrelationships between ocean waves, circulation, and seabed dynamics. Best practices are recommended to help guide future model development.

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36

Tande, John Olav Giaever, Karl Merz, Uwe Schmidt Paulsen, and Harald G. Svendsen. "Floating offshore turbines." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 4, no. 3 (June 26, 2014): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.130.

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37

Kurihara, Masanori. "Offshore oil and gas development in harmony with environment." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 80, no. 6 (2015): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.80.453.

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38

Couderc, Bernard M., J. F. Verpeaux, Dominique Monfrin, and Usette H. Quettler. "Emeraude Vapeur: A Steam Pilot in an Offshore Environment." SPE Reservoir Engineering 5, no. 04 (November 1, 1990): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16723-pa.

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39

Krishnan, Muthukumar, Hans-Uwe Dahms, Palanichamy Seeni, Subramanian Gopalan, Vignesh Sivanandham, Kim Jin-Hyoung, and Rathinam Arthur James. "Multi metal assessment on biofilm formation in offshore environment." Materials Science and Engineering: C 73 (April 2017): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.062.

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40

Chen, Qiang, Zhifu Gu, Tianfeng Sun, and San Song. "Wind environment over the helideck of an offshore platform." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 54-55 (February 1995): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00077-q.

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41

Rimmer, J. "Charities: opportunities for privacy in a regulated environment offshore." Trusts & Trustees 16, no. 2 (February 10, 2010): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttq001.

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42

Piasecka, Izabela, Andrzej Tomporowski, Józef Flizikowski, Weronika Kruszelnicka, Robert Kasner, and Adam Mroziński. "Life Cycle Analysis of Ecological Impacts of an Offshore and a Land-Based Wind Power Plant." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020231.

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This study deals with the problems connected with the benefits and costs of an offshore wind power plant in terms of ecology. Development prospects of offshore and land-based wind energy production are described. Selected aspects involved in the design, construction, and operation of offshore wind power plant construction and operation are presented. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the environmental impact of offshore and land-based wind power plants. Life cycle assessment analysis of 2-MW offshore and land wind power plants was made with the use of Eco-indicator 99 modeling. The results were compared in four areas of impact in order to obtain values of indexes for nonergonomic (impact on/by operator), nonfunctional (of/on the product), nonecological (on/by living objects), and nonsozological impacts (on/by manmade objects), reflecting the extent of threat to human health, the environment, and natural resources. The processes involved in extraction of fossil fuels were found to produce harmful emissions which in turn lead to respiratory system diseases being, thus, extremely dangerous for the natural environment. For all the studied areas, the impact on the environment was found to be higher for land-based wind power plants than for an offshore wind farm.

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43

Dutka, B. J., K. Jones, H. Xu, K. K. Kwan, and R. McInnis. "Priority Site Selection for Degraded Areas in the Aquatic Environment." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.025.

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Abstract The suitability of a variety of biochemical, microbiological and bioassay tests to become part of a battery of test procedures to identify degraded or degrading sediments and waterbodies are evaluated in this report. Data were obtained from 40 river (Detroit and Niagara) and inshore Lake Erie sampling sites. These data indicate that the top six areas of highest concern were: (1) mouth of the Rouge R., (2) mouth of Little R., (3) mouth of Two Mile Creek at Tonawanda, N.Y., (4) offshore Port Burwell, (5) mouth of Turkey Creek, and (6) Detroit R. offshore of the Grosse Ile WTP

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44

Kerp, Naomi L., and Claire Weller. "Learnings from recent offshore project proposal submissions." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19147.

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The offshore project proposal (OPP) process was introduced in 2014 as part of the streamlining of regulatory processes under the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 and Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 to provide for offshore petroleum developments to be assessed early in the project lifecycle. The OPP process involves the assessment of environmental impacts and risks of petroleum activities conducted over the life of an offshore project by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA). An OPP for an offshore project must be accepted by NOPSEMA before a titleholder can submit environment plans for activities that make up the offshore project. Although the OPP process is not new, it has proven complex to navigate, with four revisions to the OPP contents requirements guideline published by NOPSEMA since inception, and only three OPPs reaching the public consultation stage to date. An OPP is required to describe the offshore project; describe the environment that may be affected by the project; set out environmental performance outcomes for the project; describe feasible alternatives to the project or its activities; and evaluate environmental impacts and risks of the project. This paper provides insight to the OPP drafting, submission and assessment process, with shared key learnings based on actual examples of OPP submissions made. In particular, we will focus on the crucial elements that haven proven to make an OPP submission effective, including project aspect scoping, understanding relationships between aspects and receptors, building flexibility within set project boundaries and demonstrating acceptability.

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45

Yang, Shasha, Kuanhong Xing, and Yong Yang. "Offshore Oil Pollution and Prevention Measures." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127102010.

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Oil pollution is one of the main pollutions of the marine environment. With the year-on-year increase of our country's oil imports and maritime transportation, our country's offshore oil pollution has become more and more serious, causing serious harm to the ocean and the nearshore environment. According to the current situation of marine oil pollution, the article outlines the current situation, sources, hazards of marine oil pollution, and the methods currently used to deal with and prevent marine oil pollution in physics, chemistry and biology.

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46

Dokken, Quenton R. "Fixed Offshore Platforms for Conducting Scientific Diver Training and Marine Environment Research." Marine Technology Society Journal 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2000): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.34.4.6.

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Through an umbrella program, the Flower Gardens Ocean Research Program (FGORP), scientists and students from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi and several other Gulf coast universities have been able to utilize offshore oil/gas production platforms as field stations from which to conduct research and undertake training in scientific diving technology. As a cooperative program with several offshore oils and gas producers, the research and training conducted through FGORP has been effective, productive, and cost efficient.

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47

Kou, Lei, Yang Li, Fangfang Zhang, Xiaodong Gong, Yinghong Hu, Quande Yuan, and Wende Ke. "Review on Monitoring, Operation and Maintenance of Smart Offshore Wind Farms." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082822.

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In recent years, with the development of wind energy, the number and scale of wind farms have been developing rapidly. Since offshore wind farms have the advantages of stable wind speed, being clean, renewable, non-polluting, and the non-occupation of cultivated land, they have gradually become a new trend in the wind power industry all over the world. The operation and maintenance of offshore wind power has been developing in the direction of digitization and intelligence. It is of great significance to carry out research on the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of offshore wind farms, which will be of benefit for the reduction of the operation and maintenance costs, the improvement of the power generation efficiency, improvement of the stability of offshore wind farm systems, and the building of smart offshore wind farms. This paper will mainly summarize the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of offshore wind farms, with particular focus on the following points: monitoring of “offshore wind power engineering and biological and environment”, the monitoring of power equipment, and the operation and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms. Finally, the future research challenges in relation to the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms are proposed, and the future research directions in this field are explored, especially in marine environment monitoring, weather and climate prediction, intelligent monitoring of power equipment, and digital platforms.

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48

Onea, Florin, and Liliana Rusu. "A Study on the Wind Energy Potential in the Romanian Coastal Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050142.

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At the European level, offshore wind projects are already considered a competitive market. Nevertheless, this is not yet the case of the enclosed sea basins, such as the Black Sea, where no offshore wind farm is operating at this moment. From this perspective, the objective of the present work is to identify the most suitable sites where a wind project can be developed in the Romanian coastal areas. Various parameters, such as wind speed, water depth, distance to shore, and turbine performance, are considered. A picture of the local wind characteristics is first provided considering 20 years of reanalysis data, which cover the time interval from January 1998 to December 2017. The results indicated that the best sites to implement a wind project are located in the northern sector of the Black Sea, close to the Danube Delta. It was also noticed an important variation of the wind speed between onshore and 20 km offshore, for which an increase of about 55% was estimated.

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49

Huang, Tian Rong, Peng Cheng Wu, Gong Qi Cheng, and Peng Jun Yue. "Development in Research of Engineering Investigation for Offshore Wind Farm." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.235.

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The engineering investigation was researched for offshore wind farm. On several occasions the soil conditions had proven to be a key area for offshore wind farm. The offshore engineering investigations, usually based on survey, test, simulation and analysis methods, were established information about seabed topography, seafloor soil, and offshore environment. The principle and procedures of engineering investigation were studied, offshore site conditions were analyzed for meteorological conditions, oceanographic conditions, soil conditions, seismic activity, biology, and various human activities, and engineering investigations were researched to various foundation types, and time schedule for offshore engineering investigations was established. Experience of engineering investigations was put forward to combine with foreign offshore wind farm. The engineering investigations provide project basis of various structure on offshore wind farm.

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50

Lv, Zhenhua, Qiang Li, Weijia Tang, Huachun Han, and Meng Yu. "Study on Key Technical Schemes for Grid-connected Performance Testing of Offshore Wind Turbines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2166, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2166/1/012039.

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Abstract Offshore has the characteristics of not occupying land, rich in wind power resources, and has the advantages of high utilization hours of power generation and suitable for large-scale development. It has become the key direction of global wind power development. It can be predicted that offshore wind energy will become a very important part of the global energy internet in the future. After 20 years of wind power operation experience and the wind power technology improvement, the business and operation environment of offshore wind power development is becoming more and more mature. As the wind turbines installation site extends from land to offshore and deep-sea areas, “large” wind turbines have become the trend of offshore wind turbines development in the future. With the large-capacity offshore wind turbine prototype of many wind turbine manufacturers in China coming off the production line and successfully put into operation in China’s coastal areas, offshore wind turbines above 6MW began to be put into commercial operation. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out relevant tests and inspections to improve the operation and grid connection performance of the unit. It is of great significance to master the operation characteristics and control methods of offshore wind turbine, qualitatively and quantitatively analyze its impact on power grid, study offshore wind power detection methods and develop relevant detection devices. Due to the differences of offshore environment, operation control and the particularity of offshore power transmission and collection mode, the onshore wind power test and detection ability can not adapt to the new changes and requirements of offshore wind energy test and detection.

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