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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "ODOUR PROBLEM"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "ODOUR PROBLEM"

Calafat, Consuelo, and Aurea Gallego-Salguero. "Livestock odour dispersion and its implications for rural tourism: case study of Valencian Community (Spain)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): e0106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15819.

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Aim of study: To study the relationship between the problem odours caused by livestock farms and the evolution of rural tourism.Area of study: A coastal region in Spain, the Valencian Community.Material and methods: The odour emission rates of 4,984 farms have been calculated, and the ambient odour concentration was determined to assess the odour nuisance. The odour concentration was modelled by applying the Gaussian model based on emission data and the most unfavourable meteorological conditions of the 45 climatic stations distributed throughout the analysis area. The dispersion model was implemented in a geographic information system, deducing the municipalities affected using the odour concentration thresholds. Furthermore, the evolution of rural tourism in municipalities was studied during the period of 2006-2017. The relationship between the evolution of rural tourism and the effects of odours is studied by means of a bivariate spatial correlation analysis.Main results: Pigs are the predominant species in areas with the greatest odour emission problems; ~ 29% of farms can result in annoyances among the population with odour concentrations greater than 5 OU/m3, and 46% of municipalities can be affected by odour problems. These odour nuisances had negative consequences in the municipality where measures were carried out to favour rural development, such as rural tourism. Municipalities were detected in which the problem of odours can be a deterrent to rural tourism, whereas in other municipalities it was observed that minimizing livestock activity can be a method to promote rural tourism.Research highlights: This study provides a methodology that allows modeling the odour dispersion of livestock and relates its implications to rural tourism. Municipalities have been identified where livestock odours can cause a stagnation of the rural tourism income.

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Grzelka, Agnieszka, Elżbieta Romanik, and Urszula Miller. "Odour nuisance assessment of the food industry wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000024.

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Odour nuisance generated by food industry objects is a significant problem, the result of which is often numerous complaints from local residents about the quality of air. Apart from the production process, this problem often concerns industrial wastewater treatment processes, which contribute to a large extent to the emissions of odorants from the sulphur group, including hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans. In order to estimate the odorous air quality around these types of objects, the modelling of dispersion of pollutants: odours or odorants is often used. The paper presents the results of tests on odour emission as well as hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans emission as compounds typical for waste gases from the sewage treatment process from the food industry. In order to estimate the range of odour impact, model calculations using the Polish reference model for the aforementioned substances were made. The values of annual average concentrations and frequency of odour detection thresholds for odorants and odour concentration of 1 ouE/m3 for odours as a mixture in a computational grid of 1400 m x 1400 m with a step of 50 m were calculated. The results showed the highest range of odour impact of mercaptans, whose value of the average annual concentration exceeded the odour detection threshold up to 700 m in the east and west direction from the emission source.

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Both, R. "Directive on odour in ambient air: an established system of odour measurement and odour regulation in Germany." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0521.

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The legal basis for any requirement with respect to ambient air quality is the German Federal Protection Act for Ambient Air. According to §3 Federal Protection Act all odours caused by plants are defined as an annoyance. The problem is to find out whether an annoyance has to be considered as a significant disturbance. In the Directive on Odour in ambient air a complete system is designed, beginning with measurement methods and concluding with ambient air quality requirements. In the following paper the tenor of the Directive on Odour is presented, some main aspects of more than five years of practical experience will be shown and a perspective on some future investigations and developments will be given. As a conclusion it is pointed out that in practice, the Directive on Odours has been successful. Both methods, field measurements with panels and dispersion modelling, are generally qualified for the determination of odour loads. The restriction of odour loads by limit values expressed as odour frequency per year for certain areas has been established in a lot of cases.

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du Toit, A. J. "Quantification of Odour Problems Associated with Liquid and Solid Feedlot and Poultry Wastes." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0186.

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To prove the validity of an odour complaint, a standard evaluation procedure, whereby selected odour compounds are monitored, is proposed for use by Health authorities. The technique determines the dispersion of specific compounds from a point source. Odour threshold limits, determined by specialist odour panels, are used to evaluate the seriousness of the problem. Thereafter, individual waste handling systems are isolated as possible point sources of offensive odours. If dispersion studies and high odour compound concentrations prove the validity of a complaint, individual sites are investigated to determine the identity of the malfunctioning handling phase(s) of a specific treatment system. Results of various parameters are related to offensiveness in this procedure. The practical and objective nature of this technique makes it particularly suitable for application in semi-rural environments where agricultural activities have impinged on residential areas.

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Mužniece-Treija, Evita. "ODOUR STUDY WITH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF RIGA." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 15, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2643.

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Different emission sources of odours become increasingly important environmental problem which may have a negative impact on human health and quality of life. Human odour perception may be subjective, however on odour perception threshold is considered to be the odorant concentration where at least half of odour assessor’s group members confirm the existence of odour, and then it is 1 OUE /m3. Nowadays more and more advanced technologies are used to measure odour concentration. Olfactometer Scentroid SM100 allows users to accurately quantify ambient odour concentration in field. Also this equipment allows to collect source samples and analyze odour in a laboratory. Odour study in 2016 and 2017 with field olfactometer Scentroid SM100 and gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4030 in districts of Riga indicates that the highest concentrations of odour are in Bolderaja, Sarkandaugava, Kundzinsala, Mangalsala, Milgravis and Vecmilgravis. Study indicates that the highest odour concentrations, especially among producing companies can reach up to 6-7 odour units (OUE/m3), however gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4030 indicates oil products or carbon dioxide.

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Hanková, M., K. Maturová, and H. Čížková. "GC-MS/O for the characterization of odours from cheese-production wastewater: A case study." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.513.

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Abstract The foul odour of cheese-production wastewater is a common problem in areas surrounding dairy wastewater treatment plants. For successful odour management, a better understanding of the key odorants and how to handle them during wastewater treatment is needed. This paper documents the results of using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with olfactometry (GC-MS/O) to analyze odours emanating from a possibly overloaded treatment plant in Czechia. Using a DB5 capillary column, 20 compounds were detected and identified, nonanal (FDgeomean 152) and octen-3-ol (FDgeomean 2048) having the most pungent odours.

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Waldrop, Lindsay D., Laura A. Miller, and Shilpa Khatri. "A tale of two antennules: the performance of crab odour-capture organs in air and water." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 125 (December 2016): 20160615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0615.

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Odour capture is an important part of olfaction, where dissolved chemical cues (odours) are brought into contact with chemosensory structures. Antennule flicking by marine crabs is an example of discrete odour capture (sniffing) where an array of chemosensory hairs is waved through the water to create a flow–no flow pattern based on a narrow range of speeds, diameters of and spacings between hairs. Changing the speed of movement and spacing of hairs at this scale to manipulate flow represents a complicated fluid dynamics problem. In this study, we use numerical simulation of the advection and diffusion of a chemical gradient to reveal how morphological differences of the hair arrays affect odour capture. Specifically, we simulate odour capture by a marine crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) and a terrestrial crab ( Coenobita rugosus ) in both air and water to compare performance. We find that the antennule morphologies of each species are adaptions to capturing odours in their native habitats. Sniffing is an important part of odour capture for marine crabs in water where the diffusivity of odorant molecules is low and flow through the array is necessary. On the other hand, flow within the hair array diminishes odour-capture performance in air where diffusivities are high. This study highlights some of the adaptations necessary to transition from water to air.

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Vasarevičius, Saulius, and Tadas Batavičius. "Experimental Tests on the Influence of Waste Covering Layer on Odour Reduction." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0032.

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Abstract Waste management is one of the most relevant problems of environmental protection. Landfills constitute an unavoidable component of the waste management system. The article discusses the problem of landfill odours. Reduction of waste tipping areas and temporary waste covering are the most efficient measures for reducing odours from landfills. The article presents the results of experimental tests on the use of building debris for the reduction of odours from landfills. Tests were performed by applying dynamic olfactometry. Upon covering waste with the building debris layer of 10 cm thickness odour thresholds fell from 51.0 to 79.7% compared with uncovered waste.

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Szulczyński, Bartosz, and Jacek Gębicki. "Electronic nose – an instrument for odour nuisances monitoring." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000079.

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An increasingly frequent problem of people living in urban agglomerations is the occurrence of odour nuisance. Although the source of these nuisances is different, their common feature is that they are a complex mixture of odour compounds with different odour thresholds. However, from a practical point of view, the most valuable would be a direct link between the odour intensity and the results of on-line analytical air monitoring. Such a possibility is created by the use of electronic noses (devices that are supposed to imitate the human sense of smell) to measure odours. The paper presents the use of an electronic nose combined with multiple liear regression model (MLR) to determine the odour intensity of the two-component mixture samples of commonly known odour compounds: trimethylamine (TMA) and triethylamine (TEA) in concentration range 50–200 ppm v/v. The obtained results were compared with the theoretical values determined using Zwaardemaker and euclidean additivity (EA) models. For high concentrations of substances in the mixtures (> 150 ppm v/v), the masking effect was observed.

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Gostelow, P., S. A. Parsons, and M. Lovell. "Integrated odour modelling for sewage treatment works." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0253.

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Odours from sewage treatment works are a significant source of environmental annoyance. There is a need for tools to assess the degree of annoyance caused, and to assess strategies for mitigation of the problem. This is the role of odour modelling. Four main stages are important in the development of an odour problem. Firstly, the odorous molecules must be formed in the liquid phase. They must then transfer from the liquid to the gaseous phase. They are then transported through the atmosphere to the population surrounding the odour source, and are then perceived and assessed by that population. Odour modelling as currently practised tends to concentrate on the transportation of odorants through the atmosphere, with the other areas receiving less attention. Instead, odour modelling should consider each stage in an integrated manner. This paper describes the development of integrated odour models for annoyance prediction. The models describe the liquid-phase transformations and emission of hydrogen sulphide from sewage treatment processes. Model output is in a form suitable for integration with dispersion models, the predictions of which can in turn be used to indicate the probability of annoyance. The models have been applied to both hypothetical and real sewage treatment works cases. Simulation results have highlighted the potential variability of emission rates from sewage treatment works, resulting from flow, quality and meteorological variations. Emission rate variations can have significant effects on annoyance predictions, which is an important finding, as they are usually considered to be fixed and only meteorological variations are considered in predicting the odour footprint. Areas for further development of integrated odour modelling are discussed, in particular the search for improved links between analytical and sensory measurements, and a better understanding of dose/response relationships for odour annoyance.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "ODOUR PROBLEM"

Dawes, C. A. "Odour pollution problems within the district of the Wrekin Council." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9699/.

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This thesis is concerned with various aspects of Air Pollution due to smell, the impact it has on communities exposed to it, the means by which it may be controlled and the manner in which a local authority may investigate the problems it causes. The approach is a practical one drawing on examples occurring within a Local Authority's experience and for that reason the research is anecdotal and is not a comprehensive treatise on the full range of options available. Odour Pollution is not yet a well organised discipline and might be considered esoteric as it is necessary to incorporate elements of science and the humanities. It has been necessary to range widely across a number of aspects of the subject so that discussion is often restricted but many references have been included to enable a reader to pursue a particular point in greater depth. In a 'fuzzy' subject there is often a yawning gap separating theory and practice, thus case studies have been used to illustrate the interplay of various disciplines in resolution of a problem. The essence of any science is observation and measurement. Observation has been made of the spread of odour pollution through a community and also of relevant meterological data so that a mathematical model could be constructed and its predictions checked. It has been used to explore the results of some options for odour control. Measurements of odour perception and human behaviour seldom have the precision and accuracy of the physical sciences. However methods of social research enabled individual perception of odour pollution to be quantified and an insight gained into reaction of a community exposed to it. Odours have four attributes that can be measured and together provide a complete description of its perception. No objective techniques of measurement have yet been developed but in this thesis simple, structured procedures of subjective assessment have been improvised and their use enabled the functioning of the components of an odour control system to be assessed. Such data enabled the action of the system to be communicated using terms that are understood by a non specialist audience.

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Woodfield, Ria. "Management and control of taste and odour problems associated with geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water supplies." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685972.

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Two secondary metabolites, geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) cause the majority of taste and odour (T/O) problems in surface waters. This research focused primarily on identifying biological sources, and both abiotic and biotic factors associated with the production and release of these compounds in three Wessex Water (WW) drinking water reservoirs. Historical water quality data, collected by WW over 9 - 10 years was interrogated. Planktonic filamentous cyanobacteria in Durleigh and Sutton Bingham reservoirs and benthic cyanobacteria in Nutscale were identified as the most likely key producers of GSM. Corroborating evidence in support of this came from the isolation of a dominant GSM-producing strain of the planktonic cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile (Aph-ll01) from Durleigh reservoir and two GSM-producing cyanobacterial strains, tentatively identified as members of the genus Phormidium were isolated from benthic mats. Geosmin and/or MIB producing actinobacteria were also isolated from each site. Concentrations of MIB in all reservoirs typically fell below the human odour threshold concentration (OTC) of 15 ng L-1, however, GSM concentrations frequently exceeded the human OTC of 3.8 ng L-1. Regression tree analysis revealed that all three reservoirs were typically characterised by elevated GSM concentrations, during periods of low DIN:SRP (typically < 10 by mass). Hydrological conditions were also highlighted as important, particularly at Nutscale reservoir where increased reservoir capacity, coupled with longer residence times since 2007, may have promoted the development of benthic mats, potentially explaining the significant increase in GSM concentrations observed over the study period. Understanding the relative proportions of intra- and extracellular GSM can have implications for the removal of these compounds by water companies, as extracellular GSM is more difficult to remove. An evaluation was made of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (the protocol commonly used in the UK water industry) and an additional step was introduced enabling the quantification of intra- and extracellular GSM concentrations in microbial cultures. A full method validation confirmed that SPE offered a viable high throughput alternative to the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for measuring GSM, which is typically reported in the scientific literature. Investigations revealed that in vitro, Aph-ll01 produced GSM throughout its growth period in batch culture and retained the majority (64-95%) of its GSM intracellularly. The keystone grazer Daphnia pulex consumed Aph-ll01, releasing intracellular GSM from the filaments into the medium. Grazing was identified as an important route for elevating the ratio of intracellular: extracellular GSM in reservoirs. Although no empirical evidence was gained in support of virus-mediated GSM release, the potential role of both lytic and temperate cyanophage was discussed in relation to T/0 outbreaks.

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Wiesenthal, Karina Edwardovna. "The effect of pipe materials on taste and odor problems in drinking water distribution systems." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1273124431&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Silva, Alcione Batista da. "Avaliação da produção de odor na estação de tratamento de esgoto Paranoá e seus problemas associados." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2007. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/2290.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2007.
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No Distrito Federal vêm ocorrendo problemas de emanações de odores provenientes de estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETE). Por essa razão, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a produção de odor na ETE Paranoá (composta de reatores anaeróbios e lagoas de estabilizações), Distrito Federal, e os seus problemas associados, analisando o sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) como indicador do mau cheiro. Para isso, utilizou-se um procedimento composto pelas seguintes ações: (1) determinações analíticas na fase líquida (pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, sulfeto total, sulfeto de hidrogênio, sulfato, enxofre elementar, oxigênio dissolvido, DQO e DBO); (2) determinação na fase gasosa do H2S através de um sensor específico; (3) determinação da carga de emissão de H2S utilizando como ferramenta um modelo matemático de emissão de odor; e (4) aplicação de questionários na área circunvizinha à ETE Paranoá. A concentração de H2S variou com relação aos horários de coleta, apresentando os valores máximos de 9,30, 14,87 e 5,81 mg/L (manhã, tarde e noite) no efluente do reator anaeróbio. Essa variabilidade na concentração de H2S é creditada, principalmente, às variáveis externas (temperatura, pH, teor de enxofre, potencial redox, etc.) e ao próprio processo de tratamento. No que diz respeito à concentração de H2S emitido para a atmosfera, próxima ao local da saída do efluente do reator anaeróbio, ficou sempre acima do limiar de odor de 0,0005 mg/L. As cargas emitidas de H2S para a atmosfera no tratamento preliminar, no reator anaeróbio, e na lagoa foram de 0,03 g/s; 0,30 g/s e 0,45 g/s (observadas) e de 0,05 g/s, 0,04 g/s e 0,38 g/s (preditas pelo modelo de emissão), respectivamente. Os parâmetros sulfato e DQO revelaram-se bons indicadores da redução do sulfato a sulfeto. Verificou-se a formação de sulfeto via redução dissimilatória de sulfato nas lagoas durante a noite, pois, na maioria do tempo, obteve-se baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido nessas lagoas (0,1 a 1,0 mg/L). Observou-se que ocorreu percepção de odor pelos habitantes circunvizinhos à ETE, com decorrente insatisfação, uma vez que 78% das pessoas entrevistadas sentem o mau cheiro proveniente da ETE e 60% disseram que a intensidade do odor é muito forte. Concluiu-se que houve formação de H2S no reator anaeróbio e redução de H2S no tratamento preliminar e na lagoa. __________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Federal District of Brazil has been suffering problems of emanations of odors proceeding from sewage treatment plants (STP). For this reason, this work has the objective of evaluating the production of odor in the Paranoá sewage treatment plant (Paranoá STP), in Federal District, and its associated problems, employing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as an indicator of mal odor. In order to doing this, we used a procedure composed of the following actions: (1) analytical determinations in the liquid phase (pH, temperature, electric conductivity, total sulfide, hydrogen of sulfide, sulfate, elementary sulphur, DO, COD and BOD); (2) determination of the H2S concentrations in the gaseous phase through a specific sensor; (3) determination of the H2S emission rates using a mathematical model for odor emission and (4) application of questionnaires in the surrounding area of the Paranoá STP. The H2S concentration presented variability with regard to the collection schedules, presenting maximum values of 9,30, 14,87 and 5.81 mg/L (morning, late and night) in the anaerobic reactor effluent. This variability in the H2S concentration is credited, mainly, to the external variable (temperature, pH, sulphur concentration, potential redox, etc.) and to the proper process of treatment. The concentration of H2S emitted for the atmosphere next to the place of the exit of the anaerobic reactor effluent was always above of the threshold of odor of 0,0005 mg/L. The emitted loads of H2S for the atmosphere in the preliminary treatment, in the anaerobic reactor, and in the lagoon had been of 0,03 g/s; 0,30 g/s and 0,45 g/s (observed) and of 0,05 g/s, 0,04 g/s and 0,38 g/s (predicted by the emission model), respectively. Sulphate and DQO had shown to be good pointers of the reduction of sulphate to sulfide. Sulfide formation by dissimilatory sulphate reduction was verified in the lagoons during the night, since concentrations of oxygen dissolved in these lagoons were low along the majority of the time, (0.1 to 1,0 mg/L). It was observed that perception of odor for the surrounding inhabitants to the STP occurred, with consequent non-satisfaction, since 78% of the interviewed people felt the bad smell proceeding from the STP and 60% had said that the odor intensity was very strong. It was possible to conclude that H2S was formed in the anaerobic reactor and that H2S reduction occurred in the preliminary treatment and in the lagoon.

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Anselme, Christophe. "Etude et caracterisation des problemes de mauvais gout de l'eau potable." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077178.

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MALLERET, LAURE. "Developpement d'outils analytiques pour l'analyse de traces des composes responsables des problemes de gout et odeur de terre/moisi de l'eau potable." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066156.

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La flaveur de l'eau constitue un enjeu important pour les societes productrices et distributrices d'eau, d'une part parce qu'un des criteres de potabilite d'une eau concerne ses proprietes organoleptiques, d'autre part parce que les problemes de gouts et odeurs causent la majorite des plaintes de consommateurs recues par les distributeurs d'eau. Le groupe des odeurs de la categorie terre/moisi est l'un des plus frequemment rencontre dans l'eau et pose des difficultes en matiere de resolution analytique. Ces odeurs sont generalement causees par des molecules presentes a l'etat de traces, percues par les organes olfactifs mais indecelables par les methodes courantes d'analyse. L'objectif de ce travail est de developper des outils analytiques pour l'analyse de traces de ces molecules. Une methode couplant l'injection de grand volume en cpg/sm a l'extraction par volatilisation en boucle fermee a ete mise au point. Elle permet d'analyser les huit principaux analytes generant des flaveurs de terre/moisi a l'etat de traces et d'atteindre des limites de detection de l'ordre de la dizaine de pg/l. Les agents sapides responsables de la flaveur terre/moisi dans differents echantillons d'eau ont pu etre identifies grace a l'application de cette methode. Le 2,4,6-tribromoanisole a notamment ete mis en evidence et correle a ce type de flaveur dans l'eau pour la premiere fois. Ce travail demontre l'ubiquite des haloanisoles dans des eaux caracterisees par le descripteur terre/moisi et confirme que ces composes proviennent, par biotransformation, de leurs halophenols correspondants. Une methode d'analyse simultanee des haloanisoles et halophenols precurseurs par micro-extraction sur phase solide couplee a la cpg a ete developpee afin d'approfondir les etudes sur l'origine des haloanisoles et sur les methodes de traitement permettant leur elimination.

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SINGH, RAJENDRA PRATAP. "ODOUR PROBLEM IN FLEXIBLE PACKAGING MATERIALS." Thesis, 2012. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14167.

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These days packaging food market not only in India but also in all over world is increasing rapidly. As we seen that mostly food products available in market are packed by packaging materials. Packaged food products are transported all over world which takes some time ranging from few to many days, for this purpose we should consider about safety and quality of the food products. As my thesis title is “Odour Problem in Flexible Packaging Materials” my work is to find out that what are the main causes of odour in flexible packaging material and what is intensity of odour in different packaging film. Off-odour may be classified as a common type of failure. Base packaging material can itself contain solvent residues either from coatings or where the base packaging material that is laminated from an adhesive. Such solvent residues can be ethyl acetate, toluene and THF, all of which have strong odours. Printing Ink also often contain solvents with well-defined odours. To find out the value of solvent retention and intensity of odour we have performed the Gas- Chromatography and Jar-Odour test. we have performed the GC test for 8 samples, out of which 5 were monolayer and rest were double layer. After the operation of GC, we have compared the obtained value of solvent retention of following chemicals EA, IPA, MIBK, MEK, Toluene, Ethanol and N Propyl acetate with permissible value provided by Uflex Private Limited and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). After comparison we have found that the obtained values of solvent retention was much lower than the permissible values, hence the obtained result is satisfactory. After that we have performed the Jar-odour test for the same 8 samples, odour in monolayer samples found to be comparatively lower than the double layer samples and intensity level in all the 8 samples are below objectionable level and results are acceptable.

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Sun, Chih-Yuan, and 孫至遠. "A study on improving odor problem in a solar cell factory." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33104366272311381864.

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碩士
國立交通大學
工學院產業安全與防災學程
104
The purpose of this study is to investigate how to resolve the odor generated from solar cell manufacturing process. From the air sampling analysis result, it was known beforehand that the concentrations of Acetaldehyde and Isopropyl Alcohol are among the highest of all volatile organic compounds utilized in the factory. Based on this finding we observed, measured and designed experiments on how they were used in the manufacturing flow and how the odor was released. Firstly, the environmental airborne Volatile Organic Compound was measured using a Photo Ionization Detector (PID) at the printing area and at the Fast Firing Furnace area. Next, we measured air flow in the exhaust duct with a wind speed anemometer. Finally a survey was carried out in the factory to try to locate odor source. The wind speed anemometer measurement matched well with the specification of the original exhaust duct design. The PID detected 0 ppm of airborne VOC concentration inside the printing station and the surrounding area, 1.5 ppm at the Fast Firing Furnace and 5 ppm in the surrounding area. This measurement result consists with what the survey reported of strong odor found near the Fast Firing Furnace area. We concluded this is where the odor was released. The following experiments were designed in order to resolve the odor releasing issue at Fast Firing Furnace including (1) Extend the opened exhaust duct to the platform exhaust outlet. (2) Set up a PVC curtain to enable environment exhaust. (3) Replace the opened exhaust duct by a closed exhaust system. The experiment results showed that "(3) closed exhaust system" is the most effective method for which the airborne VOC concentrations were reduced from 5 ppm to 0.5 ppm. A follow-up survey also confirmed that the odor smell was reduced to a detectable level.

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"Problems of industrial odours in western Enfield - towards an effective response by Enfield Council." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envr863.pdf.

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Книги з теми "ODOUR PROBLEM"

Dawes, Christopher Allan. Odour pollution problems within the district of the Wrekin council. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1987.

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Dietrich, Andrea M. Taste-and-odor problems associated with chlorine dioxide. Denver, CO: The Foundation, 1991.

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Association, American Water Works, ed. Diagnosing taste and odor problems: Source water and treatment field guide. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2011.

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Mueller, David K. Limnological characteristics, nutrient loading and limitation, and potential sources of taste and odor problems in Standley Lake Colorado. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Color, taste and odor problems in drinking water. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Health, Environmental Health Programs, Division of Drinking Water, 2005.

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Grocott, Patricia, Georgina Gethin, and Sebastian Probst. Skin problems in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0111.

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Nursing aspects of palliative wound care are driven by patient and family goals integrated with three components of wound management: the management or palliation of the underlying cause of the wound, management of wound-related symptoms, and management of the wound and peri-wound skin. Wounds most commonly found include pressure ulcers, fungating malignant wounds, and fistulae. Patients with blistering skin conditions, inherited and acquired, have extensive longstanding wounds and palliative care needs. In addition, meticulous skin care for patients of all ages with debilitating long-term conditions is crucial to prevent unnecessary skin breakdown. The symptoms and local problems associated with broken skin and wounds include odour, exudate, excoriation, maceration, bleeding, pain, and pruritus, and key clinical interventions include the application of wound dressings and skin care products. Unless these are managed effectively and consistently, body image and feelings of self-worth are affected together with the ability to socialize and maintain employment.

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Craufurd, David, and Julie S. Snowden. Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0003.

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Huntington’s disease (HD) causes a combination of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric changes; of these, the behavioral and cognitive aspects cause the greatest disability and have the highest impact on quality of life. The most common and troublesome behavioral problems are depression, suicidal thinking, irritability, apathy, and perseveration. Apathy and perseveration become more common as the disease progresses and correlate with other markers of disease progression, including cognitive impairment, whereas mood changes do not. The most prominent cognitive changes are psychomotor slowing and problems in executive skills and memory. Emotional processing and odor recognition difficulties also occur early. Simple psychomotor measures provide sensitive markers of change, even in premanifest HD, and therefore are crucial in evaluating efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The causes of problem behaviors in HD are complex and reflect an interaction of biologic, social, and environmental factors.

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and, Bruno. Object Perception and Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0004.

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Perceived objects are unitary entities that enter our consciousness as organized wholes distinct from other entities and from empty parts of the environment, that are amenable to bodily interactions, and that possess several features such as a three-dimensional structure, a location in space, a colour, a texture, a weight, a degree of rigidity, an odour, and so on. In this chapter, we will discuss perceptual processes responsible for forming such units within and between sensory channels, typically for the purpose of recognition. Our discussion of multisensory interactions in object perception will provide a useful domain for illustrating the key notion of optimal multisensory integration and for introducing Bayesian models of perception. These models provide important novel ways of addressing classical problems in the philosophy of perception, in influential historical approaches such as the Gestalt theory of perception, and in applications to rehabilitation based on sensory substitution.

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Частини книг з теми "ODOUR PROBLEM"

Olsson, Liselott Mariett. "The Odour of a False Problem." In Becoming Pedagogue, 31–57. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315461779-3.

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Suffet, I. H., D. Khiari, and J. Mallevialle. "Taste and odor problems in drinking water." In Food Taints and Off-Flavours, 107–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2151-8_4.

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Küppers, Stephan, Tim aus der Beek, Wenhai Chu, Bingzhi Dong, Anna Dahlhaus, Henner Hollert, Jianliang Hua, et al. "Fostering Water Treatment in Eutrophic Areas: Innovative Water Quality Monitoring, and Technologies Mitigating Taste & Odor Problems Demonstrated at Tai Hu." In Future City, 91–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01488-9_5.

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Mahat, Nor Idayu, Maz Jamilah Masnan, Ali Yeon Md Shakaff, Ammar Zakaria, and Muhd Khairulzaman Abdul Kadir. "Artificial Odour Classification System." In Electronic Nose Technologies and Advances in Machine Olfaction, 25–37. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3862-2.ch002.

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This chapter overviews the issue of multicollinearity in electronic nose (e-nose) classification and investigates some analytical solutions to deal with the problem. Multicollinearity effect may harm classification analysis from producing good parameters estimate during the construction of the classification rule. The common approach to deal with multicollinearity is feature extraction. However, the criterion used in extracting the raw features based on variances may not be appropriate for the ultimate goal of classification accuracy. Alternatively, feature selection method would be advisable as it chooses only valuable features. Two distance-based criteria in determining the right features for classification purposes, Wilk's Lambda and bounded Mahalanobis distance, are applied. Classification with features determined by bounded Mahalanobis distance statistically performs better than Wilk's Lambda. This chapter suggests that classification of e-nose with feature selection is a good choice to limit the cost of experiments and maintain good classification performance.

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"complaints or problems relating to disposal of sewage sludge to land were related to odour nuisance. Table 1. Summary of complaints or problems relating to disposal of sewage sludge to land in the UK (1980 data)(^) Type of problem Per cent occurrence Environmental nuisance (smell) 60 Transport 19 Water Pollution 10 Agricultural 5 Metals 4 Veterinary 1 Planning consent 1 100 It is clear from this that odour nuisance is an important problem and it follows that standard methods of scientifically measuring odours are desirable. ACHYHX Iff QQ2I M l . SUBdGTOUP .r.OBMBS' This sub group was established in 1984 as part of the activity of Working Party 1 but drawing on experts from outside the Working Party. The Chairman is Mr J H Voorburg of the Netherlands and other experts in odours include Dr M Hangartner (QD, Dr J Hartung (D), Dr A Eikun (No) and Mr V C Nielsen (UK). Mr H M Scheltinga (NL) and A M Bruce (UK) are also members of the group. The sub-group is hoping to complete its tasks quickly, the main ones being (a) To develop proposals for a harmonised and standardised odour measurement technique (b) To exchange information about research on odour measurement and control. On (a) good progress has been made in collecting information on the existing guidelines in different countries for sampling and transportation of samples for odour measurement, for dilution techniques and for panel selection etc. The question of acceptable levels of odour intensity is net being considered. All these matters will be discussed at this joint Workshop and it is hoped that clear recommendations will emerge from the experts so that a formal report can be presented for discussion at the COST 681 4th Symposium to be held in Rome in October 1985. In regard to objective (b), one of the major tasks of the sub-group has been to compile an inventory of organisations and scientists in Europe who are actively involved in research on the measurement and/or." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 19. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-13.

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"The physical condition is checked by the panel leader using a question naire or simply by asking the test persons according to the guidelines of Germany and the United Kingdom. Only the German guideline tests reli ability of panel members by repeated measurements with the same odorant. Problems of honesty are minimized by forced choice technique (France, Netherlands). In the German guideline persons with more than 20% of errors in more than three test series are excluded. 5.2 Panel size The extent to which a panel constitutes a representative sample of the population depends directly on the numbers of panel members. For practical reasons a cxxrpromise must be sought between costs and the representative ness of the result, and this depends on the question to be answered: basic measurement e.g. emission standards or only comparative measurements, e.g. odor abatement efficiency. Nether Germany United France lands Kingdom basic measure 8-15 10 6-86-8 ments comparative measurements > 4 Table 5: Panel size. 6. CCECLUSICNS - There is more or less agreement in all guidelines about general back ground conditions. - The limit method is proposed as detection method in all guidelines. The indication of response is either yes/no or correct/incorrect. The latter, forced choice technique, may certainly give lower odor thres holds. - The mathematical treatment of data will produce only slight differences in the threshold values. - For the panel size different members are given. 8 people appears the right size for the panel. - Selection of panelists is the most difficult question and large varia tions of threshold data are expected due to this problem. No generally accepted procedure exists and only vague recanmendations are given in the guidelines. A possible solution will be the evaluation of the sensi tivity distribution of a large panel (>25) of the actual odor to be tested, and screening the panel members according to their position in the distribution. However, this procedure might not be suitable in practice." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 74. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-28.

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"COST 68 bis was more extensive in scope than the initial project since it covered both treatment and use of sewage sludge. This meant that the topics included both the engineering and economics aspects of sludge processing at sewage works and the environmental aspects of sludge disposal particularly in regard to its utilisation as a fertilizer in agriculture. The use of sewage sludge in this way is important in most countries and it was recognised that co-ordinated research was desirable into both the possible adverse environmental effects of heavy metals and pathogens in sludges and the beneficial effects of plant nutrients in sludge. The problem of odour nuisance arising from the handling and spreading of sewage sludge was also recognised as an important subject-area for research. Under COST 68 bis, five Working Parties were established to co-ordinate the various areas of research. As a 'Concerted Action1, no direct funding was available from the European Commission to finance research projects on sewage sludge, each country being expected to contribute its own publicly-funded projects to the common ’pool*. COST 68 bis ran from 1977 to 1980(2) and was followed by an extension programme - COST 68 ter - which ran from 1981 to 1983(3). In 1983, it was decided to further extend this Concerted Action but to widen the range of research topics in the scientific programme to include animal manures. The renewed programme was designated COST Project 681 'Treatment and Use of Organic Sludges and Liquid Agricultural Wastes'. It is obvious that sewage sludges and farm manures have many aspects in common particularly with regard to handling and treatment techniques and to the environmental impact (e.g. odour) which can occur from their utilisation on land. On the other hand, from the administrative point of view, sewage sludge and farm manures are in two different 'worlds'. Sewage sludge is the general responsibility of public authorities while responsibility for disposing of animal manures belong mainly to the private farming sector. Funding for research on the two types of waste, even if from Government sources, is usually from different Departments and there is little cross-involvement of research scientists in the two sectors. Nonetheless, the COST 681 activity is attempting to promote some co-ordination of effort between the two research areas and, hopefully, this will result in mutual benefit to both those authorities responsible for sewage sludge treatment and those concerned with farm manures and their disposal. This joint Workshop on 'odours' is a good example of the type of co-operation, and sharing of information on a common problem, which can be of great mutual benefit to both sectors. PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 17. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-11.

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"DISPERSION MODELS FOR EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL SOURCES G.-J. MEJER and K.-H. KRAUSE Institut fiir landtechnische Grundlagenforschung der Bundesforschungsanstalt fiir Landwirtschaft Summary The aim of dispersion models is the prediction of atmospheric dilution of pollutants in order to prevent or avoid nuisance. Established dispersion models, designed for the large scale of industrial air pol lution have to be modified to the small scale of agricultural pol lutions. An experimental setup is described to measure atmospheric dilution of tracer gas under agricultural conditions. The experimental results deliver the data base to identify the parameters of the models. For undisturbed airflow modified Gaussian models are applicable. For the consideration of obstacles more sophisticated models are necessary. 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of dispersion models is to develop reliable methods for calcu lating the atmospheric dilution of airborne pollutants under practical conditions. One application in agriculture is the determination of that distance, at which i.g. odouriferous pollutants of an animal farm are diluted in the atmosphere to a concentration below a certain threshold, in order to allow the farmer a profitable production and likewise to prevent odour nuisance from the neighbourhood. Another application is the prediction of the effectiveness of changes in the emission source configuration, in order to reduce the odour nuisance in the existent vicinity. That could help to avoid expensive misinvestments. In air pollution control it is useful! to subdivide this large problem into three main divisions /1/, fig. 1:." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 113. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-37.

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"In any case, covering may be impracticable for other reasons. Many processes as they are currently designed depend upon at least visual access by operators for process control, and in other instances the production of odorous chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide can be accompanied by the formation of methane, giving a potential fire or explosion hazard. 1.1.1. Odours .from the Spreading of Sludge and Slurries on Land The chimney, originally devised to increase draught through fires and to provide smoke extraction, has found extensive use in many industries to aid the dispersion of odour. The extra height gained by the point of emission is frequently enough to give the extra dilution required to reduce the risk of odour nuisance at even relatively nearby properties. This is an option that is not open to the farmer or the sewage works operator. The cost and practicability of enclosing the processes used in sewage treatment varies considerably, but in the disposal of sludge or animal slurries to land there is never a realistic option that the dispersion of odours once transferred to the gas phase might be effectively controlled. For the prevention of nuisance therefore there are two possibili ties. First, the formation or release of odorous chemical species can be discouraged. In practice this usually means the prevention of reducing conditions (negative redox potential) and possibly the prior removal of certain key compounds. Second, the time of contact between the sludge/ slurry and the air can be reduced, for example by ploughing in or sub-surface injection, and the act of spreading can be timed to coincide with favourable atmospheric conditions. These two approaches can of course be used in combination. Both approaches naturally add to the cost of sludge disposal, and for the sewage works manager add to the risk that farmers might be less willing to accept sludge to land, causing a greater problem still. For the fanner, sewage sludge can be a useful source of cheap nitrogen, though of unspecified strength, and also of much needed soil structure, but the imposition of no-grazing periods after application can add to the cost taken as a whole. A further problem, especially for farmers with arable crops is that the demand for soil nutrients and the practicability of spreading and ploughing in are seasonal, whereas a sludge and slurry are produced at a more or less constant rate. In the case of slurries, seme form of storage is inevitable, and commonly takes place in open pits. Scxne digestion and therefore stabilisation takes place during storage, reducing the capacity of the slurry to cause odour nuisance, and as long as the surface crust is not disturbed, little odour results. It is the emptying of slurry pits that gives rise to the release of odour. 2. P rin ciple, Sources, of Odour at .^ weg e .lreatment Works." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 146. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-58.

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"be detected specifically, which is possible for sane groups of odorants (thiols or mercaptans, sulphides, amines) with specific GC-detectors. Spe cific detectors are available for haloganted compounds, sulphur-, phosphor-and nitrogen compounds. Figure 4 shews the analysis of the sulphur-ccmpounds produced by the acidic decomposition of phosphate-rock and causing the typi cal smell of fertilizer plants. Another approach is to aim at selective concentration methods. Indeed odour problems are caused by a limited number of compounds, on rather a li mited number of classes of compounds, mentioned in figure 5. For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, live stock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on speci fic absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Semet imes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Se lective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. Carbonyl ccnpounds for instance can be trapped by absorption in a rea gent solution containing 2,4-dinitrcphenylhydrazine and hydrogen chloride. Details of this method are extensively described elsewhere (8). The prin ciple of the method is that the carbonyl ccnpounds, in case of rendering plant emission the aldehydes, react with the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4-DNPH's) according to the scheme. These 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have seme interesting properties. It are cristalline caipounds so that after extract of the 2,4-DNPH's fran the reagens, they can be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent without losing product. Besides these caipounds shown intense absorption of UV-light (X 356 nm) and so they can easily be detected with an UV-detec-tor. These properties make the 2,4-DNPH's particularly suitable for HPDC-analyse. This methods is used since seme time. A chranatogram is given in figure 6 and results of the quantitative determination of carbonyl com pounds in different situations are given in table 2. For amines absorption in an acid solution, or preferably adsorption onto an acid ion exchange column (acidified divinylbenzene-styrenesulfo-nic acid copolymer) is used. 10-50 1 of ambient air is sent over*a wet 100nnix3irmI.D. column; the ion exchange polymer is put into a vial, made alkaline and the water solution is analysed on packed Carbowax-KDH GC-column with a thermionic selective detector (TSD), which is specific for nitrogen- and phosphorus-catpounds. Trimethylamine is detected easi ly at 1 ppb. Aibids can be absorbed specifically in an alkaline impringer, which is extracted with ether after acidification to pH 2. This method was used for rendering plant emissions, shewing a series of linear and branched." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 170. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-76.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "ODOUR PROBLEM"

Ale, B. J. M., and M. A. Piers. "The Use of Risk Information for the Development of a Safety Policy Around an Airport." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1022.

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Abstract Schiphol, the main airport of the Netherlands, grows rapidly. The movements of aircraft cause considerable environmental burden to the surrounding population; notably noise, odour and safety risk. In the late nineteen eighties the discussion about further extensions of the airport were based on expectations of growth, which since then were exceeded by a factor of two. The concern about 3PR was enhanced due to a crash of a Boeing 747 into an apartment building in a suburb of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. In this accident, which happened on October 4, 1992, the four crew members were killed together with 39 inhabitants on the ground. In order to cope with this problem the methodology to assess these risks and the policy to deal with these risks had to be developed simultaneously. This led to interesting interactions between the two. The development of the policy is described against the background of the continuing increase in growth expectations, the development of insight in the methodology to assess the risks and the risks themselves. This is illustrated with results of safety studies and policy debates of the last decade. In the current discussion special attention has been given to the necessity to develop policies to limit the chance of large scale disasters. The results of a study of the potential for such policies is summarised in the remainder of the paper. The discussion about the acceptability of this risk still continues just as the discussion about Schiphol’s fate in the future.

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Hou, Linzao, Jun Zhang, Mian Li, and Ruixiang Zheng. "Modeling Odor Optimization of Vehicles Based on Data-Driven Goal Programming." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23519.

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Abstract In recent years, there is an increase in customer requirement on the comfort of vehicles. As a result, reducing the odor inside the vehicles has become an important and elusive task. Extensive experimental results show that the odor inside vehicles mainly comes from VOC (volatile organic compounds) emitted by the interior ornaments and parts. Given there are many VOC components affecting the odor, determining which VOC components are essential to the odor becomes a main difficulty in optimizing the odor in vehicles. In this paper, we proposed a new approach to optimize the odor of VOC in vehicles based on data-driven modeling and goal programming. To this end, we first collected mass spectrograms of vehicle parts and their odor ratings, where the mass spectrograms are obtained by mass spectrometer and ratings are scored by olfactory engineers. Then we used these data to build a data-driven model based on Weber-Fechner Law. The data-driven model is solved using lasso regression. Based on the data-driven model, we found out the contributions of the VOC components to the odor rating, which enables us to focus on certain specific VOC components that contribute much to the odor ratings. By strategically reducing those specific VOC components using goal programming, we finally obtained an optimized design with a better odor rating. To be specific, when performing the optimization, instead of minimizing the VOC odor rating, we set an ideal odor rating as the goal and formulated the optimization as a goal programming problem. To validate our approach, we collected 179 VOC mass spectrograms to train and test our data-driven model. The average accuracy of predicting odor ratings from mass spectrograms can reach 85% ∼ 90%. This data-driven model implies the contributions of VOC components on different mass weights to the odor rating, and the selected high-contribution mass weights can give reasonable optimization scheme to reduce the VOC gas odor.

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Ramkumar, S. "A Research on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Waste Foundry Sand." In Sustainable Materials and Smart Practices. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901953-20.

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Abstract. The by-products from metal casting industries, waste foundry sand is generated in huge amount which causes many pollution to the environment like infertility of sand, unsightliness, awful odour, etc., because of improper disposal. Such kind of environmental problems can be reduced when those wastes are used as building material during concrete production. So, a research work was carried out in concrete containing waste foundry sand in the range of 15% to 25% with 5% increase, as a partial replacement for fine aggregate(M-sand) for M-20 grade concrete. The concrete made of foundry sand in the proposed mix design was tested and compared with ordinary concrete for workability, compressive strength, Flexural strength and Tensile strength. The cubes were tested on 14th and 28th day for mix of 1:1.54:2.97 at a water-cement ratio of 0.45 and the results were carried out with comparison.

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Ayhan, T., M. K. Muezzinoglu, A. Vergara, and M. E. Yalcin. "Using a cellular neural network based olfactory bulb model for choosing the best sensor temperature for an odor classification problem." In 2010 IEEE 18th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2010.5653934.

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Shih, Chien-Jen, Keith E. Forrester, and Wen-Bin Fan. "Application of Dry Chemical Stabilization Technology in Taiwan Kobin Bottom Ash Processing and Recycle Plant." In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3191.

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The Taiwan Kobin Bottom Ash Processing & Recycle Plant (Kobin-BAPRP) processes approximately one quarter million metric tons of bottom ashes from several municipal solid wastes the incinerators annually, generating fine aggregate finished products and ferrous recovery. The results from USEPA Method 1311 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for un-treated bottom ash indicate that about 5% of the time that lead and less than 0.5% of the time, copper or cadmium may fail to meet leaching standards (i.e. 5 mg/L for Pb, 15 mg/L for Cu, and 1 mg/L for Cd ). Previously, Kobin applied phosphoric acid solution for stabilization, which caused strong odor problem, increased moisture content, and still about 1% of the time that TCLP-Pb failed to pass the standard, hence, required reprocessing. Recently, Kobin-BAPRP has switched its stabilization agent from the phosphoric acid solution to dry chemical dosage. In addition to having a better stabilized byproduct, the use of dry chemical further ensures worker safety. Dry chemical is water insoluble and fine calcium phosphate particles, with different combinations of buffers and complexing agents, such as Fe+2, Fe+3, Al+3, or chloride. It took about 8 months for laboratory tests and plant trials to identify the optimum dosage as well as the best mixing point. Long term operation has demonstrated that dry chemical spread and mixing is safe to communities and workers, non-reactive with storage and handling materials, generates no toxic gases or odor, and most importantly, provides for effective and consistent Pb stabilization. The final stable family of mineral crystals includes complexed hydroxyapatite and chlorapatite minerals.

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Meiren, Thomas, Christian van Husen, and Reuven Karni. "Laboratory Support for Service Engineering and Design." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59155.

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Services are frequently developed unsystematically; and new ideas are not sufficiently conceptualized and tested. This results in expensive improvement measures at a later stage during the operations phase. This challenge is addressed through the recent launching of the “ServLab” facility at the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering. It incorporates a stage for acting out service scenarios, furnishings to represent the physical environment, and a large virtual reality (VR) backdrop to simulate the “servicescape”. Situations are played out by professional actors or by employees and invited customers. In particular, the ServLab makes it possible to test services comprehensively. It is just this problem which has not been solved satisfactorily for a long time — neither in science nor in practice. It is still common for concepts to be developed “round the green table”, followed by an attempt to implement them directly. Potential mistakes are discovered very late or not at all, resulting in expensive rectification activities. The ServLab makes it possible to visualise new service concepts (using virtual reality), create an environment that is as close as possible to reality (e.g. by playing back sounds or introducing odours) and to rehearse the interaction between customers and employees with the support of actors (service theatre).

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Andreev, Nadejda, Peter Matuku Mawioo, Elena Zubcov, Nina Bagrin, Anastasia Ivanova, and Antoaneta Ene. "Application of vermifiltration for sustainable management of septage." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.22.

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The current article presents an innovative technical solution for sustainable management of septage, via a vermifiltration system, in the Republic of Moldova. A technical description of the main components of a demonstration model that was implemented at a household level is presented. The results from the model show an 98.85% reduction of ammonia content, 49,21 % CODMn (an indicator of degradation of easily degradable organic substances) and 85,28% of CODCr (showing degradation of hardly degradable organic substances). Considering the fact that the concentration of ammonium in the effluent was considerable reduced, while that of nitrate nitrogen remained rather low, it was assumed that the activity of earthworms was rather limited, probable the microorganisms, interacting symbiotically and synergistically with earthworms not being well developed in the vermifilter bed. The study suggests that the vermifiltration technology can provide a sustainable wastewater management solution and its application can be promoted in certain settings such as schools and kindergartens in Moldova. However, good insulation should be considered to avoid the freezing problems during winter while the odor nuisance in the septic tank can be reduced by adding lactic acid bacteria can also be applied.

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Reis, Mariana Tavares dos, Gabriela Marques De Oliveira, and Sarah Aparecida Ludwig. "GIARDÍASE CANINA." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1848.

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Introdução: A Giardia lamblia é um protozoário de característica cosmopolita e zoonótica, vista como um preocupante problema no que diz respeito a saúde pública, estão inseridos especialmente em regiões de clima tropical, porém podem ser detectados em temperaturas diversificadas. Há diversas formas da expressão clínica da giardíase, que pode ser assintomática, aguda ou crônica e tais expressões estão veiculadas à diversos elementos no que diz respeito ao hospedeiro, por exemplo como seu status imunológico, seu estado nutricional, e fatores que se referem ao parasito, como a virulência e a patogenia da cepa. Objetivos: Tem-se por escopo relatar a importância na medicina veterinária, na saúde pública e a relevância no controle da infecção. Material e Métodos: Estruturalmente, Scielo e PubVet foram as bases de dados, acessadas no ano de 2021 e desfrutou-se dos dois e três artigos, respectivamente. Resultados: A infecção por Giardia spp ocorre de forma direta, através de cistos eliminados junto das fezes que sobrevivem durante meses no meio ambiente e por meio dos trofozoítos, que se desenvolvem no intestino delgado através da ingestão de cistos, ocasionando os sinais clínicos da infecção que consistem em diarreia mucoide com odor fétido, desidratação, emagrecimento e má absorção intestinal, assim, o homem, ruminantes e pequenos ruminantes, suínos, equinos, caninos e felinos podem se contaminar. O diagnóstico pode ser clínico ou laboratorial e o tratamento constitui-se a base de fármacos anti-helmínticos. Ressalta-se que é indispensável práticas de boa higiene e prevenção de contaminação nas fezes em água e alimentos, a vermifugação, a higienização dos pelos dos animais e a prevenção através da vacina em cães. Conclusão: De acordo com o que foi supracitado, a proximidade dos animais acometidos principalmente cães e gatos deve ser ponderado, além do mais, o protozoário é uma zoonose e é notório que a giardíase é um problema de saúde pública e deve ser observado.

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Wright, Natasha C., and Amos G. Winter. "Energetic and Socioeconomic Justification for Solar-Powered Desalination Technology for Rural Indian Villages." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35176.

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This paper provides justification for solar-powered electrodialysis desalination systems for rural Indian villages. It is estimated that 11% of India’s 800 million people living in rural areas do not have access to an improved water source. If the source’s quality in regards to biological, chemical, or physical contaminants is also considered, this percentage is even higher. User interviews conducted by the authors and in literature reveal that users judge the quality of their water source based on its aesthetic quality (taste, odor, and temperature). Seventy-three percent of Indian villages rely on groundwater as their primary drinking supply. However, saline groundwater underlies approximately 60% of the land area in India. Desalination is necessary in order to improve the aesthetics of this water (by reducing salinity below the taste threshold) and remove contaminants that cause health risks. Both technical and socioeconomic factors were considered to identify the critical design requirements for inland water desalination in India. An off-grid power system is among those requirements due to the lack of grid access or intermittent supply, problems faced by half of Indian villages. The same regions in India that have high groundwater salinity also have the advantage of high solar potential, making solar a primary candidate. Within the salinity range of groundwater found in inland India, electrodialysis would substantially reduce the energy consumption to desalinate compared to reverse osmosis, which is the standard technology used for village-level systems. This energy savings leads to a smaller solar array required for electrodialysis systems, translating to reduced capital costs.

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Lille, Simon, Wlodzimierz Blasiak, Magnus Mo¨rtberg, Tomasz Dobski, and Weihong Yang. "Heat Flux Evaluation in a Test Furnace Equipped With High Temperature Air Combustion (HTAC) Technique." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26031.

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High Temperature Air Combustion has already been applied in various industrial furnaces. Steel producers use most of the revamped furnaces. These are: • Batch and continuous heating furnaces in which HRS burners with open flames were used, • Batch and continuous heat treatment furnaces in which HRS burners with radiant tubes were used. Apart from steel industry the HTAC systems were applied to melt aluminium or to incinerate odour, vapour gases for example in pulp and paper industry. In all these applications very high fuel savings (sometimes as high as 60%), reduction of NOx and production increase (by 20–50%) was achieved. Progress in applications of the HTAC increased also needs of more information and data required by furnace and process designers. For this reason study in larger scale where at least one set of regenerative burner systems is installed are very much needed. Aim of such studies is not only to verify furnace performance with respect to the known general advantages of HTAC but are focused on specific problems related to furnace and high-cycle regenerative burners operation, process and product properties or type of fuels used. Parallel to the semi-industrial tests numerical models of furnaces have to be developed and verified. In this work, mainly results of heat flux measurements as well as results of numerical modeling of heat transfer in the HTAC test furnace are presented. Results were obtained for propane combustion at firing rate equal to 200 kW. The general code, STAR-CD, was employed in this work to analyse the HTAC test furnace numerically. HTAC test furnace at Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) with capacity of 200 kW was used in this work. The furnace is equipped with two different high-cycle regenerative systems (HRS). In both systems the “honeycomb” regenerator is used. The two-burner system is made of two pairs (four burners) of high cycle-regenerative burners with switching time between 10 and 40 seconds. HTAC test furnace is equipped with four air-cooled tubes to take away heat from the furnace. The total radiative heat flux measured in the HTAC furnace shows very uniform distribution over the whole combustion chamber. For total radiative heat flux, the values are in the range of 110–130 kW/m2 as measured by means of the total radiative heat flow meter at the furnace temperature 1100 C. Average total radiation flux on the top furnace wall is as high as 245.5 kW/m2 as well as total incident radiation flux. Total radiation heat flux on the air-cooled tube surface is very uniform along and around the tubes. Average radiant heat flux taken away by air cool tube is 35.46 kW/m2.

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Limnological characteristics, nutrient loading and limitation, and potential sources of taste and odor problems in Standley Lake Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri924053.

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