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Статті в журналах з теми "Ocean mapping"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Probyn, Elspeth. "The ocean returns: Mapping a mercurial Anthropocean." Social Science Information 57, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 386–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018418792402.

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Анотація:

Humans have dumped ‘stuff’ in oceans in a particularly concentrated way since the Industrial Revolution, the effects of which we now note as evidence of the Anthropocene – or the Anthropocean. In this article, I consider what the oceans now return to us in the form of pollution. I trace the production of a mercurial ocean through the production of mercury as it is taken up and transported by atmospheric and oceanic currents from artisanal mines in Asia, and transformed into methylmercury. As methylmercury, it enters into the food chain and eventuates in the diets of certain populations, especially those in Nordic countries, with toxic effects into future generations. This, I argue, produces a particular ocean, one with temporal and spatial multiplicity. The flow of mercury is gendered and racialized with women workers in Indonesia being primarily affected while women in the north are the recipients of methylmercury in the form of toxic fish. I engage with scientific research on mercury flows and methylmercury biogeochemical cycling, and draw on the work of Annemarie Mol on the body multiple, feminist research into epigenetics (Mansfield, Guthman, Landecker), and feminist environmental posthumanism (Alaimo, Neimanis). My argument seeks to disturb the singular and othered ocean in order to make way for the ocean multiple – a conception of the different forms of the oceanic produced through the athwart admixtures of the more-than-human (Helmreich, Probyn).

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2

Stranne, Christian, Larry Mayer, Martin Jakobsson, Elizabeth Weidner, Kevin Jerram, Thomas C. Weber, Leif G. Anderson, Johan Nilsson, Göran Björk, and Katarina Gårdfeldt. "Acoustic mapping of mixed layer depth." Ocean Science 14, no. 3 (June 22, 2018): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-503-2018.

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Abstract. The ocean surface mixed layer is a nearly universal feature of the world oceans. Variations in the depth of the mixed layer (MLD) influences the exchange of heat, fresh water (through evaporation), and gases between the atmosphere and the ocean and constitutes one of the major factors controlling ocean primary production as it affects the vertical distribution of biological and chemical components in near-surface waters. Direct observations of the MLD are traditionally made by means of conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) casts. However, CTD instrument deployment limits the observation of temporal and spatial variability in the MLD. Here, we present an alternative method in which acoustic mapping of the MLD is done remotely by means of commercially available ship-mounted echo sounders. The method is shown to be highly accurate when the MLD is well defined and biological scattering does not dominate the acoustic returns. These prerequisites are often met in the open ocean and it is shown that the method is successful in 95 % of data collected in the central Arctic Ocean. The primary advantages of acoustically mapping the MLD over CTD measurements are (1) considerably higher temporal and horizontal resolutions and (2) potentially larger spatial coverage.

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3

Smith Menandro, Pedro, and Alex Cardoso Bastos. "Seabed Mapping: A Brief History from Meaningful Words." Geosciences 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070273.

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Over the last few centuries, mapping the ocean seabed has been a major challenge for marine geoscientists. Knowledge of seabed bathymetry and morphology has significantly impacted our understanding of our planet dynamics. The history and scientific trends of seabed mapping can be assessed by data mining prior studies. Here, we have mined the scientific literature using the keyword “seabed mapping” to investigate and provide the evolution of mapping methods and emphasize the main trends and challenges over the last 90 years. An increase in related scientific production was observed in the beginning of the 1970s, together with an increased interest in new mapping technologies. The last two decades have revealed major shift in ocean mapping. Besides the range of applications for seabed mapping, terms like habitat mapping and concepts of seabed classification and backscatter began to appear. This follows the trend of investments in research, science, and technology but is mainly related to national and international demands regarding defining that country’s exclusive economic zone, the interest in marine mineral and renewable energy resources, the need for spatial planning, and the scientific challenge of understanding climate variability. The future of seabed mapping brings high expectations, considering that this is one of the main research and development themes for the United Nations Decade of the Oceans. We may expect a new higher resolution ocean seafloor map that might be as influential as The Floor of the Oceans map.

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4

Ott, Norbert, and Hans Werner Schenke. "Southern Ocean Mapping Program Restarts." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, no. 31 (July 31, 2007): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo310003.

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5

Voronovich, Alexander, and Cecile Penland. "Mapping of the ocean wind by ocean acoustic interferometers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 4 (October 2010): 2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3508092.

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6

Seidov, Dan, Alexey Mishonov, James Reagan, Olga Baranova, Scott Cross, and Rost Parsons. "Regional Climatology of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean: High-Resolution Mapping of Ocean Structure and Change." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 10 (October 2018): 2129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0205.1.

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AbstractThe vision of ocean circulation as highly variable and unstable flows generating and reintegrating mesoscale ocean eddies within their surroundings has come into focus over the past several decades based on satellite images and results from eddy-resolving ocean circulation models. Until recently, global ocean climatologies, built as in situ observations mapped onto regular spatial grids, did not reflect this image of ocean circulation because of relatively sparse data coverage. However, in a few key regions of the World Ocean, which are exceptionally data-rich, high-resolution data mapping, as high as 1/10°, has become feasible as a result of the increased volume of available ocean profile data. These new high-resolution ocean data mappings are now matching the details of thermohaline fields generated in eddy-resolving ocean models and, at the near-surface depths, satellite imagery of the ocean surface. The Northwest Atlantic Regional Ocean Climatology—the most advanced example of these new high-resolution regional ocean data mappings—and some of its applications are discussed in this review to provide insights on the advantages of high-resolution regional ocean climatologies for climate studies.

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7

Ferrini, Vicki. "Assembling the Bathymetric Puzzle to Create a Global Ocean Map." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.3.2.

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AbstractBathymetry data are fundamental ocean observations that are important for a variety of applications including exploration and research, habitat mapping, resource management, coastal and ocean resilience, and policy decisions. Despite the importance of these data, the majority of the ocean, and our planet, remains unmapped. As a result, we lack comprehensive integrated data and information products at the resolutions necessary to address fundamental questions about subaqueous environments. With the increasing availability of mapping technology, advances in computing and data science, and an evolving culture that embraces data sharing, there are new opportunities to produce high-quality, publicly available, integrated bathymetry data products. Coordinated efforts with grand aspirations to completely map the world's oceans come at a pivotal time as we confront global challenges related to a changing planet. Through coordination and collaboration across communities, scales, and sectors, we can accelerate toward delivering data and information products that are useful to society while developing strong collaborative relationships that will have long-lasting effects. The technical and collaborative approaches developed for completely mapping the world ocean can be applied to systematic mapping efforts in other subaqueous environments and can benefit initiatives such as Lakebed 2030.

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8

Poto, Margherita Paola, and Elise Johansen. "Modelling Ocean Connectivity." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 12 (2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v12.3289.

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Regulatory coherence is crucial to effectively respond to the growing pressures that our oceans are facing. Applying the interpretative lens of ocean connectivity to ocean governance can help address the challenges from a material, epistemic, and geopolitical viewpoint. This special issue intends to uncover various understandings of ocean connectivity taking into account the complex biocultural interactions happening in the marine environment. The research aim is divided into two objectives: (1) to explore the various conceptualizations of ocean connectivity; and (2) to provide a critical analysis on how the law (of the sea) considers or disregards ocean connectivity. Our research methodology combines a literature review and a mapping technique that examines the models of connectivity. The mapping technique has been developed by adopting the ‘one-pager approach’, where the authors have been asked to answer two research questions, aligned with our research objectives. We structured the work into an introductory section and three main articles. The understanding of ocean connectivity is key to developing international marine policy and suggesting legal tools for the protection of the marine environment. Moving from this angle towards an understanding of connectivity which includes bio-centric elements, Indigenous cosmo-visions, and anthropocentric connectivity, we identified three models of connectivity and explored their suitability to address the systemic challenges.

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9

Issur, Kumari. "Mapping ocean-state Mauritius and its unlaid ghosts: Hydropolitics and literature in the Indian Ocean." Cultural Dynamics 32, no. 1-2 (January 25, 2020): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019900703.

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In the wake of what has been termed “the scramble for the oceans,” the Republic of Mauritius lodged an application in 2012 with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to recognize its rights to an Exclusive Economic Zone that comprises a large expanse of the Indian Ocean, and subsequently redefined itself as an ocean-state. This new configuration raises as many issues as it answers. The Indian Ocean remains firmly central both to Mauritian history and to its imaginary. All at once, the endless fluidity of the ocean renders material traces and academic archeology harder, yet somehow it traps and sediments memory and meaning in some ways more profoundly than land. This article bores and drills into the historical, geopolitical, and ontological depths of ocean-state Mauritius with the figure of the ghost as motif, metaphor, and witness.

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10

Masetti, Giuseppe, Semme Dijkstra, Rochelle Wigley, and Tyanne Faulkes. "Introducing programming to ocean mapping students." International Hydrographic Review 28 (November 1, 2022): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.58440/ihr-28-a13.

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Анотація:

The next generation of ocean mappers need to master programming skills to meet increasingly higher expectations for timely ping-to-public data workflows. As such, the e-learning Python for Ocean Mapping (ePOM) project was established at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/NOAA-UNH Joint Hydrographic Center (University of New Hampshire). The project aims to support new ocean mapping students and professionals in reaching a minimum level of programming skills. These skills are then expanded with further powerful capabilities by leveraging the open-source Python scientific stack and the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Office of Coast Survey’s Pydro distribution. To the best of our knowledge, the ePOM project represents the first attempt at creating a set of comprehensive open-source courses providing students with the required initial coding skills for a career in the ocean mapping field.

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11

Voronovich, Alexander G., and Cécile Penland. "Mapping of the ocean surface wind by ocean acoustic interferometers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 5 (May 2011): 2841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3557044.

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12

Wells, David, Larry Mayer, and John E. Hughes Clarke. "Ocean mapping: from where? to what?" CISM journal 45, no. 4 (January 1991): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1991-0036.

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13

Vogt, Peter R. "Endorsement of Global Ocean Mapping Project." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 81, no. 43 (2000): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/00eo00359.

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14

Caiti, A., and T. Parisini. "Mapping ocean sediments by RBF networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 19, no. 4 (1994): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.338393.

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15

Fox, Alex. "Mapping efforts envision vast ocean reserves." Science 364, no. 6435 (April 4, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6435.15.

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16

Zwolak, Karolina, Yulia Zarayskaya, Rochelle Ann Wigley, Christina Lacerda, Tomer Ketter, Robert Anderson, Evgenia Bazhenova, et al. "The Shell Ocean Discovery Xprize Competition Impact on the Development of Ocean Mapping Possibilities." Annual of Navigation 25, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2018-0009.

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AbstractThe paper presents the impact that the XPRIZE Foundation competition, the Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE, has had on the development of current ocean mapping possibilities. A race for the prize has accelerated the development of innovative seabed mapping approaches that concentrated on new systems engineering or cutting-edge and innovative methods of existing equipment exploitation. The GEBCO - Nippon Foundation (NF) Alumni Team’s entry is presented in details as a state of the art example of mature and robust oceanmapping solution utilizing a high degree of autonomy and providing the possibilities of deepocean mapping that were unattainable before.

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17

Kwasnitschka, Tom, Kevin Köser, Jan Sticklus, Marcel Rothenbeck, Tim Weiß, Emanuel Wenzlaff, Timm Schoening, et al. "DeepSurveyCam—A Deep Ocean Optical Mapping System." Sensors 16, no. 2 (January 28, 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16020164.

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18

Srinivasan, R., Shijo Zacharia, V. Gowthaman, Tata Sudhakar, and M. A. Atmanand. "Ocean Current Mapping with Indigenous Drifting Buoys." Current Science 118, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v118/i11/1778-1781.

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19

Huvenne, Veerle A. I., Stephen D. McPhail, Russell B. Wynn, Maaten Furlong, and Peter Stevenson. "Mapping Giant Scours in the Deep Ocean." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 90, no. 32 (2009): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009eo320002.

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20

Speisberger, John L., Dan Frye, Harley Hurlburt, Joe McCaffrey, Mark Johnson, and James O’Brien. "Global acoustic mapping of ocean temperatures (GAMOT)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 3 (September 1993): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407885.

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21

Spiesberger, John L., Dan Frye, Harley Hurlburt, Joe McCaffrey, Mark Johnson, and James O’Brien. "Global acoustic mapping of ocean temperatures (GAMOT)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 5 (May 1994): 2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409554.

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22

Forget, Gaël. "Mapping Ocean Observations in a Dynamical Framework: A 2004–06 Ocean Atlas." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4043.1.

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Abstract This paper exploits a new observational atlas for the near-global ocean for the best-observed 3-yr period from December 2003 through November 2006. The atlas consists of mapped observations and derived quantities. Together they form a full representation of the ocean state and its seasonal cycle. The mapped observations are primarily altimeter data, satellite SST, and Argo profiles. GCM interpolation is used to synthesize these datasets, and the resulting atlas is a fairly close fit to each one of them. For observed quantities especially, the atlas is a practical means to evaluate free-running GCM simulations and to put field experiments into a broader context. The atlas-derived quantities include the middepth dynamic topography, as well as ocean fluxes of heat and salt–freshwater. The atlas is publicly available online (www.ecco-group.org). This paper provides insight into two oceanographic problems that are the subject of vigorous ongoing research. First, regarding ocean circulation estimates, it can be inferred that the RMS uncertainty in modern surface dynamic topography (SDT) estimates is only on the order of 3.5 cm at scales beyond 300 km. In that context, it is found that assumptions of “reference-level” dynamic topography may yield significant errors (of order 2.2 cm or more) in SDT estimates using in situ data. Second, in the perspective of mode water investigations, it is estimated that ocean fluxes (advection plus mixing) largely contribute to the seasonal fluctuation in heat content and freshwater/salt content. Hence, representing the seasonal cycle as a simple interplay of air–sea flux and ocean storage would not yield a meaningful approximation. For the salt–freshwater seasonal cycle especially, contributions from ocean fluxes usually exceed direct air–sea flux contributions.

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23

Rödenbeck, C., D. C. E. Bakker, N. Gruber, Y. Iida, A. R. Jacobson, S. Jones, P. Landschützer, et al. "Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM)." Biogeosciences 12, no. 23 (December 11, 2015): 7251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015.

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Abstract. Using measurements of the surface-ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and 14 different pCO2 mapping methods recently collated by the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM) initiative, variations in regional and global sea–air CO2 fluxes are investigated. Though the available mapping methods use widely different approaches, we find relatively consistent estimates of regional pCO2 seasonality, in line with previous estimates. In terms of interannual variability (IAV), all mapping methods estimate the largest variations to occur in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Despite considerable spread in the detailed variations, mapping methods that fit the data more closely also tend to agree more closely with each other in regional averages. Encouragingly, this includes mapping methods belonging to complementary types – taking variability either directly from the pCO2 data or indirectly from driver data via regression. From a weighted ensemble average, we find an IAV amplitude of the global sea–air CO2 flux of 0.31 PgC yr−1 (standard deviation over 1992–2009), which is larger than simulated by biogeochemical process models. From a decadal perspective, the global ocean CO2 uptake is estimated to have gradually increased since about 2000, with little decadal change prior to that. The weighted mean net global ocean CO2 sink estimated by the SOCOM ensemble is −1.75 PgC yr−1 (1992–2009), consistent within uncertainties with estimates from ocean-interior carbon data or atmospheric oxygen trends.

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24

Scarrott, Rory Gordon, Fiona Cawkwell, Mark Jessopp, Caroline Cusack, Eleanor O’Rourke, and C. A. J. M. de Bie. "Ocean-Surface Heterogeneity Mapping (OHMA) to Identify Regions of Change." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071283.

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Mapping heterogeneity of the ocean’s surface waters is important for understanding biogeographical distributions, ocean surface habitat mapping, and ocean surface stability. This article describes the Ocean-surface Heterogeneity MApping (OHMA) algorithm—an objective, replicable approach that uses hypertemporal, satellite-derived datasets to map the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ocean surface waters. The OHMA produces a suite of complementary datasets—a surface spatio-temporal heterogeneity dataset, and an optimised spatio-temporal classification of the ocean surface. It was demonstrated here using a hypertemporal Sea Surface Temperature image dataset of the North Atlantic. Validation with Underway-derived temperature data showed higher heterogeneity areas were associated with stronger surface temperature gradients, or an increased presence of locally extreme temperature values. Using four exploratory case studies, spatio-temporal heterogeneity values were related to a range of region-specific surface and sub-surface characteristics including fronts, currents and bathymetry. The values conveyed the interactions between these parameters as a single metric. Such over-arching heterogeneity information is virtually impossible to map from in-situ instruments, or less temporally dense satellite datasets. This study demonstrated the OHMA approach is a useful and robust tool to explore, examine, and describe the ocean’s surface. It advances our capability to map biologically relevant measures of ocean surface heterogeneity. It can support ongoing efforts in Ocean Surface Partitioning, and attempts to understand marine species distributions. The study highlighted the need to establish dedicated spatio-temporal ocean validation sites, specifically measured using surface transits, to support advances in hypertemporal ocean data use, and exploitation. A number of future research avenues are also highlighted.

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25

Millar, David. "How Innovations in Mapping Will Help Support the Ocean Decade." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.7.

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Abstract A wholly mapped ocean is one of the foundational goals of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. This multifaceted initiative aims to reverse the cycle of decline in ocean health and facilitate improved conditions for sustainable ocean development worldwide. Meeting this goal will require significant innovations in marine geodesy and survey. The following commentary details how innovations in satellite postioning, satellite imaging technology, remote operations, autonomous vehicles and robotics, and analytics and cloud automation are helping to provide safer, more efficient, cost-effective and sustainable marine survey and mapping solutions in support of the Ocean Decade. Real-world innovation examples from Geo-data specialist company Fugro are provided.

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26

Savita, Abhishek, Catia M. Domingues, Tim Boyer, Viktor Gouretski, Masayoshi Ishii, Gregory C. Johnson, John M. Lyman, et al. "Quantifying Spread in Spatiotemporal Changes of Upper-Ocean Heat Content Estimates: An Internationally Coordinated Comparison." Journal of Climate 35, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 851–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0603.1.

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Abstract The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with ∼60% of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper-ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970–2008—with six instrumental bias adjustments applied to expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data, and mapped by six research groups—to evaluate the spatiotemporal spread in upper OHCA estimates arising from two choices: 1) those arising from instrumental bias adjustments and 2) those arising from mathematical (i.e., mapping) techniques to interpolate and extrapolate data in space and time. We also examined the effect of a common ocean mask, which reveals that exclusion of shallow seas can reduce global OHCA estimates up to 13%. Spread due to mapping method is largest in the Indian Ocean and in the eddy-rich and frontal regions of all basins. Spread due to XBT bias adjustment is largest in the Pacific Ocean within 30°N–30°S. In both mapping and XBT cases, spread is higher for 1990–2004. Statistically different trends among mapping methods are found not only in the poorly observed Southern Ocean but also in the well-observed northwest Atlantic. Our results cannot determine the best mapping or bias adjustment schemes, but they identify where important sensitivities exist, and thus where further understanding will help to refine OHCA estimates. These results highlight the need for further coordinated OHCA studies to evaluate the performance of existing mapping methods along with comprehensive assessment of uncertainty estimates.

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27

Coley, Kira. "A Global Ocean Map is Not an Ambition, But a Necessity to Support the Ocean Decade." Marine Technology Society Journal 56, no. 3 (June 8, 2022): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.3.3.

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Abstract The Nippon Foundation-General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Seabed 2030 Project is a collaboration between The Nippon Foundation, Japan's largest private philanthropic organization, and the GEBCO, which has more than a century of experience in ocean-floor mapping and is jointly administered by the International Hydrographic Organization and UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Its mission is to create a comprehensive, publicly available map of the entire ocean floor by 2030, which will empower the world to make informed policy decisions, use the ocean sustainably, and undertake scientific research based on detailed bathymetric information. Knowing the shape of the seabed is critical to understanding ocean circulation patterns and their associated impact on climate and weather, wave action, tsunami wave propagation, improving species distribution models, supporting the management of fisheries and marine-protected areas, and identifying underwater geohazards. This knowledge is essential to achieving the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development societal outcomes. With only 8 years left to map the remaining 80% of the ocean, it can be achieved but will require the support and mobilization of the global community.

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28

Sturm, Bob L. "Pulse of an Ocean: Sonification of Ocean Buoy Data." Leonardo 38, no. 2 (April 2005): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0024094053722453.

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The author presents his work in sonifying ocean buoy data for scientific, pedagogical and compositional purposes. Mapping the spectral buoy data to audible frequencies creates interesting and illuminating sonifications of ocean wave dynamics. Several phenomena can be heard, including both those visible and those invisible in graphical representations of the data. The author has worked extensively with this data to compose music and to produce Music from the Ocean, a multi-media CD-ROM demonstrating the data, the phenomena and the sonification. After a brief introduction to physical oceanography, many examples are presented and a composition and installation created from the sonifications are discussed.

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29

Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob, Victoria S. Meadows, Guadalupe Tovar Mendoza, Edward W. Schwieterman, Yuka Fujii, Rodrigo Luger, and Tyler D. Robinson. "Detecting Ocean Glint on Exoplanets Using Multiphase Mapping." Astronomical Journal 156, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaed3a.

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30

Fieguth, P. W., D. Menemenlis, and I. Fukumori. "Mapping and pseudoinverse algorithms for ocean data assimilation." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, no. 1 (January 2003): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2002.808058.

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31

Didenkulov, Igor N., and Yury L. Rodygin. "Long‐range ocean mapping by low‐frequency sound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (October 1996): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.416118.

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32

Huang, Chen-Fen, KuangYu Chen, Sheng-Wei Huang, JenHwa Guo, and Naokazu Taniguchi. "Acoustic mapping of ocean currents using moving vehicles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068653.

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33

Guzmán-Gutiérrez, Jorge. "Imagining and Mapping Antarctica and the Southern Ocean." Imago Mundi 62, no. 2 (June 18, 2010): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085691003747191.

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34

Dunn, J. R., and K. R. Ridgway. "Mapping ocean properties in regions of complex topography." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 49, no. 3 (March 2002): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00069-3.

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35

Sarnthein, M., R. Gersonde, S. Niebler, U. Pflaumann, R. Spielhagen, J. Thiede, G. Wefer, and M. Weinelt. "Overview of Glacial Atlantic Ocean Mapping (GLAMAP 2000)." Paleoceanography 18, no. 2 (May 3, 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002pa000769.

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36

Rödenbeck, C., D. C. E. Bakker, N. Gruber, Y. Iida, A. R. Jacobson, S. Jones, P. Landschützer, et al. "Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM)." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 16 (August 27, 2015): 14049–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-14049-2015.

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Abstract. Using measurements of the surface-ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and 14 different pCO2 mapping methods recently collated by the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM) initiative, variations in regional and global sea–air CO2 fluxes have been investigated. Though the available mapping methods use widely different approaches, we find relatively consistent estimates of regional pCO2 seasonality, in line with previous estimates. In terms of interannual variability (IAV), all mapping methods estimate the largest variations to occur in the Eastern equatorial Pacific. Despite considerable spead in the detailed variations, mapping methods with closer match to the data also tend to be more consistent with each other. Encouragingly, this includes mapping methods belonging to complementary types – taking variability either directly from the pCO2 data or indirectly from driver data via regression. From a weighted ensemble average, we find an IAV amplitude of the global sea–air CO2 flux of 0.31 PgC yr−1 (standard deviation over 1992–2009), which is larger than simulated by biogeochemical process models. On a decadal perspective, the global CO2 uptake is estimated to have gradually increased since about 2000, with little decadal change prior to 2000. The weighted mean total ocean CO2 sink estimated by the SOCOM ensemble is consistent within uncertainties with estimates from ocean-interior carbon data or atmospheric oxygen trends.

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37

Zeng, Jiye, Tsuneo Matsunaga, Nobuko Saigusa, Tomoko Shirai, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, and Zheng-Hong Tan. "Technical note: Evaluation of three machine learning models for surface ocean CO<sub>2</sub> mapping." Ocean Science 13, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-303-2017.

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Abstract. Reconstructing surface ocean CO2 from scarce measurements plays an important role in estimating oceanic CO2 uptake. There are varying degrees of differences among the 14 models included in the Surface Ocean CO2 Mapping (SOCOM) inter-comparison initiative, in which five models used neural networks. This investigation evaluates two neural networks used in SOCOM, self-organizing maps and feedforward neural networks, and introduces a machine learning model called a support vector machine for ocean CO2 mapping. The technique note provides a practical guide to selecting the models.

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38

Tasseron, Paolo, Hestia Zinsmeister, Liselotte Rambonnet, Auke-Florian Hiemstra, Daniël Siepman, and Tim van Emmerik. "Plastic Hotspot Mapping in Urban Water Systems." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090342.

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Reducing plastic pollution in rivers, lakes, and oceans is beneficial to aquatic animals and human livelihood. To achieve this, reliable observations of the abundance, spatiotemporal variation, and composition of plastics in aquatic ecosystems are crucial. Current efforts mainly focus on collecting data on the open ocean, on beaches and coastlines, and in river systems. Urban areas are the main source of plastic leakage into the natural environment, yet data on plastic pollution in urban water systems are scarce. In this paper, we present a simple method for plastic hotspot mapping in urban water systems. Through visual observations, macroplastic abundance and polymer categories are determined. Due to its simplicity, this method is suitable for citizen science data collection. A first application in the Dutch cities of Leiden and Wageningen showed similar mean plastic densities (111–133 items/km canal) and composition (75–80% soft plastics), but different spatial distributions. These observations emphasize the importance of long-term data collection to further understand and quantify spatiotemporal variations of plastics in urban water systems. In turn, this will support improved estimates of the contribution of urban areas to the plastic pollution of rivers and oceans.

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39

Syawaludin, Rahmat, and Sutama Sutama. "PENYUSUNAN PETA KONSEP MEMPERMUDAH BELAJAR SISWA SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19." Manajemen Pendidikan 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jmp.v15i2.11279.

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Based on some research, mind mapping proven effective to use in the class, but the use of mind mapping still rarely used in the class during pandemic. The purpose of this article is 1) to analyze of making mind mapping; 2) to describe the using of mind mapping during this pandemic; and 3) to analyze the impact of using mind mapping in class. This article uses literature study. The validity of this data is by using some study from another research with an extension time. Data comparation is used as data analysis technique in this article. The conclusion in this article are while making mind mapping, requires some laws so that benefit would achieved optimally; using mind mapping with outlines and good instruction about material is a good option during pandemic; using of mind mapping is proven effective to make student easier to know about the material and it will improve their critical thinking skills.

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40

McKeown, Walt, and Richard Leighton. "Mapping Heat Flux." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 16, no. 1 (January 1999): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0080:mhf>2.0.co;2.

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41

Evans, Benjamin, and Jeremy Weirich. "US objectives with NOMEC: Enabling contributions to Seabed 2030." International Hydrographic Review 28 (November 1, 2022): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58440/ihr-28-n11.

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Building on Seabed 2030 momentum, in 2020, the United States (US) debuted the National Strategy for Mapping, Exploring, and Characterizing the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (NOMEC Strategy). Both initiatives make comprehensive ocean mapping a priority this decade. The goals of Seabed 2030 and NOMEC are similar, but NOMEC goes further. Through NOMEC, the U.S coordinates and amplifies mapping efforts, but also explores and characterizes priority areas of coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes waters, advancing understanding of the marine environment. This note highlights key accomplishments of NOMEC over the last two years and presents domestic and international opportunities to progress collaboratively.

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42

Smith, Leslie M., Laura Cimoli, Diana LaScala-Gruenewald, Maria Pachiadaki, Brennan Phillips, Helen Pillar, Justin E. Stopa, et al. "The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy: Addressing Global Challenges in the Deep Sea Through Collaboration." Marine Technology Society Journal 56, no. 3 (June 8, 2022): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.3.11.

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Abstract The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) is an international, community-driven initiative that facilitates collaboration across disciplines and fields, elevates a diverse cohort of early career researchers into future leaders, and connects scientific advancements to societal needs. DOOS represents a global network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, and modeling experts, focusing community efforts in the support of strong science, policy, and planning for sustainable oceans. Its initiatives work to propose deep-sea Essential Ocean Variables; assess technology development; develop shared best practices, standards, and cross-calibration procedures; and transfer knowledge to policy makers and deep-ocean stakeholders. Several of these efforts align with the vision of the UN Ocean Decade to generate the science we need to create the deep ocean we want. DOOS works toward (1) a healthy and resilient deep ocean by informing science-based conservation actions, including optimizing data delivery, creating habitat and ecological maps of critical areas, and developing regional demonstration projects; (2) a predicted deep ocean by strengthening collaborations within the modeling community, determining needs for interdisciplinary modeling and observing system assessment in the deep ocean; (3) an accessible deep ocean by enhancing open access to innovative low-cost sensors and open-source plans, making deep-ocean data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable, and focusing on capacity development in developing countries; and finally (4) an inspiring and engaging deep ocean by translating science to stakeholders/end users and informing policy and management decisions, including in international waters.

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43

Vozchikov, Lev M., and Lab Selena. "Experimental Drift Mapping of Indian Ocean Gyre Aircraft Debris." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 06, no. 02 (2016): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.62010.

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44

Pitcher, Tony. "Floor for the Mapping: A review of Ocean Globe." Oceanography 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.37.

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45

Knol, Maaike. "Mapping ocean governance: from ecological values to policy instrumentation." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 54, no. 7 (September 2011): 979–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2010.547686.

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46

Lindo, Karen U. "Mapping territories of affective communities in the Indian Ocean." International Journal of Francophone Studies 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.13.3-4.471/1.

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47

Moore, Willard S., Robert M. Key, and Jorge L. Sarmiento. "Techniques for precise mapping of226Ra and228Ra in the ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, no. C4 (1985): 6983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc090ic04p06983.

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48

Masetti, Giuseppe, John G. W. Kelley, Paul Johnson, and Jonathan Beaudoin. "A Ray-Tracing Uncertainty Estimation Tool for Ocean Mapping." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 2136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2781801.

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49

Huang, Chen-Fen, T. C. Yang, Jin-Yuan Liu, and Jeff Schindall. "Acoustic mapping of ocean currents using networked distributed sensors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 3 (September 2013): 2090–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4817835.

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50

Huang, Chen-Fen, TsihC Yang, and Jin-Yuan Liu. "Acoustic mapping of ocean currents using networked distributed sensors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (November 2013): 3990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4830547.

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