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1
Wang, Brydon. "The Seductive Smart City and the Benevolent Role of Transparency." Interaction Design and Architecture(s), no. 48 (June 10, 2021): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-048-005.
Анотація:
Digital Twins and automated decision-making systems operate on real-time sensor data extracted from the built environment to seamlessly produce insights and decisions to predict and influence behaviour in the city. However, these processes are opaque to urban occupants and as such, power holders are not held accountable for decisions. This article applies a Deleuzian lens to consider how desiring-production and modulated forms of control seduce the urban occupant through an uncritical techno-entrepreneurial framing of the smart city. In turn, this techno-optimistic narrative of smart cities seduces us into new modulated representations of ourselves in a society of control. This article argues that transparency practices in digital twins and other smart city technologies are essential as they need to signal benevolence and support trust formation in the city. Transparency practices that communicate the context of data focused decision-making allow power holders, HCI and CSCW practitioners, other technology developers and city administrators to be held accountable for these decisions. At the same time, transparency in the architecture and processes of the digital twin and ADSs creates spaces within seamless dataveillance-to-decision output processes for selfhood development, to allow ‘the right to the city’ to emerge. This article also considers strategies in which practices of power through seduction in digital twins and other smart city technologies can be made to be more benevolent through transparency.
2
Gregório-Atem, Camila, Carolina Aparicio-Fernández, Helena Coch, and José-Luis Vivancos. "Opaque Ventilated Façade (OVF) Thermal Performance Simulation for Office Buildings in Brazil." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187635.
Анотація:
Opaque ventilated façades (OVFs) are increasingly gaining in importance in the design of sustainable buildings, given that they can lessen the building´s environmental impact. Opaque ventilated façades can reduce thermal gains in hot climate zones, improving the thermal comfort indoors, and reducing air conditioning demand. Nevertheless, the thermal behaviour of the opaque ventilated façade depends on the climatic conditions and the building´s specific design. This study analyses the effect of opaque ventilated façades in office buildings using 30 constructive configurations under eight tropical climate conditions. The study considers three options for the external layer of cladding (ceramic, stone, and aluminium composite material) and two configurations for the inner layer (plasterboard with mineral wool and ceramic). Simulations were carried out using the software tools TRanNsient SYstem Simulation program (TRNSYS) and TRNFlow. The model developed considers bioclimatic characteristics, including solar radiation and wind conditions for each climatic zone. The operating temperature was selected from within the range established by occupant comfort regulations. The findings suggest that it is possible to select the best office building opaque ventilated façade configuration for each of the specific climate conditions in Brazil.
3
Pressley, Joyce C., Nirajan Puri, and Tianhui He. "Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes in Upstate and Long Island New York: The Impact of High Visibility Seat Belt Enforcement on Multiple Risky Driving Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020920.
Анотація:
Despite an observed daytime front-seat seat belt use that exceeds 90%, nearly half of motor vehicle occupants who die in New York State (NYS) each year are not wearing a seat belt. Crash outcomes were examined by occupant, vehicle, environmental and traffic enforcement patterns related to the annual Click It or Ticket high visibility seat belt enforcement campaign. Three periods of enforcement were examined: pre-enforcement, peri-enforcement (during/immediately after), and post-enforcement. Of the 14.4 million traffic citations, 713,990 (5.0%) were seat belt violations. Relative risk with 95% CI was assessed using deaths from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and SAS Glimmix 9.4 software. Mortality was lower peri-enforcement (32.9%) compared to pre- (40.9%) or post-enforcement (37.1%) (p < 0.001) and tended to be elevated in low enforcement response areas (43.6%). Fatalities were 30% lower (0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9) during peri-enforcement in models adjusted for demographics, law coverage, enforcement response, rural, weekend, impairment, speeding, and vehicle type. Adjusted mortality was higher in rural (1.9, 1.6–2.6), alcohol-involved (1.8, 1.4–2.9), and speeding-involved (2.0, 1.7–2.5) crashes. Peri-enforcement alcohol- and speed-involved fatalities tended to be lower in restrained, unrestrained and occupants missing belt status. The finding of lower mortality in both belted and unbelted occupant’s peri-enforcement—in the context of fewer fatal speed and alcohol-involved crashes—suggests that the mechanism(s) through which high visibility seat belt enforcement lowers mortality is through impacting multiple risky driving behaviors.
4
Rodriguez, Carolina, María Coronado, Marta D’Alessandro, and Juan Medina. "The Importance of Standardised Data-Collection Methods in the Improvement of Thermal Comfort Assessment Models for Developing Countries in the Tropics." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154180.
Анотація:
Thermal comfort in the built environment is one of the most defining parameters influencing energy use, environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research in this area within developing countries, which are becoming increasingly urbanised and where mechanical air conditioning demands are rising. Many of these countries are adopting thermal comfort standards such as the ASHRAE Standard 55, the EN 15251, and the ISO 7730 to regulate the use of air-conditioning; even when these standards have been widely criticised for their inadequacy within geographical regions different to the ones that they were designed for. Research suggests the need to confirm these models through further post-occupancy studies and fieldwork. Deficiencies in data collection and methodologies are thought to require particular attention to develop algorithms that can predict thermal comfort levels accurately. Comprehensive strategies considering interrelated psychological, physiological and social factors are needed. This manuscript highlights gaps of research, specifically within tropical developing countries, through the analysis of Colombia as a case study. It emphasises the importance of standardised fieldwork data and gives examples of alternative collection systems. This aims to contribute to the understanding of occupant´s adaptive behaviours and their impact on the mitigation of climate change.
5
Brocklehurst, K., S. M. Brocklehurst, D. Kowlessur, M. O'Driscoll, G. Patel, E. Salih, W. Templeton, E. Thomas, C. M. Topham, and F. Willenbrock. "Supracrystallographic resolution of interactions contributing to enzyme catalysis by use of natural structural variants and reactivity-probe kinetics." Biochemical Journal 256, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2560543.
Анотація:
1. The influence on the reactivities of the catalytic sites of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and actinidin (3.4.22.14) of providing for interactions involving the S1-S2 intersubsite regions of the enzymes was evaluated by using as a series of thiol-specific two-hydronic-state reactivity probes: n-propyl 2-pyridyl disulphide (I) (a ‘featureless’ probe), 2-(acetamido)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide (II) (containing a P1-P2 amide bond), 2-(acetoxy)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide (III) [the ester analogue of probe (II)] and 2-carboxyethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide N-methylamide (IV) [the retroamide analogue of probe (II)]. Syntheses of compounds (I), (III) and (IV) are reported. 2. The reactivities of the two enzymes towards the four reactivity probes (I)-(IV) and also that of papain towards 2-(N'-acetyl-L-phenylalanylamino)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide (VII) (containing both a P1-P2 amide bond and an L-phenylalanyl side chain as an occupant for the S2 subsite), in up to four hydronic (previously called protonic) states, were evaluated by analysis of pH-dependent stopped-flow kinetic data (for the release of pyridine-2-thione) by using an eight-parameter rate equation [described in the Appendix: Brocklehurst & Brocklehurst (1988) Biochem. J. 256, 556-558] to provide pH-independent rate constants and macroscopic pKa values. The analysis reveals the various ways in which the two enzymes respond very differently to the binding of ligands in the S1-S2 intersubsite regions despite the virtually superimposable crystal structures in these regions of the molecules. 3. Particularly striking differences between the behaviour of papain and that of actinidin are that (a) only papain responds to the presence of a P1-P2 amide bond in the probe such that a rate maximum at pH 6-7 is produced in the pH-k profile in place of the rate minimum, (b) only in the papain reactions does the pKa value of the alkaline limb of the pH-k profile change from 9.5 to approx. 8.2 [the value characteristic of a pH-(kcat./Km) profile] when the probe contains a P1-P2 amide bond, (c) only papain reactivity is affected by two positively co-operative hydronic dissociations with pKI congruent to pKII congruent to 4 and (d) modulation of the reactivity of the common -S(-)-ImH+ catalytic-site ion-pair (Cys-25/His-159 in papain and Cys-25/His-162 in actinidin) by hydronic dissociation with pKa approx. 5 is more marked and occurs more generally in reactions of actinidin than is the case for papain reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
6
Deng, Qing, Bo Zhang, Zheng Zhou, Hongyu Deng, Liang Zhou, Zhengqing Zhou, and Huiling Jiang. "Evacuation Time Estimation Model in Large Buildings Based on Individual Characteristics and Real-Time Congestion Situation of Evacuation Exit." Fire 5, no. 6 (November 29, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5060204.
Анотація:
Fire is one of the most common and harmful disasters in real life. In 2021, firefighting teams in China reported 748,000 fires, resulting in 1987 deaths, 2225 injuries and CNY 6.75 billion of direct property losses, which account for 0.05‰ of GDP. Scientific and accurate estimation of evacuation time can provide decision support for intelligent fire evacuation. This paper aims to effectively improve the evacuation efficiency of people in large buildings, especially for a scenario with intricate evacuation passages. There are many factors that make a difference in evacuation time, such as individual behavior, occupant density, exit width, and so on. The people distribution density is introduced to effectively assess the impact of unstable pedestrian flow and unbalanced distribution in the process of evacuation. The verification results show that there is a strong positive correlation between people distribution density and evacuation time. Combining the people distribution density with many other factors, the training dataset is built by Pathfinder to learn the relationship between evacuation time and influencing factors. Finally, an evacuation time prediction model is established to estimate the consumption time that occupants spend on moving in the evacuation process based on stacking integration. The model can assist occupants in choosing different channels for evacuation in advance. After testing, the average error between the predicted evacuation consumption time and the reference time is 3.63 s. The result illustrates that the model can accurately predict the time consumed in the process of evacuation.
7
Li, Junmei, Zhao Qi, Yanfeng Li, Wan-Ki Chow, Fei Xie, and Qiwei Dong. "Field Measurements of Free Ascending Behavior of Occupants along Medium-Long Stairway." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 10038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910038.
Анотація:
The human behavior of walking upstairs was studied by field measurement in a 10-storey building, which simulates the greatest depth of most underground facilities. The effects of age, gender, walking distance, and fatigue on individual free ascending speed on stairs were investigated. The experimental results showed that walking distance and fatigue due to the long-distance upward walking have great impact on the upward walking and ascent speed. When climbing over 8 floors (vertical height about 30 m), the mean ascent speeds were 0.97 m/s and 0.78 m/s for young males and females, and 0.91 m/s and 0.68 m/s for middle-aged males and females, respectively. The mean ascending speed that is used to predict the evacuation time should be combined with the traveling distance or floor levels. Ascent speed models for males and females walking along a medium-long stairway were developed to describe the fatigue effect on ascending speed based on the vertical heights travelled.
8
Niu, Zhiyuan, and Zhiqi Yang. "Research on Warner Bros.’s Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy." BCP Business & Management 33 (November 20, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v33i.2718.
Анотація:
Warner Bros. is now one of the most well-known entertainment companies worldwide. They should perform on and off-screen to provide consumers with spiritual and emotional pleasure. Nowadays Warner Bros are competing with many successful entertainment companies for market occupancy. To win, they need to win the consumers’ preference. In order to better satisfy consumers’ needs, Warner Bros Should change consumer’s behavior and set proper marketing strategy.
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Harb, Mustapha, Jai Malik, Giovanni Circella, and Joan Walker. "Glimpse of the Future: Simulating Life with Personally Owned Autonomous Vehicles and Their Implications on Travel Behaviors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 3 (October 30, 2021): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211052543.
Анотація:
To explore potential travel behavior shifts induced by personally owned, fully autonomous vehicles (AVs), we ran an experiment that provided personal chauffeurs to 43 households in the Sacramento region to simulate life with an AV. Like an advanced AV, the chauffeurs took over driving duties. Households were recruited from the 2018 Sacramento household travel survey sample. Sampling was stratified by weekly vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and households were selected to be diverse by demographics, modal preferences, mobility barriers, and residential location. Thirty-four households received 60 h of chauffeur service for 1 week, and nine households received 60 h per week for 2 weeks. Smartphone-based travel diaries were recorded for the chauffeur week(s), 1 week before, and 1 week after. During the chauffeur week, the overall systemwide VMT (summing across all sampled households) increased by 60%, over half of which came from “zero-occupancy vehicle” (ZOV) trips (when the chauffeur was the only occupant). The number of trips made in the system increased by 25%, with ZOV trips accounting for 85% of these additional trips. There was a shift away from transit, ridehailing, biking, and walking trips, which dropped by 70%, 55%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. Households with mobility barriers and those with less auto dependency had the greatest percent increase in VMT, whereas higher VMT households and families with children had the lowest. The results highlight how AVs can enhance mobility, but also caution against the potential detrimental effects on the transportation system and the need to regulate AVs and ZOVs.
10
Proulx, Guylène, Chantal Laroche, and John C. Latour. "Audibility Problems with Fire Alarms in Apartment Buildings." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 15 (October 1995): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901505.
Анотація:
A previous study of apartment building evacuation drills showed that as many as 25% of the occupants mentioned not hearing the fire alarm from inside their apartments. A new experiment was developed to observe evacuation drills and to measure the sound level of the fire alarms in three high-rise apartment buildings. These buildings, built during the 1980's, met the local building regulations regarding the provision of fire alarms at the time of construction. Each building contained approximately 200 apartments, with 1 to 4 persons per apartment. For each building, the printed fire safety procedures stated that all occupants should leave the building or move to an area of refuge, upon hearing the building fire alarm. During each evacuation drill, video cameras, were located in corridors and staircases, to record the movement time and behaviour of occupants. Using a digital audio tape recorder, precise sound samples of the fire alarm and background noise were taken from different locations in the buildings. Analyses of the alarm sound spectrum and levels were performed. Results confirm the subjective assessment of occupants who mentioned not hearing the fire alarm in specific locations of the building. It was also found that, in some other areas, the alarm was overpowering. The impact of alarm audibility on fire safety is discussed.
11
Borovec, Krunoslav, Mirjana Kondor Langer, and Stjepan Gluščić. "The connection of the experience of involvement in traffic accidents with the punishable behavior of traffic participants." Sigurnost 66, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31306/s.66.1.2.
Анотація:
This paper was written as part of the research project "Research of public opinion on the state of safety, behaviour and habits of participants in road traffic in the Republic of Croatia". The goal of this research is to determine the frequency of violations of traffic regulations related to drivers, pedestrians and passengers in vehicles, and to determine whether there is a connection between the experience of suffering of the aforementioned road users and their punishable behaviour. For this purpose, a quantitative research was conducted in which a multi-method approach was used in field data collection, a combination of telephone research (CATI) - 60% of the sample and online research (CAWI) - 40% of the sample. Respondents from the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia (N=2072) over the age of 16 were included in the research. In general, it can be concluded that the violation of traffic regulations is very frequent and present among the majority of different road users, and that road users who have recently experienced a traffic accident in any capacity, very rarely violate traffic regulations, as car drivers. Conversely, involvement in traffic accidents has not been shown to deter pedestrians and vehicle occupants from repeating traffic violations. The obtained results have a practical value, especially in the context of planning preventive programs and strategies, while the limitations of the research are reflected in the fact that only one independent variable was included in the correlation with committing traffic violations, regardless of other known predictors of punishable behaviour in traffic.
12
Millard, P., and S. McClean. "Modelling In-Patient Bed Usage Behaviour in a Department of Geriatric Medicine." Methods of Information in Medicine 32, no. 01 (1993): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634894.
Анотація:
Abstract:The flow of patients through geriatric hospitals has been previously described in terms of acute and long-stay states where the bed occupancy at a census point is modelled by a mixed exponential model. Using data for sixteen years the model was fitted to successive annual census points, in order to provide a description of temporal trends. While the number of acute patients has remained fairly stable during the period, the model shows that there has been a decrease in the number of long-stay patients. Mean lengths of stay in our geriatric hospital before death or discharge have decreased during the study period for both acute and long-stay patients.Using these fits of the mixed exponential model to census data, a method is provided for predicting future turnover of patients. These predictions are reasonably good, except when the turnover patterns go through a period of flux in which assumption of stability no longer holds. Overall, a methodology is presented which relates census analysis to the behaviour of admission cohorts, thus producing a means of predicting future behaviour of patients and identifying where there is a change in patterns.
13
Sun, Yigang, Paul Francisco, Zachary Merrin, and Kiel Gilleade. "CFD Simulations of Small Particle Behavior with Blower-Driven Airflows in Single-Family Residential Buildings." Indoor Air 2024 (February 22, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6685891.
Анотація:
Inhaling airborne droplets exhaled from an infected person is the principal mode of COVID-19 transmission. When residential energy efficiency workers conduct blower door tests in occupied residences with a COVID-19-infected occupant potentially present, there is a concern that it could put the workers at risk of infection with massive flows of air being generated by the tests. To minimize this risk, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for four prototype houses to develop guidelines for workers to follow during their service visits. The CFD simulations visualized the movements and evaluated the residence time of small particles released at certain locations under a series of scenarios representing situations that are likely to be encountered during in-home energy efficiency services. Guidelines were derived from the simulated tracks of droplets to help to increase the safety of the worker(s).
14
SU, DAN-DAN, XI DAI, and NING-HUA TONG. "LOCAL ENTANGLEMENT ENTROPY AT THE MOTT METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITION IN INFINITE DIMENSIONS." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 05 (February 5, 2013): 1350034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913500346.
Анотація:
We study the critical behavior of the single-site entanglement entropy S at the Mott metal-insulator transition in infinite-dimensional Hubbard model. For this model, the entanglement between a single site and rest of the lattice can be evaluated exactly, using the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). Both the numerical solution using exact diagonalization and the analytical one using two-site DMFT gives S - Sc∝ α log2[(1/2 - Dc)/Dc](U - Uc), with Dcthe double occupancy at Ucand α < 0 being different on two sides of the transition.
15
Fang, Haizhou, Hongwei Tan, Risto Kosonen, Xiaolei Yuan, Kai Jiang, and Renrong Ding. "Study of the Data Augmentation Approach for Building Energy Prediction beyond Historical Scenarios." Buildings 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020326.
Анотація:
Building energy consumption predictive modeling using data-driven machine learning is currently highly prevalent. However, the model typically performs poorly when the predicted day’s energy consumption exceeds the upper bound of the historical data. In this study, energy consumption projections are examined outside of historical boundary scenarios, including three occupancy behavior data (HVAC system, lighting, and equipment) and three operating future scenarios (Scenario 1: utilization rate is highest simultaneously; Scenario 2: energy-saving lighting renovation; Scenario 3: the number of people working is decreased). We propose using data augmentation based on the occupancy behavior (DAOB) method, which expands the building’s three occupancy behaviors. The case study showed that, among the three future operating scenario prediction tasks, scenario 1’s performance was the least accurate, with an average relative error of 50.21% compared to the DAOB method’s average relative error of 7.07%. The average relative error in Scenario 2 decreased from 15.83% to 10.10%. The average relative error in Scenario 3 decreased from 20.97% to 6.5%. This provided an efficient method of combining physical models with data-driven models, which significantly increased robustness and reliability of the model.
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Long, Jennifer. "Racialization of City Spaces through Moral Monitoring in Rotterdam, The Netherlands." Lidé města 24, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/12128112.2389.
Анотація:
The city of Rotterdam has had some o f the s trictest policing and security policies in the Netherlands. In public spaces, enforcement tactics have included such practices as preventative searches, as well as fines for individuals for hanging around in groups of three or more. This article explores the tactics used to enforce certain behaviours in public spaces that racialize city spaces. Further the author examines how other local urban occupants reinforce the ethnic and racial hierarchy of belonging in the Netherlands. The author uses situational analysis and in-situ ethnographic interviews as methods to engage difficult-to access populations in situations of policing and security.
17
Cameron, J., A. Crosby, C. Paszkowski, and E. Bayne. "Visual spectrogram scanning paired with an observation–confirmation occupancy model improves the efficiency and accuracy of bioacoustic anuran data." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 11 (November 2020): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0103.
Анотація:
Passive acoustic monitoring using autonomous recording units has improved anuran amphibian call survey data collection. A challenge associated with this approach is the time required for audio data processing. Our objective was to develop a more efficient method of processing and analyzing acoustic data through visual spectrogram scanning and the application of an observation–confirmation occupancy model. We compared detection rates between methods of standard recording listening and visually scanning spectrogram images using different spectrogram parameters. Relative to listening, we found that 1 min spectrograms in two 30 s frames yield the best time efficiency–accuracy trade-off. A standard occupancy model applied to visual scanning data underestimated occupancy estimates relative to listening data for three species and overestimated occupancy for one species. The observation–confirmation model used a subset of listening data to improve the estimates of detection probability from visual scanning and therefore reduced bias in occupancy estimates when compared with using visual scanning data alone. Overall, the combination of the visual scanning method and the observation–confirmation model allowed us to maintain the accuracy of occupancy estimates while greatly increasing the efficiency of anuran data processing. These methods are widely applicable and can increase sample size and precision for acoustic monitoring programs using autonomous recording units.
18
Kelly, Elizabeth G., Eric D. Forsman, and Robert G. Anthony. "Are Barred Owls Displacing Spotted Owls?" Condor 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.1.45.
Анотація:
Abstract Barred Owls (Strix varia) have expanded their range into the Pacific Northwest, and anecdotal evidence suggests that they may be displacing the federally threatened Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Our objectives were to describe the current status of Barred Owls in Oregon and compare occupancy of Spotted Owls in historic Spotted Owl territories before and after Barred Owls were first detected in those territories. Between 1974 and 1998, we estimated that 706 different Barred Owl territories were located in Oregon. From 1989–1998 an average of 60 new Barred Owl territories were located in Oregon each year. In Spotted Owl demographic study areas in Oregon and Washington, Barred Owl detections increased at Spotted Owl territories from 1987–1999. Occupancy of Spotted Owl territories declined after Barred Owls were detected within 0.80 km of the territory center. When Barred Owls were detected 0.81–2.40 km from Spotted Owl territory centers, occupancy of Spotted Owls was only marginally less than at territories without Barred Owls. This suggests that the frequency and intensity of interactions between the two species is negatively associated with distance between them. Our results suggest that land managers and regulatory agencies should regard Barred Owls as a threat to Spotted Owls, particularly if Barred Owls continue to increase in number as they have during the past 25 years. ¿Está Strix varia Desplazando a Strix occidentalis caurina? Resumen. Desde su expansión hacia el Pacífico Noroeste, existe evidencia anecdótica de que Strix varia podría estar desplazando a S. occidentalis caurina. Nuestros objetivos fueron describir el estatus actual de S. varia en Oregon y comparar la ocurrencia de S. occidentalis caurina en sus territorios históricos antes y después de que S. varia se detectó por primera vez en dichos territorios. Entre 1974 y 1998, estimamos que se confirmaron 706 territorios diferentes de S. varia en Oregon. Entre 1989 y 1998, se localizaron en promedio 60 nuevos territorios de S. varia anualmente. En áreas con estudios demográficos de S. occidentalis caurina en Oregon y Washington, las detecciones de S. varia en territorios de S. occidentalis caurina se incrementaron entre 1987 y 1999. En comparación con territorios sin S. varia, la ocupación de territorios de S. occidentalis caurina disminuyó luego de que se detectaron individuos de S. varia a menos de 0.80 km del centro del territorio. Cuando se detectaron individuos de S. varia entre 0.81 y 2.40 km del centro de los territorios, la ocupación de éstos fue sólo marginalmente menor que en territorios sin S. varia. Esto sugiere que la frecuencia e intensidad de la interacción entre las dos especies está asociada con la distancia entre ellas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las autoridades ambientales y de regulación deben considerar a S. varia como una amenaza para S. occidentalis caurina, particularmente si los números de S. varia se siguen incrementando como en los últimos 25 años.
19
Newell, Nicolas, William Neal, Thanyani Pandelani, David Reinecke, William G. Proud, and Spyros D. Masouros. "The Dynamic Behaviour of the Floor of a Surrogate Vehicle Under Explosive Blast Loading." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 2 (January 31, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n2p59.
Анотація:
<p class="1Body">Improvised Explosive Devices have been the signature weapon in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. High-rate axial forces exerted by the vehicle floor to the lower limbs of occupants have been the cause of severe injuries. In order to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of these injuries so that countermeasures can be developed, one is required to know how the vehicle floor behaves; therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterise the behaviour of a vehicle floor surrogate to a range of explosive loads. Explosive loads between 1 and 6 kg TNT were detonated beneath a vehicle floor surrogate resulting in peak floor velocities between 5.8 and 80.5 m/s reached in a time between 0.10 and 3.13 ms. The data can now be used to (a) test numerical models of blast and its interaction with structures for validity, and (b) ensure that the velocity profiles replicated in a laboratory environment to understand human tolerance to injury are relevant to the blast process. These will ensure that preventive measures are developed based on realistic physical and numerical models of injury.</p>
20
Newell, Nicolas, William Neal, Thanyani Pandelani, David Reinecke, William G. Proud, and Spyros D. Masouros. "The Dynamic Behaviour of the Floor of a Surrogate Vehicle Under Explosive Blast Loading." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 2 (January 31, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n2p65.
Анотація:
<p class="1Body">Improvised Explosive Devices have been the signature weapon in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. High-rate axial forces exerted by the vehicle floor to the lower limbs of occupants have been the cause of severe injuries. In order to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of these injuries so that countermeasures can be developed, one is required to know how the vehicle floor behaves; therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterise the behaviour of a vehicle floor surrogate to a range of explosive loads. Explosive loads between 1 and 6 kg TNT were detonated beneath a vehicle floor surrogate resulting in peak floor velocities between 5.8 and 80.5 m/s reached in a time between 0.10 and 3.13 ms. The data can now be used to (a) test numerical models of blast and its interaction with structures for validity, and (b) ensure that the velocity profiles replicated in a laboratory environment to understand human tolerance to injury are relevant to the blast process. These will ensure that preventive measures are developed based on realistic physical and numerical models of injury.</p>
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DİNÇ, Fatma. "Comparison of the Rheological Behavior of Iso- and Syndiotactic Polypropylenes." Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 1108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1099271.
Анотація:
The rheological behavior of iso- and syndiotactic polypropylenes (iPP and sPP) for two different temperatures of 175 and 190˚C at atmospheric pressure is analyzed employing the Yahsi-Dinc-Tav (YDT) non-Newtonian viscosity model. The predicted viscosity with shear rates of 0.093 to 93.91 s-1 on PPs is compared with the corresponding estimations from the Cross-like model. The obtained results from the YDT model deviate from the reported experimental observations with 1.041 for iPP and 1.86 for sPP. From the zero shear viscosity correlation to temperature- and vacancy fraction- dependent thermo-occupancy function, Yh = Yh(h, T), viscosity parameters were ascertained and associated with polymer tacticity. From the zero shear viscosity relation, an increase in Yh = Yh(h, T) function and hole fraction loss results in increased viscosity. The dependence of the derivative of logarithm of viscosity (viscoholibility) on vacancy fraction, as a function of pressure and temperature, h=h(P,T), procured from Simha-Somcynsky hole theory displays an exponentially decreasing behavior.
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Saxena, G., M. Kumawat, M. Kaushik, U. K. Singh, S. K. Jain, S. Somorendro Singh, and Mamta Aggarwal. "Implications of occupancy of 2s1/2 state in sd-shell within RMF+BCS approach." International Journal of Modern Physics E 26, no. 11 (November 2017): 1750072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301317500720.
Анотація:
We employ the relativistic mean-field plus BCS (RMF+BCS) approach to study the behavior of [Formula: see text]-shell by investigating in detail the single particle energies, and proton and neutron density profiles along with the deformations and radii of even–even nuclei. Emergence of new shell closure, weakly bound structure and most recent phenomenon of bubble structure are reported in the [Formula: see text]-shell. [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]O and [Formula: see text]S are found to have a weakly bound structure due to particle occupancy in 2[Formula: see text] state. On the other hand [Formula: see text]O, [Formula: see text]Ca and [Formula: see text]Si are found with depleted central density due to the unoccupied 2[Formula: see text] state and hence they are the potential candidates of bubble structure. [Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text]O emerge as doubly magic with [Formula: see text] in accord with the recent experiments and [Formula: see text]S emerges as a new proton magic nucleus with [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are predicted as magic numbers in doubly magic [Formula: see text]O, [Formula: see text]Ca and [Formula: see text]Si, respectively. These results are found in agreement with the recent experiments and have consistent with the other parameters of RMF and other theories.
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de Faria, Luciano C., Marcelo A. Romero, and Lúcia F. S. Pirró. "Evaluation of a Coupled Model to Predict the Impact of Adaptive Behaviour in the Thermal Sensation of Occupants of Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Warm-Humid Regions." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010255.
Анотація:
Improving indoor environment quality and making urban centres in tropical regions more sustainable has become a challenge for which computational models for the prediction of thermal sensation for naturally ventilated buildings (NVBs) have major role to play. This work performed analysis on thermal sensation for non-residential NVBs located in Brazilian tropical warm-humid climate and tested the effectiveness of suggested adaptive behaviours to mitigate warm thermal sensation. The research method utilized transient computational fluid dynamics models coupled with a dynamic model for human thermophysiology to predict thermal sensation. The calculated results were validated with comparison with benchmark values from questionnaires and from field measurements. The calculated results for dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) seven-point scale showed higher agreement with the thermal sensation vote than with the predicted mean vote. The test for the suggested adaptive behaviours considered reducing clothing insulation values from 0.18 to 0.32 clo (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 0.9), increasing the air speed in 0.9 m/s (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 0.9), and applying both suggestions together (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 1.3) for five scenarios with operative temperatures spanning 34.5–24.0 °C. Results quantified the tested adaptive behaviours’ efficiency showing applicability to improve thermal sensation from slightly-warm to neutral.
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Pinto, Manuel, M. Ramiro Pastorinho, João Lanzinha, and Marisa Monteiro. "Model for Health Risk Assessment in Portuguese Housing Spaces." Environments 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9060069.
Анотація:
Currently, people spend most of their time inside their homes. However, poor conditions in terms of comfort and quality of the indoor environment can pose high risks to the inhabitants’ health. Therefore, a good quality environment is essential, since, in addition to the hazards present in indoor air (e.g., particles, (S)VOCs, CO, radon and tobacco smoke), extreme temperatures, relative humidity levels, pests (e.g., mold, dust mites and bioaerosols), noise, airborne infectious agents (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) and contamination through water and soil can cause physical injuries, respiratory diseases, damage to multiple organ systems as well as harmful effects on the mental health of the occupants. Faced with this requirement, housing evaluation models were studied together with the main types of risk that could affect the health of the inhabitants, with the objective of proposing a new evaluation model for housing health and safety risks, fitted to the occupants, and especially suitable for Portuguese dwellings, although applicable in other geographical contexts. As a result of this analysis, this article proposes a new model for evaluating health and safety risks in housing, applicable in Portugal, supported by an inspection form and, as the main difference from the existing models, parameter measurements, providing complementary data for the evaluation. This model was created based on a set of functional and regulatory requirements that were identified for the healthy use of living spaces. Twenty-eight hazards were identified, and the respective risk factors were assessed using different processes and target demographics, including visual inspection, parameter measurements, occupants’ age and location and age of housing. In order to validate the model and determine its usefulness, it was applied to a set of houses with different construction dates, locations and occupants. This exercise enabled the identification of hazard classes and the calibration and fine tuning of the model application. Finally, proposals for future work are presented in order to create a base of evolution for the model.
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Bečvář, Stanislav, and Zdeněk Mráček. "Insect aggregations and entomopathogenic nematode occurrence." Nematology 2, no. 3 (2000): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509169.
Анотація:
AbstractEntomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae may significantly reduce insect populations. They inhabit most terrestrial habitats and their prevalence can be influenced by biotic factors. Some sawfly species, the geometrid and noctuid moth complexes, and bibionid and sciarid flies characteristically aggregate as diapausing or hibernating larvae in the soil. A survey for entomopathogenic nematodes from habitats characterized by these aggregations was performed in the Czech Republic by collecting soil samples and utilizing Galleria traps in the laboratory. Steinernematids were recovered from 61 of 87 (70.1%) sampled localities. Seven Steinernema species, S. kraussei, S. feltiae, S. affine, S. intermedium, S. bicornutum and two designated as species B and F were identified. Among these, S. kraussei was prevalent in sawfly localities (77.8%) while, in winter moth localities, S. feltiae (55.6%) dominated and S. kraussei (22.2%) and S. affine (25.9%) were common. Soil-dwelling insect aggregations seem to provide an opportunity for entomopathogenic nematode multiplication.Les nématodes entomopathogènes de la famille des Steinernematidae peuvent réduire significativement les populations d'insectes. Ils occupent la plupart des habitats terrestres et leur prévalence peut être influencée par des facteurs biotiques. Quelques espèces de tenthrèdes move, des Géométrides et des aleurodes Noctuides, de même que les mouches Sciarides et Bibionides forment des aggrégats caractéristiques lorsque leurs larves sont en diapause ou hivernent dans le sol. Une enquête sur ces nématodes entomopathogènes dans des habitats caractérisés par ces aggrégations d'insectes a été réalisée en République tchèque en collectant des échantillons de sol et en utilisant au laboratoire des pièges à Galleria. Des Steinernematides ont été trouvés dans 61 des 87 (70,1%) des localités échantillonnées. Cinq espèces connues de Steinernema (S. kraussei, S. feltiae, S. affine, S. intermedium, S. bicornutum) et deux espèces désignées comme espèces B et F ont été identifiées. S. kraussei était prévalent dans les localités à tenthrèdes (77,8%) tandis que S. feltiae dominait dans les localités à arpenteuse tardive (55,6%) ou S. kraussei (22,2%) et S. affine (25,9%) apparaissaient communs. Les aggrégats d'insectes terricoles semblent ainsi offrir une situation propice à la multiplication des nématodes entomopathogènes.
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Martínez-García, F., S. Guerrero-García, and F. Pérez-García. "Evaluation of reproductive success and conservation strategies for Senecio coincyi (Asteraceae), a narrow and threatened species." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 6 (2012): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12109.
Анотація:
Senecio coincyi is a threatened endemic plant of central western Spain, with a very narrow extent of occurrence. The reproductive success and germination behaviour of this species were studied. The area of occupancy, habitat types and size of 13 known subpopulations of S. coincyi were evaluated. The number of individuals that form all these subpopulations was counted. In addition, the number of flowers and cypselas per fruit head and the number of fruit heads per individual plant were recorded in a subset of subpopulations. Germination tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature and light regimes on, and possible intraspecific variation in, cypsela germination. Cypselas reached very high germination percentages (90–100%) from 15°C to 30°C. However, the germination decreased (19%) at 10°C. The light conditions assayed (16-h light photoperiod and complete darkness) did not significantly affect cypsela germination. In general, there was no intraspecific variability in germination patterns of S. coincyi cypselas. Livestock is the most important factor that can be a threat for this species. S. coincyi showed high reproductive success and, therefore, its conservation problems are not due to agents related to its reproduction, but rather to other factors such as alteration of its habitat caused by the presence of livestock.
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Stefanovic, Sandra, Zarko Stevanovic, Borislav Grubor, Zana Stevanovic, Marija Zivkovic, and Maja Djurovic-Petrovic. "Comparative analyses of built environment exposures relevant to health of greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies in Serbia." Thermal Science 18, no. 3 (2014): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1403903s.
Анотація:
Paper presents comparative analysis of residential indoor air pollutant concentration change over future specified time horizon, implementing building physical and thermal retrofit measures, thus creating pollution mitigation scenarios for existing Belgrade and Nis housing stock followed by greenhouse gas emission reduction scenarios up to 2050. Regarding specified mitigation scenarios, the set of typical housing unit models has been generated which define existing housing stock of Belgrade and Nis. Extensive monitoring of physical and thermal parameters as well as detailed socio-technical survey of selected households was performed and used as an initial modeling input. Relationship between environment pollution and building performances was investigated, with respect to indooroutdoor sources of pollution, thermal and physical properties of the stock samples and occupant?s behavior. As a final output, indoor pollutant concentrations for each of the modelled cases was obtained and validated against the available data. This housing modelling framework has been created in order to develop an assessment of present and future exposure and health impact quantity regarding single/multiple scenario interventions introduced to the housing stock. This paper provides each strategy guidelines for taking measures towards achieving the healthier indoor environments.
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Payette, Serge. "Recent porcupine expansion at tree line: a dendroecological analysis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-085.
Анотація:
The northernmost porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum L.) populations in the western part of northern Quebec are found at tree line along the Hudson Bay coast. A dendrochronological analysis of feeding scars produced during the dormant period indicates that this species expanded significantly during the 20th century, particularly during the last 25 years. Confined to small, marginal forest sites during the 19th century, porcupine range increased afterwards and climaxed during the 1960's and 1970's with the occupance of remote altitudinal tundra sites. This change in porcupine range coincides with the area where white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) expanded during the last 100 years because of climatic warming. It is hypothesized that porcupine populations responded to climate change with a time lag of several decades associated with forest-niche building.
29
Rodriguez Miranda, Sergio, G. O. Gamboa, Marco Antonio Zamora-Antuñano, Neín Farrera-Vázquez, and Raúl García-García. "CFD Evaluation of Thermal Conditioning in a House of Social Interest with a Solar Chimney Arrangement in Guanajuato, Mexico." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041286.
Анотація:
The aim of using electromechanical air conditioning in buildings is to maintain thermal comfort for its occupants; however, this type of air conditioning represents 40% of the total energy consumption of a building, generating economic and environmental impacts, because fossil fuels are the main source of energy. To reduce the use of electromechanical conditioning, it is possible to take advantage of the climatic conditions of the region to improve its performance. Due to the small number of works that quantitatively support measures aimed at improving the thermal behavior of houses in an integral way and the growth of mass construction in Mexico, in the present work, a solar chimney is incorporated in a typical type of social interest housing in Guanajuato. The incorporation of the solar chimney was simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS and evaluated by ASHRAE Standard 55-2017. The selected arrangement induces air flow inside without the need for external flow and obtains speeds of 0.2 m/s; thus, it could be considered for rooms within comfort zones up to an operating temperature of 29 °C according to the ASHRAE Standard 55-2017, PMV method.
30
Smith, Andrew G., Clive McAlpine, Jonathan Rhodes, Leonie Seabrook, Daniel Lunney, and Greg Baxter. "Are there habitat thresholds in koala occupancy in the semiarid landscapes of the Mulgalands Bioregion?" Wildlife Research 40, no. 5 (2013): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13010.
Анотація:
Context Habitat thresholds are the critical point(s), below which the probability of occurrence of a species declines. Identifying thresholds assists land managers to decide how much habitat is needed to conserve a species. However, for any given species, a threshold may not exist, or might occur at one scale but not at others, and it may differ across regions. The use of critical habitat thresholds can negatively affect populations if simplified conservation targets for habitat retention are prescribed. This problem is relevant to the koalas where there is evidence of habitat thresholds in mesic regions, but no studies of thresholds in semiarid regions. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a threshold exists between the occupancy of a site by koalas and habitat variables at both the site and at four landscape scales in the semiarid Mulgalands Bioregion of Queensland, Australia. Methods We modelled habitat relationships using standard and piece-wise logistic regression, and an information-theoretic approach, to determine whether the best model that explained the occupancy–habitat relationships was linear or had a distinct threshold. The site-scale variable was the percentage of primary eucalypt species. The landscape-scale variables included the amount of primary and secondary habitat, and an interaction between them. Key findings There was a threshold relationship between the occurrence of koalas and the percentage of primary trees at the site scale. At the landscape scale, most threshold models failed to converge, and evidence pointed to a linear relationship between habitat amount and koala occupancy. Conclusions Conservation actions for koalas in the Mulgalands Bioregion should concentrate on protecting the primary tree resource for koalas, namely, river red gums (E. camaldulensis). However, the maintenance or restoration of primary and secondary habitat to distances of 1000 m from the creek is important because of the linear relationship between koala presence and habitat amount. Implications As habitat is lost in the semiarid Mulgalands Bioregion, koala occupancy declines. If known thresholds from mesic regions are used to define a minimum amount of habitat to be retained for koalas, conservation of local koala populations may well fail.
31
Spiridonova, Tatyana S., Sergey F. Solodovnikov, Aleksandra A. Savina, Yulia M. Kadyrova, Zoya A. Solodovnikova, Vasiliy N. Yudin, Sergey Yu Stefanovich, and Elena G. Khaikina. "New triple molybdate Rb2AgIn(MoO4)3: synthesis, framework crystal structure and ion-transport behaviour." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 12 (November 12, 2018): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618014717.
Анотація:
A new triple molybdate, Rb2Ag1+3x In1–x (MoO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.02), was found in the course of a study of the system Rb2MoO4–Ag2MoO4–In2(MoO4)3 and was synthesized as both powders and single crystals by solid-state reactions and spontaneous crystallization from melts. The structure of Rb2Ag1+3x In1–x (MoO4)3 (x ≈ 0.004) is of a new type crystallizing in the centrosymmetric space group R\overline{3}c [a = 10.3982 (9), c = 38.858 (4) Å, Z = 12 and R = 0.0225] and contains (In,Ag)O6 octahedra and distorted Ag1O6 trigonal prisms linked by common faces to form [Ag(In,Ag)O9] dimers connected to each other via MoO4 tetrahedra into an open three-dimensional (3D) framework. Between two adjacent [Ag(In,Ag)O9] dimers along the c axis, an extra Ag2O6 trigonal prism with about 1% occupancy was found. The Ag1O6 and Ag2O6 prisms are located at levels of z ≈ 1/12, 1/4, 5/12, 7/12, 3/4 and 11/12, and can facilitate two-dimensional ionic conductivity. The 12-coordinate Rb atoms are in the framework cavities. The structure of Rb2AgIn(MoO4)3 is a member of the series of rhombohedral 3D framework molybdate structure types with a ≈ 9–10 Å and long c axes, which contain rods of face-shared filled and empty coordination polyhedra around threefold axes. Electrical conductivity of ceramics is measured by impedance spectroscopy. Rb2AgIn(MoO4)3 undergoes a `blurred' first-order phase transition at 535 K with increasing electrical conductivity up to 1.1 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 720 K. Thus, the compound may be of interest for developing new materials with high ionic conductivity at elevated temperatures.
32
Teichert, Nils, Pierre Valade, Pierre Bosc, Marine Richarson, and Philippe Gaudin. "Spawning-habitat selection of an Indo-Pacific amphidromous gobiid fish, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas)." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 11 (2013): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13035.
Анотація:
Freshwater-fish populations of the Indo-pacific region are characterised by a large proportion of amphidromous species. We analysed the spawning-habitat selection of Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae) within two rivers of the Reunion Island. Reproduction traces are rare events, so a presence-only sampling procedure was performed to collect egg clutches and a random description of available habitat was conducted to generate pseudo-absence data. Logistic models showed a strong selection for microhabitat variables and mesohabitat units. S. lagocephalus selected areas where availability of potential nests was high (small cobble to small boulder) and where interstitial substratum allowed intragravel flow. Our results suggest that the availability of favourable substratum may be a limiting factor, which could result in occupancy of suboptimal areas. Water depth and velocity had less of an effect on the selection of a spawning area. Higher selection for shallow (<60 cm) and lotic (>30 cm s–1) geomorphic units, with an optimum for riffle and cascade, suggested that mesohabitat could be a satisfactory approach to quickly assess the availability of spawning areas within a watercourse for expertise studies.
33
Jackson, A. G., and M. Rowe. "Direct measurement of electron-diffraction-pattern intensities using an energy loss spectrometer." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155311.
Анотація:
Diffraction intensities from intermetallic compounds are, in the kinematic approximation, proportional to the scattering amplitude from the element doing the scattering. More detailed calculations have shown that site symmetry and occupation by various atom species also affects the intensity in a diffracted beam. [1] Hence, by measuring the intensities of beams, or their ratios, the occupancy can be estimated. Measurement of the intensity values also allows structure calculations to be made to determine the spatial distribution of the potentials doing the scattering. Thermal effects are also present as a background contribution. Inelastic effects such as loss or absorption/excitation complicate the intensity behavior, and dynamical theory is required to estimate the intensity value.The dynamic range of currents in diffracted beams can be 104or 105:1. Hence, detection of such information requires a means for collecting the intensity over a signal-to-noise range beyond that obtainable with a single film plate, which has a S/N of about 103:1. Although such a collection system is not available currently, a simple system consisting of instrumentation on an existing STEM can be used as a proof of concept which has a S/N of about 255:1, limited by the 8 bit pixel attributes used in the electronics. Use of 24 bit pixel attributes would easily allowthe desired noise range to be attained in the processing instrumentation. The S/N of the scintillator used by the photoelectron sensor is about 106 to 1, well beyond the S/N goal. The trade-off that must be made is the time for acquiring the signal, since the pattern can be obtained in seconds using film plates, compared to 10 to 20 minutes for a pattern to be acquired using the digital scan. Parallel acquisition would, of course, speed up this process immensely.
34
Niepmann, Dirk, Rainer Pöttgen, Kristin M. Poduska, Francis J. DiSalvo, Henning Trill, and Bernd D. Mosel. "Structure and Properties of the Stannides CeAuSn, Ce3Rh4Sn13, and Ce3Ir4Sn13." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2001-0102.
Анотація:
Abstract CeAuSn, Ce3Rh4Sn13, and Ce3lr4Sn13 were prepared by reaction of the elements in an arc-melting furnace and subsequent annealing at 970 K for two weeks. The three stannides were investigated by X-ray powder and single crystal techniques. CeAuSn crystallizes with the NdPtSb type, space group P63mc: a = 472.7(2), c = 771.6(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0230,208 F2 values, 11 variable parameters, and BASF = 0.40(2). The gold and tin atoms form a pronounced two-dimensional [AuSn] polyanion which consists of slightly puckered Au3Sn3 hexagons. ,19Sn Mössbauer data at 78 K show one signal at an isomer shift of δ = 1.90(7) mm/s subjected to unresolved quadrupole splitting of ΔEQ = 0.55(2) mm/s. Ce3Rh4Sn13 and Ce3lr4Sn13 adopt the cubic Yb3Rh4Sn13 type structure, space group Pm3n: a = 970.51(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0721, 267 F2 values (Ce3Rh4Sn13) and a = 972.29(6) pm, wR2 = 0.0850, 267 F2 values (Ce3lr4Sn13) with 14 variable parameters for each refinement. Striking structural motifs in Ce3Rh4Sn13 are condensed distorted trigonal [RhSn6] prisms with Rh-Sn distances of 266 pm. The polyhedral network leaves two different cages which are occupied by cerium (6c position) and tin (2a position) atoms. The Sn2 atoms show occupancy parameters of only 92% (Ce3Rh4Sn13) and 76% (Ce3Ir4Sn13) and an extremely large displacement parameter indicating a rattling of these atoms within the icosahedral Sn12 cages. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of Ce3Rh4Sn13 show paramagnetic behavior down to 2 K with an experimental magnetic moment of 2.45(2) μB/Ce. No magnetic ordering is observed. Magnetization measurements show a moment of 0.78(2) μB/Ce at 2 K and 5.5 T. Resistivity data reveal only a very weak temperature dependence. The two crystallographically different tin sites are resolved in the 119Sn Mössbauer spectrum which shows a signal at δ = 2.12(1) mm/s subject to quadrupole splitting of 1.54(1) mm/s, superimposed by a singlet at δ = 2.47(1) mm/s. The Seebeck coefficient of Ce3Rh4Sn13 is within a few μ V/K of zero over the temperature range of 10 - 300 K.
35
Ibáñez, CM, J. Bravo, SA Carrasco, MJ Carter, and MA Aguilera. "Grazer commensalism varies across the species range edge: host chiton size influences epibiont limpet incidence and spatial segregation." Marine Ecology Progress Series 674 (September 16, 2021): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13817.
Анотація:
Biotic interactions can determine species distributions and range limits, but little theoretical background exists regarding variation in commensalistic associations across latitudes. We estimated the geographic variation of the epibiont limpet Scurria parasitica’s association with its obligate host chiton species Enoplochiton niger across their distribution from Peru to northern Chile (12-30°S), to test the influence of host size variation on epibiont occurrence, individual spatial distribution, and body size. We analyzed the contribution of chiton body size to the pattern of abundance and distribution of occupancy of the epibiont limpet. We also examined the relationship between limpet shell size, coverage, and incidence probability function and chiton body size across latitudes. For some localities across the range edge of the host grazer’s distribution (i.e. 28-30°S), incidence and densities of the epibiont limpet were higher on larger chitons. Unoccupied host chiton proportions decreased at the poleward edge of the host-epibiont species range compared with sites located to the north. Increased variation in the epibiont limpet distribution on the host chiton plates suggests that limpets’ spatial segregation may have a role in lessening intraspecific interference competition with the host species at southern latitudes. Therefore, local and large-scale processes seem to contribute to modify the host-epibiont association pattern. Further studies are necessary to determine if this association shifts from commensalistic to antagonistic across the distributional range of both species.
36
Hartono, Budi, Muhamad Erman Darmawansyah, and Dinda Iryawati Bedy Saskito. "Dynamic System Model of the Role of Leadership Coaching on Employee Performance." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 17, no. 1 (July 24, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v17i1.25023.
Анотація:
Jakarta Cempaka Putih Islamic Hospital (RSI) experienced a decline in performance. Judging from the 2013 Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) of 70.59%, it then dropped to 44.12% in 2016. Efforts to improve employee performance by coaching have been carried out, but not comprehensively in each Hospital unit. The study aims to look at the role of leadership coaching with a dynamic system model on employee performance at the Jakarta Cempaka Putih Hospital. Besides that, it is also to find out the role of inspirators, facilitators, motivators, as well as the pattern of system behavior characteristics between the role of leadership coaching on employee performance. Analytical research using quantitative methods with explanatory research design. The research sample was 86 taken by accidental sampling technique from the population of inpatient staff and medical support in May 2018. Data processing techniques were carried out in stages including univariate analysis, bivariate Chi-Square, multivariate logistic regression, and dynamic system models of causal loop diagrams formulated to the flow diagram. The instrument used in the form of a questionnaire. In general, the test results showed the influence of the role of leadership coaching on employee performance. Specifically, it shows the influence of the role of leadership coaching as an inspiration, facilitator, and motivator on employee performance. Then the pattern of system behavior characteristics for the next 10 years is in the form of exponential growth and in the next 20 years in the form of S-Shaped growth. Likewise, the behavior pattern of the coaching leadership system role for the next 10 years in the form of exponential growth. The leadership coaching role was found to have an effect on improving employee performance.
37
Tkach, Alexander, Abilio Almeida, Igor Levin, Joseph C. Woicik, and Paula M. Vilarinho. "Dielectric Relaxation, Local Structure and Lattice Dynamics in Mn-Doped Potassium Tantalate Ceramics." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164632.
Анотація:
Alkaline niobate and tantalate perovskites have attracted attention as polar dielectrics for electronics and telecommunications. Here, we studied the polar behaviour, lattice dynamics, and local structure in conventionally processed K0.985Mn0.015TaO3±δ ceramics using a combination of variable-temperature dielectric and Raman spectroscopies, and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements, respectively. Mn doping induces a low-frequency dielectric relaxation in KTaO3 (KT), which follows the Arrhenius law with an activation energy U ≈ 105 meV and the characteristic relaxation time τ0 ≈ 4.6 × 10−14 s. Our XAFS results support preferential Mn occupancy of the cuboctahedral sites as Mn2+, with these cations strongly off-centred in the oversized oxygen cages. Such disordered Mn displacements generate electric dipoles, which are proposed as the source of the observed dielectric relaxation. We show that in Mn-doped ceramics, the low-frequency polar TO1 mode softens on cooling and, at low temperatures, exhibits a higher frequency than in undoped KT. This mode displays no detectable splitting, which contrasts with Li-doped KT that also contains off-centred Li+ species on the cuboctahedral sites. Therefore, we conclude that the coupling between the Mn displacements and the lattice is weaker than in the Li case, and Mn-doped KT therefore exhibits a dielectric relaxation but no ferroelectric transition.
38
Lyashchenko, Alex K., and Gareth R. Tibbs. "Ion binding in the Open HCN Pacemaker Channel Pore: Fast Mechanisms to Shape “Slow” Channels." Journal of General Physiology 131, no. 3 (February 11, 2008): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200709868.
Анотація:
IH pacemaker channels carry a mixed monovalent cation current that, under physiological ion gradients, reverses at ∼−34 mV, reflecting a 4:1 selectivity for K over Na. However, IH channels display anomalous behavior with respect to permeant ions such that (a) open channels do not exhibit the outward rectification anticipated assuming independence; (b) gating and selectivity are sensitive to the identity and concentrations of externally presented permeant ions; (c) the channels' ability to carry an inward Na current requires the presence of external K even though K is a minor charge carrier at negative voltages. Here we show that open HCN channels (the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide sensitive pore forming subunits of IH) undergo a fast, voltage-dependent block by intracellular Mg in a manner that suggests the ion binds close to, or within, the selectivity filter. Eliminating internal divalent ion block reveals that (a) the K dependence of conduction is mediated via K occupancy of site(s) within the pore and that asymmetrical occupancy and/or coupling of these sites to flux further shapes ion flow, and (b) the kinetics of equilibration between K-vacant and K-occupied states of the pore (10–20 μs or faster) is close to the ion transit time when the pore is occupied by K alone (∼0.5–3 μs), a finding that indicates that either ion:ion repulsion involving Na is adequate to support flux (albeit at a rate below our detection threshold) and/or the pore undergoes rapid, permeant ion-sensitive equilibration between nonconducting and conducting configurations. Biophysically, further exploration of the Mg site and of interactions of Na and K within the pore will tell us much about the architecture and operation of this unusual pore. Physiologically, these results suggest ways in which “slow” pacemaker channels may contribute dynamically to the shaping of fast processes such as Na-K or Ca action potentials.
39
Liu, Guan-Chen, and Chih-Hsiang Ko. "Visual Communication Design and Wireless Data Transmission Technology for Blockchain Big Data Information Presentation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 22, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1380387.
Анотація:
The present work is aimed at solving the difficulty of BC big data information analysis and the defects of traditional BC platform visual interface (VI), such as nonstandard layout, unreasonable color use, unclear guidance, and increased user learning cost. Firstly, this paper expounds on BC technology, the related theory of information visualization (IV), and the IV design method of BC-generated big data. Secondly, by formulating the user experience design strategy, a big data visual information sharing platform (ISP) based on behavior experience (BE) is designed. Finally, the system performance is tested. The results show that (i) the proposed BE-based big data visual ISP has the basic functions of information query and module jump. The overall interface of the platform is simple and tidy, the information layout is reasonable, the presentation method is more intuitive, and the visual effect is better. (ii) The host throughput of each system module when processing business is greater than 100 times/s, and the success rate (SR) of event handling is greater than 99%. The average response time (RT) of terminal processing is less than 0.3 s, and the average RT of the terminal side is less than 0.4 s. The system’s central processing unit (CPU) occupancy rate (OR) shall be controlled below 30%. The memory OR shall be below 30%, both of which are lower than the standard value, and the system performance meets the standard. To sum up, the proposed ISP has basic functions and ensures good operation performance. It is suitable for the IV of BC-generated big data. The purpose is to provide important technical support for the IV of BC-generated big data and improve the efficiency of users’ data information acquisition and analysis.
40
Amspacher, Katelyn, Beau Bauer, Jayme Waldron, Ernie Wiggers, and Shane Welch. "Sciurus niger niger (Southern Fox Squirrel) Density and the Diurnal Patterns, Occupancy, and Detection of Sympatric Southern Fox Squirrels and S. carolinensis (Eastern Gray Squirrel) on Spring Island, South Carolina." Southeastern Naturalist 18, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.018.0214.
41
Heggenes, Jan, Thomas G. Northcote, and Armin Peter. "Seasonal Habitat Selection and Preferences by Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in a Small Coastal Stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-163.
Анотація:
Habitat selection by cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) larger than 9 cm total length was monitored during winter and summer. The trout had strong preferences for depths >25 cm and areas where instream and overhead cover exceeded 40% of the local surface area. The fish selected a variety of substrate sizes. Stream areas with mean water velocities <20 cm/s were preferred. Compared with previous studies, the trout used low-velocity areas more, and we suggest that this is due to less competitive interaction from other young salmonids. The trout used the larger pools (>20 m2) considerably less during winter than during summer. Otherwise, little seasonal variation in habitat use was found. A composite measure of water depth and cover appeared to be the most important of the measured environmental factors influencing habitat selection in the stream. The larger trout, which were presumably dominant, occupied the deepest pool areas. The trout selected spatial habitats in proportions significantly different from the available habitat, demonstrating strong habitat preferences. It is concluded that observations of habitat occupancy without considering habitat availability may give biased results.
42
Atapattu, K. A. M. R. Priyanwada, H. D. D. C. K. Perera, H. S. Kathriarachchi, and Ajith Gunawardena. "Abundance and spatial distribution analyses of Stemonoporus moonii Thwaites (Dipterocarpaceae) - a critically endangered species endemic to Sri Lanka." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 20426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6970.14.1.20426-20432.
Анотація:
Hora Wel Stemonoporus moonii Thwaites, a plant species endemic to Sri Lanka, is the central focus of this study. Because of its strictly narrow distribution area of fewer than 100 km2 and declining habitat, coupled with a high risk of extinction, it is placed under the ‘Critically Endangered’ category in International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List category. A field survey was conducted during February–March 2020 in Walawwe-Watta Wathurana freshwater swamp forest to assess the population status of this species. Global positioning system (GPS) coordinates of individuals were documented. The root collar diameter of plants was measured to differentiate adults. Population size analysis was performed using GeoCAT online software, and a distribution map was prepared using Quantum GIS (QGIS 3). A total of 600 plants were recorded, with 50% each adult (root collar diameter more than 2.0 cm) and young individuals (root collar diameter equal to or less than 2.0 cm). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of S. moonii were calculated as 0.06 km2 and 4.000 km2, respectively. Two subpopulations of S. moonii can be seen within the Walawwe-Watta Wathurana Environmental Protection Area. The findings of the present study support the current IUCN Red List status of S. moonii as Critically Endangered. Even though the existing populations of this species located within a protected area and not presently exposed to major threats, the location is easily accessible and can potentially be affected by anthropogenic pressures and habitat loss. Therefore, this species and the habitat warrant suitable in situ conservation measures.
43
Manceau, Line, Julien Richard Albert, Pier-Luigi Lollini, Maxim V. C. Greenberg, Pascale Gilardi-Hebenstreit, and Vanessa Ribes. "Divergent transcriptional and transforming properties of PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 paralogs." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): e1009782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009782.
Анотація:
The hallmarks of the alveolar subclass of rhabdomyosarcoma are chromosomal translocations that generate chimeric PAX3-FOXO1 or PAX7-FOXO1 transcription factors. Overexpression of either PAX-FOXO1s results in related cell transformation in animal models. Yet, in patients the two structural genetic aberrations they derived from are associated with distinct pathological manifestations. To assess the mechanisms underlying these differences, we generated isogenic fibroblast lines expressing either PAX-FOXO1 paralog. Mapping of their genomic recruitment using CUT&Tag revealed that the two chimeric proteins have distinct DNA binding preferences. In addition, PAX7-FOXO1 binding results in greater recruitment of the H3K27ac activation mark than PAX3-FOXO1 binding and is accompanied by greater transcriptional activation of neighbouring genes. These effects are associated with a PAX-FOXO1-specific alteration in the expression of genes regulating cell shape and the cell cycle. Consistently, PAX3-FOXO1 accentuates fibroblast cellular traits associated with contractility and surface adhesion and limits entry into S phase. In contrast, PAX7-FOXO1 drives cells to adopt an amoeboid shape, reduces entry into M phase, and causes increased DNA damage. Altogether, our results argue that the diversity of rhabdomyosarcoma manifestation arises, in part, from the divergence between the genomic occupancy and transcriptional activity of PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1.
44
Humoody, Mohammad Ahmad, and Nada Abdullah Younis. "Congestion Identification for Multilane Highway by Vehicle Lane Change as Driver Behavior." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 29, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.1.5.
Анотація:
This work introduces a new way to assess the condition of highways and classify them as congested or uncongested highways. This was done by recording a video and sorting the number of lane change orders instead of finding the traffic density, delay, and flow rate. Then extracting data from the video and performing a microscopic simulation for it to study the driver's behavior and create the statistical model. Thus, obtaining the mathematical relationships and coefficients that illustrate that process, after verifying the reliability and calibration of these variables.
This research aims to facilitate the highway assessment process, as an alternative or supplementary method of highway evaluation by the Highway Capacity Manual 2010. It is adequate to record a video and count the number of vehicles that change their lanes and then compare them with the results that have been determined in the search to judge the highway is congested or not.
The study area was achieved by choosing five segments of multilane arterial roads (six lanes divided) on the left coast of Mosul city. These segments were selected to be as similar as possible in the geometric configuration as well as like traffic flow. After that, cameras were installed according to criteria to record traffic movement and for a time not less than ten hours for each segment, and on the workdays for traffic movement. Then, the videos were uploaded using the Goodvision traffic data recognition program. These outputs were converted to be entered into the PTV-VISSIM traffic simulation program in addition to the other geometric information needed by the program to complete the analysis process and find traffic flow parameters. In the extraction process, the normal distribution and the uniform nature of the data representation of the observed event on the segments were examined using the Z-test and the K-S test, the results were normal and significant. Then the results were verified and the traffic parameters such as density and flow rate were checked to ensure the nature of the traffic flow. The process was also verified using the vehicle motion graphic representation method (Vehicle Trajectory), which is the initial examination to estimate the new variable.
A new variable has been extracted, which is one of the traffic movement variables, which depends on the percentage of complete and proper lane change completion within the parameters imposed by the simulation program, it’s the Lane Change Occupancy factor (LnChOc.). Then the statistical model was derived using SPSS for the new variable. It describes traffic conditions on highways and the results are verified and calibrated in more than one way. It’s a simple statistical model was obtained to estimate the traffic movement from this variable and vice versa from the following equation:, Which gave results for critical traffic on multi-lane roads in the Mosul city as follows: -
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45
Meloro, Carlo, Sarah Elton, Julien Louys, Laura C. Bishop, and Peter Ditchfield. "Cats in the forest: predicting habitat adaptations from humerus morphometry in extant and fossil Felidae (Carnivora)." Paleobiology 39, no. 3 (2013): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12001.
Анотація:
Mammalian carnivores are rarely incorporated in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, largely because of their rarity within the fossil record. However, multivariate statistical modeling can be successfully used to quantify specific anatomical features as environmental predictors. Here we explore morphological variability of the humerus in a closely related group of predators (Felidae) to investigate the relationship between morphometric descriptors and habitat categories. We analyze linear measurements of the humerus in three different morphometric combinations (log-transformed, size-free, and ratio), and explore four distinct ways of categorizing habitat adaptations. Open, Mixed, and Closed categories are defined according to criteria based on traditional descriptions of species, distributions, and biome occupancy. Extensive exploratory work is presented using linear discriminant analyses and several fossils are included to provide paleoecological reconstructions.We found no significant differences in the predictive power of distinct morphometric descriptors or habitat criteria, although sample splitting into small and large cat guilds greatly improves the stability of the models. Significant insights emerge for three long-canine cats:Smilodon populator,Paramachairodus orientalis, andDinofelissp. from Olduvai Gorge (East Africa).S. populatorandP. orientalisare both predicted to have been closed-habitat adapted taxa. The false “sabertooth”Dinofelissp. from Olduvai Gorge is predicted to be adapted to mixed habitat. The application of felid humerus ecomorphology to the carnivoran record of Olduvai Gorge shows that the older stratigraphic levels (Bed I, 1.99–1.79 Ma) included a broader range of environments than Beds II or V, where there is an abundance of cats adapted to open environments.
46
Dennis, D., K. Jacobson, and L. Belardinelli. "Evidence of spare A1-adenosine receptors in guinea pig atrioventricular node." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): H661—H671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.3.h661.
Анотація:
In normoxic, isolated perfused guinea pig hearts instrumented for measurement of atrioventricular nodal conduction time (AVCT), an analysis utilizing the irreversible A1-adenosine (Ado) antagonist, meta-1,3-phenylene diisothiocyanate xanthine amine cogener (m-DITC-XAC), a novel isothiocyanate derivative of 1,3-dialkylxanthine, was used to investigate whether spare A1-Ado receptors exist in the guinea pig atrioventricular (AV) node and the degree of amplification (reserve) between A1-Ado receptor occupancy and dromotropic response (e.g., AVCT slowing). The potency, dose dependency, and kinetic profile (time dependence of washout and washin) of m-DITC-XAC was determined and compared with those of known competitive (reversible) A1-Ado receptor antagonists. In the presence of m-DITC-XAC, Ado and N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) produced submaximal dromotropic responses. In a series of 19 hearts, m-DITC-XAC caused 100% apparent antagonism of the effect of Ado on AVCT even after 60 min of washout. In contrast, greater than 90% of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and XAC-induced antagonism of the effect of Ado on AVCT dissipated within 35 min. Unlike XAC, which caused maximal attenuation of Ado's AVCT effect within 5 min and remained constant thereafter, m-DITC-XAC showed marked time- and concentration-dependent behavior. It was found that 5 min of 0.5 microM m-DITC-XAC pretreatment irreversibly inactivated 72% of the A1-Ado receptors mediating the dromotropic effect, and the estimated agonist equilibrium dissociation constant for CPA was 84 +/- 4 nM. The percent of spare A1-Ado receptors at the EC50 and extrapolated maximal S-H interval prolongation levels was 20 and 54%, respectively, and the reserve (coupling amplification) varied from 1 to 2.3 within the 0-50% maximal response range. In summary, m-DITC-XAC appears to specifically and irreversibly antagonize the negative dromotropic effect of Ado and CPA, and guinea pig AV nodal tissue possesses spare A1-Ado receptors.
47
Gese, Eric M. "Territorial defense by coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: who, how, where, when, and why." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-054.
Анотація:
Territorial defense and maintenance are an important facet of the social ecology of most carnivore species. From January 1991 to June 1993, we observed 54 coyotes (Canis latrans) for 2507 h in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, during which we observed 112 instances of territory defense. The identity of the coyotes involved in challenging and evicting intruding animals was known. Alpha coyotes were most likely to be involved in territorial evictions of intruding animals, followed by beta individuals; pups participated little in territory defense. Coyotes evicting intruders generally had a numerical advantage when challenging the intruders. Territory-defense rates were highest during and immediately after the breeding season and during the time of pup emergence from the den. All chases of intruders ended at the boundary of the resident coyote pack's territory. Physical contact between the intruding animal and resident pack members occurred with no intruders being killed or seriously injured. Physical contact consisted of fighting and ritualized behaviors, with only a few instances in which fighting led to blood being drawn or minor injuries to the intruder. Most encounters resulted in a hasty retreat from the area by the intruder(s). While indirect means of territory maintenance (i.e., howling and scent-marking) were utilized by resident packs, trespassing still occurred and direct confrontation was needed to enforce boundaries and assert occupancy against other resident packs, as well as against lone intruders seeking territory vacancies. Territoriality was advantageous in that territory holders generally had higher survival rates (except pups), contributed all the reproductive effort to the population, and had greater access to food resources. In contrast, nonterritorial animals had lower survival rates, did not breed, and had reduced access to food (ungulate carcasses) during winter.
48
ARTICLE A, COLLECTIVE. "V. Gerovasileiou et al.: New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (July, 2017)." Mediterranean Marine Science 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.13771.
Анотація:
This Collective Article presents information on 37 taxa belonging to 6 Phyla and extending from the western Mediterranean to the Levantine Sea. The new records were found in 10 countries as follows: Algeria: first reports on the presence of the fish species Lesueurigobius sanzi, L. friesii, L. suerii and Luvarus imperiali; France: first record of the alien nudibranch Godiva quadricolor; Italy: first record of an adult-sized red emperor snapper Lutjanus sebae from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea; first record of the pantropical rhodophyte Chondria curvilineata and the Lessepsian fish Siganus luridus from southern Sicily; record of a large pregnant female Dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus off Sicily; Albania: first record of the fish Ruvettus pretiosus, new records of the alien molluscs Conomurex persicus, Bursatella leachii, Dendostrea cf. folium, Fulvia fragilis and Ruditapes philippinarum and additional report of the alien bivalve Pinctada imbricata radiata; Montenegro: first record of the sea slug Thecacera pennigera in the Adriatic Sea; Greece: first record of the invasive calcarean sponge Paraleucilla magna in Greek waters; occupancy estimation of the established cryptogenic rhodophyte Ganonema farinosum, the alien crustacean Percnon gibbesi and the alien fish species Fistularia commersonii, Siganus luridus, and S. rivulatus along the Cretan coastline; first record of the alien mollusc Sticteulima lentiginosa in Greek waters suggesting a westward unintentional expansion of this species; Turkey: photographic evidence of interactions of the monk seal Monachus monachus with sea-cage farms in the Turkish Aegean Sea and first record of the yellow boxfish Ostracion cubicus in the Turkish Mediterranean; Cyprus: first records of the rare speleophilic fish Thorogobius ephippiatus and Grammonus ater in Cyprus, extending the known distribution of the latter Mediterranean endemic species eastwards; first records of the alien fish Kyphosus vaigiensis and the alien crustacean species Macrophthalmus indicus and Carupa tenuipes as well as additional records of the alien echinoderm Diadema setosum and the alien ascidian Symplegma brakenhielmi in the country; Lebanon: first report on the presence of the four alien fish species Cephalopholis taeniops, Equulites popei, Pseudupeneus prayensis and Sphoeroides pachygaster; Egypt: first record of the Lessepsian fish Synchiropus sechellensis in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters.
49
Shahrin, Lubaba, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Monira Sarmin, Abu Sayem Mirza Md Hasibur Rahman, Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayeem Bin Shahid, Md Zahidul Islam, Farzana Afroze, Sayeeda Huq, and Tahmeed Ahmed. "Intravenous Amoxicillin Plus Intravenous Gentamicin for Children with Severe Pneumonia in Bangladesh: An Open-Label, Randomized, Non-Inferiority Controlled Trial." Life 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121299.
Анотація:
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends intravenous (IV) ampicillin and gentamicin as first-line therapy to treat severe pneumonia in children under five years of age. Ampicillin needs to be administered at a six-hourly interval, which requires frequent nursing intervention and bed occupancy for 5–7 days, limiting its utility in resource-poor settings. We compared the efficacy of IV amoxicillin over IV ampicillin, which is a potential alternative drug in treating severe pneumonia in children between 2–59 months. We conducted an unblinded, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial in the Dhaka hospital of icddr,b from 1 January 2018 to 31 October 2019. Children from 2–59 months of age presenting with WHO defined severe pneumonia with respiratory danger signs were randomly assigned 1:1 to either 50 mg/kg ampicillin or 40 mg/kg amoxicillin per day with 7.5 mg/kg gentamicin. The primary outcome was treatment failure as per the standard definition of persistence of danger sign(s) of severe pneumonia beyond 48 h or deterioration within 24 h of therapy initiation. The secondary outcomes were: (i) time required for resolution of danger signs since enrolment, (ii) length of hospital stay, (iii) death during hospitalization, and (iv) rate of nosocomial infections. Among 308 enrolled participants, baseline characteristics were similar among the two groups. Sixty-two (20%) children ended up with treatment failure, 21 (14%) in amoxicillin, and 41 (27%) in ampicillin arm, which is statistically significant (relative risk [RR] 0.51, 95% CI 0.32–0.82; p = 0.004). We reported 14 deaths for serious adverse events, 4 (3%) and 10 (6%) among amoxicillin and ampicillin arm, respectively. IV amoxicillin and IV gentamicin combination is not inferior to combined IV ampicillin and IV gentamicin in treating severe pneumonia in under-five children in Bangladesh. Considering the less frequent dosing and more compliance, IV amoxicillin is a better choice for treating children with severe pneumonia in resource-limited settings.
50
Dyar, M. D., M. W. Schaefer, E. C. Sklute, and J. L. Bishop. "Mössbauer spectroscopy of phyllosilicates: effects of fitting models on recoil-free fractions and redox ratios." Clay Minerals 43, no. 1 (March 2008): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.1.02.
Анотація:
AbstractClay minerals are ubiquitous constituents in soils on Earth, are occasionally found in meteorites, and may also occur on planetary surfaces in the presence of water. However, little is known about the fundamental Mössbauer parameters (the intrinsic isomer shift, δI, the characteristic Mössbauer temperature, θM, and the recoil-free fraction, f) that are characteristic of clay minerals and critical to the correct interpretation of the Fe3+/ΣFe ratios as well as the mineral modes. Spectra of well characterized single mineral samples at multiple temperatures may be used for the determinations of f. Hence, measurements of five-layer silicates with a range of layer types are presented here: nontronite, Fe-smectite, glauconite, annite and biotite. The spectra were fitted using three different software packages: WMOSS from Science, Engineering & Education Co. in Minnesota; Recoil, from the University of Ottawa in Canada; and two programs used at the University of Ghent in Belgium. Four different approaches to modelling line shapes were used: (1) Lorentzian; (2) pseudo-Voigt (convolution of Lorentzian and Gaussian curves); (3) quadrupole-splitting distributions (QSD); and (4) a technique that does not assume a particular line shape (subsequently referred to as ‘model-independent’). Values of δI, θM and f were determined using the method of De Grave & Van Alboom (1991).Results show that multiple doublets are routinely required by all models to represent Fe-site occupancy, even when all the Fe atoms of the same valence are in the same site, as is the case for dioctahedral smectite, nontronite, mica and glauconite. Consistent values of centre shift (δ) and quadrupole splitting (Δ) were obtained for the two distributions of M2Fe3+ in the smectites. In glauconite, a single Fe2+ doublet was clearly resolved and gave systematic values for δ, Δ and area, but the two Fe3+ doublets were less defined. In annite, two Fe2+ and two Fe3+ doublets were modelled, while three Fe2+ and one Fe3+ doublet were used for biotite. Three different programs that use Lorentzian line shapes gave very similar results for δ, Δ and area. The two different implementations of QSD line shapes gave similar but sometimes slightly different results, and the pseudo-Voigt and model-independent fits usually fell between the ranges for Lorentzian and QSD results.The value of δI is ~0.58 mm/s for Fe3+ and ~1.31 mm/s for Fe2+ across all models and line shapes, which is expected because the Fe3+ has an additional shielding 3d electron. Values for θM data are nearly identical for Fe3+ in nontronite and Fe-smectite (~450 K), somewhat varied for Fe3+ in glauconite and biotite (θM = ~730 K and ~615 K, respectively), and relatively distinct for Fe2+ (~350 K). Some values for θM and f could not be determined due to the non-monotonic behaviour of the fitted values for δ as a function of temperature. Values of f295 were 0.821–0.917 for Fe3+ and 0.662–0.743 for Fe2+, consistent with previous studies of the recoil-free fraction in micas and other silicates. Calculated scatter in δ, Δ, area and f values as a function of different line shapes and computer software was significantly reduced at lower temperatures. Sources of error in each of the calculated parameters are discussed.