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Готові списки джерел за темами / Occupant posture

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Occupant posture"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 28 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Occupant posture"

1

Boyle, Kyle, Abeselom Fanta, Matthew P. Reed, Kurt Fischer, Alex Smith, Angelo Adler, and Jingwen Hu. "Restraint systems considering occupant diversity and pre-crash posture." Traffic Injury Prevention 21, sup1 (October 12, 2020): S31—S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2021.1895989.

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2

Jones, Monica L. H., Sheila Ebert, Miriam A. Manary, Matthew P. Reed, and Kathleen D. Klinich. "Child Posture and Belt Fit in a Range of Booster Configurations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030810.

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Belt positioning boosters reduce injury risk for child occupants compared with seat belts alone. While boosters shorten the effective seat length (and thus reduce slouching), “boosting” the child relative to the vehicle interior components also achieves additional safety benefits. First, the increase of the lap belt angle usually improves belt fit across the pelvis and reduces the risk of the occupant slipping (“submarining”) under the belt. Second, the torso belt is re-centered over the bony landmarks of the shoulder for more effective/secure restraint. Third, the child’s head is relocated in a range better protected by side airbags. The objective of this research was to quantify differences in posture and belt fit across a range of booster designs that provide different levels of boosting. Posture and belt fit were measured in 25 child volunteers aged four to 12. Children were measured in three laboratory seating conditions selected to provide a range of cushion lengths and belt geometries. Six different boosters, as well as a no-booster condition, were evaluated. The low height boosters produced postures that were more slouched, with the hips further forward than in other more typical boosters. Lap belt fit in the low height boosters was not meaningfully different from the other boosters. Shoulder belt fit produced by the lowest height booster was similar to the no-booster condition. Belt positioning boosters that boost the child less than 70 mm produced postures similar to the no-booster condition. While lap belt guides on these products can produce a similar static lap belt fit, they may not provide adequate dynamic performance and do not achieve the other benefits that come with raising the child to a more advantageous location relative to interior components and belts.

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3

Diederich, Alexander, Christophe Bastien, Karthikeyan Ekambaram, and Alexis Wilson. "Occupant pre-crash kinematics in rotated seat arrangements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 10-11 (March 25, 2021): 2818–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544070211004504.

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The introduction of automated L5 driving technologies will revolutionise the design of vehicle interiors and seating configurations, improving occupant comfort and experience. It is foreseen that pre-crash emergency braking and swerving manoeuvres will affect occupant posture, which could lead to an interaction with a deploying airbag. This research addresses the urgent safety need of defining the occupant’s kinematics envelope during that pre-crash phase, considering rotated seat arrangements and different seatbelt configurations. The research used two different sets of volunteer tests experiencing L5 vehicle manoeuvres, based in the first instance on 22 50th percentile fit males wearing a lap-belt (OM4IS), while the other dataset is based on 87 volunteers with a BMI range of 19 to 67 kg/m2 wearing a 3-point belt (UMTRI). Unique biomechanics kinematics corridors were then defined, as a function of belt configuration and vehicle manoeuvre, to calibrate an Active Human Model (AHM) using a multi-objective optimisation coupled with a Correlation and Analysis (CORA) rating. The research improved the AHM omnidirectional kinematics response over current state of the art in a generic lap-belted environment. The AHM was then tested in a rotated seating arrangement under extreme braking, highlighting that maximum lateral and frontal motions are comparable, independent of the belt system, while the asymmetry of the 3-point belt increased the occupant’s motion towards the seatbelt buckle. It was observed that the frontal occupant kinematics decrease by 200 mm compared to a lap-belted configuration. This improved omnidirectional AHM is the first step towards designing safer future L5 vehicle interiors.

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4

Lee, Seunghoon, Jangwoon Park, Kihyo Jung, Xiaopeng Yang, and Heecheon You. "Development of Statistical Models for Predicting a Driver’s Hip and Eye Locations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601610.

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Regression equations for estimation of a driver’s hip location (HL) and eye location (EL) using the driver’s anthropometric and posture variables have been developed for US drivers. However, those equations are limited to US drivers and do not include seat adjustment variables (e.g., cushion angle) that may affect a driver’s HL and EL. The present study developed statistical models for prediction of a driver’s HL and EL using seat configurations including (1) fore-aft seat position, (2) seat height, (3) seat back recline angle, and (4) seat cushion angle. Driving postures of 23 Korean drivers (10 females and 13 males) were measured in a seating buck after adjusting seat configurations according to their preferences. The seat configurations, HLs, ELs, and joint angles of the participants were collected by a motion capture system. HL and EL prediction models based on the seat configurations and driving postures were developed by stepwise regression. The proposed models showed high accuracy (adj. R2 = .83 ± .13, RMSE = 19.1 ± 4.2 mm) in prediction of HL and EL. The performance difference between the seat configuration- and posture-based models was not statistically significant. The proposed seat configuration-based models can be used for accurate estimation of a driver’s HL and EL for occupant packaging layout design.

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5

Brownjohn, James M. W. "Energy Dissipation from Vibrating Floor Slabs due to Human-Structure Interaction." Shock and Vibration 8, no. 6 (2001): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/454139.

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Lightweight pre-cast flooring systems using post-tensioning to increase strength but not stiffness are increasingly popular, and vibration serviceability problems tend to govern design of such floors where human occupants are increasingly concerned with vibrations. At the same time as inducing response, stationary human observers can also participate in the response as mitigating influence and it is clear that a human behaves as a highly effective damper, even when seated.Experiments were done to study energy flow and storage in a 1.2 tonne vibrating concrete plank with a human occupant. Results showed that damping could increase to as much as 10% frequency shifts (usually decreases) in the slab apparent resonant frequency, depending on occupant posture. Simple lumped mass mathematical models were also used to study the vibrating human-structure system through dynamic simulations, corroborating the findings.Further corroboration was provided from measurements on a prototype full-scale floor slab occupied by several hundred people who were either jumping or sitting. Modal analysis of vibration response signals showed that normal floor resonance associated with jumping at a sub-harmonic of the floor natural frequency was almost completely damped out by the passive (seated) people.

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6

Ittianuwat, Ratchaphon, Mohammad Fard, Mohd Amzar Azizan, and Leon Lo. "Effects of occupant weight and sitting posture on vehicle seat structural dynamics." International Journal of Vehicle Design 70, no. 3 (2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2016.075777.

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7

Choi, Eun Ji, Yongseok Yoo, Bo Rang Park, Young Jae Choi, and Jin Woo Moon. "Development of Occupant Pose Classification Model Using Deep Neural Network for Personalized Thermal Conditioning." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010045.

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This study aims to propose a pose classification model using indoor occupant images. For developing the intelligent and automated model, a deep learning neural network was employed. Indoor posture images and joint coordinate data were collected and used to conduct the training and optimization of the model. The output of the trained model is the occupant pose of the sedentary activities in the indoor space. The performance of the developed model was evaluated for two different indoor environments: home and office. Using the metabolic rates corresponding to the classified poses, the model accuracy was compared with that of the conventional method, which considered the fixed activity. The result showed that the accuracy was improved by as much as 73.96% and 55.26% in home and office, respectively. Thus, the potential of the pose classification model was verified for providing a more comfortable and personalized thermal environment to the occupant.

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8

Mansfield, Neil J., Kartikeya Walia, and Aditya Singh. "Driver seat comfort for level 3-4 autonomous vehicles." Work 68, s1 (January 8, 2021): S111—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-208010.

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BACKGROUND: Autonomous vehicles can be classified on a scale of automation from 0 to 5, where level 0 corresponds to vehicles that have no automation to level 5 where the vehicle is fully autonomous and it is not possible for the human occupant to take control. At level 2, the driver needs to retain attention as they are in control of at least some systems. Level 3-4 vehicles are capable of full control but the human occupant might be required to, or desire to, intervene in some circumstances. This means that there could be extended periods of time where the driver is relaxed, but other periods of time when they need to drive. OBJECTIVE: The seat must therefore be designed to be comfortable in at least two different types of use case. METHODS: This driving simulator study compares the comfort experienced in a seat from a production hybrid vehicle whilst being used in a manual driving mode and in autonomous mode for a range of postures. RESULTS: It highlights how discomfort is worse for cases where the posture is non-optimal for the task. It also investigates the design of head and neckrests to mitigate neck discomfort, and shows that a well-designed neckrest is beneficial for drivers in autonomous mode.

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Trivedi, M. M., S. Y. Cheng, E. M. C. Childers, and S. J. Krotosky. "Occupant Posture Analysis With Stereo and Thermal Infrared Video: Algorithms and Experimental Evaluation." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 53, no. 6 (November 2004): 1698–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2004.835526.

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Yang, Weilin, Suchao Xie, Haihong Li, and Zengtao Chen. "Design and injury analysis of the seated occupant protection posture in train collision." Safety Science 117 (August 2019): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.04.028.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Occupant posture"

1

Palepu, Vivek. "Biomechanical Effects of Initial Occupant Seated Posture During Rear End Impact Injury." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1376585027.

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2

Jonsson, Bertil. "Interaction between humans and car seats : studies of occupant seat adjustment, posture, position, and real world neck injuries in rear-end impacts." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgisk och perioperativ vetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1636.

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Background: The latest generation of rear-end whiplash protection systems, as found in the WHIPS Volvo and SAHR Saab, have reduced injury rates by almost 50% in comparison with the previous generation of seat/head restraint systems. Occupant behaviour, such as seated posture and seat adjustment settings, may affect the injury risk. Method: Five studies were conducted. Studie I was an injury outcome study based on insurance data. Studies II-IV investigated seat adjustment, occupant backset, and cervical retraction for drivers and occupants in different postures and positions in the car, during stationary and driving conditions. Study V compared the occupant data from studies II and III with a vehicle testing tool, the BioRID dummy, using the protocols of the ISO, RCAR, and the RCAR-IIWPG. Results: Female drivers and passengers had a threefold increased risk for medically-impairing neck injury in rear-end impacts, compared to males. Driver position had a double risk compared with front passenger seat position. Female drivers adjusted the driver seat differently to male drivers; they sat higher and closer to the steering wheel and with more upright back support. The volunteers also adjusted their seat differently to the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocol settings; both sexes sat further away from the steering wheel, and seat back angle was more upright then in the protocols. In stationary cars, backset was highest in the rear seat position and lowest in the front passenger seat position. Males had a larger backset than females. Cervical retraction decreased and backset increased for both sexes when posture changed from self-selected posture to a slouched posture. The BioRID II dummy was found to represent 96th percentile female in stature, and a 69th percentile female in weight in the volunteer group. Conclusions: Risks in car rear-end impacts differ by sex and seated position. This thesis indicates the need for a 50th percentile female BioRID dummy and re-evaluation of the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocols, and further development of new safety systems to protect occupants in rear-end impacts.

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Grébonval, Cyrille. "Automatisation des véhicules et nouveaux habitacles : postures de confort et risques associés en cas de choc." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1328.

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Des efforts de recherche et développement considérables portent actuellement sur des véhicules automatisés qui pourraient libérer les conducteurs des tâches de conduite. Le siège et l’intérieur de l’habitacle pourraient être modifiés pour mieux accommoder les activités autres que la conduite, telle que dormir, lire et travailler etc. Cependant, même si un grand niveau de sécurité est attendu pour ces futurs véhicules, des accidents continueront à survenir. Les dispositifs de protection actuels sont conçus pour une position de conduite. Ils pourraient nécessiter des modifications afin de conserver le niveau de protection actuel pour de nouvelles positions d’occupant. Cette thèse vise à identifier les risques et les opportunités en termes de protection de l’occupant associés à de nouvelles positions pouvant être introduites avec les véhicules automatisés. Sur le plan méthodologique, elle s’est largement appuyée sur les modèles humains numériques pour le choc qui se sont révélés comme un outil pertinent d'évaluation du risque. Une attention particulière a été portée à l'évaluation de la validité des modèles après repositionnement. Les travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de retenue dans des positions semi-allongées en choc frontal. Ces positions apparaissent critiques avec une retenue délicate du bassin ou un chargement de la colonne lombaire selon l’angle d’assise. Une sensibilité importante à la position initiale du bassin a également été observée. Ces résultats pourront être utilisés afin d’aider à concevoir et à évaluer des nouveaux dispositifs de retenue. Afin de mieux connaître la posture de confort dans ces positions inclinées, une étude expérimentale a été réalisée à l’aide d’un siège multi-réglable. Ces expérimentations ont permis d’une part d‘identifier des configurations de siège de confort, et d’autre part d’établir les relations entre ces configurations de siège et la position du squelette interne, et en particulier celle du bassin. Ces résultats pourront notamment aider au positionnement des occupants lors d’essais physiques ou numériques. Dans l’ensemble, ces travaux montrent l’interaction forte entre le confort et la sécurité pour la conception de nouveaux habitacles automobiles
Considerable research and development efforts are currently focused on automated vehicles that could free drivers from driving tasks and allow them to perform new activities (e.g. working, sleeping). Such activities would benefit from new seating configurations. However, even if a high level of safety is expected for these future vehicles, accidents will continue to occur. Current protective devices are designed for a driving position. They may require modifications to maintain the current level of protection for new occupant positions. This thesis aims to identify the risks and opportunities in terms of occupant protection associated with new positions that could appear with automated vehicles. The analyses used digital human models for applied traffic safety which have proven to be a relevant risk assessment tool. Particular attention was paid to assessing the validity of the models after repositioning. The work provided a better understanding of the restraint mechanisms in reclined configurations during a frontal impact. These positions appear to be critical with a difficult restraint of the pelvis or loading of the lumbar spine depending on the seat angle. The occupant response was also significantly affected by the initial position of the pelvis. These results can be used to help design and evaluate new restraint systems. In order to better understand the comfortable position in these reclined configurations, an experimental study was carried out using a multi-adjustable seat. These experiments enabled, on the one hand, to identify the comfort seat configurations, and on the other hand to establish the relationships between these seat configurations and the position of the internal skeleton and in particular for the pelvis. These results can in particular help the positioning of occupants during physical or digital tests. Overall, this work shows the strong interaction between comfort and safety for the design of new passenger cars

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Частини книг з теми "Occupant posture"

1

Lothe, Vaibhav. "Ergonomic and Occupant Issues Considering Elderly Female Pillion Rider Sitting Posture on Motorcycle in Indian Rural/Semi Urban Context." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 294–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51549-2_39.

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Brolin, Erik, Dan Högberg, and Pernilla Nurbo. "Statistical Posture Prediction of Vehicle Occupants in Digital Human Modelling Tools." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Posture, Motion and Health, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49904-4_1.

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3

Zhao, Jay, and Francis Scott Gayzik. "Accidental Injury Analysis and Protection for Automated Vehicles." In Smart Mobility - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105155.

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This chapter summarizes our recent research on accidental injury analysis and new passive restraint concepts for automated vehicle occupant protection. Recent trends to develop highly automated driving systems (ADS) may enable occupants to sit in non-conventional ways with various seating positions. Such seating position may subject occupants to 360 degree of principal direction of force (PDOF). Current government regulatory crash tests and evaluation standards known as New Car Assessment Programs (NCAP) and other motor safety regulations have been implemented in the automotive industry mainly for the protection of forward-facing seated occupants in frontal, side, and rollover vehicle crashes. Automated vehicles will pose challenges and opportunities for occupant protection. In addition, automation may lead to an increase in occupants from more diverse populations in crash conditions and seating arrangements. More studies are required to better understand the kinematics, injuries, and protection for the ADS occupants on other new seating positions and postures from various crashes. Our latest research focused on occupant injury risk analysis and new restraint concepts for the ADS occupants at different seating positions, especially at the side-facing seat. This chapter summarizes our major findings from the research, including occupant injury risk assessment methods, estimated injury patterns and severities at different PDOF and seating arrangements, as well as new restraint concepts for mitigation of the ADS occupant injures.

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4

Park, Jangwoon, and Matthew P. Reed. "Predicting vehicle occupant postures using statistical models." In DHM and Posturography, 799–803. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816713-7.00063-5.

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5

Joshi, Kedar Pandurang, and Nikhil Lohiya. "Improved Seating Plans for Movie Theatre to Improve Revenue." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 149–58. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0997-4.ch008.

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Bollywood is not only one of the biggest film producers in India but also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Seat occupancy rate and pricing of each seat are important parameters that determines the revenue of a cinema business. The objective of the chapter is to enable theater managers to determine the prices at the time of booking according to the occupancy rate so that the revenue is improved based on preferred demand for the respective seats. A multi criteria analysis is applied with seat occupancy rate as dependent variable and other factors as independent variables like Show time, Poster Size, Day of week and Timing of Release. Further, a predictive analysis can be carried out to determine the occupancy rate for the upcoming movies. Based on the occupancy rate, the managers at theater can adopt variable pricing concept to improve the revenue. This work shows an integrated method to develop a seating plan based on occupancy rate to improve the revenue using EMSR-b heuristic with an illustrated example for a theater.

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Pradhan, MA, LA Bembinster, and JM Frasor. "Proinflammatory Cytokines and NFκB Activation Alter Estrogen Receptor Occupancy on DNA in a Gene-Specific Manner and Lead to Enhanced Gene Expression." In Posters I, P3–3—P3–3. Endocrine Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2010.part3.p1.p3-3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Occupant posture"

1

Reed, Matthew, Miriam A. Manary, and Lawrence W. Schneider. "Methods for Measuring and Representing Automobile Occupant Posture." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0959.

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"Optimal Waiting Position of a Home Robot for Risk Communication Considering Behavior Patterns of an Occupant." In Structural Health Monitoring. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901311-25.

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Abstract. The risk communication in a home between a home robot and an occupant must be smooth in a way that the home robot does not disturb the occupant lives. In this paper, we propose a new method to determine the optimal waiting position considering the personal space and the obstacles such as furniture and the occupant’s walking patterns. It is shown that the distance to the wall from the occupant in the direction of the home robot and the standing or sitting posture affect most on the personal space. Furthermore, this personal space is dependent on each individual preference. The performance of the proposed method is much more feasible compared with those obtained in our previous approach.

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Reed, Matthew, Miriam A. Manary, Carol A. C. Flannagan, and Lawrence W. Schneider. "Automobile Occupant Posture Prediction for Use with Human Models." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0966.

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Jang, Min-soo, Young-hoon Kim, Gwi-tae Park, Yong-guk Kim, and Seok-joo Lee. "An Embedded System for Posture Classification of the Vehicle Occupant." In 2006 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccias.2006.294233.

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Katsuraki, Michihiro, Toshimichi Hanai, Kouichi Takatsuji, Atsuhiko Suwa, and Hideyuki Nagashima. "Development of the New Generation Ergonomic Seat Based on Occupant Posture Analysis." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/950140.

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Zhenhai, Gao, Jiang Liyong, and Gao Fei. "Vehicle Occupant Posture Classification System using Seat Pressure Sensor for Intelligent Airbag." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1254.

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7

Goulding, Thomas, Na Yu, and Leonidas Deligiannidis. "Understanding Wheelchair Occupant Posture and Dynamics Prior to Egress from a Wheelchair." In 2017 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci.2017.296.

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Murugan, Muthuvel, JinHyeong Yoo, Gregory Hiemenz, and Norman Wereley. "Analytical Evaluation of Adaptive Seat Energy Absorber for Rotorcraft Semi-Active Crash Safety Seat Development." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3314.

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This research study focuses on the analytical evaluation of magneto-rheological (MR) dampers for enhanced occupant protection during vertical crash landings of a helicopter. The current state-of-the-art helicopter crew seat has passive safety mechanisms that are highly limited in their capability to optimally adapt to each type of crash scenario due to variations in both occupant weight and crash severity level. While passive crash energy absorbers work well for a single design condition (50th percentile male occupant and fixed crash severity level), they do not offer adequate protection across a broad spectrum of crash conditions by minimizing the load transmitted to the occupant. This study reports the development of a lumped-parameter human body model including lower leg in a seated posture for rotorcraft crash injury simulation. A physical model of lumped-parameter human body restrained on a crew seat was implemented in multi-body dynamics simulation software. For implementing control, a control algorithm was made to work with the multi-body dynamic model by running co-simulation. The injury criteria and tolerance levels for the biomechanical effects are discussed for each of the identified vulnerable body regions, such as the thoracic lumbar loads for different sized adults. The desired objective of this analytical model development is to develop a tool to study the performance of adaptive semi-active magnetorheological seat suspensions for rotorcraft occupant protection.

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Newberry, William, Michael Carhart, William Lai, Catherine Ford Corrigan, Jeffrey Croteau, and Eddie Cooper. "A Computational Analysis of the Airborne Phase of Vehicle Rollover: Occupant Head Excursion and Head-Neck Posture." In SAE 2005 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0943.

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Yoo, JinHyeong, Muthuvel Murugan, and Dy Le. "Development of a Lumped-Parameter Occupant Injury Assessment Model for Vehicular Blast Effects Simulation." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7914.

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Анотація:

In this study, a lumped-parameter human body including lower leg in seated posture with a quarter-car model was developed for blast injury assessment simulation. To simulate the shock acceleration of the vehicle, mine blast analysis was conducted on a generic land vehicle crew compartment (sand box) structure. For the purpose of simulating human body dynamics, a physical model of lumped-parameter human body with a quarter car model was developed and implemented in multi-body dynamic simulation software. The injury criteria and tolerance levels for the biomechanical effects are discussed for each of the identified vulnerable body regions, such as the lower leg, the spine, and the neck. Passive seat and footrest damper devices were analytically evaluated to investigate their effectiveness for a seated occupant in a vehicle environment during a blast event. The seat damper has significant influence on the neck and the spine injury assessment values; however has less influence on the lower leg injury assessment value. For protecting the lower leg from injury, a separated footrest with a passive spring-damper system was more effective than the seat damper.

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