Статті в журналах з теми "Oblivious sampling"

Stochastic games provide a framework for interactions among multiple agents and enable a myriad of applications. In these games, agents decide on actions simultaneously. After taking an action, the state of every agent updates to the next state, and each agent receives a reward. However, finding an equilibrium (if exists) in this game is often difficult when the number of agents becomes large. This paper focuses on finding a mean-field equilibrium (MFE) in an action-coupled stochastic game setting in an episodic framework. It is assumed that an agent can approximate the impact of the other agents’ by the empirical distribution of the mean of the actions. All agents know the action distribution and employ lower-myopic best response dynamics to choose the optimal oblivious strategy. This paper proposes a posterior sampling-based approach for reinforcement learning in the mean-field game, where each agent samples a transition probability from the previous transitions. We show that the policy and action distributions converge to the optimal oblivious strategy and the limiting distribution, respectively, which constitute an MFE.

Every society makes provisions for the health care delivery system for its members, this is intending to provide medical and related services for the maintenance of good health, particularly through the prevention and treatment of diseases. This is in recognition of the pervasive importance of good health upon which life is contingent. Despite the development of more researched and formulated orthodox medicines, herbal medicines continue to be well patronized by persons across the world with some patrons concurrently using both forms, oblivious of the unwelcome effects that may occur. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. For the study, a quantitative approach was used in analyzing the data collected, the population of the study were females between the ages 15-49 with a total of 1081 nursing mothers in Ikenne Local Government Area (LGA), Ogun Nigeria. Sample size determination calculation by Cochran was used to determine the sample size of 190. A multi-stage random sampling, purposive sampling and accidental sampling technique were used to select the respondents. The study revealed that all the social and demographic characteristics of respondents except community had a significant association with respondents’ concurrent usage of herbal and orthodox medicines. It was also observed that 2 in every 10 nursing mothers uses both orthodox and herbal drugs concurrently on their children. The study concluded that 11.05% of respondents concurrently used herbal and orthodox medicines for infant health problems.

Quantum simulation, the simulation of quantum processes on quantum computers, suggests a path forward for the efficient simulation of problems in condensed-matter physics, quantum chemistry, and materials science. While the majority of quantum simulation algorithms are deterministic, a recent surge of ideas has shown that randomization can greatly benefit algorithmic performance. In this work, we introduce a scheme for quantum simulation that unites the advantages of randomized compiling on the one hand and higher-order multiproduct formulas, as they are used for example in linear-combination-of-unitaries (LCU) algorithms or quantum error mitigation, on the other hand. In doing so, we propose a framework of randomized sampling that is expected to be useful for programmable quantum simulators and present two new multi-product formula algorithms tailored to it. Our framework reduces the circuit depth by circumventing the need for oblivious amplitude amplification required by the implementation of multi-product formulas using standard LCU methods, rendering it especially useful for early quantum computers used to estimate the dynamics of quantum systems instead of performing full-fledged quantum phase estimation. Our algorithms achieve a simulation error that shrinks exponentially with the circuit depth. To corroborate their functioning, we prove rigorous performance bounds as well as the concentration of the randomized sampling procedure. We demonstrate the functioning of the approach for several physically meaningful examples of Hamiltonians, including fermionic systems and the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model, for which the method provides a favorable scaling in the effort.

Despite the development of more researched and formulated orthodox medicines, herbal medicines continue to be well patronized for persons across the world with some patrons concurrently using both forms, oblivious of the unwanted effects that may occur. Using a multistage sampling procedure, a semistructured questionnaire was used to collect data in April 2016 from 240 informants from three selected hospitals and three herbal clinics in Tamale, a city in northern Ghana. Using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, binary logistic regression was used to determine sociodemographic predictors of concurrent use of herbal and orthodox medicines. Orthodox medicines were the drug of choice for 54.2% and 49.2% of patrons of hospitals and herbal clinics, respectively. Also, 67.5% of herbal clinic patrons used orthodox medicines, while 25.0% of hospital attendees used herbal medications prior to their visit to the health facilities. Up to 17.9% of respondents concurrently used herbal and orthodox medicines for their prevailing ailment with age, less than 30 years being the only predictor of this habit (p=0.015; 95% CI, 1.183–4.793; cOR = 2.4). All health professionals including those in herbal clinics should therefore be interested in the drug history of their clients.

This study provides contextual evidence on recreational noise exposure in a typical Nigerian urban park. It investigated perceived sonic characteristics as well as the spatial noise variations across Agodi Park and Gardens in the city of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Integration of noise mapping and soundscape methods was used to understand the nature of noise being generated in this outdoor setting. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) was used to obtain data from nine major locations within the park. Using a non-probabilistic method of sampling, fifty respondents were selected incidentally to participate in this study. With the aid of an instrument consisting structured questionnaires and observation checklist, information on respondents’ demographic characteristics, their perceptions of the recreational noise, and desirability levels of soundscape in the park was obtained. Recreational noise data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Test of Difference (T-test) to investigate time-based variations in the level of noise (morning and evening periods). Although most respondents were oblivious of the noise exposure, findings show that the average sound level in the park was 77 dBA which exceeded the recommended noise limit of 60 dBA expected in recreational parks. The study recommends that soundscape characters should be considered in the design of future urban parks as they would go a long way in improving and enhancing the quality of perceived user’s comfort.

Fusarium wilt disease cause losses to eggplants in many parts of Ghana. However, information about farmers’ appreciation and management of the disease is limited. In this study, farmers’ socio-demographic characteristics, farming history, awareness and perception of Fusarium Wilt disease of eggplants in some major eggplant growing areas in the Ashanti, Eastern and Volta Regions of Ghana were determined. Purposive sampling method was used to select major eggplant producing communities and snowball technique was employed to identify eggplant farmers. A structured questionnaire aided with pictures of Fusarium infected eggplant was used to inquire for information from750 farmers in the three regions; 250 from each region and 50 from each of the 5 communities selected in each region. The farmers on the three regions had similar socio-demographic characters and knowledge of Fusarium wilt disease of eggplants. Farmers were mostly within the age group of 30 year to 50 years and 63% of them had formal education. Land preparation was mainly manual, except for some part of the Volta region that used tractors. Mixed cropping with other vegetables and crop rotation with cereals was most practiced. Farmer selected seeds were the major planting materials. Wilt symptoms was a common observation of farmers in all the regions. However, majority were oblivious of the cause and source of the disease and therefore were unable to apply appropriate management methods. Farmers could not estimate losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease and therefore were not keen on management methods.

Malaysia, like all other countries throughout the world, became a victim of the COVID 19 epidemic. Based on the Malaysia's Insolvency Department 2021 statistical data, the alarming increase of individual bankruptcy cases were caused by failure to pay personal loans, instalment purchases, and credit card debt especially amongst youth. This is concerning because it implies that young Malaysians are still oblivious to their financial circumstances. Hence, the goal of this research is to investigate the level of financial literacy among youth, as well as the relationship between financial knowledge, financial behaviour, financial attitude, and familial influences on financial literacy. A non-probability convenience sampling method was used to gather information from 181 respondents. The findings of the study show that financial knowledge (p=0.000), financial behaviour (p=0.000), and family influence (p=0.000), are significantly associated to financial literacy, the dependent variable in this study, with the exception of financial attitude (p=0.418). Time constraints, insufficient independent variables covered, questionnaire development, respondents' honesty, and respondents' inequity were some of the challenges encountered while conducting this study. The most significant limitation is the sample size, which does not represent the population of Malaysian youth. The findings of this study have broad implications for a wide range of stakeholders, including university students, curriculum developer, parents of students, and future researchers. In this study, the factors that influence financial literacy among youth were examined, and it was concluded that the youth literacy level was moderate. The findings of the study will also help to support the National Strategy for Financial Literacy, which runs from 2019 to 2023.

Background: Medicinal plants have been used for years in daily life all over the world. Herbal medicines (HM) may be beneficial but are not completely harmless especially with unregulated use. Aim: To assess the knowledge, preference and use of HM in a rural setting, western Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study among 417 residents of Epe Local Government Area, Lagos State Nigeria conducted in mid 2016. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Epi- info version 7.1.5.2. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Nearly half (48.7%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18-33 years, over three fourths (78.4%) were married and majority (89.2%) were Yoruba. About half 207(49.6%) of respondents had good knowledge of HM. Over two thirds (67.6%) would use HM as first line treatment and 69.3% perceive it more effective than conventional medicine. Almost all (95.7%) respondents have used HM, majority (87.4%) in the last six months prior to study. Factors significantly associated with knowledge of HM are age (p=0.001) and sex of respondents (p=0.014). Significant factors influencing HM use include level of education (Fisher's exact p=0.017), religion (Fisher's exact p=0.001), and ethnicity (Fisher's exact p<0.001). Conclusion: Participants were fairly knowledgeable about herbal medicine but most were oblivious of its potential side effects. Majority were HM users mainly because of its perceived effectiveness. There is need for health education in rural areas on the side effects and safe use of herbal medicines. Author T M Oyeleye 1, I P Okafor 1

The high levels of tomato consumption coupled with wide production levels in Ghana make the crop economically viable. Food preferences vary among individuals and geographical locations. Traits to select during crop improvement therefore, depend on the target beneficiaries. Breeders sometimes fail to consider preferences of end users probably because they are oblivious of them. This study used Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and surveys to identify preferences and perceptions of end users in tomato value chain, for making proper breeding choices according to the information collected. The strategy employed for this research was descriptive survey. The target population included tomato farmers, market players and consumers. A multi-stage sampling was used to select the study sample. More than half (57.3%) of the respondents had been involved in tomato production for over 10 years. Sixteen variables were discussed with each group. The first three principal components (PCs) with Eigen values greater than 1.0 together explained 100% of total variation in the data set. Scores for ranking popular vegetable and ranking causes for poor shelf life were not significantly associated with any of the components. The Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) also established that, seven main vegetable crops were cultivated and produced by the communities and ranked tomato as number one. Similarly, six important quality traits of tomato were mentioned by stakeholders as their favorite. Respondents showed extreme preferences for firmness and shelf life as the most important quality traits of tomato. Seventy-seven-point five percent (77.5%) of the consumers use tomatoes every day in their food preparation. The study revealed stakeholders’ desire and plea for firmness and extended shelf life of tomato fruits in Ghana. Consequently, the survey validated the need to regulate tomato breeding goals to develop high yielding tomatoes with improved fruit quality and prolonged shelf life.

Health and hygiene is an essential part of our everyday life. Someone rightly quoted it that ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’. Cleanliness is imperativein all human communities. In fact, a healthy mind resides in a healthy body. Entailing the last statement, the World Health Organization (WHO,2006) defined health as “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It isan essential activity that everyone must perform to have a healthy living standard for themselves and others. Sometimes it is believed thatfamilies and schools are the primary agents for the inculcation of healthy habits among children. Inevitably, significant adults play a vital role inpassing on good personal hygiene practice to the younger generation. The formidable years happen to be the most pronounced time periodin imbibing the good hygiene habits showcased by the adults to the young ones. And thereof the cultivation of proper health and hygienebecomes an integral part in human lives. Despite of conscious hygiene habit formation, acts of negligence and oblivious behaviour are foundto be quite common among people. Inadvertent hygiene errors are also quite observed quite frequently among students. In spite of teachingand disciplining students about good habit formations, students forget some and prohibit hygiene taboos. The present study targets to findout the status of personal hygiene among students studying at the higher secondary level of formal school education.Objective: The study focussed on finding out the differences in personal hygiene among students in relation to gender, locality of the schools(urban and rural) and streams of study.Hypotheses: Based on the objectives, null hypotheses were constructed.Tools: Standardised questionnaire was used to collect data.Data collection: Random simple sampling method was employed to pool information from the participants:Sample: the sample size for the present study was 248(n=248).Statistics: Differential and Inferential statistics were used as per suitability.

In this paper, we introduce secure groups as a cryptographic scheme representing finite groups together with a range of operations, including the group operation, inversion, random sampling, and encoding/decoding maps. We construct secure groups from oblivious group representations combined with cryptographic protocols, implementing the operations securely. We present both generic and specific constructions, in the latter case specifically for number-theoretic groups commonly used in cryptography. These include Schnorr groups (with quadratic residues as a special case), Weierstrass and Edwards elliptic curve groups, and class groups of imaginary quadratic number fields. For concreteness, we develop our protocols in the setting of secure multiparty computation based on Shamir secret sharing over a finite field, abstracted away by formulating our solutions in terms of an arithmetic black box for secure finite field arithmetic or for secure integer arithmetic. Secure finite field arithmetic suffices for many groups, including Schnorr groups and elliptic curve groups. For class groups, we need secure integer arithmetic to implement Shanks’ classical algorithms for the composition of binary quadratic forms, which we will combine with our adaptation of a particular form reduction algorithm due to Agarwal and Frandsen. As a main result of independent interest, we also present an efficient protocol for the secure computation of the extended greatest common divisor. The protocol is based on Bernstein and Yang’s constant-time 2-adic algorithm, which we adapt to work purely over the integers. This yields a much better approach for multiparty computation but raises a new concern about the growth of the Bézout coefficients. By a careful analysis, we are able to prove that the Bézout coefficients in our protocol will never exceed 3max(a,b) in absolute value for inputs a and b. We have integrated secure groups in the Python package MPyC and have implemented threshold ElGamal and threshold DSA in terms of secure groups. We also mention how our results support verifiable multiparty computation, allowing parties to jointly create a publicly verifiable proof of correctness for the results accompanying the results of a secure computation.

Background: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) are defined as diseases of long duration, generally progress slowly and are the major cause of adult mortality and morbidity worldwide. NCDs mainly lead by four diseases which include: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancers and chronic respiratory diseases. Poor oral health reflects the general health, and several oral diseases are related to chronic diseases. The aim and objectives was to find casual association between NCDs with oral disease and further aims to provide evidence to health care providers regarding the significance of oral health while treating the patients for NCDs.Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted to examine the oral health status of patients with NCD reporting to Dental OPD of Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar. This hospital based study done through a convenience sampling technique, using a questionnaire and oral examination. A self-administered questionnaire was written in English language and was also translated in local language, first part of questionnaire was used to collect the demographic details, second part was designed regarding the medication history, oral habits such as smoking and consumption of betel nuts, medical history and earlier visit to dentist, cleaning of teeth, significance of dental health and its effect on general health and the third part of questionnaire was completely based on dental examination. The data was entered manually on Microsoft excel and then analyzed on statistical package SPSS version 20. Associations between different variables were assessed through application of χ2. The Data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics 20.0.Results: The present study was established with a sample of 300 participants. Male to female ratio was 2:3. Mean age of the participants was 46.6 years. It was observed that out of the total patients who visited the dentist, 42% (n=126) suffered from some chronic disease. 61% (n=183) were oblivious of the importance of dental health. When inquired if oral health affects general health 58.6% (n= 176) acknowledged its importance. 59 participants who lost more than three teeth who had chronic disease, 58.6% (n=176) respondents presented with bleeding gums, 66.3% (n=199) with food deposition, 52% (n=158) had halitosis, 26% (n= 78) had oral ulceration, 22.3% (n=67).Conclusions: It was concluded from this study that majority of participants with chronic diseases had poor oral health which requires immediate attention from the medical practitioners as well as dentists should counsel patients for maintenance and promotion of oral health.

When the inaugural volume of Edward Gibbon'sDecline and Fall of the Roman Empirewas published in February 1776, the English public greeted it with a mixture of veneration and anxiety. Many agreed that it was a classic work, but some critics, mostly clergy, questioned its treatment of Christianity. Scholars have approached the ensuing controversy from several angles: Gibbon's reticence reduced it, theologically speaking, to a sampling of doctrinal viewpoints; considered as a literary phenomenon, the controversy merely provoked Gibbon to relegate his opponents to literary oblivion; historiographically, it affirmed the subordination of religious to civil history and the application of philosophical principles to the study of early Christianity. Though each is valid, none of these approaches accounts sufficiently for the historical context in which the controversy occurred. Yet an appreciation of the historical context of the controversy is necessary if Gibbon's achievement and eighteenth-century England's perspective on the problem of Christian origins are to be understood. This article observes Gibbon as he perfected his approach to religion, pondered the criticisms of his opponents, and sought to vindicate himself. In contrast to previous appraisals, it emphasizes that Gibbon was an occasional polemicist, that the controversy affected him deeply, and that, judged by contemporary standards, his critics successfully exploited their advantages in the debate.

The value of African traditional education in the impartation of critical skills, competences and values needed for development in the continent cannot be overlooked. Yet, in most cases, the traditional forms of education have not been properly integrated into modern education systems in Africa that are based on western or Euro-American conceptualisations of education. For this reason, important cultural values, such as those of the Bukusu community of western Kenya, are fast going into oblivion. The search for a holistic education cannot be realised without giving regard to education in the traditional African communities. The study therefore sought to establish the influence of youth education on content knowledge of teachers in the Bukusu community of Western Kenya. The research tools were interviews and participant observation. The target population was ninety-eight (98), consisting of twenty-four Bukusu Council of elders, five Bukusu community traditional educators, twenty-four leaders of culture council of Bukusu elders, and forty-five Bukusu community traditional circumcisers. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling and snowballing sampling procedures. The sample size was seventy two (72) respondents consisting of twenty Bukusu council of elders, twenty-one leaders of culture council of Bukusu elders, two Bukusu community traditional educators, and twenty-nine Bukusu community traditional circumcisers. Quantitative data was analysed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program while qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results of data analysis were presented in the form of tables, frequency counts and percentages. The findings of the study showed that most participants who had acquired adequate knowledge in youth education had been exposed to adequate knowledge in Bukusu culture. This implied that youth education is the most critical stage in Bukusu culture. The study recommends for a compulsory .........

More than half a century ago I published, while still a student, an essay about the music of Jean Wiéner. When, ten years later, some of my adolescent journalism was collected into book form I omitted the Wiéner piece, partly because by then it seemed to me rather ‘young mannish’, partly because by then the composer appeared to have become a casualty of oblivion's poppy. So it was surprising, early this year, to light upon a new French double album recording of Wiéner's piano works. Listened to, the music turned out to retain the oddity and charm I'd recognized in it as a young man. It seems that although Wiéner virtually relinquished ‘serious’ composition around 1930, he did not in fact retire, but rather diverted his energies into popular music and film scores: fields for which his natural talents, as hinted in my original article, admirably fitted him. Moreover, he occasionally emerged from those more commercial worlds to compose another ‘art’ work, always of retrospective and usually of elegiac caste. These discs embrace two of the 1920s pieces I'd written about so many years ago; two sizeable sonata-style works written in the 1970s; and two small samplings of his film and pop music, pianistically arranged by the talented young player Omar Yagoubi, who seems to have been the instigator of the project. He plays the music with appropriate verve, though without scrupulous attention to the composer's notations. One might argue that that is acceptable because Wiéner is so quixotic a temperament; on the other hand one might also say that his notations wouldn't have been so meticulous had he not intended them to be respected.

Introduction. The article presents for the first time the results of the study of the influence of education, historical memory on the formation of civil identity of modern students of the Republic of Mordovia. Clarification and identification of the vectors of historical memory influence in the formation of civic identity through the prism of the education level of young people not only allows to set the existing problems and contradictions, but also to determine the dominant factors and mechanisms (tools) the formation of youth historical memory to effectively use them to reinforce patriotic education, active involvement of the younger generation to meaningful social events of the Russian history through various social institutions such as education, science, art, cinema, media. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study was used a sociological survey of students of universities and colleges of the Republic of Mordovia. Quota sampling by sex, age and level of education was applied. The sample amounted to 586 h. data processing was carried out by using the statistical software package SPSS Base 21.0. Processing techniques made identification of correlation between individual parameters, the Pearson’s Chi-squared. Results. It is based on the identified vectors of mutual influence of education, the historical memory of the civilian identity of student youth set a certain ambivalence and inconsistency in the perception of the historical events of the past among young people, on the one hand is a high assessment of the achievements of the Soviet period, when the collective positive memory of the Soviet past prevails, forming positive attitude to the event the youth is the foundation for sustainable nationwide identity, on the other hand, the events of the modern history of Russia are not significant in the historical consciousness of young people. The author established the importance of the level of education of young people when choosing the main events – “nodes” of memory, events-regret (oblivion), sources of formation. Discussion and Conclusion The question of the influence of individual memory (family memories) on the construction of students’ identity and its comparison with the influence of collective memory remains open, which requires further research. The obtained results expand and supplement knowledge in the field of sociology of youth and memory studies, and can also be used as scientific and methodological recommendations in the development of curricula for teaching historical knowledge in the system of school, secondary vocational and higher education and in priorities determining in the system of youth patriotic education.

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection remains a major cause of cervical cancer. Screening practice in South Africa has remained persistently low, with the invasiveness of pelvic examination as a major barrier to screening. This occasions the need to assess women’s knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding HPV testing and self-sampling. Method This is a cross-sectional quantitative study which enrolled 386 female students between the ages of 18 and 65 years at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire, from February to March 2020. Data on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HPV, HPV testing and self-sampling were obtained. Results Out of the 386 respondents, 30.6% were unaware that HPV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, only 25.1% knew about the availability of HPV vaccines in South Africa, 16.1% knew that the vaccines are accessible for free, while 79.0% were oblivious to the asymptomatic nature of HPV infection. Furthermore, a vast majority (95.8%) had never heard about self-sampling while only 1.0% had undergone HPV testing prior to this study. Although 52.9% knew that HPV testing could prevent cervical cancer, it did not positively impact screening practice. However, 57.7% of participants were willing to undergo future screening if allowed to self-sample. Conclusion Self-sampling is a more acceptable means of sample collection compared to pelvic examination. Therefore, encouraging self-sampling and providing self-sampling kits will aid increased screening participation and address certain barriers associated with HPV testing. Awareness and educational campaigns about HPV and its causative relationship with cervical cancer will occasion better attitude towards screening participation.

Controlling for selection and confounding biases are two of the most challenging problems in the empirical sciences as well as in artificial intelligence tasks. Covariate adjustment (or, Backdoor Adjustment) is the most pervasive technique used for controlling confounding bias, but the same is oblivious to issues of sampling selection. In this paper, we introduce a generalized version of covariate adjustment that simultaneously controls for both confounding and selection biases. We first derive a sufficient and necessary condition for recovering causal effects using covariate adjustment from an observational distribution collected under preferential selection. We then relax this setting to consider cases when additional, unbiased measurements over a set of covariates are available for use (e.g., the age and gender distribution obtained from census data). Finally, we present a complete algorithm with polynomial delay to find all sets of admissible covariates for adjustment when confounding and selection biases are simultaneously present and unbiased data is available.

The population of elderly people has been increasing worldwide. Chile has not been oblivious to this reality and, with the purpose of increasing participation and promoting the self-sufficiency of the elderly, the Chilean Government has launched the MAS Adultos Mayores Autovalentes (More Self-sufficient Older Adults) Program. Objective: To analyze the impact on the perceived quality of life of elderly people who participate in the MAS Adultos Mayores Autovalentes Program. Methodology: Prospective longitudinal analytical quantitative study. The questionnaire "The World Health Organization Quality of Life" (WHOQOL-BREF) was applied to 15 elderly people (M=71.60 years, SD=4.53) participating in the MAS AMA program in the commune of Molina, Maule Region - Chile, selected by convenience sampling. Results: Statistically significant effects were found in three of the dimensions evaluated in the quality of life questionnaire; however, in two other dimensions and in global results, no statistically significant effects were found. Conclusion: Participation in programs aimed at promoting autonomy in the elderly has a positive impact on perceived quality of life.

In an era of educational reforms, school leaders lived up to high expectations in implementing a new curriculum as the learning society demands improvements and transformation. How these neophyte leaders lived becomes an oblivious issue. This phenomenological study on leadership investigated the lived experiences, meaning and insights, and perceived achievements of neophyte school leaders in the Division of Negros Occidental. Anchored on Piaget’s constructivist philosophy, trait theory and emotional resilience theory, the participants of the study were 3 principals and 3 assistant principals who were appointed in 2015 onwards and were selected through criterion sampling. The data were gathered through in-depth interviews and field observations. The data were analyzed using the Esterberg’s qualitative analysis including immersing with the data, open coding, focused coding, development of themes and grounding the analysis. Member checking was utilized to establish the reliability of the themes. Findings showed that the lived experience of neophyte leaders included embracing the challenges of K to 12 Program while the meaning and insight was perceiving triumphs over challenges. The perceived achievement was employing strategies that work. The proposed training plan involved topics on adjustment strategies, professional dealings and collaboration techniques.

With the rising incidence of breast cancer, it is imperative to assess awareness of breast cancer in various groups. Being the most frequently occurring life-threatening malignancy and the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, its upsurge calls for concern and awareness of factors associated with it. A cross-sectional design was carried out in Kohima and Dimapur districts of Nagaland. Purposive and Convenience sampling methods were adopted to select 250 women in the age group of 20 years and above. Specially prepared structured questionnaire was administered through interviews. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS software (16.0). Test of associations applied chi-square statistical tool. P ( p value) less than or equal to .05 was considered a significant association. A little more than half (58%) were aware that a painless lump in the breast is a risk to breast cancer, while 42% were not aware about any signs and symptoms. Only 3.2% reported practicing Breast Self-Examination, however, not on regular basis. Education of a person shows a significant association with breast cancer knowledge from the present study. The result shows a considerable number of participants remaining oblivious of breast cancer issues and those who have knowledge are yet to render their knowledge and attitudes into practice.

The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and reliability of the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocol for welfare assessment of dairy goats when applied to semi-extensive farming conditions. We recruited 13 farms located in the NW Italian Alps where three assessors individually and independently applied a modified version of the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats integrated with some indicators derived from the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for sheep. The applied protocol consisted of nine individual-level (body condition score, hair coat condition, abscesses, overgrown claws, udder asymmetry, fecal soiling, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, and improper disbudding) and seven group-level (severe lameness, Qualitative Behavior Assessment-QBA, thermal stress, oblivion, Familiar Human Approach Test-FHAT, synchrony at grazing, synchrony at resting) animal-based indicators. On most farms, the level of welfare was good. Many of the considered welfare problems (overgrown claws, fecal soiling, discharges, and thermal stress) were never recorded. However, oblivion, severe lameness, hair coat condition and abscesses were detected on some farms, with percentages ranging from 5 to 35%. The mean percentage of animals with normal body condition was 67.9 ± 5.7. The level of synchronization during resting was on average low (14.3 ± 7.2%). The application of the whole protocol required more than 4 h/farm and 3 min/goat. The inter-observer reliability varied from excellent (udder asymmetry, overgrown claws, discharges, synchrony at resting, use of shelter) to acceptable (abscesses, fecal soiling, and oblivion), but insufficient for hair coat condition, improper disbudding, synchrony at grazing, QBA. Differences in background of the assessors and feasibility constraints (i.e., use of binoculars in unfenced pastures, individual-level assessment conducted during the morning milking in narrow and dark pens, difficulties when using the scan and instantaneous sampling method due to the high number of animals that moved at the same time) can affect the reliability of data collection. Extensive training seems necessary for properly scoring animals when applying the QBA, whereas the FHAT to evaluate the Human-Animal Relationship of goats at pasture seems promising but needs to be validated. Indicators that evaluate the synchrony of activities require to be validated to identify the best moment to perform the observations during the day.

The preservation of culture and heritage is a noble task especially when this activity is threatened by human negligence and oblivion. This study assessed and documented the socio-cultural and economic impact of TiKanLu Festival on Tagudinians in the northern part of the Philippines. This festival was named after the native delicacies known as Tinubong, Kankanen, and Lubi-lubi (TiKanLu). The researchers used case study and they used interview and focus group discussion as data-gathering instruments. Narrative data gathering technique was also utilized. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Twelve representatives from all walks of life were chosen through snowball purposeful sampling. The accounts of the informants were recorded and field note was done. Answers were transcribed and sorted and the researchers performed open coding, categorizing, and making of themes and patterns. The activities of the festival highlighted the distinct culture and heritage of Tagudinians especially the unveiling of the giant TiKanLu. The TiKanLu festival has great socio-cultural impact on the people’s value system like smooth-enabling relationships, camaraderie, collaboration, friendship, gratitude, hospitality, people empowerment, and good governance. Local entrepreneurs benefited as they made decent living and were able to send their children and relatives to college. A TiKanLu Festival coffee table book is timely and relevant to preserve the rich culture and tradition of Tagudinians and the LGU Tagudin officials are encouraged to institutionalize its support to TiKanLu products through the establishment of a business (pasalubong) center and the enhancement of the native delicacies' life span and packaging through researches.

IntroductionThis paper addresses two separate notions of embodiment – western maternal embodiment and art making as a form of embodied critical resistance. It takes as its subject breeder; my unpublished five minute video installation from 2012, which synthesises these two separate conceptual framings of embodiment as a means to visually and conceptually rupture dominant ideologies surrounding Australian motherhood. Emerging from a paradoxical landscape of fear, loathing and desire, breeder is my dark satirical take on ambivalent myths surrounding suburban Australian motherhood. Portraying my white, heavily pregnant body breeding, cooking and consuming pink, sugar-coated butterflies, breeder renders literal the Australian mother as both idealised nation-builder and vilified, self-indulgent abuser. A feminine reification of Goya’s Saturn Devouring His Children, breeder attempts to make visible my own grapplings with maternal ambivalence, to complicate even further, the already strained position of motherhood within the Australian cultural imaginary. Employing the mediums of video and performance to visually manifest an ambivalent protagonist who displays both nurturing maternal ideals and murderous inclinations, breeder pushes contradictory maternal expectations to their breaking point and challengingly offers the following proposition: “This is what you want; but what you’ll get is so much more than you bargained for” (Grosz 136). Drawing upon critical, feminist theorising that challenges idealised views of motherhood; accounts of motherhood by mothers themselves; as well as my own personal grapplings with maternal expectations, this paper weaves reflexive writing with textual analysis to explore how an art-based methodology of embodied critical resistance can problematise representations of motherhood within Australia. By visualising the disjuncture between dominant representations of motherhood that have saturated Australian mainstream media since the late 1990s and the complex ambivalent reality of some women’s actual experiences of mothering, this paper discusses how breeder’s intimate portrayal of maternal domesticity at the limits of tolerability, critically resists socially acceptable mothering practices by satirising the cultural construct of motherhood as a means “to use it, deform it, and make it groan and protest” (Nietzsche qtd. in Gutting).Contradictory Maternal KnowledgeImages of motherhood are all around us; communicating ideals and stereotypes that tell us how mothers should feel, think and act. But these images and the concepts of motherhood that underpin them are full of contradictions. Cultural representations of the idealised and sometimes “yummy mummy” - middle class, attractive, healthy, sexy and heterosexual – (see Fraser; Johnson), contrast with depictions of “bad” mothers, leading to motherhood being simultaneously idealised and demonised within the popular press (Bullen et al.; McRobbie, Top Girls; McRobbie, In the Aftermath; McRobbie, Reflections on Feminism; Walkerdine et al.). Mothers own accounts of motherhood reflect these unsettling contradictions (Miller; Thomson et al.; Wilkinson). Claiming the maternal experience is both “heaven and hell” due to the daily experience of irreconcilable and contradictory feelings (Coward), mothers (myself included), silently struggle between feelings of extreme love and opposing feelings of failure, despair and hate as we get caught up in trying to achieve a set of ideals that promulgate standards of perfection that are beyond our reach. Surrounded by images of motherhood that do not resonate with the contradictory nature of the lived maternal experience, mothers are “torn in two” as we desperately try to reconcile or find absolution for maternal emotions that dominant cultural representations of motherhood render unacceptable. According to Roszika Parker, this complicated and contradictory experience where a mother has both loving and hating feelings for her child is that of maternal ambivalence; a form of exquisite suffering that oscillates between the overwhelming affect of blissful gratification and the raw edges of bitter resentment (Parker 1). As Parker states, maternal ambivalence refers to:Those fleeting (or not so fleeting) feelings of hatred for a child that can grip a mother, the moment of recoil from a much loved body, the desire to abandon, to smash the untouched plate of food in a toddler’s face, to yank a child’s arm while crossing the road, scrub too hard with a face cloth, change the lock on an adolescent or the fantasy of hurling a howling baby out of the window (5).However, it is not only feelings of hatred that stir up ambivalence in the mother, so too can the overwhelming intensity of love itself render the rush of ambivalence so surprising and so painful. Commenting on the extreme contradictory emotions that fill a mother and how not only excessive hatred, but excessive love can turn dangerously fatal, Parker turns to Simone De Beauvoir’s idea of “carnal plenitude”; that is, where the child elicits from the mother, the emotion of domination; where the child becomes the “other” who is both prey and double (30). For Parker, De Beauvoir’s “carnal plenitude” is imaged by mothers in a myriad of ways, from a desire to gobble up the child, to feelings of wanting to gather the child into a fatal smothering hug. Commenting on her own unsettling love/hate relationship with her child, Adrienne Rich describes her experiences of maternal ambivalences as “the murderous alternation between bitter resentment and raw-edged nerves and blissful gratification and tenderness” (363). Unable to come to terms with this paradox at the core of the unfolding process of motherhood, our culture defends itself against this illogical ambivalence in the mother by separating the good nurturing mother from the bad neglectful mother in an attempt to deny the fact that they are one and the same. Resulting in a culture that either denigrates or idealises mothers, we are constantly presented with images of the good perfect nurturing mother and her murderous alter ego; the bad fatal mother who neglects and smothers. This means that how a mother feels about mothering or the meaning it has for her, is heavily determined by cultural representations of motherhood. Arguing for a creative transformation of the maternal that breaches the mutual exclusivities that separate motherhood, I am called to action by Susan Rubin Suleiman, who writes (quoting psychoanalyst Helene Deutsch): “Mothers don’t write, they are written” (Suleiman 5). As a visual attempt to negotiate, translate and thus “write” my lived experience of Australian motherhood, breeder gives voice to the raw material of contradictory (and often taboo experiences) surrounding maternal embodiment and subjectivity. Hijacking and redeploying contradictory understandings and representations of Australian motherhood to push maternal ideals to their breaking point, breeder seeks to create a kind of “mother trouble” that challenges the disjuncture between dominant social constructions of motherhood designed to keep us assigned to our proper place. Viscerally embracing the reality that much of life with small children revolves around loss of control and disintegration of physical boundaries, breeder visually explores the complex and contradictory performances surrounding lived experiences of mothering within Australia to complicate even further the already strained position of western maternal embodiment.Situated Maternal KnowledgeOver the last decade and a half, women’s bodies and their capacity to reproduce have become centre stage in the unfolding drama of Australian economic policy. In 1999 fears surrounding dwindling birth-rates and less future tax revenue, led then Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett to address a number of exclusive private girls’ schools. Making Australia-wide headlines, Kennett urged these affluent young women to abandon their desire for a university degree and instead invited them to consider motherhood as the ultimate career choice (Dever). In 2004, John Howard’s Liberal government made headlines as they announced the new maternity allowance; a $3000 lump-sum financial incentive for women to leave work and have babies. Ending this announcement by urging the assembled gathering of mostly male reporters to go home and have “one for the Dad, one for the Mum and one for the Country” (Baird and Cutcher 103), Federal Treasurer Peter Costello made a last ditch effort to save Baby Boomers from their imminent pensionless doom. Failing to come to terms with the impending saturation of the retirement market without the appropriate tax payer support, the Liberal Government turned baby-making into the ultimate Patriotic act as they saw in women bodies, the key to prevent Australia’s looming economic crisis. However, not all women’s bodies were considered up to the job of producing the longed for “Good tax-paying Citizen” (Tyler). Kennett only visited exclusive private girls’ schools (Ferrier), headhunting only the highest calibre of affluent breeders. Blue-collar inter-mingling was to be adamantly discouraged. Costello’s 2004 “baby bonus” catch-cry not only caused international ire, but also implicitly relegated the duty of child-bearing patriotism to a normalised heterosexual, nuclear family milieu. Unwed or lesbian mothers need not apply. Finally, as government spokespeople repeatedly proclaimed that the new maternity allowance was not income tested, this suggested that the target nation-builder breeder demographic was the higher than average income earner. Let’s get it straight people – only highly skilled, high IQ’s, heterosexual, wedded, young, white women were required in this exclusive breeding program (see Allen and Osgood; Skeggs; Tyler). And if the point hadn’t already been made perfectly clear, newspaper tabloids, talkback radio and current affairs programs all over the country were recruited to make sure the public knew exactly what type of mother Australia was looking for. Out of control young, jobless single mothers hit the headlines as fears abounded that they were breeding into oblivion. An inherently selfish and narcissistic lot, you could be forgiven for thinking that Australia was running rampant with so-called bogan single mothers, who left their babies trapped in hot airless cars in casino carparks all over the country as they spent their multiple “baby bonus’” on booze, ciggies, LCD’s and gambling (see Milne; O’Connor; Simpson and Dowling). Sucking the economy dry as they leeched good tax-payer dollars from Centrelink, these undesirables were the mothers Australia neither needed nor wanted. Producing offspring relegated to the category of bludgerhood before they could even crawl, these mothers became the punching bag for the Australian cultural imaginary as newspaper headlines screamed “Thou Shalt Not Breed” (Gordon). Seen as the embodiment of horror regarding the ever out-of-control nature of women’s bodies, these undesirable mothers materialised out of a socio-political landscape that although idealised women’s bodies as Australia’s economic saviour, also feared their inability to be managed and contained. Hoarding their capacity to reproduce for their own selfish narcissistic desires, these white trash mothers became the horror par excellence within the Australian cultural imaginary as they were publically regarded as the vilified evil alter-ego of the good, respectable white affluent young mother Australian policy makers were after. Forums all over the country were inundated. “Yes,” the dominant voices seemed to proclaim: “We want to build our population. We need more tax-paying citizens. But we only want white, self-less, nurturing, affluent mothers. We want women who can breed us moral upstanding subjects. We do not want lazy good for nothing moochers.” Emerging from this paradoxical maternal landscape of fear, loathing and desire, breeder is a visual and performative manifestation of my own inability to come to terms with the idealisation and denigration of motherhood within Australia. Involving a profound recognition that the personal is still the political, I not only attempt to visually trace the relationship between popular Australian cultural formations and individual experiences, but also to visually “write” my own embodied grapplings with maternal ambivalence. Following the premise that “critique without resistance is empty and resistance without critique is blind” (Hoy 6), I find art practice to be a critically situated and embodied act that can openly resist the power of dominant ideologies by highlighting maternal corporeal transgressions. A creative destablising action, I utilise the mediums of video and performance within breeder to explore personal, historical and culturally situated expectations of motherhood within Australia as a means to subvert dominant ideologies of motherhood within the Australian cultural imaginary. Performing Maternal KnowledgeReworking Goya’s Romantic Gothic vision of fatherhood in Saturn Devouring His Children, breeder is a five minute two-screen video performance that puts an ironic twist to the “good” and “bad” myths of Australian motherhood. Depicting myself as the young white heavily pregnant protagonist breeding monarch butterflies in my suburban backyard, sugar-coating, cooking and then eating them, breeder uses an exaggerated kitsch aesthetic to render literal the Australian mother as both idealistic nation-builder and self-indulgent abuser. Selfishly hoarding my breeding potential for myself, luxuriating and devouring my “offspring” for my own pleasure and delight rather than for the common good, breeder simultaneously defies and is complicit with motherhood expectations within the suburban Australian imaginary. Filmed in my backyard in the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, breeder manifests my own maternal ambivalence and deliberately complicates the dichotomous and strained position motherhood holds in western society. Breeder is presented as a two screen video installation. The left screen is a fast-paced, brightly coloured, jump-cut narrative with a pregnant protagonist (myself). It has three main scenes or settings: garden, kitchen and terrace. The right screen is a slow-moving flow of images that shows the entire monarch butterfly breeding cycle in detail; close ups of eggs slowly turning into caterpillars, caterpillars creating cocoons and the gradual opening of wings as butterflies emerge from cocoons. All the while, the metamorphic cycle is aided by the pregnant protagonist, who cares for them until she sets them free of their breeding cage. In the left screen, apricot roses, orange trees, yellow hibiscus bushes, lush green lawns, a swimming pool and an Aussie backyard garden shed are glimpsed as the pregnant protagonist runs, jumps and sneaks up on butterflies while brandishing a red-handled butterfly net; dressed in red high heels and a white lace frock. Bunnies with pink bows jump, dogs in pink collars bark and a very young boy dressed in a navy-blue sailor suit all make cameo appearances as large monarch butterflies are collected and placed inside a child’s cherry red insect container. In a jump-cut transition, the female protagonist appears in a stark white kitchen; now dressed in a bright pink and apricot floral apron and baby-pink hair ribbon tied in a bow in her blonde ponytail. Standing behind the kitchen bench, she carefully measures sugar into a bowl. She then adds pink food colouring into the crystal white sugar, turning it into a bright pink concoction. Cracking eggs and separating them, she whisks the egg whites to form soft marshmallow peaks. Dipping a paint brush into the egg whites, she paints the fluffy mixture onto the butterflies (now dead), which are laid out on a well-used metal biscuit tray. Using her fingers to sprinkle the bright pink sugar concoction onto the butterflies, she then places them into the oven to bake and stands back with a smile. In the third and final scene, the female protagonist sits down at a table in a garden terrace in front of French-styled doors. Set for high tea with an antique floral tea pot and cup, lace table cloth and petit fours, she pours herself a cup of tea. Adding a teaspoon of sugar, she stirs and then selects a strawberry tart from a three-tiered high-tea stand that holds brightly iced cupcakes, cherry friands, tiny lemon meringue pies, sweet little strawberry tarts and pink sugar coated butterflies. Munching her way through tarts, pies, friands and cupcakes, she finally licks her lips and fuchsia tipped fingers and then carefully chooses a pink sugar coated butterfly. Close ups of her crimson coated mouth show her licking the pink sugar-crumbs from lips and fingers as she silently devours the butterfly. Leaning back in chair, she smiles, then picks up a pink leather bound book and relaxes as she begins to read herself into the afternoon. Screen fades to black. ConclusionAs a mother I am all fragmented, contradictory; full of ambivalence, love, guilt and shame. After seventeen years and five children, you would think that I would be used to this space. Instead, it is a space that I battle to come to terms with each and every day. So how to strategically negotiate engrained codes of maternity and embrace the complexities of embodied maternal knowledge? Indeed, how to speak of the difficulties and incomparable beauties of the maternal without having those variously inflected and complex experiences turn into clichés of what enduring motherhood is supposed to be? Visually and performatively grappling with my own fallout from mothering ideals and expectations where sometimes all I feel I am left with is “a monster of selfishness and intolerance” (Rich 363), breeder materialises my own experiences with maternal ambivalence and my inability to reconcile or negotiate multiple contradictory identities into a single maternal position. Ashamed of my self, my body, my obsessions, my anger, my hatred, my rage, my laughter, my sorrow and most of all my oscillation between a complete and utter desire to kill each and every one of my children and an overwhelming desire to gobble them all up, I make art work that is embedded in the grime and grittiness of my everyday life as a young mother living in the southern suburbs of Western Australia. A life that is most often mundane, sometimes sad, embarrassing, rude and occasionally heartbreaking. A life filled with such simple joy and such complicated sorrow. A life that in reality, is anything but manageable and contained. Although this is my experience, I know that I am not the only one. As an artist I engage in the embodied and critically resistant practice of sampling from my “mother” identities in order to bring out multiple, conflictive responses that provocatively encourage new ways of thinking and acknowledging embodied maternal knowledge. Although claims abound that this results in a practice that is “too personal” or “too specific” (Liss xv), I do not believe that this in fact risks reifying essentialism. Despite much feminist debate over the years regarding essentialist/social constructivist positions, I would still rather use my body as a site of embodied knowledge then rhetorically give it up. Acting as a disruption and challenge to the concepts of idealised or denigrated maternal embodiment, the images and performances of motherhood in breeder then, are more than simple acknowledgements of the reality of the good and bad mother, or acts reclaiming an identity that they taught me to despise (Cliff) or rebelling against having to be a "woman" at all. Instead, breeder is a lucid and explicit declaration of intent that politely refuses to keep every maternal body in its place.References Allen, Kim, and Jane Osgood. “Young Women Negotiating Maternal Subjectivities: The Significance of Social Class.” Studies in the Maternal. 1.2 (2009). 30 July 2012 ‹www.mamsie.bbk.ac.uk›.Almond, Barbara. The Monster Within. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.Baird, Marian, and Leanne Cutcher. “’One for the Father, One for the Mother and One for the Country': An Examination of the Construction of Motherhood through the Prism of Paid Maternity Leave.” Hecate 31.2 (2005): 103-113. 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