Дисертації з теми "Obligation to state reaso"

Les droits finalisés apportent un éclairage sur un phénomène qui s’accroît en droit des contrats depuis la fin du XXe siècle : assortir une prérogative juridique d’une exigence de justification de son exercice. Licencier un salarié pour une cause réelle et sérieuse, congédier un locataire pour un motif légitime et sérieux, révoquer un mandataire pour une cause reconnue en justice ou encore un dirigeant social pour un juste motif… Dans de nombreuses situations, un contractant se trouve contraint de fournir des raisons légitimes pour exercer un droit. Afin de mieux saisir ce phénomène dans ses implications pratiques, l’objectif de l’étude réside dans la proposition d’une catégorie permettant d’expliquer la convergence, de lege lata, des régimes d’exercice d’un ensemble de prérogatives : les droits finalisés dans le contrat. Les droits finalisés servent à désigner les prérogatives juridiques ne pouvant être exercées que pour certains motifs concrets déterminés par la loi, le juge ou le contrat et dont le respect est judiciairement contrôlé
The finalized rights shed light on a phenomenon that has been increasing in contract law since the end of the twentieth century: to attach a legal prerogative to a requirement of justification for its exercise. Dismiss an employee for a real and serious cause, dismiss a tenant for a legitimate and serious reason, dismiss a mandatary for a cause recognized in court or a company manager for a just reason... In many situations, a contractor is compelled to provide legitimate reasons for exercising a right. To better understand this phenomenon in its practical implications, the objective of this study lies in the proposal of a category to explain the convergence, de lege lata, of the regimes for exercising a set of prerogatives: the rights finalized in the contract. The finalized rights serve to designate the legal prerogatives that can only be exercised for certain specific reasons determined by law, the judge or the contract and whose respect is judicially controlled

In this thesis, I address the dichotomy between liberal arts education and terminal vocational training in the American community college. The need is for reform in the community college in relation to philosophical instruction in order to empower citizens, support justice and create more sustainable communities. My call for reform involves a multicultural integration of philosophy into terminal/vocational programs as well as evolving the traditional liberal arts course to exist in a multicultural setting. Special attention is focused on liberating the oppressed, social and economic justice and philosophy of education.

The full protection and security obligation traditionally requires a State to exercise due diligence to prevent physical damage from being inflicted on foreign investments within its territory, and to provide a means of redress for aggrieved foreign investors. Recently, tribunals have expanded this application of the obligation such that States are obliged to exercise due diligence to afford legal or regulatory protection to foreign investments. Establishing a breach of the obligation involves establishing a State’s responsibility for its omissions. The law of State responsibility has nuances in respect of establishing a breach of non-absolute positive obligations, such as this one. Evidence of the State's knowledge of the need to act, and of its capacity to act, provide the basis on which a breach of the obligation may be established. Causation is also an element of the proof of a breach, and is to be established by reference to an adequate counter-factual. The standard to which one must establish a breach is contested – as between an objective and subjective standard, or a hybrid – albeit an objective standard of due diligence is preferable. In this context, recent tribunals have fashioned diagnostics for determining a breach of the obligation which invoke concepts of legitimate expectations, and reasonableness and rationality. Using these diagnostics means that the objective standard of proof is satisfied when an investor’s legitimate expectations are frustrated by the conduct of the State, or when the State fails to act reasonably and in order to achieve rational public policy goals. These diagnostics offer a useful and workable development in the articulation of the standard of proof in relation to a breach of the full protection and security obligation.

This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.

Magister Legum - LLM
The Cape Flats is known for poverty, gangsterism, over population and a general lack of basic necessities. What is often overlooked is where this negative perception emanates from. Generational poverty is an existent issue and has been influential in shaping the Cape Flats to what it is today. What this study aims to do, is to provide a background on a possible theory for this typecast that accompanies the areas broadly known as the Cape Flats. The study will show how the Apartheid era created a ripple effect for future generations, and how this may be the cause of these vulnerable groups of children being failed by a system which have long forgotten about them. The study demonstrates how vulnerable groups on the Cape Flats, struggling and pleading for State intervention in the delivery of basic human rights, have fallen on deaf ears. The study further reveals that the State has not fulfilled its constitutional mandate, neither has it lived up to the enabling provisions contained in international instruments which has been adopted by the South African government, and confirms that all three spheres of government have lacked in the accomplishments it set out to achieve upon the adoption of various pieces of legislation, notwithstanding the proclamation of domestic laws to help the State realise its socioeconomic rights obligations. The study was a particularly challenging task to undertake, as research topics on the issue of socioeconomic rights realisation on the Cape Flats is not a well-studied subject. The intention behind the study is to make an important contribution towards awareness of the issue under discussion, paving the way for future knowledge sharing and an open dialogue focusing on the role of the State in the realisation of socioeconomic rights of children on the Cape Flats.

Sous l’angle du droit international, la responsabilité de protéger est traditionnellement analysée dans le but de déterminer sa portée normative. L’attrait de la doctrine internationaliste pour la question de la normativité du principe et l’indifférence habituelle du droit international vis-à-vis du système politique des États ont fini par confiner les développements sous les prismes parfois trop réducteurs du droit international et des relations internationales. Cette recherche entend proposer une perspective différente en prenant le contre-pied de cette approche classique. Elle aborde la problématique de la responsabilité de protéger non plus seulement sous l’angle des intervenants tiers à l’État défaillant, mais également, et surtout sous celui de cet État lui-même et de sa population. Il s’agit donc de revisiter la façon d’appréhender la responsabilité de protéger afin de montrer que le droit international n’est plus indifférent face aux systèmes politiques des États — a fortiori en crise. En interrogeant le lien entre la responsabilité de protéger et le système politique de l’État, l’analyse aboutit irrémédiablement à la conclusion selon laquelle la responsabilité de protéger est « enchassée » dans de normes qui ne sont pas exclusivement juridiques et qu’il convient dorénavant d’analyser en réseau. L’étude propose donc désormais de la qualifier de norme de congruence dès lors qu’elle conduit à apprécier la valeur juridique d’une règle de droit en tenant compte des différentes influences contenues dans celle-ci
From the perspective of international law, the responsibility to protect is traditionally analyzed in order to determine its normative scope. The attractiveness of the internationalist doctrine for the question of the normativity of the principle and the habitual indifference of international law to the political system of States ended up confining developments to the sometimes overly simplistic prisms of international law and international relations.This research intends to propose a different perspective by taking a contrary view of this classic approach. It addresses the issue of the responsibility to protect not only the point of view of third parties to the failed state, but also, and above all, the State itself and its population. It is therefore a question of revisiting the approach of apprehending the responsibility to protect in order to show that international law is no longer indifferent to the political systems of the States - let alone in crisis.In questioning the link between the responsibility to protect and the state's political system, the analysis leads irreparably to the conclusion that the responsibility to protect is “enshrined” in norms that are not exclusively legal and that currently analyze in the network. The study therefore proposes to define it as an norme de congruence since it leads to the assessment of the legal value of a rule of law taking into account the different influences contained in it

"The prevailing realities of 'severely depressed' African economies make it difficult for children to enjoy the socio-economic rights guaranteed under the Children's Charter. This study takes the view that the responsibility of parents and the obligations of the state towards children's socio-economic rights must be mutually supportive. It therefore proposes the need for balancing parental responsibility and state obligations in the struggle to ensure that the socio-economic rights of children across the continent are met, albeit, under difficult economic circumstances. ... The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 has highlighted the structure of the entire discourse. Chapter 2 deals with the general perspectives of the socio-economic rights of children within the broad context of international human rights law. An overview of the normative and procedural framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child is given. The chapter also examines the normative and procedural framework available for the protection of the child at the African regional level, the starting point of which is the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and eventually narrowed down to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Chapter 3 addresses the concept of parental responsibility. In particular, Africa's notion of parental responsibility is critically analyzed as a factor that makes a crucial difference to the interpretations of the underlying assumptions in the Children's Charter that the socio-economic rights of children could be met through the African communal and extended family network. Chapter 4 deals with states obligations in respect of the socio-economic rights of children. The South African jurisprudence on the rights of the child is also discussed in this chapter. The chapter also highlights the interplay between parental responsibility and state obligations in fulfilling the socio-economic rights of children. Chapter 5 consists of conclusions of the essay." -- Chapter 1.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Given the increased interdependency caused by ongoing task differentiation and precarious formal employment, this thesis asks why the stigmatisation of unemployed citizens and the retraction of unemployment benefits have received such widespread support in Australia. I contend that the concepts of dependency and independence, as reflexive but mutually exclusive dual values, are increasingly used as a framework for welfare discourse. I argue that this framework has ethical ramifications for collective well-being in Australia since it discourages citizens from acknowledging their own social and economic vulnerability. Using a combination of critical theory and discursive analysis, this thesis analyses discourses relating to poverty, unemployment and social welfare. It tracks the contradictions of this value dualism through selected forms of policy and media discourse literature and will challenge the negative moral valence associated with dependency, offering possible alternatives in the areas of moral anthropology, welfare discourse and social provision in order to reverse the stigmatisation of unemployed citizens.

Le droit des aides d’Etat est un domaine singulier du droit de l’Union européenne (UE). Sonobjectif le rend même unique au monde et pourtant il demeure en partie méconnu et seseffets sous-estimés. La crise économique et financière débutée en 2007 l’a remis sur ledevant de la scène. Dans ce contexte, un outil s’est révélé comme central dans la gestiondes évènements : la conditionnalité. Longtemps ignorée, cette technique, présente depuisles origines en droit des aides d’Etat, s’avère être d’une influence insoupçonnée sur lemécanisme de contrôle des soutiens étatiques. D’une part, elle autorise la Commission àexiger des modifications substantielles, tant du projet d’aide que des bénéficiaires, afin d’enautoriser la mise en oeuvre. D’autre part, la conditionnalité permet à la Commissiond’avancer un agenda politique, de manière indirecte, au service de l’approfondissement del’UE. Son incidence ne se limite pas seulement à la question de la compatibilité desfinancements publics. Elle s’exprime également dans le cadre du suivi des décisionsconditionnelles, et des éventuels recours juridictionnels. De nouvelles techniques basées surla conditionnalité ont fait leur apparition à tous les stades de l’examen des aides. Plusencore, elle joue un rôle considérable, en amont, dans le processus de création du droit desaides d’Etat et de sa soft law. Compte tenu de sa portée, cette étude s’est attachée àmesurer l’ampleur de ce phénomène, à définir ses concepts, à identifier ses formes et àévaluer ses conséquences. Il en résulte que la conditionnalité est à l’origine d’une nouvelleapproche du droit des aides d’Etat
State aid law is a unique area of European Union (EU) law. Its objective makes it evenunique in the world and yet it remains partly unknown and its effects underestimated. Theeconomic and financial crisis, which began in 2007, has brought it back to the forefront. Inthis context, a tool has proved to be central in the management of events: conditionality. Thistechnique, which has long been ignored, has always had an unsuspected influence on themechanism of control over state support. On the one hand, it authorizes the Commission torequire substantial changes, both in the aid project and for the beneficiaries, in order toauthorize its implementation. On the other hand, conditionality allows the Commission to putforward a political agenda, indirectly, to service the deepening of the EU. Its impact is notlimited to the question of the compatibility of public funding. It is also expressed in the contextof the monitoring of conditional decisions, and possible judicial review. New techniquesbased on conditionality have emerged at all stages state aid control. Moreover, it plays aconsiderable role, upstream, in the process of creating state aid law and its soft law. Givenits scope, this study focused on measuring the extent of this phenomenon, defining itsconcepts, identifying its forms and evaluating its consequences. As a result, conditionality isat the origin of a new approach to state aid law

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 736170 bytes, checksum: edc80578ae810393fe1425c7becef552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-19
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Federal Constitution of 1988 lists several principles for the protection of citizens, to assure compliance with citizenship and human dignity. Therefore, the State has the duty to observe these principles in order that we can give equal access to all individuals who sought public health services, as recommended by the art. 6 c / c 196, of the Constitution, which deals with the state's obligation to provide health services in full and free for those in need. There is also a vast constitutional legislation regulating the protection, promotion and restoration of health. So, given that health is a fundamental right of all social and obligation of the Government, should be provided with efficiency, by the State. Therefore, the role of bodies responsible for provision of health services, mainly to the National Health System, to promote proper enforcement. Since often these bodies do not comply with its constitutional duty. This work aimed to precisely check the proper realization of the right to health for all guarantees and principles existing in Brazilian law are respected. The effect was the need to examine the state's responsibility and the means of realization of such a service, showing the importance of providing health service, the existing problem as well as the duty of the state and its possible liability, and also analyzing the means of ensuring the right to health, applicable laws and the attitudes of the Brazilian Justice on the matter. He tried to find solutions for the improvement and proper realization of the health service.
A Constituição Federal de 1988 elenca diversos princípios de proteção aos cidadãos, no sentido de assegurar-lhes o respeito à cidadania e à dignidade da pessoa humana. Por isso, tem o Estado o dever de observar tais princípios, a fim de que se possa dar igualdade de acesso a todos os indivíduos que procuraram o serviço público de saúde, conforme preconiza os art. 6º c/c 196, da Carta Magna, que trata da obrigação do Estado de prestar o serviço de saúde de forma integral e gratuita para aqueles que necessitam. Também existe uma vasta legislação infraconstitucional que regulamenta a proteção, promoção e recuperação da saúde. Assim, sabendo-se que a saúde é um direito fundamental social de todos e de obrigação do Poder Público, deve ser prestado, com eficiência, pelo Estado. Portanto, incumbe aos órgãos encarregados da prestação do serviço de saúde, principalmente, ao Sistema Único de Saúde, promover a devida efetivação. Sendo que, muitas vezes, tais órgãos não cumprem com o seu dever constitucional. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo, justamente, buscar a devida efetivação do direito à saúde para que todas as garantias e princípios fundamentais existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro sejam respeitados. Daí decorreu a necessidade de examinar a responsabilidade do Estado e os meios de efetivação do mencionado serviço, mostrando a importância da prestação do serviço de saúde, a problemática existente, assim como o dever do Estado e sua possível responsabilização, e, ainda, analisando-se os meios de efetivação do direito à saúde, as legislações aplicáveis e os posicionamentos do Poder Judiciário brasileiro sobre a matéria. Com isso, procurou-se apontar soluções para a melhoria e devida efetivação do serviço de saúde.

Le problème de la détermination de la personne publique responsable comporte deux points à examiner : tout d’abord il s’agit de trouver un débiteur pour indemniser la victime ensuite de répartir la charge indemnitaire entre les responsables du dommage. Il existe trois critères utilisés par le juge administratif afin de déterminer la personne publique responsable : le critère matériel, le critère fonctionnel et le critère décisionnel. Pourtant aucun d’eux ne s’avère suffisant pour expliquer tout les cas de responsabilité. Toutefois on peut dire qu’en principe la responsabilité suit la compétence. Dans ce cas devient important de limiter précisément les compétences des différentes personnes publiques ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas. Concernant la répartition de la charge indemnitaire, il peut être utilisé deux critères soit celui de la gravité des fautes respectives soit celui des rôles causals des coresponsables dans la survenance du dommage
The problem of determining the person public responsible has two points: first step is finding a debtor to indemnify the victim second step is distribution of the financial load among those responsible for compensation of the damage. There are three criteria used by the administrative judge to determine the person responsible public: organic criterion, functional criterion and decision criterion. Yet none of them is sufficient to explain all cases of responsibility. However; in principle we can say that the responsibility follows the competence. In this instance it becomes particularly important to determine the powers of the different public bodies, but in reality it is not always perfectly characterised. On the other hand, concerning the distribution of the load compensation two criteria can be used one of them is the severity of each fault, the other one is the causal roles of each co-responsible on the formation of the damage

Une entité qui remplit les critères classiques de l’État, en se constituant en une autorité gouvernementale stable et indépendante qui exerce un contrôle effectif sur une population déterminée dans un territoire délimité, est un État selon le droit international, et ce indépendamment de la question de savoir si elle est reconnue par les autres États ou autres sujets du droit international. Une non-reconnaissance discrétionnaire, opposée par certains États à une telle entité étatique, signifie tout au plus un refus d’entrer en relations diplomatiques et autres avec cet État non-reconnu. En revanche, une non-reconnaissance imposée par le droit international général ou par une résolution contraignante d’une organisation internationale se traduit non seulement par le refus d’entretenir des relations facultatives avec l’entité non-reconnue, mais aussi par la négation de son statut étatique. L’étude de la situation juridique des entités étatiques non-reconnues montre que le droit international ne considère pas ces entités comme des zones de non-droit qui ne peuvent générer aucun acte ou aucune relation dans l’ordre international. Tout au contraire, les États prennent acte de l’existence des entités non-reconnues et établissent des relations avec elles dans le cadre défini par le droit international général ou les résolutions des organes des Nations Unies. La non-reconnaissance représente seulement la position hostile adoptée par les États non-reconnaissants envers une entité étatique pour des raisons politiques ou comme réaction à une violation du droit international
An entity that fulfils classical criteria for statehood, in constituting a stable and independant governmental authority having an effectif control on a certain population in a certain territory is a State in terms of international law, notwithstanding its recognition by other States or other international law subjects. A discretionary non-recognition adopted by certains States towards such an entity means atmost a refusal to enter in diplomatical or other relations with this unrecognised entity. On the other hand, a non-recognition imposed by general international law or by a mandatory resolution of an international organisation signifies not only a refusal to enter in optional relations with the unrecognised entity but also a denial of its state status.The study of the legal situation of unrecognised entities shows that international law does not consider these entities as a land without law that can produce no act or relation in international order. On the contrary, the States take notice of the existance of unrecognised entities and establish relations with them in the framework of general international law or the resolutions of United Nations organs. Non-recognition represents only an unfriendly position adopted by non-recognising States towards the unrecognised entity for political reasons or as a response to an international law violation

Étant sans doute l'un des phénomènes qui a le plus marqué le droit international depuis 1945, l'internationalisation des droits de l'homme a laissé des traces qui sont perceptibles dans l'ordre juridique international, notamment dans le droit de la responsabilité internationale. La présente étude se propose de mettre en exergue l'influence exercée par les droits de l'homme ainsi que les valeurs qu'ils incarnent sur le droit de la responsabilité internationale. Cette influence s'est traduite par une objectivisation de la responsabilité internationale avec l'élimination du dommage comme élément constitutif de ce mécanisme. En outre, les droits de l'homme ont contribué à préparer le terrain à l'émergence, l'affermissement et l'enrichissement progressif du concept d'obligations erga omnes, facteur favorisant une approche multilatérale de la responsabilité internationale. L'influence des droits de l'homme sur le droit de la responsabilité internationale est surtout manifeste à travers la possibilité désormais reconnue aux individus victimes d'avoir directement accès aux juridictions internationales pour faire valoir leurs droits. Toutes ces évolutions, qui révèlent la place grandissante accordée à l'individu sur la scène internationale et la volonté de faire de la protection des droits de l'homme un sujet de préoccupation de la Communauté internationale, font de la responsabilité pour violation des droits de l'homme une institution spécifique
Being probably one of the phenomena that has most marked international law since 1945, the internationalization of human rights has left marks that are noticeable in the international legal order, particularly in the international responsibility law. The present study aims to highlight the influence of human rights and the values they incarnate in the law of international responsibility. This influence has resulted in an objectification of international responsibility with the elimination of the damage as an element of that mechanism. In addition, human rights have contributed to prepare the ground for the emergence, consolidation and the gradual enrichment of the concept of erga omnes, factor favoring a multilateral approach to international responsibility. The influence of human rights on the law of international responsibility is mainly manifested through the ability now recognized to individual victims to have direct access to international courts to assert their rights. All these developments, which reveal the increasing importance given to the individual on the international scene and the desire to make the protection of human rights a concern for the international community, make the responsibility for violation of human rights a specific institution

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCDTS_DISSERT.pdf: 2389245 bytes, checksum: 8dd5cb96307ea8277eb987de871f5bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15
Brazilian law passes through a crisis of effectiveness commonly attributed to the extravagance of fundamental rights and public shortage. However, public finances are not dogmatically structured to solve the conflicts around the limitations of public spending. There are ethical conditioning factors, like morality, proportionality and impartiality, however, these principles act separately, while the problem of public shortage is holistic. Also, the subjectivity of politics discretionary in the definition of public spending, which is supported in an indeterminate concept of public interest, needs material orientation about the destination of public funds, making it vulnerable to ideological manipulation, resulting in real process of catching rights. Not even the judicial activism (such as influx of constitutionalism) is shown legally appropriate. The Reserve of Possible, also presents basic ethical failure. Understanding the formation of public shortage is therefore essential for understanding the crisis of effectiveness of state responsibilities, given the significant expansion of the state duty of protection, which does not find legal technique of defense of the established interests. The premise of argument, then, part of the possibility of deducting minimal model ethical of desire to spend (public interest) according to objective parameters of the normative system. Public spending has always been treated disdainfully by the Brazilian doctrine, according to the legal character accessory assigned to the monetary cost. Nonetheless, it is the meeting point between economics and law, or is in the marrow of the problem of public shortage. Expensive Subjects to modernity, as the effectiveness of fundamental rights, pass necessarily an ethical legal system of public spending. From the ethical principles deducted from the planning, only the democratic principle guides the public spending through the approval of public spending in the complex budget process. In other words, there is an ethical distancing of economic reality in relation to state responsibilities. From the dogmatic belief of insufficiency, public spending is evaluated ethically, according to the foundations of modern constitutionalism, in search of possible of the financial reserve, certain that the ethics of public economy is a sine qua non condition for legal ethics.
O direito brasileiro passa por uma crise de efetividade comumente atribu?da ? extravag?ncia de direitos fundamentais e ? escassez p?blica. Mas as finan?as p?blicas n?o est?o dogmaticamente estruturadas para solucionar os conflitos em torno das limita??es do disp?ndio p?blico. H? condicionamentos ?ticos, como a moralidade, a proporcionalidade e a impessoalidade, contudo esses princ?pios atuam isoladamente enquanto o problema da escassez p?blica ? hol?stico. Al?m disso, o subjetivismo da discricionariedade pol?tica na defini??o do gasto p?blico, amparado que ? no indeterminado conceito de interesse p?blico, carece de orienta??o material quanto ? destina??o da verba p?blica, tornando-o vulner?vel a manipula??es ideol?gicas, do que resulta um verdadeiro processo de captura de direitos. Nem mesmo o ativismo judicial (como influxo do constitucionalismo) se mostra juridicamente adequado. A Reserva do Poss?vel, igualmente, apresenta falha ?tica elementar. Entender a forma??o da escassez p?blica ?, portanto, primordial para a compreens?o da crise de efetividade dos deveres estatais, haja vista a crescente expans?o do dever estatal de tutela, o qual n?o encontra t?cnica jur?dica de defesa dos interesses consagrados. A premissa argumentativa, ent?o, parte da possibilidade de dedu??o de modelo m?nimo ?tico da vontade de despender (interesse p?blico) segundo par?metros objetivos do sistema normativo. A despesa p?blica sempre foi tratada com desd?m pela doutrina brasileira em fun??o do car?ter legal acess?rio atribu?do ao custo monet?rio. Nada obstante, ? o ponto de encontro entre Economia e Direito, ou seja, est? na medula do problema da escassez p?blica. Assuntos caros ? modernidade, como a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais, passam necessariamente por um sistema ?tico-jur?dico do disp?ndio p?blico. Dos princ?pios ?ticos deduzidos do ordenamento, apenas o princ?pio democr?tico orienta o disp?ndio p?blico, atrav?s da aprova??o da despesa p?blica em complexo processo or?ament?rio. Ou seja, h? um distanciamento ?tico da realidade econ?mica em rela??o aos deveres estatais. A partir da cren?a de insufici?ncia dogm?tica, a despesa p?blica ? sabatinada eticamente, segundo os fundamentos do Constitucionalismo Moderno, em busca do poss?vel da reserva financeira, certo de que a ?tica da economia p?blica ? condi??o sine qua non para a ?tica jur?dica

A presente dissertação dedica-se ao estudo da relação entre a teoria e a prática do Supremo Tribunal Federal no que diz respeito aos limites da interpretação conforme a Constituição. A partir do confronto entre as principais lições doutrinárias sobre o tema e os acórdãos proferidos pela Corte nos processos do controle abstrato de constitucionalidade, verifica-se que os limites reconhecidos pela doutrina e pelo Tribunal não são obedecidos em muitos dos precedentes, casos nos quais tem-se a utilização da interpretação conforme como mecanismo de correção e integração judicial do direito. Nesse cenário, busca-se averiguar a legitimidade de tal conduta pelo aplicador do direito. Chega-se, assim, a conclusão de que, nos casos em que o Supremo Tribunal Federal se vê diante de hipóteses em que há lacuna ou antinomia que não podem ser resolvidas pela interpretação conforme em sua função de decisão, o princípio da inafastabilidade da jurisdição impõe a aplicação da integração conforme a Constituição, desde que ela não esteja vedada tácita ou expressamente pelo ordenamento e que a decisão que a determine esteja fundamentada.
This study tries to understand the relationship between theory and practice regarding the limits of the interpretation according to the Constitution. Confronting the most common jurisprudence that relates to the topic and the decisions that the Supreme Court emitted in the cases of abstract judicial review, it becomes clear that the before mentioned limits of the interpretation according to the Constitution aren\'t respected by the decisions of the Court and that the technique is used as a mechanism of correction and integrity of the law. In this scenario, this study tries to reveal the legitimacy of the decisions the Supreme Court took on this basis. The conclusion one has arrived at states that in the cases in which the Supreme Court confronts itself with antinomy or law blanks that can\'t be resolved by regular interpretation, the non liquet principle forces the Court to correct or to integrate the law, as long as: 1) it isn\'t expressly or implicitly forbidden by the constitutional text; and 2) the decision is thoroughly motivated.

Orientador: Élcio Trujillo
Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo
Banca: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called "free but justified persuasion" is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties - the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit - otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.
Mestre

Le droit des aides d’Etat est un domaine singulier du droit de l’Union européenne (UE). Sonobjectif le rend même unique au monde et pourtant il demeure en partie méconnu et seseffets sous-estimés. La crise économique et financière débutée en 2007 l’a remis sur ledevant de la scène. Dans ce contexte, un outil s’est révélé comme central dans la gestiondes évènements : la conditionnalité. Longtemps ignorée, cette technique, présente depuisles origines en droit des aides d’Etat, s’avère être d’une influence insoupçonnée sur lemécanisme de contrôle des soutiens étatiques. D’une part, elle autorise la Commission àexiger des modifications substantielles, tant du projet d’aide que des bénéficiaires, afin d’enautoriser la mise en oeuvre. D’autre part, la conditionnalité permet à la Commissiond’avancer un agenda politique, de manière indirecte, au service de l’approfondissement del’UE. Son incidence ne se limite pas seulement à la question de la compatibilité desfinancements publics. Elle s’exprime également dans le cadre du suivi des décisionsconditionnelles, et des éventuels recours juridictionnels. De nouvelles techniques basées surla conditionnalité ont fait leur apparition à tous les stades de l’examen des aides. Plusencore, elle joue un rôle considérable, en amont, dans le processus de création du droit desaides d’Etat et de sa soft law. Compte tenu de sa portée, cette étude s’est attachée àmesurer l’ampleur de ce phénomène, à définir ses concepts, à identifier ses formes et àévaluer ses conséquences. Il en résulte que la conditionnalité est à l’origine d’une nouvelleapproche du droit des aides d’Etat
State aid law is a unique area of European Union (EU) law. Its objective makes it evenunique in the world and yet it remains partly unknown and its effects underestimated. Theeconomic and financial crisis, which began in 2007, has brought it back to the forefront. Inthis context, a tool has proved to be central in the management of events: conditionality. Thistechnique, which has long been ignored, has always had an unsuspected influence on themechanism of control over state support. On the one hand, it authorizes the Commission torequire substantial changes, both in the aid project and for the beneficiaries, in order toauthorize its implementation. On the other hand, conditionality allows the Commission to putforward a political agenda, indirectly, to service the deepening of the EU. Its impact is notlimited to the question of the compatibility of public funding. It is also expressed in the contextof the monitoring of conditional decisions, and possible judicial review. New techniquesbased on conditionality have emerged at all stages state aid control. Moreover, it plays aconsiderable role, upstream, in the process of creating state aid law and its soft law. Givenits scope, this study focused on measuring the extent of this phenomenon, defining itsconcepts, identifying its forms and evaluating its consequences. As a result, conditionality isat the origin of a new approach to state aid law

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_alj_me_fran.pdf: 1094004 bytes, checksum: 08acc7fd3aafae589a4d2b3bcd6f16e4 (MD5)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o...
This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage
The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

碩士
國立成功大學
法律學系
100
As the nanotechnology applications flourish and lots of nanoproducts are flooding the market, there will be more manpower and money into the nanotechnology-related industries. Due to the lack of legal norms or management measures, the worker who engaged in nanotechnology-related work may be exposed to the nanosubstances that possibly harm the human health. The healthy risk which workers in nanotechnology-related industries encounter is the exposure to free nanoparticles mainly through inhalation. Because nanoparticles can possess specific physico-chemical properties that differ from their parent materials, for example toxicity or biopersistence, and occupational exposure is usually long-term and high-dose, based on the toxicological and epidemiological evidence, we can reasonably infer that the higher morbidity or mortality than normal. This situation is called nanotechnology occupational health risk. Based on the protective obligation of the state for workers’ right to health, from the traditional hazard defense background, the state developed the legal system for Worker Protection to protect the workers’ rights by imposing obligation on employers. From the traditional hazard defense system to risk prevention, the precautionary principle that developed from international law has played an important role. Therefore after exploring how the precautionary principle applies to the protective obligation of the state, we inferred that the protective obligation of the state could be the the basis of the constitution legitimacy to regulate the occupational health risk of nanotechnology. Owing to the legislative room for formation of law and the negativity of judicial review, we can only define the highest boundary of interference and the lowest one of protection; and further, we proposed the specific factors that should be concerned when deliberating. Then we summed up the above-mentioned factors to discuss the all the current regulatory measures that could be taken. In the end, we viewed our legal institutions and subsistent non-legislative act by comparative jurisprudence, and after concerning the difficulties and specific characteristics of the regulation of occupational health risk of nanotechnology, we tried to make some suggestions for the lack of current legal institutions and what should be ongoing about risk regulatory measures in the future based on the protective obligation of the state and comparative jurisprudence.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
97
In a newly developed democratic country, the public expects that country could construct the legal systems to achieve the justice of society and ensure the demand for existence. Therefore, the government is expected to deal with diversified assignments. However, the income of government collected from taxation, the financial system of government could not burden all the expense of expected assignments of the public and might face to financial crisis. The issue mentioned above is especially obvious in the field of environmental law. In the recent years, the concepts of “sustainable development for environment and resources” have extended the actual environmental problems from real damages and pollutions to how to protect and maintain the ecological equilibrium. Consequently, the country has to take more responsibility of environmental regulations than other fields. However, the country would be restrained by the economic and scientific developments so that it would tend to be deadlocked and lacking in foresight,, moreover, the public would lost its trust in the country as well.. As the reason stated above, how to assign the environmental tasks of the society or the enterprises that use most of resources properly would become a necessary trend. Regarding to the issue of dealing with environmental pollution, the utilization of environmental resources shall be distributed equally. Because the specific corporations exhaust a large amount of environmental resource and cause pollution, the solutions of this environmental pollution shall not be placed on every citizen. Soil and underground water pollution are the most serious problems of it. Due to the extent of relative population, time, and space is vast in the field of underground water pollution and it would cost large amount of money as well, the assignments of responsibility needs to conform to environmental justice and effectiveness. The relative laws of underground water pollution could propose to refer to the responsibility mechanism of CERCLA in U.S.A. This thesis attempts to discuss that the States and the corporations shall comply with the requirements of the Constitution of the environmental protection. It also discusses the burden of environmental law and analyzes our country soil and the underground water pollution Remediation Scheme problems as well as operation conditions. The author discusses the experience of the American CERCLA and argues whether the responsibility mechanism of improvement in performance and environmental justice works well. Finally, the author advises the proper and adequate responsibility of the country and the mechanism of the conclusion.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
96
The Court decisions are the testimony of evaluation of the time, reflecting the current ethics, culture and social values. No doubt, the case of Chaihsing Community against the Harmony Home Association is one of the landmark cases, which concerns the fundamental rights of AIDS patients. The Harmony Home Association（HHA） is the half-way house for the HIV-infected children and adults. The care facility was set up in one of the apartments rented to the association. After learning that the care facility provides shelter and care for more than 10 HIV-infected children and adults, the complex’s management committee called two rounds of meetings, in which the residents decided that the care facility should be relocated within three months. The Committee’s decision was not base on any legal basis therefore the HHA refused to relocate. The HHA also pointed out that the community association’s bylaws prohibit residents from sheltering any patients with contagious diseases violates Article 10 of the Constitution, which protects people’s freedom of residence and right to move. In order to force the HHA to move, the committee apply for a court. After four rounds of hearings, the court ruled in the committee’s favor. Therefore, the HHA appealed. At the end, the case was overruled by the Taiwan High Court. In this case, the courts might consider it as a simple civil affair or take it more seriously concerning it as a matter of a constitutional case. It refers to the Third Person Application and the Protective Obligation of the state of fundamental rights. General speaking, as for the violation of fundamental rights between individuals, the theory of Third Person Application is widely applied to such cases. However, the developing theory of Protective Obligation of the State seems to be a better way to solve it. In this thesis, first will introduce the Third Person Application of fundamental rights and the models of reviewing the public policy and morals. Then analyzes the local existing court rulings from 1997 to 2007 of such cases between individuals. In the following chapters, the concepts of Protective Obligation of the State and the proper model of reviewing such cases will be introduced. Then the Harmony Home Association Case will be used as a key case to be applied to the two models and be compared with the results of the civil courts’ decisions. At the end, suggestions to the civil courts on ruling for cases dealing with violation of fundamental rights will be presented.

博士
東吳大學
法律學系
105
Since last century, the advancement in genetic technologies, such as artificial reproduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, embryonic stem cell and asexual reproduction, has results in marvelous achievements in medical health care. However, the application of embryonic stem cell has become extremely argumentative because it is sometimes regarded as to save one life by sacrificing another. For those who regard an embryo as a human, the embryo should have possessed all the fundamental rights; for those who have the opposite thoughts, the embryo can be treated accordingly under current legal framework. In addition to the above concepts, other proposals for embryo identity are not perfect as well. In this study, instead of making discretion on the human status of an embryo, not using the classification of being the subject/object of fundamental rights, an embryo deserves a certain level of protection because of the high possibility of becoming a human, which may ease these disputes, and reduce the inconsistencies among the current regulatory system. Also, the human dignity issue of an embryo and its stem cell is another complex and disputable question. Even with the prevailing doctrine of absolute nature adopted in Germany, a few related cases on this issue cause another dispute on the possibility of exception on human dignity. In this study, the weighing of interests is applied to the protection of human dignity, which does not necessarily make it becoming a relative value. The advanced research on the embryonic stem cell includes the study on the human dignity of future patients and service of life protection, so it is inappropriate to classify these related researches under the concept of academic freedom or embryo dignity. As for the remaining embryos after artificial reproduction, they can be protected based on the concept of pre-effect of fundamental rights, which may have specific practical meaning with functions of protection and restriction. For a patient, the rights of existence, health, and the promise of healing may not necessarily establish a foundation to request for a specific treatment for health rehabilitation. Instead, the objective-legal protective obligation can be transformed as a public right to maintain the basic survival with human dignity through personal request. Additionally, the precautionary principle apples in the regulatory control on the research of embryonic stem cell because of the unfamiliarity towards this study and uncertainty of possible damage. Anyhow, the actual harm does not occur when the preventive measure is in effect. The enforcement of these preventive measures should comply with the concept of constitutional justification. Although total prohibition in embryonic stem cell research may successfully protect the embryos and avoid all the negative impacts, the sacrifice of delaying the medical advancement and failing the anticipation of the patients is the inevitable expense that we have to pay. And due to the insufficiency of the rank of “Policy Instructions on the Ethics of Human Embryo and Embryonic Stem Cell Research”, no constitutional restrictions can be imposed to control the research on embryonic stem cell, unless with the self-discipline and professional morality of the researchers. Due to the principle of legal reservation, the adoption of the administrative guidance system from Japan, in place of a legislative law, as the regulatory control for embryonic stem cell research seems no longer appropriate.

Specificity of joint stock companies with state property interest Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on state-owned stock companies. This thesis aims to focus purely on stock companies with only short introductions to other forms of state ownership of corporations. The goal is to identify state as a legal entity and also as a shareholder. The other goals are an analysis of obligation to provide information and lastly a brief analysis of some other specifics when it comes to state-owned stock companies. The first part dealing with the identification of the state aims to sufficiently isolate stock companies from other possible state-owned corporations, while interpreting the relevant legal provisions combined with relevant court decisions. The second part focuses in detail on the obligation to provide information of state- owned stock companies. The goal is to analyze the relevant decisions of the Czech Constitutional Court in relation to the Act on freedom of information. Other chapters of this part focus on obligation to provide information in relation to Act on public procurement and to Act on the contract register . This second part heavily relies on judicial practice of both national and EU institutions. The third part deals with certain other specifics, which relate to state-owned stock companies....

According to Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 everyone is entitled to and has the right to basic education. “Everyone” includes disabled learners. The international framework regarding the right to basic education and the accessibility of the infrastructure for physically disabled learners in public schools was examined to determine whether or not South Africa complies with the formalities and obligations prescribed and what the implications are, if the state does not comply. To reach the purpose of the above statement made there has to be determined which legislation is applicable to disabled learners and a definition needs to be provided for the term „physical disability‟ (Chapter 1). Secondly the core of the research question concealed in the above statement and its applicable articles will be discussed as seen in General Comment No. 13 of the International Covenant on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Chapter 2). Thereafter international legislation will be discussed with the focus on basic education, disability, the accessibility of the infrastructure and the obligations placed on the state (Chapter 3 and 4). The focus will then be moved to the regional framework and the provision made with regards to the right to basic education and disability (Chapter 5). The relevant constitutional sections will then be investigated before reaching a conclusion. The sections that will be taken into account are sections 7, 9, 28, 29, 36, 39 and 233 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The purpose of the investigation of the constitutional sections is to determine what basic education entails and if there is a uniform definition thereof. A further purpose with the investigation of the constitutional provisions is to determine whether there is an infringement of disabled learners„ rights to equality and to basic education. Another purpose is to determine to which extent South African schools are accessible to disabled learners in the provision of infrastructure of school buildings as it is now and the obligation that rests on the state to adapt the infrastructure (Chapter 6). After the discussion of the above mentioned chapters a conclusion will be reached on to what extent the state complies with its constitutional and international obligations to realize disabled children„s right to basic education can be come to (Chapter 7). The inaccessibility of public school buildings in South Africa and disabled children„s need for basic education has led to the research question.
LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Гінатуліна А. Р. Публічне адміністрування примусового стягнення аліментів за участі Державної виконавчої служби України: питання правового регулювання та практика реалізації : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 081 "Право" / наук. керівник Т. О. Коломоєць. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ. 2020. 103 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота складається зі 103 сторінок, містить 70 джерела використаної інформації. Законодавство України детально регламентує особливості правовідносин щодо захисту прав дитини, а саме обов’язок батьків утримувати своїх неповнолітніх дітей. Основним законом держави – Конституцією України, передбачено, що батьки зобов’язані утримувати своїх дітей до їх повноліття. Такий обов’язок також передбачений ст. 180 Сімейного кодексу України, відповідно до якої батьки зобов’язані утримувати дитину до досягнення нею повноліття, а в окремих випадках – і своїх повнолітніх дітей. Своєю чергою, сімейне законодавство передбачає два порядки сплати аліментів: за згодою сторін і за рішенням суду. Тому вивчення теоретичних і практичних проблем, що виникають в різні історичні періоди в зв’язку із застосуванням норм, що регулюють аналізовані відносини, дозволяє виявити основні тенденції розвитку таких норм. Як показує зарубіжний досвід, тема аліментних зобов’язань реалізована у багатьох країнах світу. Досвід інших країн у боротьбі за сплату аліментів демонструє приклади, схожі на ті, що діють в Україні. Це, зокрема, встановлення мінімального розміру аліментів, збільшення їх розміру пропорційно до заробітку платника, що діє в Німеччині, Великій Британії, Австрії, Франції, Швейцарії, Сполучених Штатах і Канаді. Крім того, у багатьох країнах діють суворі норми в плані виплати аліментів. Наприклад, у Франції і Швейцарії розірвання шлюбу можливе лише після оформлення угоди про сплату аліментів, у США й Канаді боржників позбавляють водійських посвідчень, а в Британії можуть присудити домашній арешт. Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є комплексний аналіз аліментних правовідносин, чинного законодавства, яке передбачає діяльність та регулювання аліментних правовідносин з приводу примусового виконання рішень судів про стягнення аліментів з батьків на користь їх неповнолітніх дітей. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає, перш за все, в тому, що здійснено спробу комплексного дослідження аліментних зобов’язань з урахуванням останніх змін у чинному законодавстві України. Об’єктом дослідження даної кваліфікаційної роботи є суспільні відносини, з приводу примусового виконання рішень судів про стягнення аліментів на користь неповнолітніх дітей. Предметом дослідження є норми чинного законодавства України, судова та виконавча практика у справах про стягнення аліментів, викладання виконавчого процесу під час виконання рішення суду про стягнення аліментів з батьків на користь неповнолітніх дітей. Методологічну основу роботи складає: - формально-юридичний метод при дослідженні чинних правових норм, присвячених регулюванню аліментних відносин; - системно-структурним підходом характеризується, зокрема, аналіз законодавчого визначення поняття сім’ї, визначення кола членів сім’ї та його співвідношення з колом суб’єктів аліментних прав та обов’язків; Теоретико-методологічною основою дослідження є історичний підхід, відповідно до якого розглядаються проблемні питання з урахуванням впливу рівня соціально-економічного розвитку суспільства на реґулювання аліментних відносин, а також застосовується порівняльно-правовий метод при дослідженні законодавства зарубіжних країн.
EN : Qualifying work consists of 103 pages, contains 70 sources of information used. The legislation of Ukraine regulates in detail the specifics of the legal relationship regarding the protection of the rights of the child, namely the obligation of parents to support their minor children. The basic law of the state - the Constitution of Ukraine, provides that parents are obliged to keep their children until they reach the age of majority. Such an obligation is also provided for in Art. 180 of the Family Code of Ukraine, according to which parents are obliged to keep a child until he or she reaches the age of majority, and in some cases - to their adult children. In turn, family law provides for two child support payments: with the consent of the parties and the court. Therefore, the study of theoretical and practical problems that arise in different historical periods in connection with the application of the rules governing the analyzed relations, reveals the main trends in the development of such rules. Foreign experience shows that the topic of alimony obligations is implemented in many countries around the world. The experience of other countries in the fight for child support shows examples similar to those in force in Ukraine. This includes, in particular, setting a minimum alimony, increasing their proportion to the payer's earnings in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, France, Switzerland, the United States and Canada. In addition, in many countries, there are strict standards for alimony payments. For example, in France and Switzerland, divorce is only possible after a child support agreement has been drawn up, in the US and Canada, the debtor is deprived of his driver's license, and in Britain he can be given house arrest. The purpose of qualification work is a comprehensive analysis of alimony relationships, current legislation, which provides for the activity and regulation of alimony relationships regarding the enforcement of court decisions on the recovery of alimony from parents for the benefit of their minor children. The scientific novelty of the research is, first of all, that an attempt has been made to comprehensively investigate alimony obligations, taking into account the latest changes in the current legislation of Ukraine. The subject of the study of this qualification work is public relations regarding the enforcement of court decisions on child support for minors. The subject of the study is the norms of the current legislation of Ukraine, judicial and enforcement practice in cases of alimony collection, teaching of the enforcement process during the execution of the court decision to recover alimony from parents for the benefit of minor children. The methodological basis of the work is: - formal legal method in the study of the current legal norms on the regulation of alimony relations; - the system-structural approach is characterized, in particular, by the analysis of the legislative definition of the concept of family, the definition of the circle of family members and its relation with the circle of subjects of alimony rights and duties; The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is a historical approach, according to which the problems are considered taking into account the influence of the level of socio-economic development of society on the regulation of alimentary relations, as well as the comparative-legal method is applied in the study of the legislation of foreign countries.

Section 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 states that everyone has the right to basic education. This provision must be interpreted in order to determine whether it refers to a period of education, or a certain standard or quality of education that also includes infrastructure. In this dissertation, the scope of the right to basic education and the state’s obligation with regard to infrastructure, are discussed. The dissertation will point out that the right to basic education should also consider the best interests of the child-standard as well as the right to equality. The Constitution provides that everyone has the right to basic education, which implies that there should be no discrimination against any child. In order to determine the scope of section 29 and the duty of the state accordingly, the provisions of international instruments must also be consider. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, the African Children Charter and specifically the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights refer to the obligations of the state in respect to the provision of basic education and infrastructure. The Schools Act provides for the Minister of Basic Education to prescribe minimum norms and standards relating to school infrastructure. The importance of minimum norms and standards for quality education has been investigated with specific reference to libraries, learning material and water and sanitation facilities. Lastly, the lack of an internal limitation clause and the effect of section 36, the general limitation clause, were considered to evaluate the state’s obligation to provide quality education.
LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

v anglickém jazyce - English abstract Protection of Right to Fair Trial in Relation to Preliminary Ruling Proceedings Right to fair trial is one of fundamental human rights, which enables individuals to effectively invoke their rights and freedoms before a lawful, impartial and independent court. In Europe, the protection of this right is guaranteed at a multi-layer level, whose layers interact: first layer is formed by constitutional orders of individual States, second layer by institutions of European Union, in particular the Court of Justice of the European Union, and a third one, that of the European Court for Human Rights. In the European Union, the Treaties have introduced the mechanism of preliminary ruling with the aim of preserving unity within the Union and of ensuring coherent interpretation and application of European law by the courts of the Member States. Preliminary ruling proceedings ensure effective cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Art. 267 TFEU provides for an obligation to request a preliminary ruling for national courts of last instance (if none of the CILFIT case law conditions is met). Breach of this obligation may entail violation of right to fair trial at all three layers of human rights protection in Europe. Each European...