Дисертації з теми "Objectivism"
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1
Ozpek, Burak Bilgehan. "Ayn Rand Objectivism And Architecture." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607813/index.pdf.
Анотація:
This study aims to uncover the relationship of the objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand with architecture. After examining the philosophical bases of Randian objectivism, and how the philosophy is related to architecture via contemporary modernism, especially the modern architectural understanding of Frank Lloyd Wright, the study concentrates on how objectivism interprets architecture. The aim here is to describe what kind of an architectural aspect inspired Rand and how Rand used architecture in order to propagate her philosophy. Objectivist interpretations of architecture simply means how objectivism&rsquos basic assumptions perceive and respond to architecture as revealed in Rand&rsquo
s writings. In order to understan the architectural interpretations, the focus of analysis is the objectivist literature by Rand such as fictions, movies and articles. The resultant emphasis of the analysis on the relationship between Rand&rsquo
s objectivism and architecture, is on the tension in architectural relations between the individual and the state, the individual and the society, and the individual and history, which are defined as against settled social and traditional values
2
Lee, Yoon Cheol. "A study On Protagorean objectivism." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3383/.
Анотація:
Protagoras, the first and greatest sophist in the fifth century BCE, is known to have performed professionally as a teacher of various subjects, having interests in human language, political and ethical theories and activities, and education, associating himself with major and influential politicians of his time. Ever since Plato’s interpretation of Protagoras’ Man-Measure Doctrine in the Theaetetus as a thesis of radical relativism regarding perceptual epistemology (‘each individual is the criterion of the truth of a judgement about a given object or a state of affairs’, thus, ‘a thing which appears/is perceived as F to/by a is F for a, while the same thing which appears/is perceived as ¬F to/by b is ¬F for b’), Protagoras has been criticised by intellectuals both in antiquity and modern times for self-contradiction. This thesis makes an exhaustive investigation of the ancient evidence for Protagoras and concludes that in fact it supports an objectivist reading which, if right, would absolve Protagoras of this criticism. For this purpose, I first analyse the so-called Great Speech of Plato’s Protagoras as a source for Protagoras’ ethical and political ideas (Chapter II). In the light of this, I suggest that an alternative reading of the Man-Measure Doctrine is possible in a political-ethical context (Chapter III). My interpretation of Protagoras’ peri theōn (‘on the gods’) fragment suggests a new understanding of the sophist’s epistemological views (Chapter IV). Then, I examine Protagoras’ interest in the correct use of language (Chapter V), and finally his rhetorical sophism through the investigation of the so-called ouk estin antilegein (‘it is not possible to contradict’) doctrine (Chapters VI). My investigation of the evidence for Protagoras shows that, in his version of objectivism, the things that are related to human affairs, such as political virtues, can and should be known and taught on the basis of the common and objective civic senses; knowledge and teaching of them is accomplished through the human objective epistemological condition and a process of synthesis of human experiences, in a correct linguistic and grammatical manner, for a good life lived in human community. If this is right, then Protagoras is not vulnerable to the accusation of self-contradiction; in fact the sophist holds a coherent ‘epistemological’-‘political and ethical’-‘linguistic’ position according to which his political and ethical ideas are supported by objectivist views of epistemology and naturalism of language.
3
Watkins, George Michael. "A subjectivist's guide to objectivism about colors /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784853136588.
4
Keyman, Emin Fuat Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Mapping international relations theory: beyond universalism and objectivism." Ottawa, 1991.
5
Pinson, James L. "Objective journalism and Ayn Rand's philosophy of objectivism /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9821352.
6
Lee, SunHwa, and SunHwa Lee. "Aesthetics of Objectivism in Igor Stravinsky's Neoclassical Works." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12469.
Анотація:
This thesis examines Stravinsky’s aesthetics of objectivism, as described in his
own book and displayed in three different genres from his neoclassical period:
Symphonies of Wind Instruments (1920), Perséphone (1933), and Orpheus (1947). My
research has significance, in that I combine aesthetics and musical analysis in examining
Stravinsky’s objectivism. Drawing on Stravinsky’s book, Poetics of Music in the Form of
Six Lessons, I define his objectivism as the structural organization of musical materials,
the denial of expression of subjective emotion, the importance of the composer’s
invention, and the concept of limitation.
Stravinsky’s objectivism appears in various ways in the different genres. The
instrumental piece Symphonies of Wind Instruments presents the lack of linear continuity
and development. The melodrama Perséphone represents his objectivism through his
rearrangement of French text, and the ballet Orpheus shows his restrained expression in
reduced orchestration, quiet dynamics, and cool tone colors.
7
Rook, Stephen D. "Historical objectivism the apologetic methodology of John Warwick Montgomery /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
8
Schellekens, Anna Elisabeth. "A reasonable objectivism for aesthetic judgments : towards an aesthetic psychology." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/1056/.
Анотація:
This doctoral thesis is an examination of the possibility of ascribing objectivity to aesthetic judgements. The aesthetic is viewed in terms of its being a certain kind of relation between the mind and the world; a clear understanding of aesthetic judgements will therefore be capable of telling us something important about both subjects and objects, and the ties between them. In view of this, one of the over-riding aims of this thesis is the promotion of an ‘aesthetic psychology’, a philosophical approach, that is to say, which emphasises the importance of the psychological processes involved in the making of aesthetic judgements. One of the aims of this thesis is to develop a revisionary account of the distinction between objectivity and subjectivity in the domain of value. This revision will undertake to dismantle some of the assumptions implicit in a metaphysical framework which traditionally ascribes objectivity only to judgements about facts, and not to judgements about values and other concerns such as norms and emotions. Further, the thesis examines the intricate ways in which aesthetic properties, the focus of aesthetic judgements, depend on the (emotional and other) responses of the subjects of experience. The particular role played by first-hand experience in the making of aesthetic judgements is among the things critically investigated in the interests of reaching a clearer understanding of the manner in which aesthetic judgements may be objective in the sense of being justifiable. Eventually, a defence is outlined of the view that aesthetic judgements can be supported by good reasons, but not in the same way as ordinary cognitive judgements. Finally, I outline the main tenets of a proposed ‘reasonable objectivism’ for aesthetic judgements, an objectivism grounded on justifying reasons.
9
Spoor, Iris P. "Defending Perceptual Objectivism: A Naturalistic Realist Analysis of Aesthetic Properties." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511799160442784.
10
Duffy, Simon J. "An intuitionist response to moral scepticism : a critique of Mackie's scepticism, and an alternative proposal combining Ross's intuitionism with a Kantian epistemology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1724.
Анотація:
This thesis sets out an argument in defence of moral objectivism. It takes Mackie as the critic of objectivism and it ends by proposing that the best defence of objectivism may be found in what I shall call Kantian intuitionism, which brings together elements of the intuitionism of Ross and a Kantian epistemology. The argument is fundamentally transcendental in form and it proceeds by first setting out what we intuitively believe, rejecting the sceptical attacks on those beliefs, and by then proposing a theory that can legitimize what we already do believe. Chapter One sets out our intuitive understanding of morality: (1) that morality is cognitive, moral beliefs can be true or false; (2) that morality is real, we do not construct it; (3) that morality is rational, we can learn about it by rational investigation; and (4) that morality places us under an absolute constraint. The chapter ends by clarifying the nature of that absolute demand and by arguing that the critical idea within morality is the idea of duty. In Chapter Two Mackie’s sceptical attack on objectivism is examined. Four key arguments are identified: (1) that moral beliefs are relative to bfferent agents; (2) that morality is based upon on non-rational causes; (3) that the idea of moral properties or entities is too queer to be sustainable; and (4) that moral objectivism involves queer epistemological commitments. Essentially all of these arguments are shown to be ambiguous; however it is proposed that Mackie has an underlying epistemological and metaphysical theory, scientific empiricism, which is (a) hostile to objectivism and (b) a theory that many find attractive for reasons that are independent of morality. Chapter Three explores the nature of moral rationality and whether scientific empiricism can use the idea of reflective equilibrium to offer a reasonable account of moral rationality. It concludes that, while reflective equilibrium is a useful account of moral rationality, it cannot be effectively reconciled with scientific empiricism. In order to function effectively as a rational process, reflective equilibrium must be rationally constrained by our moral judgements and our moral principles. Chapter Four begins the process of exploring some alternative epistemologies and argues that the only account that remains true to objectivism and the needs of reflective equilibrium is the account of intuitionism proposed by Ross. However this account can be developed further by drawing upon number of Kantian ideas and using them to supplement Ross ’ s intuitionism. So Chapter Five draws upon a number of Kant's ideas, most notably some key notions from the Critique of Judgement. These ideas are: (1) that we possess a rational will that is subject to the Moral law and determined by practical reason; (2) that we possess a faculty of judgement which enables us to become aware of moral properties and (3) that these two faculties together with the third faculty of thought can function to constitute the moral understanding. Using these ideas the thesis explores whether they can serve to explain how intuitions can be rational and how objectivism can be justified.
11
Goodman, Christopher Peter. "Beyond objectivism and subjectivism : the post-critical philosophy of Michael Polanyi." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299357.
12
Pitstick, Christina L. "Egoism the ethical system of Ayn Rand /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
13
Grizzard, Jeannine Annette. "Integralism and Objectivism on Forms of the Mind/Body Dichotomy in Western Thought." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/1.
Анотація:
This thesis compares philosophers Ken Wilber (Integralism) and Leonard Peikoff (Objectivism), who argue that Western philosophy is saturated with a fallacious mind/body dichotomy, which they trace historically and psychologically. Wilber’s and Peikoff’s agendas, worldviews and starting points are contrasted, specifically, Wilber’s holons, Kosmos model, the Big Three Value Spheres and Peikoff’s metaphysical axioms. Their definitions of consciousness are reviewed, along with their mutual epistemological emphasis on knowledge as contextual. Wilber makes mystical validity claims supported by stages of cognitive development. Discussed attributes of the mind/body dualism are: regression and repression; control versus chaos; hedonism, uniformity and authoritarianism; Subjectivism and Intrinsicism; Ego-agency versus Eco-communion. Both philosophers maintain that each partial strategy collapses into the dysfunctions of the opposite strategy. Their respective models of resolution through integration are presented in conclusion, particularly Wilber’s case for nondual Self-realization.
14
Schubert, Stefan. "Objectivism, narrative agency, and the politics of choice in the video game BioShock." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-206598.
Анотація:
In this article, I investigate the video game BioShock for its political and cultural work and argue that it offers a popular platform to discuss the politically charged question of choice, both inside and outside the realm of video games. In a first section, I introduce the game’s basic plot and setting, propose a way to study how video games operate narratively, and briefly discuss the ‘political’ dimension of games in general. Afterwards, I look at how BioShock is influenced by Ayn Rand’s philosophy of objectivism, a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of individual choice and self-interest, and I trace this influence specifically in the
game’s main antagonist, Andrew Ryan, and its setting, the underwater
city of Rapture. With these elements as a basis, I analyze how BioShock engages with the politics of choice, focusing on a major twist scene in the game to demonstrate how BioShock deals with the question of choice on a metatextual level. Reading this scene in the context of the game’s overall narrative, specifically of moral choices in the game that lead to different endings, I argue that the game metatextually connects the political question of choice inherent in objectivism to the narrative and the playing of the game, pointing to the ambivalences inherent in questions of choice, agency, and free will.
15
Fonberg, Jonathan. "Objectivism and subjectivism : cross-national variation in values and domain-life satisfaction relationships." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/102407/.
Анотація:
There have been many attempts to ascertain the predictors of wellbeing. The goal of this thesis is not to evaluate individual theories but to challenge the assumptions that underlie them. Specifically, this thesis endeavours to determine whether there is evidence of universality in the predictors of wellbeing through an investigation of subjectivism and objectivism. In the former, pro-attitudes and values are thought to determine the predictors of wellbeing; in the latter, �goods� with inherent value are proposed to do so universally. Global life satisfaction and life domain satisfaction were selected to operationalize subjectivism and objectivism, respectively. Cross-national comparisons were selected under the presumption that cultural values are internalized at the individual level. This assumption was validated through analysis of the World Values Survey, which revealed significant cross-cluster and cross-national variation in self-reported domain importance scores (family, friends, leisure time, politics, work and religion). Empirical analysis of both independently collected data and the Eurobarometer revealed similar cross-cluster and cross-national differences in domain-life satisfaction relationships (health, family, social life, personal safety, financial situation, home life and job). It was concluded these findings supported subjectivism: the predictors of wellbeing are not universal, but vary as a function of values.
16
Schubert, Stefan. "Objectivism, narrative agency, and the politics of choice in the video game BioShock." Poetics of politics : textuality and social relevance in contemporary American literature and culture / Sebastian M. Herrmann [Hrsg.] ... Heidelberg : Winter, 2015. S. 271-289. ISBN 978-3-8253-6447-2, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14847.
Анотація:
In this article, I investigate the video game BioShock for its political and cultural work and argue that it offers a popular platform to discuss the politically charged question of choice, both inside and outside the realm of video games. In a first section, I introduce the game’s basic plot and setting, propose a way to study how video games operate narratively, and briefly discuss the ‘political’ dimension of games in general. Afterwards, I look at how BioShock is influenced by Ayn Rand’s philosophy of objectivism, a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of individual choice and self-interest, and I trace this influence specifically in the
game’s main antagonist, Andrew Ryan, and its setting, the underwater
city of Rapture. With these elements as a basis, I analyze how BioShock engages with the politics of choice, focusing on a major twist scene in the game to demonstrate how BioShock deals with the question of choice on a metatextual level. Reading this scene in the context of the game’s overall narrative, specifically of moral choices in the game that lead to different endings, I argue that the game metatextually connects the political question of choice inherent in objectivism to the narrative and the playing of the game, pointing to the ambivalences inherent in questions of choice, agency, and free will.
17
Hjälmarö, Andreas. "Defending the Subjective Component of Susan Wolf's "Fitting Fulfillment View" About Meaning in Life." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-131998.
Анотація:
In this essay, I intend to analyze and respond to criticism directed towards the subjective component of Susan Wolf’s Bi-partite “Fitting Fulfillment View”, criticism directed from Thaddeus Metz, Ben Bramble, and Aaron Smuts. Wolf offers a theory about meaning in life which considers both that the subject should find it meaningful and that the source of this meaningfulness should be objectively valuable. However, critics have argued that a subject’s attitude towards meaningfulness should not affect whether one’s life is meaningful or not. Out of the critics I found promising and responded to I did not find any that seriously threatened Wolf’s theory and, in some cases they even seem to misunderstand Wolf’s claim. In the final section, I raise a question for Wolf’s account that I believe would be interesting to pursue in a further study.
18
Green, Adam. "INTERACTION GOALS INFLUENCE OUR VIEW OF THE WORLD: MODE OF INTERACTION EFFECTS ON MORAL TRUTH PERCEPTIONS." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2731.
Анотація:
Moral issues such as abortion, immigration, and gun rights are subject to constant debate. Yet such discussions are increasingly unproductive, perhaps because we enter such debates with closed, rather than open mindsets, which might rigidify our views, leading to perceptions of an objectively ‘correct’ answer to moral issues. This study tested whether different modes of interaction led to differences in levels of this ‘objectivist’ thought. The study also tested whether and whether threat, experienced in anticipation of a contentious interaction, mediated this effect. Participants were randomly assigned to conditions in which they received instructions on how they should approach an upcoming interaction on the topic of abortion. Instruction conditions included: competition, cooperation, persuasion, learning, neutral control, and no-opposition control (except for no-opposition control, all conditions specified that the other person disagreed with the participant on abortion). Although hypothesized group differences were not found, hypothesized mediation analyses were significant, such that competition, cooperation, and neutral control conditions produced increased threat for participants, while learning, persuasion, and no opposition control conditions produced reduced threat. Threat level positively predicted moral objectivity level for both abortion (the topic of discussion) and other moral issues. These results provide insight into why debating morally contentious issues can seem futile at best, and provides a glimpse of why this does not have to be the case.
19
Crosby, Catherine. "Subjectivism and objectivism in the criminal law : an examination of the limits of recklessness and negligence." Thesis, Teesside University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10149/337907.
Анотація:
This thesis is a critical examination of the boundaries of recklessness and negligence in English and Welsh criminal law and of the extent to which these mentes reae terms reflect the leading theories of culpability. The general principle requiring mens rea to be established before criminal liability is justified stems from the maxim ‘actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea’, and the historical foundations of this concept will be analysed to assess whether there can be criminal liability for inadvertent conduct whilst still upholding this tenet. The interpretation of recklessness and negligence has proven to be problematic as both have included inadvertent actions and subjective and objective labels have been employed inconsistently, exacerbating an already difficult situation. What becomes clear is that the recent judicial pronouncements that have given rise this state of affairs is the result of a desire for flexibility so that justice can be done in a particular case, but this has culminated in a lack of transparency and some confusion. The aim of this work is to determine appropriate limits for criminal recklessness and negligence with regard to serious offences. Over the last century recklessness has had three main interpretations, none of which are satisfactory as will be demonstrated. This is partly because they cannot be adequately underpinned by the theories of choice and character, the leading theories of culpability. Further, the objective/subjective labels attached to the three interpretations are inaccurate and misleading, with the potential for injustice. Accordingly, other culpability theories are scrutinised and a new interpretation of recklessness is advocated in an attempt to provide a more consistent philosophical and practical approach to determining criminal recklessness and negligence.
20
Mulder, Stacy S. "Objective romanticism : a study of the romantic roots in the objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/902497.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study was to examine a thesis stating that the fundamental concepts of Romanticism form the basic components of the Objectivist philosophy demonstrated in the works of Ayn Rand. The study reviewed some of the scholarship on the topic of Romanticism, notably that of Morse Peckham and Henry Remak. Analogies were drawn between European and American Romanticism; the nature of romanticism as a developmental morality in relation to principles established by Lawrence Kohlberg was discussed. This study adopted a definition of Romanticism as a state of mind which begins in the individual and involves an entire society in a moral development that renounces the static, embraces the dynamic, and holds humanity at its center.Next examined was the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand. A review of that ethic indicated that Objectivism also is a developmental ethic that holds humanism as its primary tenet. The characteristics of diversity, the creative imagination, growth and change, pride/self-worth/self-knowledge/love, leadership of the mind, and autonomy were found evident in both Objectivism and Romanticism, leading into a blending of the systems into an ethic of objective Romanticism. Such an ethic was examined in the context of Ayn Rand's works and found consistent in its appearance as an epistemology consequent to the progression of an individual or a community toward a level of self-actualization as defined by Abraham Maslow.A review of Rand's aesthetic ethic as presented in The Romantic Manifesto provided support for the romantic roots in Rand's writing. Rand's own premises for the evaluation of a romantic work were found evident in her own writings. It was therefore determined that Ayn Rand's works do indeed blend the components of Romanticism and Objectivism into a moral ethic that relies heavily upon the development of the individual state of mind toward a level of self-actualization in which the "I" becomes the axiom of human existence.Department of English
21
Phillips, Pamela L. "Beyond Subjective Well-Being." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1131386877.
22
Konesko, Patrick Mike. "Constructing a “Sense of Life”: Ayn Rand’s Night of January 16th from Conception to “Disaster”." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1245105207.
23
Konesko, Patrick M. "Constructing a "sense of life" Ayn Rand's Night of January 16th from conception to "disaster" /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1245105207.
24
Robinson, Farin C. "Rand takes on the Constitution an objectivist perspective of the United States Constitution." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/504.
Анотація:
Author and philosopher Ayn Rand has gathered a cult like following thanks to her bestselling novels We the Living, Anthem, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. Through Rand's fictional writings she illustrates the principles of her philosophy objectivism. Objectivism employs five principles; objective reality, reason, self -interest, capitalism and individualism as the truths that govern the philosophy. Objectivists believe that their self-reliant philosophy holds the key to all life's answers. This thesis examines the following question: what would the founder of objectivism Ayn Rand think about the U.S. Constitution? Sadly Ayn Rand passed away in 1982 and never expressed her full opinion on how she felt about the U.S. Constitution. However, using the five principles of the objectivist ideology, public interviews done with Ayn Rand during her life time, and the opinions expressed by Rand in her four fictional novels this thesis will deconstruct the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights and then reconstruct them so that they concur with the objectivist philosophy. The purpose of this thesis is to inform readers of the objectivist philosophy and to highlight the differences and similarities between Ayn Rand's beliefs and the Founding Fathers through the Constitution.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
25
Higley, Ramona Avis Linville. "The Case of Youth Gangs in the Mormon Cultural Region A Synthetic, Dialectical Theory of Social Problems: Bridging Social Constructionism and Objectivism." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4688.
Анотація:
This dissertation uses the case of youth gangs in the Mormon Cultural Region to present a synthetic, dialectical theory of social problems, bridging the perspectives of social constructionism and objectivism. The primary assertion of this dissertation is that communities use social problems as tools to establish and maintain social boundaries and to protect the core values and beliefs of the established communal order.
The case of youth gangs in Utah, core of the Mormon Cultural Region, demonstrates that both social problems and the organizations involved with social problems follow a natural-history cycle similar to that reported in social movement literature. Anti-gang organizations, youth gangs, and the gang movement all seem to change forms as they progress through this cycle. Further, the relationship between the claims-making and the ontological increase in social problems is dialectical.
26
Nutchey, David John. "Towards a model for the analysis and description of mathematical knowledge and understanding." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41775/1/David_Nutchey_Thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
Mathematics education literature has called for an abandonment of ontological and epistemological ideologies that have often divided theory-based practice. Instead, a consilience of theories has been sought which would leverage the strengths of each learning theory and so positively impact upon contemporary educational practice. This research activity is based upon Popper’s notion of three knowledge worlds which differentiates the knowledge shared in a community from the personal knowledge of the individual, and Bereiter’s characterisation of understanding as the individual’s relationship to tool-like knowledge. Using these notions, a re-conceptualisation of knowledge and understanding and a subsequent re-consideration of learning theories are proposed as a way to address the challenge set by literature. Referred to as the alternative theoretical framework, the proposed theory accounts for the scaffolded transformation of each individual’s unique understanding, whilst acknowledging the existence of a body of domain knowledge shared amongst participants in a scientific community of practice. The alternative theoretical framework is embodied within an operational model that is accompanied by a visual nomenclature with which to describe consensually developed shared knowledge and personal understanding. This research activity has sought to iteratively evaluate this proposed theory through the practical application of the operational model and visual nomenclature to the domain of early-number counting, addition and subtraction. This domain of mathematical knowledge has been comprehensively analysed and described. Through this process, the viability of the proposed theory as a tool with which to discuss and thus improve the knowledge and understanding with the domain of mathematics has been validated. Putting of the proposed theory into practice has lead to the theory’s refinement and the subsequent achievement of a solid theoretical base for the future development of educational tools to support teaching and learning practice, including computer-mediated learning environments. Such future activity, using the proposed theory, will advance contemporary mathematics educational practice by bringing together the strengths of cognitivist, constructivist and post-constructivist learning theories.
27
Coleman, Dawn Marie. "The pursuit of happiness through a virtuous life: Ayn Rand and Aristotle." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1305.
28
Rocchè, Giuseppe. "Etica della popolazione. Sul ruolo delle intuizioni morali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/371108.
Анотація:
In questa tesi vengono analizzati i principali argomenti per risolvere i paradossi dell'etica della popolazione (dibattito di etica normativa). Gli argomenti vengono suddivisi in due stili rispondenti a regole diverse. Segue un'analisi sul piano metodologico dei due stili morali, presentati come due modi di intendere la ricerca rawlsiana di un equilibrio riflessivo. Dopo aver messo a fuoco le differenze principali tra questi due stili viene avanzata la tesi secondo la quale uno di essi sia il metodo di indagine normativa proprio del Soggettivismo (tesi per cui le ragioni che abbiamo per agire dipendono dalle nostre proattitudini teliche).In this work the main arguments that have been put forward in population ethics debate are divided in two different moral styles. In the second part of the work these two morals styles are analyzed in detalis. Having clarified where the deep distinction between the two moral styles lies, the attention is turned towards the debate between Objectivists and Subjectivists. It is argued that one of the two moral styles could be the only method of moral reasoning which is conceptually compatibile with Subjectivism (understood as the thesis according to which our reasons stem from our telic proattitudes).
29
Jebsen, Peter. "Bolshevik for Capitalism: Ayn Rand & Soviet Socialist Realism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/134.
Анотація:
Since the late 1950s, Russian-American novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand has been “the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right.” Her philosophy – “Objectivism” – combined militant atheism, libertarian natural rights, and a philosophical commitment to what she called “the virtue of selfishness,” and earned her the admiration of such luminaries as Alan Greenspan: a remarkable achievement for an immigrant woman who learned to speak English in her late 20s. What is less-often observed is that Rand’s work, especially her mature novels The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957), bear a close stylistic resemblance to the Soviet Socialist Realist novel. This thesis identifies these similarities and attempts to answer the question of why a heavily Soviet-inflected writer was able to reach such cultural and political prominence in, of all places, America.
30
Araújo, Francisco Fabiano Andrade. "Atuação da vontade: um novo modo de fazer ciência e arte no Ocidente." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13362.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2005-04-29In this work we have pointed out some of the aspects concerning the changes that occurred in way the western culture investigated Nature. These developments were particularly visible (observed) in the German world and were characterized by the changing position of the investigator when relating the object of his /her research as well as the spectator before a masterpiece. This movement concerning the investigator and the spectator started from the act of objectifying Nature to a situation where they interact with the object of investigation as well as the artistic work. Such change took place mainly in Germany starting in the last decade of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The pointed displacement could occur in that country because of its strong romantic tradition with its typical subjectivity. The strong subjectivism of German culture was responsible for the appearance of German Idealism, philosophical system that took place in the beginning of the 19th century. Johann Fichte stood out as one of its initiators. He and others thinkers connected to that philosophical tendency provided the theoretical framework to Romanticism found Romanticism theoretically, since idealism subjectifies reality . Generations of students that belong to the world of German culture during the 19th century have concluded their studies in that environment where Romanticism and subjectivism had a widespread influence. So it was be difficult for them to be out of that context. Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and others who have formulated quantum mechanics as well Ernst Kirchner, one of the expressionism exponents, are certainly included among those pointed scholars and, therefore, their works reflected the culture in which they were plunged in
Nesta dissertação abordamos alguns aspectos das mudanças ocorridas na maneira como a natureza era investigada no Ocidente. Essas transformações foram particularmente visíveis no mundo germânico e, se caracterizaram, pelo deslocamento da posição do investigador em relação ao objeto de pesquisa e do espectador diante da obra de arte. Este movimento do pesquisador e do espectador partiu da objetivação da natureza, para uma situação em que os mesmos interagem com o objeto de investigação e, também, com o trabalho artístico. Tal mudança ocorreu, com destaque, na Alemanha, na passagem do século XIX para século XX. O deslocamento apontado pôde ocorrer naquele país, porque nele havia uma forte tradição romântica com sua característica subjetividade. A forte presença do subjetivismo na cultura alemã deu espaço para o surgimento do Idealismo Alemão, sistema filosófico que aparece no início do século XIX, destacando-se Johann Fichte como um dos seus iniciadores. Este e outros pensadores ligados àquela corrente filosófica fundamentarão teoricamente o Romantismo, uma vez que, o idealismo subjetiva a realidade . Gerações de estudantes pertencentes ao mundo da cultura germânica, durante o século XIX e início do século XX, se formaram nesse ambiente, onde o Romantismo e o subjetivismo tinham forte presença e, portanto, seria difícil para eles não participarem desse contexto cultural. Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg e outros formuladores da mecânica quântica, assim como Ernst Kirchner, um dos teóricos do expressionismo, certamente estão incluídos entre aqueles estudiosos apontados acima e, portanto, seus trabalhos refletiram a cultura onde estavam imersos
31
Spash, Clive L. "The Politics of Researching Carbon Trading in Australia." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4277/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2014_03.pdf.
Анотація:
This paper explores the conflicts of interest present in science policy and how claims being
made for evidence based science can be used to suppress critical social science research. The
specific case presented concerns the attempts to ban and censor my work criticising the
economics of carbon emissions trading while I was working for the Commonwealth
Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia. The role of management
and the Science Minister are documented through their own public statements. The case
raises general issues about the role of epistemic communities in the production of knowledge,
the potential for manipulation of information under the guise of quality control and the
problems created by claiming a fact-value dichotomy in the science-policy interface. The
implications go well beyond just climate change research and challenge how public policy is
being formulated in modern industrial societies where scientific knowledge and corporate
interests are closely intertwined. (author's abstract)Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
32
Byrd, Brandon Thomas. "Virtue ethics and Moore's criticisms of naturalism." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07312007-162233/.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from title page. Andrew I. Cohen, committee chair; Andrew Altman, Andrew J. Cohen, committee members. Electronic text (52 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed October 11, 2007. Includes bibliographical references.
33
Green, Miriam. "What counts as knowledge? : parameters of validity for the meaning and representation of a contingency theory in the organisation and management accounting literature." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/9658.
Анотація:
The main problem posed in this thesis is an epistemological one to do with what counts as knowledge in the organisation/management and management accounting areas of scholarship. This question arose regarding discrepancies between an original text, Burns and Stalker's The Management of Innovation (1961, 1966, 1994), and longstanding representations in the mainstream literature. The discrepancies were between the largely objectivist representations focussing on the relationship between organisation structure and environmental contingency, while omitting subjectivist factors and organisational processes, also significant in Burns and Stalker's analysis. The analysis in this thesis is concerned with two main questions: the similarities and differences between The Management of Innovation and mainstream representations; and explanations for these, particularly for the differences. The analytical framework is critical realist theory underpinned by an Hegelian dialectical methodology, looking at phenomena from different perspectives with inconsistencies addressed by a more holistic analysis. This thesis is based on a non-linear, multi-angled approach, which examines each of the two questions from different perspectives through two dialectical circles. A detailed analysis of Burns and Stalker's work and mainstream representations enabled clarity regarding the different foci in the two sets of texts. The absenting of human factors and organisational processes in much mainstream scholarship was found to extend beyond representations of Burns and Stalker's work to orthodox scholarship more widely, despite strong and persistent critiques from within the field. The dialectical opposition constructed between objectivist and subjectivist factors was investigated further and linked to attitudes regarding the commensurability of different approaches in the social sciences, particularly in the organisation/management and management accounting fields. It is suggested that this opposition is based on a particular view of science and scientific method. A broader interpretation however shows that science is also influenced by researchers' subjectivities. This has led to an argument for the complementary, more holistic approaches already present in the field becoming more widespread in the interests of more sustainable and emancipatory knowledge.
34
Frazão, Ricardo José da Silva. "Objectivo: desempenho - caracterização dos objectivos do SIADAP na DGAJ no ano 2007." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15236.
Анотація:
O processo de avaliação de desempenho é um dos mais importantes momentos do
ciclo de vida de uma organização. É um processo de identificação, observação,
mensuração e desenvolvimento dos recursos humanos das organizações (Dessler,
Griffiths & Lloyd-Walker, 2004). A definição de objectivos é um dos processos centrais
da avaliação de desempenho.
O objectivo deste trabalho centrou-se na identificação e caracterização dos objectivos
de desempenho para o ano de 2007 numa direcção-geral da administração pública.
Dividimos os objectivos em categorias como desempenho / aprendizagem; melhoria /
inovação ou individuais / departamentais / organizacionais. Os dados foram analisados
com o software de análise qualitativa, o NVivo 7.
Os resultados mostram que predominam objectivos de desempenho em detrimento
dos objectivos de aprendizagem; que dominam as melhorias incrementais sobre as
radicais; que as tarefas individuais se sobrepõem às grupais ou departamentais. Serão
apresentados ainda resultados quanto a outras características dos objectivos e
interpretados à luz das propostas teóricas existentes na literatura. Implicações para a
prática serão igualmente discutidas; ABSTRACT: The whole performance appraisal process is one of the most important moments in the
organizational lifecycle. It’s a process of identification, observation, measurement and
development of the organization’s human resources (Dessler, Griffiths, & Lloyd-Walker,
2004). The goal setting in one of the core processes in performance appraisal.
The objective of this study was to identify and describe the performance evaluation of
the workers of a general-direction of the public administration. We divided the goals in
different categories, like performance / learning; improvement / innovation or individual / group / organizational. The data were analyzed with the NVivo 7 software for
qualitative studies.
Results show that the performance goals are more significant than learning goals; the
incremental changes are more frequent than the radical changes; the individual tasks
overcome both grupal and departamental tasks.
Other results, reporting to different objectives categories will be presented and
interpreted in light of the existing theorical proposals. Practical implications will also be
discussed.
35
Girard, Anne-Laure. "La formation historique de la théorie de l'acte administratif unilatéral." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020074.
Анотація:
Au début des années 1880, la théorie du ministre-juge entretient encore la fragmentation des actes unilatéraux de l’administration. La méthode d’exposition du droit administratif alimente également la dispersion de ces actes et nourrit le morcellement de leurs règles. Près d’une cinquantaine d’années sera nécessaire pour ordonner cette diversité, pour forger une conception générale de l’acte administratif unilatéral obéissant à un régime unifié. Afin de se représenter le processus d’élaboration de l’acte administratif unilatéral, la doctrine et le juge puisent conjointement dans le fonds conceptuel subjectif. Instruments traditionnels de la science juridique, à l’efficacité éprouvée, la volonté et la personnalité juridique révèlent, à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, l’essence logique de l’acte administratif unilatéral. L’émergence d’une conception unifiée de l’acte n’est cependant pas le fruit de l’utilisation servile des matériaux hérités de la science juridique classique. Alors que cet outillage a été pensé pour un sujet libre et agissant ordinairement pour son propre compte, les administrativistes doivent systématiser l’activité juridique d’hommes agissant pour le compte d’êtres collectifs, privés de volonté propre. Les spécificités de l’acte administratif unilatéral requièrent donc un imposant travail d’adaptation. A la tradition, succède l’innovation lors de la conceptualisation du résultat de l’opération décisionnelle. A l’inverse du juge administratif, la doctrine repousse le legs des civilistes pour penser l’effet de droit et imagine un concept, la situation juridique, reflétant l’épanouissement de l’objectivisme. Son ambition de contenir le subjectivisme l’incite également à rompre avec ses premiers inspirateurs, les théoriciens allemands du droit public. La théorie de l’hétérolimitation de l’Etat, qui remplace celle de l’autolimitation, influe alors sur la conception de l’autorité des actes administratifs unilatérauxAt the begining of the 1880’s, the theory of the « Minister-Judge » continues to maintain the partition of the unilateral administrative acts. The methodology of the Doctrine then in use, contributes to scatter the Administration’s decisions and feeds the fragmentation of the rules. It will take about fifty years to overcome this divesity and to forge a general conception of the unilateral administrative act governed by a unified legal system. In order to picture the elaborating process of the unilateral adminstrative act, the Doctrine and the Judge jointly draw in the subjective conceptual collection. Starting from the end of the 19th century onwards, the logical essence of the unilateral administrative act has been revealed by the traditionnal and proven tools of legal science, ie the Will and the Legal Body. However, the emergence of a unified conception of the Act is not the outcome of a servile use of the materials supplied by the classical legal science. While this tool set has been elaborated for a free subject, acting - in most cases - for its own behalf, the administrativists think over the legal activities of men, acting on behalf of collective bodies, without personal will. The specifics of the unilateral administrative act, then require a significant adaptation work. Innovation succeeds tradition in the conceptualisation of the result of the decision process. Contrary to the Judge, the Doctrine, through objectivism development, pushes back the heritage of the civilists and imagines the effect of the unilateral administrative act through an innovative concept : the legal situation. The Doctrine’s ambition to contain subjectivism also leads to the break up with the german theorists of public law who were the first inspiring masters. The theory of heterolimitation of the State, which replaces the doctrine of self limitation, influences over the conception of the authority of unilateral administrative acts
36
Johansson, Joakim. "Terre des Hommes Objectivistes : Rand et Exupéry dans un avion?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77742.
Анотація:
Man, his ideals and place in this world is a constant question for all people.How should man act in accordance with others? How should he perceivereality and himself? This essay attempts to answer these questions by lookingat Terre des Hommes (Wind, Sand and Stars) by the author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1900-1944) with an Objectivist perspective (the philosophy of AynRand). The essay analyzes the book by applying the four main principles ofObjectivism: reason, reality, rational self-interest and capitalism. It begins bylooking at how both Saint-Exupéry and Rand perceive the machine and laboras rational ways of self-sustainment and discovery. The machine serves as aphysical representation of rationality which furthers productivity and alsoeases labor. Later, the essay analyzes how charity, rational egoism and theirrepresentations in the book correspond with Objectivist philosophy.Afterwards it analyzes how reality and truth are represented with language asits proxy of representation and discovers that both authors perceive reality asan absolute and truth as its recognition. Lastly, the essay analyzes therelationship between war and ideology and Rand's and Saint-Exupéry'sthoughts on the subject. It finds some similarities between the two: they bothfind war distasteful and ultimately destructive. However, a difference wasdiscovered concerning the use of ideology. Saint-Exupéry finds little to nouse of it, whereas Rand sees it at man's main defense against philosophicalfallacies. Therefore, the final conclusion is that Terre des Hommes is notentirely an Objectivist book, but there are objectivist principles presented init.
37
Mage, Gwenaëlle. "La transmission de l'engagement personnel." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAD003.
Анотація:
La transmission de l’engagement personnel, entendue comme la transmission des créances, dettes et positions contractuelles, révèle au plan fondamental une opposition entre les conceptions subjective et objective des obligations et des contrats qui n’a pas été réellement tranchée par l’ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations. Ce texte a consacré la transmission passive de l’engagement personnel, complétant un dispositif ancien et éprouvé de transmission des créances. Dans une optique de transmission, il pourrait être envisagé que l’engagement personnel soit appréhendé davantage pour sa valeur qu’en considération du lien qui en est la source. Pourtant, l’étude du régime juridique de la transmission révèle que la conception subjective du rapport d’obligation irrigue toujours la matière. Cette difficile conciliation des approches emporte pour première conséquence que cette transmission originale de rapports interpersonnels se trouve dénuée de fondement juridique établi. Elle engendre, en seconde conséquence, des obstacles injustifiés à la transmission, spécialement lorsque l’engagement est transmis dans sa forme passive. En toutes hypothèses, le critère de l’intuitus personae subjectif, retenu en droit positif, se dresse comme un obstacle à dépasser. En réponse à ces enjeux, la mise en évidence d’une propriété objectivée, dite « liée », exprimant les droits d’une partie sur son engagement, autorise cette transmission tout en fournissant un régime juridique plus adapté. Ce régime fondé sur le risque réel de l’opération projetée, s’émancipe de l’attache à la personne. L’analyse unitaire proposée fournit donc une assise technique au phénomène qui emprunte au droit des biens tout en accueillant la singularité des liens interpersonnelsThe transmission of personal commitment, considered as the transmission of receivables, debts and contractual positions, fundamentally reveals an opposition between the subjective and the objective conceptions of obligations and contracts that was not finally determined by the ordinance n°2016-131 from the 10th, February 2016, reforming contract law, general scheme and proof of obligations. The scope of this text included passive personal commitment, completing an old, tried and proven mechanism for the transmission of receivables. When it comes to transmission, one could consider that the personal commitment could be viewed more for its value than only considering the relationship. However, the study of the transmission legal regime reveals that the subjective conception of the personal link is still topical. The first consequence of this difficult accommodation between approaches is that this original transmission of interpersonal relationships is devoid of any established legal basis. As a second consequence, it creates unjustified obstacles to the transmission, especially when the commitment is transmitted in its passive form. In all circumstances, the subjective intuitus personae criterion, adopted under positive law, stands as a barrier that must be overcome. In response to these challenges, the demonstration of an objectified property, called "linked", expressing the rights of a party over its commitment, allows this transmission while providing a more adequate legal regime. This regime, based on the real risk of the planned operation, emancipate itself from the personal relationship. Therefore, the proposed unitary analysis provides a technical basis to the phenomenon, borrowing from property law while integrating the singularity of interpersonal relationships
38
Santo, Marília Leandro. "Objectivos da avaliação de desempenho na função pública: sua caracterização nos serviços municipalizados de transportes urbanos de Coimbra." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15289.
Анотація:
A formulação de objectivos é uma das técnicas motivacionais mais eficazes na melhoria do desempenho e da produtividade (Bar-Eli et al., 1997). Tem sido por isso incluída em processos de avaliação de desempenho como o SIADAP. Caracterizámos os objectivos definidos na Divisão de Serviços de Produção dos SMTUC. Foram sujeitos a análise de conteúdo de onde resultaram 9 eixos: abrangência, dimensões comportamentais, exigência da tarefa, domínios de desempenho, foco, natureza dos objectivos, natureza das tarefas, realização, e responsabilidade. A fiabilidade inter-codificador foi 1. Os resultados mostram a prevalência de objectivos nas categorias contém componente cognitiva, desempenho de tarefa, e responsabilidade individual, seguidas dos objectivos de desempenho, tarefas específicas, actividades regulares, aproximação, resultado, um objectivo contém vários, comunicação e divergente. São discutidas as implicações e os resultados são analisados à luz da teoria. Verificámos que os objectivos definidos nos SMTUC podem ser melhorados, e que se encontram limitados pela legislação; ABSTRACT: Setting objectives is one of the most effective motivational techniques in improving performance and productivity (Bar-Eli et al., 1997). That´s why is being included in performance evaluation processes such SIADAP. We characterized the objectives defined in Production Services Division of SMTUC. They were subjected to content analysis of which resulted nine areas: coverage, behavioral dimensions, requirement of the task, performance areas, focus, nature of the objectives, nature of tasks, achievement, and responsibility. The inter-coder reliability was 1. The results show the prevalence of objectives in categories include cognitive component, task performance, and individual responsibility, followed by performance objectives, specific tasks, regular activities, performance-approach, result, one objective containing multiple, communication, and divergent. Implications are discussed and the results were analysed according to the theory. We found that the objectives defined in SMTUC can be improved, and are limited by SIADAP´s legislation.
39
Robin, Denys-Sacha. "Les actes unilatéraux des États comme éléments de formation du droit international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D077/document.
Анотація:
Les actes juridiques unilatéraux des États, extrêmement variés dans leurs formes comme leurs contenus, contribuent à la formation et à l’évolution des normes internationales. Cependant, la présente thèse soutient que ces actes unilatéraux ne constituent pas, pris isolément, un mode de production du droit international ; tout au plus en sont-ils des éléments de formation. Parmi tous les actes adoptés par les États, certains seulement véhiculent des «prétentions normatives stricto sensu». Ces prétentions manifestent une certaine tension entre l’exercice par les États d’un pouvoir d’application du droit existant, en vertu de normes d’habilitation établies ou revendiquées, et d’un pouvoir de l’interpréter ou de le transformer. Dans ces conditions, ces prétentions bénéficient d’une existence objective et d’une opposabilité présumée tout en étant potentiellement contestables durant un certain laps de temps. L’attribution d’une valeur au silence des tiers intéressés apporte la preuve d’un tel présupposé. Ainsi, la représentation proposée met en lumière l’exercice par les États d’un véritable pouvoir de sommation : il découle des prétentions identifiées un effet autonome consistant à requérir les réactions des tiers susceptibles d’en remettre en cause le bien-fondé. Les protestations, reconnaissances ou acquiescements silencieux des tiers constituent alors la condition nécessaire et suffisante aux fins de détermination de l’(in)opposabilité du contenu normatif des prétentions. Du processus décrit, il peut être déduit que l’existence et la signification des rapports de droit produits par la confrontation des prétentions et réactions des États reposent certes sur des accords informels. Toutefois, le fonctionnement du processus révèle avant tout l’influence considérable de l’unilatéralisme sur la définition et l’évolution du droit international. Les États se voient en effet soumis à une obligation accrue de vigilance à l’égard des prétentions susceptibles d’emporter des effets sur leurs droits et obligationsUnilateral acts of States, which are extremely varied in both form and content, contribute to the formation process and evolution of international standards. However, this thesis suggests that unilateral acts, taken in isolation, are not a means of producing international law; at most they are elements in its formation process. Among the acts adopted by States, some merely express “normative pretentions in the strict sense of the term”. These pretentions express a certain tension in a State’s exercising of a power of application of existing law, in virtue of established or claimed capacitation, and the power to interpret or transform it. Under these conditions, these pretentions benefit from objective existence and supposition of opposability, while remaining potentially contestable during a given period of time. The attribution of a value to the silence of concerned third parties is proof of such a presupposition. This means the proposed representation shows the exercising by States of an actual power of summons: the pretentions identified give rise to an independent effect requiring the action of third parties likely to question validity. Protests, recognition or acquiescence of third parties thus constitute the condition deemed necessary and sufficient to the determination of the (un)opposability of the normative content of the pretentions. From the process described, it is possible to deduce that the existence and significance of law produced by the confrontation of pretentions and reactions of States is based on informal agreements. However, the functioning of the process reveals above all the considerable influence of unilateralism on the definition of the evolution of international law. States are subject to an increased obligation for vigilance with regard to pretentions likely to impact their rights and obligations
40
Arena, Stéphanie. "Objectivisme et responsabilité civile." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131014.
Анотація:
La responsabilité civile possède deux fonctions. Elle répare un dommage causé à autrui et elle sanctionne le comportement anormal préjudiciable. Le progrès et l’industrialisation ont favorisé l’ampleur de dommages qui ne résultaient pas toujours d’une faute. Face aux nouvelles exigences de réparation, la responsabilité civile s’objective. La prise en compte du comportement du responsable n’est plus exigée. Le simple fait dommageable est générateur de responsabilité. L’objectivisme aidé par les assurances et les Fonds de garanties est en plein essor au détriment d’une fonction normative effacée. Force est de constater que l’impératif indemnitaire devient une priorité qui se réalise par la recherche d'un débiteur solvable mais au détriment de la cohérence et de la rationalité du mécanisme de responsabilité civile. La demande de réparation influence les juges à prendre des décisions qui frôlent l’absurdité. Les principes de dommage, de lien de causalité, de victimes et de comportements anormaux sont dénaturés au point d’avoir un mécanisme de responsabilité civile désossé. Faut-il le rénover ? Une réponse positive s’impose. Le retour à la cohérence et à la raison est envisageable qu’à la condition de restaurer la faute subjective et d’équilibrer la recherche d’indemnisation aux principes fondateurs de la responsabilité civile. Tous les dommages ne sont pas réparables. En effet, soit, la responsabilité civile et la collectivité n’y donneront pas satisfaction, soit, la finalité, l’utilité sociale du dommage le légitimera. Une indemnisation justifiée et une normativité respectée permettront de sortir de cette période d’insécurité juridique et de dispersion de l’objectivisme qui rend la responsabilité civile déraisonnéeLegal liability serves two main functions. It repairs a personal damage and sanctions the prejudicial behavior. Progress and industrialization favored the expansion of unintentional harm. Legal liability defines the new requirements of compensation. The behavior of the person in charge does not have to be taken in account anymore. The fact that damage occurred can generate responsibility by itself. Objectivism has expanded against a diminished normative function with the help of insurance and guarantee funds. We are obliged to convey that the beneficiary imperative becomes a priority through the research of creditworthy debtors against legal liability consistency and rationality. Judges are influenced beyond normality by some damage reparations. A distempered legal liability mechanism results from the denatured damage, causality, victim and abnormal behavior principles. Does legal liability need revision? A positive answer is required. The consistency and rationality come-back is only possible with the subjective fault restoration and the return to the original principles of legal liability for compensation claims. All damages can not be compensated. Indeed, on the first hand non-compensation will not be satisfied by legal liability and institution, and on the other hand it will be legitimated by the damage social utility. A justified indemnity and a respected normativity will allow us to get out of this juridical insecurity period and objectivism dispersal directed at a broken legal liability
41
Bellair, Anne-Sophie. "Approche sémiotique des formes de résistances liées aux usages des supports numériques dans l'éducation." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0056/document.
Анотація:
A partir du constat que les discours scientifiques se prononcent souvent en faveur de l'intégration du numérique à l’école, allant dans le sens des instructions officielles, nous nous demandons alors pourquoi les différents rapports et enquêtes sur le sujet montrent que les enseignants en ont un usage limité. Nous analysons le décalage observé à partir de deux corpus. Le premier, constitué d'écrits de recherche, nous amène à questionner l'objectivité de ces dernier et à mieux cerner les fondements des périmètres de la recherche en sciences humaines sur le thème du numérique à l'école. Le deuxième corpus s'appuie sur des entretiens effectués avec des enseignants de collège. Loin de résister volontairement à l'usage des TIC en classe, ils expriment d'autres façons de comprendre, percevoir et s'approprier ces supports. Le dispositif ainsi forme autour des TIC révèle une situation plus complexe qu une simple opposition entre une institution coercitive et des enseignants résistantsBased on the observation that scientific discourses are often in favour of digital technologies at school, following the line of official instructions, we wonder why different reports and inquiries show that teachers have limited uses. We analyse this discrepancy from two bodies of discourses. The first one, made of scientific writings, drives us to examine their objectivity and also to identify the theoretical bases and background in human sciences research about digital technologies at school. The second one relies on interviews made with teachers. Far from resisting on purpose to the uses of ICT, they express other ways to understand, perceive and appropriate these technologies. The so-formed dispositif reveals a much more complex situation than a mere opposition in-between a coercive institution and resistant teachers
42
Brives, Charlotte. "Des levures et des hommes : anthropologie des relations entre humains et non humains au sein d'un laboratoire de biologie." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21707/document.
Анотація:
Cette investigation anthropologique touche aux types de relations qu'entretiennent les scientifiques, et plus particulièrement les biologistes, avec ceux que l'on a coutume de nommer leurs "objets de recherche". Partant du constat que l'usage de catégories comme la rationalité ou l'objectivité, ou encore les dichotomies sujet/objet et nature/culture ne peuvent que nuire à un rendu de l'expérience scientifique qui tienne compte de ce qui importe réellement aux chercheurs, cette thèse se déploie autour d'un laboratoire et de l'observation minutieuse des interactions entre les deux espèces dominantes qui le définissent : l'Homme et la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, et interroge ainsi sous un autre angle des notions comme le réductionnisme, l'objectivité ou encore l'universalité des connaissances produites par les sciences occidentalesThis anthropological investigation concerns the types of relationships between scientists, and more specifically biologists, with those actually called their “research object”. From the assessment that the use of categories such as rationality or objectivity, or the dichotomies subject/object and nature/culture can only be prejudicial to a rendition of the scientific experiment which considers what really matters to the researchers, this PhD takes place around a laboratory and around meticulous observation of the interactions between the two prevailing species which define it : the Man and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, and question therefore with a different perspective notions such as reductionism, objectivity or universality of knowledge made from western sciences
43
Pierrès, Raphaël. "Intériorité et extériorité à l'âge classique : histoire d'un partage." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H220.
Анотація:
L'intériorité est un paradigme pour penser l'esprit à l’âge classique, dans sa relation aux choses extérieures. Pourtant le partage entre intériorité et extériorité ne va pas de soi. Cela ne tient pas seulement au fait que ce modèle fasse l'objet de critiques contemporaines, mais surtout à ce que sa définition soit d'emblée conflictuelle. Nous observons en outre que cette généalogie est trop souvent recouverte par les analyses relatives à la notion postérieure de subjectivité. Nous entendons redonner au problème de l'intériorité sa profondeur historique en analysant deux conflits théoriques, entre Descartes et Hobbes d'abord, entre Locke et Leibniz ensuite. Nous partons d’un repérage contextuel du cahier des charges et des matériaux dont disposent les auteurs classiques, en particulier quant aux diverses figures de l’intériorité, théologiques, morales et politiques. Nous montrons que la constitution de l’intériorité en dispositif philosophique est le fruit de deux polémiques croisées, relatives au rapport entre intériorité et matérialité, et a la question de la subordination de l'intériorité vis-à-vis de l'extériorité. Nous repérons d’abord dans les textes classiques une oscillation entre intériorité métaphysique et intériorité physique. Par-delà le statut problématique de la figuration spatiale du mental, une interrogation constamment renouvelée porte sur le statut de l’intériorité devant l’expérience. Nous indiquons enfin quelques conséquences relatives au statut des passions et du langage pour les philosophies de l’intérioritéInteriority is a central paradigm to conceive the mind during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in its relation to external things. Yet the division between interiority and exteriority is not self-evident. This is not only because this model faces contemporary criticisms, but especially because its definition is immediately conflicting. We also notice this genealogy to be too often covered by the posterior notion of subjectivity. We intend to restore its historical depth to the problem of interiority by analyzing two theoretical conflicts, between Descartes and Hobbes first, between Locke and Leibniz afterwards. We start from a contextual analysis of the constraints and materials available to classical authors, with regard to the various figures of interiority (theological, moral and political). We consider the constitution of interiority as a philosophical device as the result of two crossed polemics, involving the relationship between interiority and materiality, and the question of the subordination of interiority to exteriority. We first find in the classical texts an oscillation between metaphysical inwardness and physical interiority. Beyond the problematic status of the spatial representation of the mind, a constantly renewed questioning concerns the function of interiority regarding experience. Finally, we suggest some consequences for the status of passions and language within the theoretical framework of the philosophies of interiority
44
Melo, António Filipe Peixoto Cordeiro Nunes. "Objectivos e dificuldades inerentes ao processo de expatriação : o caso das empresas portuguesas em Angola." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10147.
Анотація:
Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos HumanosServe o presente estudo para tratar um tema que, resultando directamente do factor globalização, está cada vez mais presente em grandes e médias empresas portuguesas: o processo de expatriação. Com a necessidade de se expandir globalmente e colocar os melhores recursos em diferentes países, a empresa opta por enviar de forma provisória colaboradores para ocupar cargos que dificilmente seriam ocupados por colaboradores do próprio país, principalmente numa fase inicial. Desta forma, este estudo vai incidir exactamente na análise dos objectivos e dificuldades associadas ao processo de expatriação, tanto no que diz respeito aos expatriados enviados para Angola, como da empresa que gere e controla o processo de expatriação. Perante toda a análise realizada pretendo dar algum tipo de suporte a qualquer futuro expatriado que leia esta tese, remetendo e advertindo para o que poderá encontrar no início, durante e no final do processo de expatriação: dificuldades esperadas, como as ultrapassar e acima de tudo o que de positivo pode retirar da experiência. Mais precisamente, procuro explicar que o Departamento de Recursos Humanos deverá realizar todos os esforços para escolher e formar o melhor possível o futuro expatriado, dar-lhe todo o apoio durante a sua estadia em Angola, através de um suporte local ou de mecanismos de comunicação contínua, e, por último, preparar cuidadosamente a sua (re)integração na empresa. Este procedimento não só resultará numa adaptação local mais rápida por parte do expatriado, como tornará maior a probabilidade de sucesso de toda a operação.
The present study was performed to treat and analyze a subject that is a direct result of globalization and that is increasingly present in large and medium-sized Portuguese companies: the expatriation process. There is a need for the companies to expand globally and place the best resources in each destination country. That way, one chooses to send their employees, on a provisional basis, to positions that would hardly be occupied by employees of the destination country, especially in an early stage. Thus, this study will fall exactly on the objectives and difficulties associated with the whole expatriation process, specifying the case of Portuguese companies in Angola. Along the main conclusions, my intention is to communicate a clear idea and give some sort of support to any reader and future expatriate who reads this thesis, referring and warning what anyone can find at the beginning, during and after the expatriation process, expected difficulties and how to overcome them and above all, how positive the experience can be. More precisely, I intend to explain that the Human Resources Department must make every effort to select and train a future expatriate, give him all the footing during his stay in Angola through a physical support or continuous communication mechanisms, and finally, prepare carefully his (re)integration into the company. This procedure will not only result in a faster local adaptation by the expatriate itself, as it will rise the probability of this whole operation be a success.
45
Conrad, Erich Charles. "Science and objectivity /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3308928.
46
Dennis, Robin. "Egocentricity and objectivity." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542838.
47
Barton, Jon. "Warrant and objectivity." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2007. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/1082/.
Анотація:
Wright's 'Truth and Objectivity' seeks to systematise a variety of anti-realist positions. I argue that many objections to the system are avoided by transposing its talk of truth into talk of warrant. However, a problem remains about debates involving 'direction-of-fit'. Dummett introduced 'anti-realism’ as a philosophical view informed by mathematical intuitionism. Subsequently, the term has been associated with many debates, ancient and modern. 'Truth and Objectivity' proposes that truth admits of different characteristics; these various debates then concern which characteristics truth has, in a given area. This pluralism of truth is at odds with deflationism. I find fault with Wright's argument against deflationism. However, transmission of warrant across the Disquotational Schema suffices to ground Wright's proposal, which survives as a pluralism of classes of warrant. The two main debates concern whether truths are always knowable (Epistemic Constraint) and whether disagreements in an area must be down to some fault of one of those involved (Cognitive Command). I introduce Assertoric Constraint, relating to Epistemic Constraint, where truths cannot outstrip the availability of warrant for their assertion. I solve a structural problem by a comparison with a constitutive analysis of Moore's Paradox. The relativism of blameless disagreement is problematic. Wright's response invokes a sort of ignorance which he calls 'Quandary'. I criticise this before proposing an alternative. I agree with Wright that Dummett's original anti-realism does not belong among the positions which Wright seeks to systematise. However, two candidates show that the proposal suffers a weakness. Wright thinks Expressivism misguided, and implicitly rules out his earlier non-cognitivism about necessity. I argue that Expressivism has promise, and I endorse Wright’s Cautious Man argument for non-cognitivism about necessity; both involve play with 'direction-of-fit'. I conclude that this sort of anti-realist debate needs to be accommodated by the proposal.
48
Darmon, Florent. "La nouvelle objectivité." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0022.
Анотація:
Le cinéma, considéré comme art le plus proche de « l’impression de réalité » a toujours oscillé entre deux pôles apparemment inconciliables : d’un côté un cinéma qui serait à même de prendre en charge « la réalité », appelé documentaire, et de l’autre un cinéma qui construirait une « fausse réalité » constituée pourtant à partir d’éléments bien « réels », appelé fiction. Les rapports que les deux termes, documentaire et fiction entretiennent avec ces deux notions, réel et réalité, c’est ce que le présent travail veut s’attacher à déterminer, et va tenter notamment de questionner. A partir d’une réflexion sur la séparation entre réel et réalité, nous envisagerons ce que peut induire au niveau formel l’attachement d’un cinéaste selon qu’il oriente son cinéma plutôt vers la première notion ou plutôt vers la seconde. Cela nous amènera alors à étudier toutes les relations qui interagissent entre le film et le spectateur, et plus particulièrement à recenser dans des théories de certains auteurs les différents régimes de croyance de l’image. Cela passera donc, dans une certaine mesure par une remise en cause critique des « écoles » classique, moderne, non en soi mais en termes de dénomination. Il faudra bien entendu envisager, à partir de cette démarche pragmatique qui se place du côté du « faiseur », le cinéaste, de définir de nouvelles classifications. Ces classifications, loin des écoles esthétiques, se fonderont sur le triangle des rapports cinéaste/image/spectateur, avec pour sommet la construction d’une image particulière, interface entre l’auteur et le spectateur. Les différentes postures énoncées par différents théoriciens nous permettront de brosser un tableau global qui indexe de façon inédite l’inclination des cinéastes dans leur positionnement à travers les images qu’ils construisent vers des degrés de réalité différents. Cette nouvelle classification qui intégrera, et la scission documentaire/fiction et la scission classique/moderne, nous permettra de faire émerger une pratique radicale dans un nouveau rapport à la réalité, que les anciennes classifications ne permettaient à mon sens pas de rendre compte. Ainsi, l’objet de ce travail sera celui qui, à partir d’une mise en perspective à travers une historicité et d’écriture théoriques sur le cinéma, et plus particulièrement d’une approche communicationnelle de l’image, s’intéressera ensuite à dessiner les contours et signifier l’émergence d’une nouvelle forme contemporaine dans le cinéma. Nous nommerons cette forme « Nouvelle Objectivité ». Ainsi, l’idée maîtresse de notre hypothèse est d’avancer qu’il se cherche dans le cinéma aujourd’hui- dans une pratique que la théorisation peut tenter d’accompagner- une forme nouvelle qui tente, en conciliant quelque chose de la forme moderne et classique, tout en ré envisageant la frontière documentaire/fiction, de rendre compte du réel et ce de manière inédite, un cinéma, qui en tant qu’empreinte pourrait « objectivement » faire surgir du « réel ».
49
Swartling, Elisabeth. "In Defence of Hume's On the Standard of Taste." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360452.
50
Jacomino, Faustine. "Le contrôle objectif de l'équilibre contractuel. Entre droit commun des contrats et droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0017/document.
Анотація:
Le contrôle de l’équilibre contractuel constitue l’un des marqueurs du droit des contrats contemporain. Plusieurs fondements président à l’instauration d’un tel contrôle. Certains auteurs évoquent la morale, d’autres la justice contractuelle et d’autres enfin son utilité économique. Appliqués aux déséquilibres entre professionnels, les outils mis en œuvre pour assurer ce contrôle trahissent l’existence d’un contrôle objectif de l’équilibre attendu du contrat. L’équilibre subjectif voulu par les parties n’est pas écarté, mais il se trouve concurrencé par la détermination d’une forme d’équilibre objectif motivé tant par la volonté de protéger la partie faible que par celle de promouvoir une certaine vision de l’économie, et des échanges commerciaux. Le droit des pratiques restrictives se présente à cet égard comme une discipline intégratrice permettant d’allier protection de la partie faible et protection du marché. L’influence que cette discipline exerce sur le droit commun des contrats, et la « civilisation », à l’inverse, du droit de la concurrence sous l’influence du droit commun, permettent d’éclairer les rouages de ce contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel. Cette étude propose de décrire l’objectivation des critères d’identification du déséquilibre contractuel et celle des remèdes qui lui sont réservés. Pour ce faire, le droit commun des contrats et celui des pratiques restrictives de concurrence seront mis en miroir afin d’éclairer les implications de ce contrôle sur l’une et l’autre des matières. Plus exactement, cette thèse propose de déjouer les phénomènes de superposition et de concurrence des dispositifs de contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel existant dans ces deux disciplines par une identification précise de leurs champs d’applications et de leurs objectifs respectifs. Elle tend enfin à décrire les fonctions de ce contrôle objectif tant à l’égard des parties qu’à celui du marché, en insistant sur la nécessité d’envisager conjointement les dimensions micro et macro-économiques des contrats étudiésControl of contractual balance is one of the markers of contemporary contract law. Such control is grounded in several basic concepts: some authors refer to morality, while others invoke contractual justice or its economic relevance. Applied to imbalance between professionals, the tools implemented to ensure this control reveal the existence of objective control of the contracts’ expected balance. Although the subjective balance sought by the parties is not set aside, it is overshadowed by the determination of a kind of objective balance motivated by a will both to protect the weaker party and to promote a certain vision of the economy, and commercial exchanges. In this respect, restrictive practices law is an integrative discipline in which it is possible to combine protection of the weaker party with protection of the market. The influence of this discipline on common contract law and, conversely, the “civilization” of competition law under the influence of common law help better understand the mechanism of such objective control of contractual balance. This research aims to describe the objectification of identification criteria for contractual imbalance and the ways of remedying it. To this end, common contract law and law governing restrictive competition practices will be compared to shed light on such control in both these areas. More specifically, this thesis proposes to thwart phenomena of superimposition of and competition between existing systems for the objective control of contractual balance in both these disciplines through precise identification of their fields of application and their respective purposes. It also aspires to describe the functions of such objective control for both the parties and the market by emphasizing the need to examine these contracts by taking into consideration together both their micro and macroeconomic dimensions