Дисертації: "Objective and Subjective Status"

1

Reed, Nia MaLika. "The Relationship between Subjective Memory and Objective Cognition, Depression, and Anxiety by Dementia Status." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/gerontology_theses/19.

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This secondary data analysis of the Health and Retirement Study – Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) examines the relationship between subjective cognition and objective performance, depression, and anxiety in cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND) and dementia. With a cross-sectional design, this study consists of 480 older adults between ages 72-105. Participants completed the Mini-Mental State Examination. The Wechsler Memory Scale- Revised Logical Memory I/II measured memory. Anxiety and depression were measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Subjective memory was measured by the HRS Self-report Memory and Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. Independent t-tests and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to determine differences between the dementia and non-dementia groups. Results demonstrated that the CIND group had significantly better general cognition; more severe cognitive/memory problems in the dementia group showed weaker relationships between general cognition and memory performance; anxiety/depression were weakly related in CIND and moderately related in dementia.

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2

Keenan, Gregory William. "An Inquiry Into the Moral Significance of Doxastic and Epistemic States: Examining the Circumstantial Element of Moral Obligation." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/156.

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This thesis explores the moral significance of agent beliefs and epistemic states. In particular it will explore the following question: is an agent's moral obligation a function of her actual circumstances, what she believes those circumstances to be, or what her evidence indicates those circumstances are? Three corresponding views are explored and it is argued that each of these views is subject to one of two substantial worries, which are developed in this thesis (i.e. the manipulation worry and the unreasonableness worry).

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3

Mellner, Christin. "Women's subjective and objective health over time : the role of psychosocial conditions and physiological stress responses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of Psychology [Psykologiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-124.

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4

Bagger, Jessica. "A Test Of Time's Objective and Subjective Influence On Work-Family Conflic in Sweden and the United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193565.

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Past research suggests that the relationship between work hours and work-family conflict is not as strong as expected, suggesting a need to investigate moderators of the relationship. This dissertation explores whether the value placed on time spent in a domain (subjective influence) moderates the relationship between actual time spent (objective influence) and subsequent work-family conflict. Value on time spent in a domain is operationalized as centrality, which draws upon the works of Mead (1934) and reflects the self-ascribed importance of a role identity (Ritzer, 1992). The concept of role-identities originates in sociological theories of identity: Identity theory (Stryker, 1980) and role-identity-theory (McCall & Simons, 1978). This mediated model is tested in a cross-national sample consisting of participants from Sweden and the United States. Sweden and the United States have been chosen because they represent very different public policy conceptions, particularly in approaching the work-family issue. Swedish public policy supports the reconciliation of employment and parenthood while North American public policy supports the male breadwinner model.Results of a field study show that the moderating effect of centrality on the relationship between hours spent and work-family conflict is significant only for high earners. Analyses were also conducted to compare Sweden and the United States with regards to work and family hours, work and family centrality, and work-family conflict. As expected, Americans work longer hours than Swedes. However, there is no significant difference with regard to work-family conflict. Unexpectedly, Swedes reported higher work centrality. Antecedents and consequences of work-family were also investigated. Specifically, daycare satisfaction related negatively to work-family conflict, while work-family conflict related negatively to turnover intentions.

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5

Kaya, Safak. "Quality Of Life In Turkey: A Comparative Analysis With The European Union Member States." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607932/index.pdf.

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This study aims to describe the quality of life of Turkey in comparison with the European Union Member States including the other candidate countries Bulgaria and Romania. The main question in the study is to determine where Turkey stands in terms of quality of life domains in the membership process to the European Union. For this aim, &ldquo
The European Quality of Life Survey&rdquo
that has been launched in 2003 including 28 countries in Europe has been used. The survey consists of eight life domains including different objective and subjective indicators to measure the quality of life in these countries. The findings revealed that although Turkey displays similar patterns with the other candidate countries, it lags behind the European Union Member States in most of these eight quality of life domains.

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6

Sasmaz, Mary B. "Peers, Morality, and Socioeconomic Status: An Analysis of the Influence of Peer Groups on Income Tax Compliance." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1559488726376443.

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7

Anto, Enoch Odame. "Evaluation of suboptimal health status and prospective levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and angiogenic growth mediators with placental anatomy and pathology in normotensive and preeclamptic births." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2317.

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Preeclampsia (PE) is the leading cause of poor maternal and perinatal outcomes in both developed and developing countries. Even though the condition is treatable in the developed world, mothers from developing countries still suffer dramatic events due to limited resources. There is the need to identify readily available measures in addition to existing biomarkers that can predict PE. Thus, this thesis evaluated suboptimal health status (SHS) and prospective levels of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers and angiogenic growth mediators (AGMs) with placental anatomy and pathology in normotensive and preeclamptic births in a Ghanaian Population. This longitudinal nested case-control study was based on the Ghanaian Suboptimal Health Status Cohort Study (GHOACS) that recruited 593 normotensive pregnant women (NTN-PW) at baseline (10-20 weeks gestation) from the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital between June 2017 and May 2019. Suboptimal health status, a subjective health measure was evaluated using the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25) at baseline, and participants were subsequently classified into suboptimal health status (SHS) and optimal health status (OHS). Baseline participants were followed at 21-31 weeks, 32-42 weeks of pregnancy and 48 hours-2 weeks postpartum. Of the 593, 488 pregnant mothers aged 18-45 years completed the study and 105 were lost to follow-up. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric and anthropometric characteristics were collected from participants in addition to urine and venous blood samples. The panel of objective biomarkers of AGMs (placental growth factor [PIGF], vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], soluble endoglin [sEng] and soluble VEGF receptor-1 also known as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase [sFlt-1]) in addition to OS biomarkers (8-epiprostaglandinF2 alpha [8-epi-PGF2α], 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]) were evaluated across the 4-time sampling periods (10-20, 21-31, 32-42 weeks, and 48 hours-2 weeks postpartum) using ELISA. Placenta tissues were collected after delivery and examined for macroscopical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Data were analysed using SPSS, GraphPad Prism, XLSTAT and R Core. There were significant associations between SHS and imbalances in AGMs and OS (Study I: cross-sectional). The incidence of PE was high among SHS pregnant women (30.7%) compared to OHS pregnant women (8.8%), and SHS was an independent risk indicator for PE (Study II: longitudinal nested case-control). Compared to using the biomarkers alone, combining biomarkers of AGMs and OS, particularly 8- OHdG/PlGF ratio measured at 21-31 weeks (mid-pregnancy) yielded the best area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicted values for predicting the likelihood of SHS and OHS pregnant women developing PE (Study III: longitudinal nested case-control). Placental abnormalities and imbalance in the expression of AGMs and OS were associated more with SHS pregnant mothers who developed PE, particularly early-onset PE than late-onset PE (Study IV: case-control). In contrast to normotensive pregnancy, longitudinal profiling of AGMs and OS showed different patterns across the 4-time sampling periods with significant imbalance among SHS more than OHS mothers who later developed PE. Unlike, the single biomarkers, combined AGMs and OS ratios measured at mid-pregnancy yielded more significant hazard ratios in association with PE development (Study V: longitudinal cohort). Thus, combined evaluation of SHS, biomarkers of AGMs and OS together with placental examination increased the understanding of the aetiology, diagnosis and prognosis of PE, and created a window of opportunity for developing potentially predictive, preventive and personalised medicine in both high-and low-resource maternal and child health settings.

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8

Bain, Jonathan. "Subjective-Objective-Subjective: The Science Of Propaganda." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32197.

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This thesis discusses the following: 1. That, while advertising practitioners employ various levels of scientific endeavour (particularly strategic insight development, but also research, demographic data collection, and other objective tools of the trade), its final output is ultimately nonscientific, i.e. subjective creative ideation. (In this way, advertising is not dissimilar to the classic ‘art' of propaganda.) 2. That, for reasons of business necessity, creative ego and a latent form of ‘inferiority complex' the advertising industry describes its work in presentations to more scientifically-orientated clients as a more scientific proposition. 3. That, in contrast, as evidenced by the physical production process of the advertising idea (post the client presentation) – as well as in industry texts, award ceremonies, and selected case studies – advertising practitioners effectively acknowledge the subjective nature of their work. 4. That further evidence of this scientific ‘terministic screen' (Burke 1950, pp. 26-27) is also revealed in the failure of some television commercials to profitably ‘connect' as intended with an audience – thus undermining claims to the objective approach that preceded these commercials. 5. That, possibly, as is implied in at least one ethnographic case study, not even clients are necessarily convinced by advertising science: the ‘screen' may be a two-way mirror. 6. That there is, more broadly, a constant dialectic between right-brained creativity and the left-brained business project. 7. That this tension is a microcosm of the capitalist enterprise, and, in an increasing number of present examples, is perversely reflected in the advertising industry's output as anti-capitalist brand messaging. 8. That it is possible to think of advertising as a sub-set of a more consumer-orientated ‘design'. 6 9. That, admittedly within limited confines of my research, there is a tantalising indication that, generally, advertising artefacts were historically more logos-led, are currently more pathos-led, and may in future benefit from a more ethos-led orientation.

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9

Chen, David. "Subjective and objective vehicle handling behaviour." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/627/.

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This thesis presents results from a research project seeking to correlate subjective and objective measures of automobile handling. An underlying goal of the work was to demonstrate how a relatively simple lumped parameter model, suitable for effective use at the early stages of vehicle design, could be used to predict both the objective responses and subjective feel of the car. The work associated with the project was centred around sixteen configurations of a prototype saloon car. Objective evaluation included ISO defined steady state, step input, and frequency response testing. Subjective assessments were conducted by eight trained test drivers who supplied feedback in the form of numerical ratings on a questionnaire covering various aspects of handling. Examination of the two sets of data highlighted aspects of handling for which driver ratings correlated with objective data. It was also possible to quantify the average effect each objective response parameter had on driver ratings and thus to identify responses which most strongly influence subjective ratings. In addition a lumped parameter model allowing for lateral, yaw and roll degrees of freedom was validated against the experimental data. This validation demonstrated that the model was capable of accurate steady state and transient predictions both in the linear and non-linear range. The work concludes with a brief discussion about how the validated model, combined with the knowledge gained from the correlation work, could be used by engineers to streamline the design and development process.

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10

Nabi, Ghulam Rasul. "Predictors of objective and subjective career success." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1999. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20076/.

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The main aim of this research was to examine predictors of both objective (salary). and subjective (perceived) career success. Three sets of predictors were examined: (1) individual attributes, (2) organisational opportunity structures and (3) career strategies. It was expected that a different pattern of variables would predict objective and subjective career success. In addition, the mediating role of career strategies was examined. It was expected that individual attributes and opportunity structures would be positively related to the use of career strategies, and that these strategies would be positively related to career success. Cross-sectional survey methodology was employed to collect data from a sample of 723 full-time employees in administrative/ technical, academic and managerial posts at several British universities. According to expectations, a different pattern of variables was related to objective and subjective career success. The strongest predictors of objective career success were education, organisational size and extended work involvement. In contrast, the strongest predictors of subjective career success were internal labour market perceptions of structured career progression and employment security. Separate analyses by gender and occupational group revealed a similar difference in the profile of predictors of objective and subjective career success. Overall, the results suggested that the variables that related to objective career success were often not the same as those related to subjective career success. This was taken as support for the main theme of this research that objective and subjective career success, although related, are substantially distinct concepts. Contrary to expectation, however, the results provided limited support for the mediating role of career strategies in the relationship between individual attributes, organisational opportunity structures and career success (objective and subjective). Only individual attributes (education and work centrality) were positively related to the use of career strategies (extended work involvement, selfpromotion and networking), and these strategies in turn were positively related to objective or subjective career success. However, the mediating role of career strategies was weak, albeit statistically significant. A number of limitations, mainly regarding the cross-sectional nature of the study, are discussed. Educational and organisational implications of the findings are suggested. Finally, a two-dimensional model of career success is proposed, incorporating the findings of the present research with reference to the predictors of objective and subjective career success, together with suggestions for further research.

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11

Meit, Heather Anderson. "Objective and subjective personality characteristics of medical students." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1919.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 68 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-62).

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12

Su, He Zhicheng Xuxin. "Links between Subjective Assessments and Objective Metrics for Steering." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101925.

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The characteristics of vehicle steering perception are decisive factors concerning vehicle safety and overall pleasure behind the wheel. It is a challenge for vehicle manufacturers to achieve these features and qualities, because usually vehicle tuning almost only relies on subjective evaluation of test drivers, which is costly and time consuming. In order to optimize suspension design and develop a tool that can be used to evaluate steering with objective metrics instead of subjective assessment, links between them must be confirmed. In this master thesis, both objective and subjective testing data of over 20 vehicles across four different segments are introduced in linear and nonlinear analysis. Linear regression analysis is applied to investigate simply positive or negative correlation between a pair of subjective-objective parameters. However, even if certain linear correlations are obtained, it is still hard to define the optimal value for objective metrics. Considering that the general shape of a correlation function can reveal which objective range give higher subjective rating, it is possible to define these preferred ranges with Neural Network (NN). The best data available is adopted from three drivers who tested 15 sedans, and some interesting results are found. The initial results demonstrate that NN is a powerful tool to uncover and graphically illustrate the links between objective metrics and subjective assessments, i.e., the specific range leading to better steering feel. Given a larger sample size, more reliable and optimal links can be defined by following the same method. These confirmed links would enable vehicle dynamics engineers to more effectively develop new vehicles with nearly perfect steering feel.

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13

Perry, Darren. "Relationship between objective impairment, subjective psychological factors and PCS." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397568.

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14

Williams, Nicola Kim. "Objective predictors of subjective aesthetic ratings of web pages." Thesis, Keele University, 2015. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2324/.

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This research is concerned with the effect of visual stimulus on decision-‐making and opinions, what visual aspects of a page affect very early impressions of web sites, and how this relates to computational methods of prediction and evaluation of web pages. The aim of this study was to discover whether there are identifiable visual attributes of web pages that can be used to predict subjective opinions. This was explored through three separate studies. These consisted of two correlational studies and a categorisation task. Participants were gained through convenience and snowball sampling, and the materials reviewed were two distinct sets of web pages. Cards sorts, laddering and an online data collection tool were used to gather the information. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis was used to explore the information. The visual attributes found to correlate with subjective opinions were inconsistent across the two correlational studies. Study One had a number of limitations that may have contributed to this inconsistency. Concrete findings were that levels of encouragement and discouragement influenced by web pages are on two distinct scales, as, although there is a negative correlation between them, a large number of pages were rated poorly on both scales. The similarity between the card sort and questionnaire results had consistent findings for predictors of low-‐rated web pages. The findings from the cards sorts also show that users are able to make preference judgements of web pages without being able to understand the content. An application of the findings regarding prediction of low-‐rated pages would be to create web design optimisation system, enabling web pages to be reviewed computationally. Although this should never replace user testing, it may provide an economical alternative during the early stages of design.

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15

Malekmohamadi, Hossein. "Objective models for subjective quality estimate of stereoscopic video." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/12756/.

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16

Statham, Andrew. "Subjective and objective assessment of tennis racket performance play." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/4080.

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Assessment of wielded implement performance is important to a variety of human endeavours and often critical to success in a sports context, particularly so in the game of tennis. Tennis racket design and manufacture is a multimillion business involving 10 major international companies. Tennis participation is currently estimated at around 60 million individuals worldwide. Thus the importance of optimum racket performance to maximise competitive advantage and minimise the risks of injury is clear. This thesis presents work to enable advances in tennis racket performance with respect to player feel perception, measurement of physical phenomena and the correlation of these aspects within real play contexts. To investigate feel perception a methodology was adapted from the existing literature. Interview testing was conducted to elicit a comprehensive range of tennis specific vocabulary. The end goal was to create a perception relationship map or 'feel map'. The inductive analysis was used to link all the related clustered themes identified from the vocabulary to sub and base themes describing the relationship. Further analysis introduced higher level general dimensions that unified common base themes. The resulting feel maps were created from both English and German sample groups, with a view to subsequent comparison. To complete the map and broaden its application a wide scale questionnaire was distributed to a tennis playing population. The responses provided data indicating percentile use of selected vocabulary within the tennis community and the relative importance players associate with assorted perception groups. Visual representations of the data were introduced to the map for quick and easy use and an associated lexicon compiled to provide a reference for more detailed information. The feel maps and lexicon provide users with a versatile tool in the form of a 'perception relationship model'. The map itself can act as an overall research guide for future work in the field. The addition of percentile use and relative importance data mean the map can be used to create more informed and subtle player test questionnaires or as a design aid, with interdependency links indicating which additional factors should be considered or exploited for their influence on the characteristic areas in question. Interestingly the general dimensions of highest relative importance were sound and grip respectively. This may be due to the basic level of interaction between player and racket which ultimately has to be perceived either through the grip or from the sound. A perception test questionnaire was also created with the use of the feel map and later used to study the correlation between objective and subjective measures. To best attain objective measures from the racket an innovative instrumentation system was created. Two alternative systems were designed and tested, the first based on wired instrumentation and data capture the second based on wireless technologies as these became available. Both systems were required to take measures of grip pressure and acceleration with 6 degrees of freedom. The first system utilised uniaxial accelerometers mounted on an aluminium bracket, and a triaxial accelerometer inserted inside the butt of the racket arranged to allow measurement and calculation of acceleration from the required 6 degrees of freedom. The system could be adapted to include either TekScan multi-cell full grip coverage force measurement, or 2 single point higher sample rate single cell grip force sensors. All data was fed via 15 m of cable to data acquisition systems. This restricted the participants' freedom of movement and encumbered the racket and thus the systems application, making it unsuitable for extensive perception or fatigue testing. The second system utilised a compact data logger with an integrated on board tri-axial accelerometer small enough to be mounted within the racket handle. A revised mount overcame the need for the aluminium throat bracket, moving the uniaxial accelerometers into a bulbous addition to the butt of the racket. The system was capable of capturing 8 channels simultaneously which allowed for the 6 accelerometers and two single cell grip force sensors to be located under the grip. The system was more difficult to adapt and maintain than the wired system, but improved freedom and reduced added weight to the racket made the system far more suitable for the planned perception and fatigue testing. Fatigue testing conducted with the wireless device investigated the effect of full body fatigue on players' performance by monitoring the resultant effects in the racket. The protocol was based on the multistage fitness test, designed to progressively increase in difficulty until volitional fatigue. Heart rate data indicated that the protocol was successful in fatiguing the participants to a point at or near their VO2max. Unfortunately, with the wireless system in its early stages of development, the device failed mid way through testing. The limited data set that was collected indicated that technique was affected by fatigue. Further research is required to confirm this finding and to make comparisons between racket types during the fatiguing process. The wireless device was adapted to make it more durable and reliable before the planned perception testing was conducted. A protocol was developed to investigate the affect of changing racket moment of inertia on player perception and physical measures. The test questionnaire developed from the feel map was used to evaluate player perception ratings of various elements of racket feel, and the wireless instrumentation system was used as part of methodology designed to compile a set of comparable physical data. A detailed analysis of the results revealed that there was some evidence of correlation between the perceptions of power, balance, flexibility and control and the moment of inertia of the racket. In a design optimisation context, however, more definitive correlations would be more useful. These would be expected to be found with future testing utilising a wider range of racket properties. The research proves to a large extent the original hypothesis that through the use of non invasive instrumentation and improved player perception elicitation techniques it is possible to substantially and usefully improve the objective and subjective assessment of tennis racket performance in play to enable investigation of better design characteristics and fatigue related injury phenomena.

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17

Vonstad, Elise Klæbo. "Exergaming for Elderly: Subjective Experiences and Objective Movement Characteristics." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nevromedisin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25610.

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Background: It is important for elderly to stay healthy and independent for as long as possible, and falls are a major cause for loss of independence. Physical activity aimed at improving balance that includes large movements and cognitive tasks has been shown to decrease fall risk. Using exergames as a training tool has increased in recent years, but the actual movements elicited by such exergames have yet to be investigated objectively. Aim: To investigate usability and enjoyment and provide objective quantification of movement size elicited by two exergames. Methods: Twenty healthy elderly (mean age 74.4, range 65-90) played two exergames, The Mole (SilverFit) and LightRace (YourShape: Fitness Evolved) at easy and medium level, with five trials of one minute at each level. Data on perceived exertion (BORG), enjoyment and system usability (SUS) was collected.. Movements were captured using OQUS Motion Capture System, with passive reflexive markers attached to the base of the 1st toe, heel and lumbar area of the back. Movement size was expressed as Interquartile range (IQR) of feet and trunk in all three directions, and as horizontal area covered by the lumbar and toe markers. Correlational analyses were performed to investigate relationships between game scores, BORG-scores, SUS-scores, IQR and area coverage. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze effects of game, level, and trial. Results: Both games scored high on usability, and the elderly perceived the games as enjoyable, relevant as physical activity, and not very exhausting. Game scores increased across trials and decreased from easy to medium levels. Nevertheless, participants preferred the medium over the easy levels because of the increased cognitive challenge. IQR and area in the feet exceeded those in the trunk, especially in the medio-lateral direction. There were no significant correlations between game score and movement variables. Discussion: The positive attitude from the participants is promising for future implementation of exergames into fall preventive exercises. However, the lack of correlations between game scores and movement variables indicate that although these exergames do not reward players for "cheating" movements; they have room for improvement concerning rewarding desired movements. Keywords: older adults, exergames, movement characteristics, stepping.

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18

Freeman, Jonathan. "Subjective and objective approaches to the assessment of presence." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298879.

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19

Witherwax, Renee Ann. "The subjective made manifest through interpretation of the objective." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1314633976.

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20

STEPINSKI, JOY DIANA. "OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF NORMAL AND OVER HYDRATION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990804483.

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21

Bordel, Stéphanie. "Les dimensions objective et subjective du jugement de responsabilité." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20038.

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La @responsabilité apparaît comme une notion difficile à saisir. En effet, cette notion, qui appartient à la fois au langage ordinaire et au langage juridique, présente un caractère polysémique. Cependant, au-delà des divergences et des contradictions, il est possible, en s'appuyant notamment sur l'analyse sociologique de Fauconnet (1920) et les travaux de Piaget (1932) de distinguer deux types de responsabilité : la responsabilité objective et la responsabilité subjective. Ainsi, définir la responsabilité d'une personne reviendrait, d'une part, à chercher son rôle causal dans la production de l'évènement observé, c'est-à-dire à attribuer la causalité, il s'agit de la respondabilité objective, et d'autre part à prendre en compte des aspects plus téléologiques comme l'intentionnalité ou les raisons, il s'agit de la responsabilité subjective. . Cette proposition théorique a fait l'objet d'une validation empirique. Quatre séries d'études ont permis de mettre en évidence que la responsabilité peut effectivement être définie comme renvoyant à ces deux éléments, mais qu'ils sont indissociables l'un de l'autre. En effet, la responsabilité évoque toujours la responsabilité objective et la responsabilité subjective, et ce, quelle que soit l'information donnée aux sujets. Par ailleurs, il apparaît que les sujets, issus de sociétés ayant des droits différents, n'accordent pas une place identique à la responsabilité objective et à la responsabilité subjective
The @responsibility appears like a difficult notion to understand. In fact, this word is part, at the same time, of ordinary language and juridcal language, it has a polysemic character. Far from those differences and contradictions, however, basing on the sociological analysis of Fauconnet (1920) and Piaget's work (1932), it is possible to distinguish two types of responsibility : objective responsibility and subjective responsibility. In this way, to define responsibility of a person would be, on one hand to search his causal role in the facts that are observed. This means doing causal attribution, it is the objective responsibility. On the other hand, it would be the research of teleological aspects like intentionnality or reasons, it is the subjective responsibility. This theoretical proposition forms the subject of an empirical validation. Four series of studies have shown that responsibility can in the facts be defined by those two components but that there are indissociable. Responsibility always recall to both objective responsibility and subjective responsibility whatever informations are given to the subjects. In other respects, it appears that the subjects, all coming from different societies with different laws, don't give the same place to objective responsibility and subjective responsibility

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22

Ash, Howard Alan Simon. "Correlation of subjective and objective handling of vehicle behaviour." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/609/.

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This thesis presents the results of a research project which sought to find links between driver subjective ratings and objective measures of vehicle handling. The experimental data used in this project has been made available from a previous research project. The experimental data was collected using a prototype vehicle which was used in 16 different configurations. Objective data was collected based around the ISO defined steady state, step input, and frequency response tests. Subjective assessments were collected from eight trained test drivers using a numerical rating scale to a questionnaire covering various aspects of vehicle handling. Analysis of the subjective assessments has been done to identify any shortcomings that may affect any subsequent analysis. From the literature review, an approach that claims to relate four simple objective metrics to subjective measures of vehicle handling has been developed in two new ways. Firstly, the proposal was tested [1] with the large amount of subjective data available to see if good levels of correlation could be found between the proposed metrics and driver subjective ratings to specific handling questions. Secondly, the method was extended to include further simple metrics to try and improve links between the subjective and objective data [2]. Non-linear relationships in the correlation of subjective vs. objective data have been investigated for the first time [3] using non-linear genetic algorithms, which, in addition have not previously been used to correlate driver subjective ratings with objective measures that describe vehicle handling. From the results, it has been possible to specify ranges of preferred values of objective metrics in order to produce a subjectively satisfying vehicle. Finally, the work discusses how the results obtained can be used by engineers to aid the vehicle design and development process.

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23

Balderas, Gustavo. "Objective Versus Subjective Discipline Referrals in a School District." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18722.

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Seven percent of all students are excluded from school every year across the United States for violating school policies and procedures. Exclusion from school causes a number of problems for students such as higher dropout rates, grade retention, more of a likelihood of not graduating from high school, and a widening of the achievement gap. However, the literature review reveals a lack of exclusion research specific to Hispanic students. Therefore, this research study investigated the level of disciplinary referrals leading to student suspensions during the 2013-2014 school year in a southern California school district of 9223 students with a student demographic composed of 39% free-and-reduced meals, 24% English language learners, and 36% Hispanic. The research study analyzed not just referrals but differences between subjective versus objective referrals for Hispanic and White students. Risk ratio results indicated that Hispanic students were more likely to receive referrals that resulted in suspensions from school at two-and-one-half times the rate compared to their White peers for both subjective (RR = 2.572) and objective (RR = 2.600) referrals. While there was no difference, p = .308, between referrals labeled as subjective versus objective, Hispanic students were significantly more likely to receive objective (p = .017) and subjective (p = .041) disciplinary referrals that resulted in suspensions compared to their White peers. The most significant factors that predicted overall student disciplinary referrals were English language learner status and free and reduced meals. In particular, English language status accounted for 60% of all referrals leading to a student suspension. Oppositely, factors that had the least predicted referral infractions were talented and gifted status, parent education level, and special education status. Results from this study provided school district staff with information that helped to revise district policy and procedures regarding the use of the suspension as an enforcement tool in student discipline, with particular focus on subjective versus objective referrals that could lead to student suspension. Implications of this research are discussed in relation to practice, procedures, and policies.

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24

Ghaed, Shiva Geneviève. "Subjective social status, socioeconomic status and health following acute coronary syndrome." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3303504.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 12, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-81).

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25

Skildheim, Kim Daniel. "Subjective and Objective Crosstalk Assessment Methodologies for Auto-stereoscopic Displays." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elektronikk og telekommunikasjon, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18913.

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Stereoscopic perception is achievable when the observer sees a scene from a slightly different angle. Auto-stereoscopic displays utilize several separate views to achieve this without using any special glasses. Crosstalk is an undesired effect of separating views. It is one of the most annoying artefacts occurring in an auto-stereoscopic display. This experiment has two parts. The first part proposes a subjective assessment methodology for characterizing crosstalk in an auto-stereoscopic display, without restriction of subjects’ viewing behaviour. The intention was to create an inexpensive method. The measurement was performed by using a Kinect prime sensor as a head tracking system combined with subjective score evaluation to get a data plot of the perceived crosstalk. The crosstalk varies in line with image content, disparity and viewing position. The result is a data plot that approaches a periodically pattern, which is consistent with the characteristics of an auto-stereoscopic display. The result is not perfect since there are many sources of errors occurring. These errors can be improved with better head tracking, an improved movement system, post processing of data, more data and removal of outliers.The second part proposes methods for extracting subjective values based on interpolated plots and creating objective crosstalk influenced pictures which correlate with the subjective data. The best extraction method was to combine an adapted sine regression curve with a linear interpolation. This interpolation followed the subjective values in a parallel slice plot at 3.592 m from the screen. The interpolation was adapted to fit a derived model as best as possible to achieve a good correlation. Objective crosstalk pictures were created, where the amount of crosstalk was determined by the neighbouring view that influenced the current view the most. The correlation was based on the relationship between the SSIM value from the created crosstalk picture and the extracted subjective value. The total correlation of the pictures together were 0,8249, where the picture with the highest correlation had 0,9561. This method is quite good for pictures that have a maximum disparity grade below 38 pixels. The overall result is good and it is also a measure of quality for the subjective test. This result can be improved by increasing the complexity of how the objective crosstalk pictures are created by adding more views into account or try another method to create crosstalk. Improved extraction of subjective values will also be beneficial in terms of improving the correlation even more.

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Murray, Caroline Siân. "Measuring disease in dermatology : studies of objective and subjective methods." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23594.

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Itch lies second only to disturbance of body image as a reported symptom in dermatology. This study started by concentrating on improving the measurement of itch. Itch has a paired physical response, scratch. The pairing can be exploited: preliminary work by this unit had validated the use of wrist-worn movement-measuring machines called ‘accelerometers’ to measure itch-related movement (scratch and rub). The first part of this research developed use of these machines. Simple accelerometers (‘Actiwatch Plus’) were used to observe the pattern of variation of itch over clusters of nights and in different conditions. The accelerometer scores were able to identify controls’ scores from those with itchy disease. Considerable variation (56%) was discovered in objective score between subject and considerable variation was noted (46%) even within subject. More complex accelerometers, (‘DigiTrac’) which could potentially specifically identify itch-related movement on the basis of frequency of action derived from Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), were validated against the ‘gold standard’ measurement of itch-related movement, directly observed movement (via infra red video recording). It was necessary to characterise the ‘frequency of action’ of itch on video and, as an aside, the characteristics of human itch-related movement were compared to other mammals’ itch-related movement ‘frequency of action’. The ‘frequency of action’ and video data was used to enrich the DigiTrac readouts to improve specificity of itch-related movement detection. During the accelerometer studies, an unexpected finding came to light: objective score of itch was not related to subjective score. To try to explain the lack of relationship, a 42 day longitudinal study of atopic dermatitis patients’ subjective and objective scores was undertaken. The results demonstrated autocorrelation for subjective scores, but not for the objective scores but still did not fully explain the lack of relationship. In an effort to explain the disconnect between subjective and objective scores a second tranche of experiments and the second part of this research interrogated whether the methods with which we measure disease as a whole in dermatology are robust. One study investigated whether the way patients are asked about subjective symptoms in general was resistant to the effects of focusing and framing bias. The results were reassuring as they suggested that the commonly used and recommended symptom scoring systems were robust in the face of bias. In order to assess whether perspective or perception of disease explained the disconnect, a study was designed in collaboration with the Edinburgh College of Art. A series of computer-generated images of different psoriasis severities were created and used to assess how doctors and patients assessed disease-extent. This study showed that, whilst each group had a naturally divergent opinion of extent of disease, by scoring disease using the models it was possible to unify the perspective and perception of extent. Finally, an exploratory study to reduce recall bias to a minimum, in case this had caused the disconnect between objective and subjective, was undertaken. This employed a novel questionnaire, the Day Reconstruction Method.

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27

Mounzer, Raid. "Improving simulators’ driving experience through objective metrics and subjective assessments." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-243488.

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As the challenge grows in the vehicle industry, tightening the margins on financial and environmental costs of the vehicle development, computer aided engineering becomes more and more attractive. Extensive work is being invested in creating detailed models that can replicate vehicle behaviour accurately and efficiently. The work in this thesis starts with studying objective and subjective evaluations of vehicles as well as their counterparts in vehicle models and a simulator environment. Then, it continues to locate the weaknesses in the models, and investigate the possible improvements. The first part of the thesis focused on performing a literature study concerning the objective metrics and their use in the vehicle industry, as well as the use of simulators. This served as a foundation for the use of objective metrics in the validation of the CarRealTime models. The tools used in the thesis were also introduced. The work continued with the study of previously collected data concerning vehicle evaluation through subjective assessment and objective metrics, with different anti-roll bar configurations, to build trust in the ability of the drivers in evaluating these criteria. Similar data from the CarRealTime models and the simulator were also studied. The aim was to evaluate the simulator driving experience accuracy through the subjective assessment. The weaknesses of the model were identified, and an improved steering model was introduced, replacing the old lookup tables with a Pfeffer model from CarRealTime combined with the steering assist unit in Simulink. An extensive parameter study was performed to understand the effect of selected parameters on the driving experience. Using the same model, the simulator delays were studied in terms of replicating yaw and lateral movements, and how this can affect the driver’s perception of the driving experience. Finally, the results from the parameter study were used to assign the weight parameters in the optimization objective function where the goal was to study the possibility of improving the accuracy of the driving experience as well as counteracting the effects of simulator delays. The Matlab Optimization Toolkit was used in the process. As a conclusion, it was shown that the subjective assessment together with the objective metrics played a crucial role in identifying model and simulator weaknesses. The parameter study showed promising opportunities in solving the aforementioned issues, with the optimization tool and boundaries needing more elaborate work to reach conclusive results.

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Sadeghi, Reza. "Predicting Subjective Sleep Quality Using Objective Measurements in Older Adults." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1588627876830938.

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29

Zaitoun, Maha Mustafa Ahmad. "The auditory brainstem response (ABR): an objective or subjective measure?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15846.

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Objectives: This thesis describes three studies investigating the consistency and reliability of ABR testing procedures, the extent of inter-and intra-rater variability and performance, the impact of additional case information on ABR testing results. Methods: The participants for all studies were audiologists who conduct ABR testing. Study 1 consisted of a 69-item survey regarding ABR testing protocols that was completed online. In studies 2 and 3, a test set of infant ABR traces was obtained from a large public peadiatric audiology clinic in Sydney, Australia. In Study 2, 61 audiologists estimated hearing threshold for 15 ABR cases that were each presented twice in order to estimate inter and intra-reader variability. In study 3, 14 audiologists were asked to estimate the hearing threshold for 16 infants twice in two sessions at least 5 months apart; with and without provision of standard clinical information. Results: Audiologists vary in how they conduct ABR testing and there are differences in the training period audiologists undertake before starting ABR testing. Audiologists show good levels of agreement when assessing repeated ABR traces, however, optimum performance was not achieved. No significant differences were found for sensitivity, specificity or accuracy when clinical history information was provided compared to when it was not provided. Conclusions: There is a need for greater emphasis on the importance of following evidence-based guidelines for ABR testing whenever it is possible. Audiologists’ experience and ABR training periods significantly predicts accuracy of ABR reading. Good levels of agreement were found between and within audiologists. ABR traces are interpreted with the same accuracy regardless of whether patients ‘history information is available or not. The data provided should contribute to an improvement in the service of infants hearing diagnostics and help reduce audiologists’ variability.

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Luotonen, David, and Markus Hasselström. "Subjective and objective performance assessment : Performance pay at Trelleborg Forsheda AB." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9660.

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The purpose of this thesis is to understand the opinions and potential effects of objective and subjective assessments of performance as a basis for performance pay for blue-collar workers.

The study takes a qualitative approach to find out how and why four companies - Trelleborg Forsheda, Finnveden Powertrain, Isaberg Rapid and Parker Hannifin- work with salaries, incentive system and performance assessment the way they do.

The concept of individual salary is central in this thesis, and individual salary is based on four criteria; capabilities, performance, work demand and formal competence. These can be divided in subjective or objective criteria. Individual salaries also contribute to salary divergence, which in many studies have indicated higher performance. Important to remember is that it has to exist a purpose to salary divergence and how salary is diverged in the company is related to the goals and strategy of the company. If the company chooses to have performance based salaries- which is salary divergence- another question arise; what is good performance?

In organizations that have performance salaries, a group or an individual (often the middle manager) have to decide if a certain group of personnel performs good or bad. This can mainly be done in two different ways; objective performance assessment or subjective performance assessment. Objective performance assessment is based on numerical calculation of measures, which will form the basis for rewarding employees using a salary system that reward performance. Subjective performance measurements are based on judgment. Instead of relying on numerical calculations, one evaluates if the results reflect good or bad performance.

For both methods it is essential that the personnel feels that the salaries are fair, and that the salary system is clear and easy to understand. Something else that is important to understand is that employer and employee have different views in what is a fair salary.

Objective assessments are based on numerical calculations of measures, and one important property such measures have is that they don’t leave any room for excuses. Research indicate that performance pay has important motivation enhancing effects, but the profitability doesn’t always benefit from it. When monitoring costs are high, or product quality or long term thinking is required, hourly wages may be preferable. Tasks which are measured, will naturally be prioritized by the organization. This means that the choice of measures is very important. The amount of measures mustn’t be too high, and they have to be carefully considered. Subjective assessments are the opposite to objective ones. The advantages with subjective performance assessments are, among other things, that additional information which have surfaced during the period of measurements can be taken into consideration, errors in the measurement process can be corrected and unlucky circumstances can be dealt with. However, problems exist in unfair assessments, which are based on prejudice.

Findings in this report shows that profitable companies have large differences in their salary systems. This is also supported by other research. The company Isaberg Rapid AB only uses objective criteria, focused on simplicity and group rewards. Finnveden Powertrain on the other hand, has a system focused on individuals and subjective assessments. Some conclusions could be drawn; one of the most important being that connections between the type of activities and the salary system is positive, and that salary systems have to be updated and revised continuously.

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31

Cox, Trevor John. "Objective and subjective evaluation of reflecting and diffusing surfaces in auditoria." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14767/.

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The performance of reflectors and diffusers used in auditoria have been evaluated both objectively and subjectively. Two accurate systems have been developed to measure the scattering from surfaces via the cross correlation function. These have been used to measure the scattering from plane panels, curved panels and quadratic residue diffusers (QRDs). The scattering measurements have been used to test theoretical prediction methods based on the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral equation. Accurate prediction methods were found for all surfaces tested. The limitations of the more approximate methods have been defined. The assumptions behind Schroeder's design of the QRD have been tested and the local reacting admittance assumption found to be valid over a wide frequency range. It was found that the QRD only produces uniform scattering at low frequencies. For an on-axis source the scattering from a curved panel was as good as from a QRD. For an oblique source the QRD produced much more uniform scattering than the curved panel. The subjective measurements evaluated the smallest perceivable change in the early sound field, the part most influenced by reflectors and diffusers. A natural sounding simulation of a concert hall field within an anechoic chamber was used. Standard objective parameters were reasonable values when compared to values found in real halls and subjective preference measurements. A difference limen was measured for early lateral energy fraction (.048 ± .005); . inter aural cross correlation (.075 ± .008); clarity index (.67 ± .13 dB); and centre time (8.6 ± 1.6ms). It was found that; (i) when changes are made to diffusers and reflectors, changes in spatial impression will usually be larger than those in clarity; and (ii) acousticians can gain most by paying attention to lateral sound in auditoria. It was also found that: (i) diffuse reflections in the early sound field are not perceived differently from specular reflections; and (ii) the initial time delay gap is not significant to listener preference.

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Filevich, E. "Volition and inhibition : objective and subjective aspects of human volitional control." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383056/.

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Action decisions can be directly driven by the current state of the external environment (instructed decisions); or they can be driven by internal mental states and goals, independently of the current environment (intentional decisions). Neural, behavioural and subjective data suggests that two separate neural systems may drive instructed and intentional action respectively. The distinction can be generalized beyond action itself to action inhibition, also classifiable as either instructed or intentional. However, the validity of the instructed/intentional distinction remains controversial. This thesis presents three linked sets of experiments that explored the validity and generality of the distinction, extending it in two key directions: action inhibition and subjective experience. The first group of experiments concerned decision making processes related to action and inhibition; the second focused on the period between decision making and action execution and the third on the subjective experience of intentional actions. Decision making processes were addressed by comparing electrophysiological and subjective measures prior to, during and after decisions to act or inhibit action. In the absence of external imperatives, intentional decisions may capitalize on spontaneous neural fluctuations, and show a weaker neural code than their instructed counterparts. To further explore the relative strength of intentional decisions, the period between decision making and action execution was addressed with EEG and behavioural methods. No evidence for unstable intentional decisions was found, during decision maintenance. Intentional action decisions may be strong, and persistent. Finally, two experiments directly compared the subjective experience of intentional and instructed actions. Neuroimaging results revealed possible mechanisms associated with the subjective experience of acting intentionally. Together, results support the broad distinction between instructed and intentional decisions. In particular, the coding of intentional actions may involve partial activations of alternative responses. Importantly, the thesis also demonstrates the feasibility of experimental studies addressing the subjective experience of intentional behaviour.

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33

Rodriguez, Angel Garcia. "The subjective/objective dichotomy in personal identity: the necessity of embodiment." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3498.

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Dalasari, Venkata Gopi Krishna, and Sri Krishna Jayanty. "Low Light Video Enhancement along with Objective and Subjective Quality Assessment." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13500.

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Enhancing low light videos has been quite a challenge over the years. A video taken in low light always has the issues of low dynamic range and high noise. This master thesis presents contribution within the field of low light video enhancement. Three models are proposed with different tone mapping algorithms for extremely low light low quality video enhancement. For temporal noise removal, a motion compensated kalman structure is presented. Dynamic range of the low light video is stretched using three different methods. In Model 1, dynamic range is increased by adjustment of RGB histograms using gamma correction with a modified version of adaptive clipping thresholds. In Model 2, a shape preserving dynamic range stretch of the RGB histogram is applied using SMQT. In Model 3, contrast enhancement is done using CLAHE. In the final stage, the residual noise is removed using an efficient NLM. The performance of the models are compared on various Objective VQA metrics like NIQE, GCF and SSIM. To evaluate the actual performance of the models subjective tests are conducted, due to the large number of applications that target humans as the end user of the video.The performance of the three models are compared for a total of ten real time input videos taken in extremely low light environment. A total of 25 human observers subjectively evaluated the performance of the three models based on the parameters: contrast, visibility, visually pleasing, amount of noise and overall quality. A detailed statistical evaluation of the relative performance of the three models is also provided.

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Guo, Jinjiang. "Contributions to objective and subjective visual quality assessment of 3d models." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI099.

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Dans le domaine de l’informatique graphique, les données tridimensionnelles, généralement représentées par des maillages triangulaires, sont employées dans une grande variété d’applications (par exemple, le lissage, la compression, le remaillage, la simplification, le rendu, etc.). Cependant, ces procédés introduisent inévitablement des artefacts qui altèrent la qualité visuelle des données 3D rendues. Ainsi, afin de guider perceptuellement les algorithmes de traitement, il y a un besoin croissant d'évaluations subjectives et objectives de la qualité visuelle à la fois performantes et adaptées, pour évaluer et prédire les artefacts visuels. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons d'abord une étude exhaustive sur les différentes sources d'artefacts associés aux données numériques graphiques, ainsi que l’évaluation objective et subjective de la qualité visuelle des artefacts. Ensuite, nous introduisons une nouvelle étude sur la qualité subjective conçue sur la base de l’évaluations de la visibilité locale des artefacts géométriques, dans laquelle il a été demandé à des observateurs de marquer les zones de maillages 3D qui contiennent des distorsions visibles. Les cartes de distorsion visuelle collectées sont utilisées pour illustrer plusieurs fonctionnalités perceptuelles du système visuel humain (HVS), et servent de vérité-terrain pour évaluer les performances des attributs et des mesures géométriques bien connus pour prédire la visibilité locale des distorsions. Notre deuxième étude vise à évaluer la qualité visuelle de modèles 3D texturés, subjectivement et objectivement. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons introduit 136 modèles traités avec à la fois des distorsions géométriques et de texture, mené une expérience subjective de comparaison par paires, et invité 101 sujets pour évaluer les qualités visuelles des modèles à travers deux protocoles de rendu. Motivés par les opinions subjectives collectées, nous proposons deux mesures de qualité visuelle objective pour les maillages texturés, en se fondant sur les combinaisons optimales des mesures de qualité issues de la géométrie et de la texture. Ces mesures de perception proposées surpassent leurs homologues en termes de corrélation avec le jugement humain
In computer graphics realm, three-dimensional graphical data, generally represented by triangular meshes, have become commonplace, and are deployed in a variety of application processes (e.g., smoothing, compression, remeshing, simplification, rendering, etc.). However, these processes inevitably introduce artifacts, altering the visual quality of the rendered 3D data. Thus, in order to perceptually drive the processing algorithms, there is an increasing need for efficient and effective subjective and objective visual quality assessments to evaluate and predict the visual artifacts. In this thesis, we first present a comprehensive survey on different sources of artifacts in digital graphics, and current objective and subjective visual quality assessments of the artifacts. Then, we introduce a newly designed subjective quality study based on evaluations of the local visibility of geometric artifacts, in which observers were asked to mark areas of 3D meshes that contain noticeable distortions. The collected perceived distortion maps are used to illustrate several perceptual functionalities of the human visual system (HVS), and serve as ground-truth to evaluate the performances of well-known geometric attributes and metrics for predicting the local visibility of distortions. Our second study aims to evaluate the visual quality of texture mapped 3D model subjectively and objectively. To achieve these goals, we introduced 136 processed models with both geometric and texture distortions, conducted a paired-comparison subjective experiment, and invited 101 subjects to evaluate the visual qualities of the models under two rendering protocols. Driven by the collected subjective opinions, we propose two objective visual quality metrics for textured meshes, relying on the optimal combinations of geometry and texture quality measures. These proposed perceptual metrics outperform their counterparts in term of the correlation with the human judgment

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Santos, Magalhães André. "Subjective and objective assessment of physically active people with knee injury." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/60066/.

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Knee injuries are highly prevalent in physically active individuals and are frequently associated with sport participation. Independently of the nature of the injury, subjective and objective clinical measures are used to assess, monitor and evaluate treatment outcomes in this population. To be clinically meaningful, these outcome measures should be relevant to the condition, the anatomical area, the individual or population, and importantly, possess adequate psychometric properties. Despite a high prevalence of knee injuries, there are several aspects of the subjective and objective knee evaluation in physically active individuals that remain unclear or have not been considered in previous research. The main aim of the present thesis was to fill some of the gaps identified in the literature regarding both subjective and objective knee measures in physically active individuals. Therefore, this thesis was divided into two distinct parts. The first part looked at the patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of the knee and physical activity, and consisted of two studies. The first study was a systematic review conducted to explore the PRO measures that are commonly used in the evaluation of physical activity and return to sport following autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Aiming as well, to provide a critical analysis of these instruments from a rehabilitative perspective. This review revealed not only the heterogeneity in the selection, but also in the timing and reporting of patient-reported activity scoring instruments following ACI, which makes a systematic comparison difficult and introduces bias into the interpretation of these outcomes. Another important finding of this review, was that the instruments currently used to evaluate postoperative outcomes in an articular cartilage repair population do not always fulfil the rehabilitative needs of physically active individuals. The second study was conducted in recreational marathon runners and aimed to provide normative values for a widely used knee specific PRO measure in athletes with knee injury, the Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Alongside the normative KOOS subscales values stratified by age group and history of knee injury that were presented, this study also showed that recent history of knee running-related injury (RRI) has a negative impact on the KOOS scores. In runners with no history of knee RRI, the results observed suggested a lack of interaction between KOOS subscale values and age. Furthermore, the KOOS values seen were substantially higher compared to previously published normative population-based KOOS values. The second part of the present thesis comprised three experimental studies concerning single-leg cycling (SLC) exercise testing, in particular assessing the potential use of the self-paced test (SPT) concept as an objective measure following knee surgery. The first study analysed the reliability of a 5x2 min stages SPT anchored to the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) for SLC exercise testing. This study showed that this test protocol elicits reliable cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses. The second study examined the validity of the SPT protocol used in the previous study, through a concurrent comparison against a conventional fixed power incremental SLC exercise test. This investigation showed that the 5x2 min SPT provides a valid objective means for assessing peak aerobic capacity in SLC exercise testing. Moreover, it may be associated with increased activity enjoyment comparatively to conventional testing. The third and last experimental study investigated the effect of a 10 kg counterweight device (CW10) on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceptual responses to SLC exercise testing. The results of this study demonstrated that the CW10 despite eliciting an improvement in the activity enjoyment, did not affect peak cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to SLC exercise testing. When matched for test duration the SPT elicited higher peak power output and peak oxygen consumption than conventional incremental testing, regardless of the CW10 usage or not. In conclusion, the original work of the present thesis increases the body of knowledge of two distinct, but complementary fields in the subjective and objective knee assessment of physically active individuals. The outcomes provided both on PRO measures and SLC exercise testing, may have impact on the clinical practice of clinicians, sport rehabilitation professionals and researchers.

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Saxon, Lars. "Placebo, alcohol and flumazenil provocations : subjective and objective registrations in psychopharmacological experiments /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-077-0/.

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38

Saunders, Gabrielle H. "Determinants of objective and subjective auditory disability in patients with normal hearing." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12959/.

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A proportion of individuals consulting audiology clinics complain of difficulties discriminating speech in noisy environments but have clinically 'normal' hearing, do not have signs of middle ear pathology, nor any other obvious basis for their complaints. The syndrome was named 'Obscure Auditory Dysfunction (OAD)'. Following a small scale study, a Special Investigative Clinic was started to investigate factors underlying OAD. Patients' performance on psychoacoustic, central/cognitive and personality-related tests was compared with the performance of matched controls. Results showed OAD to be a multifactorial syndrome. Patients have a genuine performance deficit for discrimination of speech-in-noise, influenced by a combination of psychoacoustic and central/cognitive deficits. Patients' relatively minor performance deficit did not completely explain their reported disability and handicap; this was mainly influenced by their underestimating their hearing ability. Anxiety-related factors and a history of otological disorder were found to underlie the seeking of medical attention. Based on these results, a clinical package was devised to enable diagnosis and understanding of OAD in individuals consulting in the clinic. The parallels between OAD and another syndrome without obvious organic pathology (women complaining of lower abdominal pain) were investigated. A double dissociation between personality-related factors and psychoacoustic/cognitive factors was demonstrated. It was concluded that personality factors should be considered when dealing with individuals seeking medical advice for minor organic pathology, but that such individuals should not simply be dismissed as being neurotic. Finally, correlational analyses using the combined data of all subjects, were carried out to investigate relationships between self-rated auditory disability/handicap, psychoacoustic, central/cognitive and personality-related variables. Self-rated disability/handicap were found to correlate best with performance on a test of speech-in-noise, less well with subtle auditory function but not with pure tone sensitivity. Cognitive function also correlated with reported disability/handicap, as did anxiety level and otological history. It was concluded that performance measures could be used to validate reports of disability/handicap, but that personality factors should be taken into account when interpreting such reports. Performance on a speech-in-noise test correlated with psychoacoustic and central/cognitive functions, but not with personality factors. It was concluded that minor sensory dysfunction can be reflected in a sensitive performance test but that performance is not affected by 'normal' personality traits.

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39

Shahid, Muhammad. "Methods for Objective and Subjective Video Quality Assessment and for Speech Enhancement." Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola [bth.se], Faculty of Engineering - Department of Applied Signal Processing, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00603.

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The overwhelming trend of the usage of multimedia services has raised the consumers' awareness about quality. Both service providers and consumers are interested in the delivered level of perceptual quality. The perceptual quality of an original video signal can get degraded due to compression and due to its transmission over a lossy network. Video quality assessment (VQA) has to be performed in order to gauge the level of video quality. Generally, it can be performed by following subjective methods, where a panel of humans judges the quality of video, or by using objective methods, where a computational model yields an estimate of the quality. Objective methods and specifically No-Reference (NR) or Reduced-Reference (RR) methods are preferable because they are practical for implementation in real-time scenarios. This doctoral thesis begins with a review of existing approaches proposed in the area of NR image and video quality assessment. In the review, recently proposed methods of visual quality assessment are classified into three categories. This is followed by the chapters related to the description of studies on the development of NR and RR methods as well as on conducting subjective experiments of VQA. In the case of NR methods, the required features are extracted from the coded bitstream of a video, and in the case of RR methods additional pixel-based information is used. Specifically, NR methods are developed with the help of suitable techniques of regression using artificial neural networks and least-squares support vector machines. Subsequently, in a later study, linear regression techniques are used to elaborate the interpretability of NR and RR models with respect to the selection of perceptually significant features. The presented studies on subjective experiments are performed using laboratory based and crowdsourcing platforms. In the laboratory based experiments, the focus has been on using standardized methods in order to generate datasets that can be used to validate objective methods of VQA. The subjective experiments performed through crowdsourcing relate to the investigation of non-standard methods in order to determine perceptual preference of various adaptation scenarios in the context of adaptive streaming of high-definition videos. Lastly, the use of adaptive gain equalizer in the modulation frequency domain for speech enhancement has been examined. To this end, two methods of demodulating speech signals namely spectral center of gravity carrier estimation and convex optimization have been studied.

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40

Anani, John Kodjo. "A subjective and objective assessment of sound insulation in newly converted dwellings." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316964.

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Fernandes, Andreia Sofia Pires. "" Objective and Subjective Assessment of Qigong Related Effects in Breast Cancer Patients "." Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/57089.

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Torkhani, Fakhri. "Analyse subjective et évaluation objective de la qualité perceptuelle des maillages 3D." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT051/document.

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Les maillages 3D polygonaux sont largement utilisés dans diverses applications telles que le divertissement numérique, la conception assistée par ordinateur et l'imagerie médicale. Un maillage peut être soumis à différents types d'opérations comme la compression, le tatouage ou la simplification qui introduisent des distorsions géométriques (modifications) à la version originale. Il est important de quantifier ces modification introduites au maillage d'origine et d'évaluer la qualité perceptuelle des maillages dégradés. Dans ce cadre, on s'intéresse dans cette thèse à l'évaluation de la qualité perceptuelle des maillages 3D statiques et dynamiques. On présente des études expérimentales pour l'évaluation subjective de la qualité des maillages 3D dynamiques.On présente également de nouvelles métriques objectives, de type avec-référence complète ou de type avec référence-réduite, qui sont efficaces pour l'estimation de la qualité perçue des maillages statiques et dynamiques
3D mesh animations have been increasingly used in various applications, e.g., in digital entertainment, computer-aided design and medical imaging. It is possible that a mesh model undergoes some lossy operations, e.g., compression, watermarking or simplification, which can impair the original mesh surface and introduce geometric distortions. An important task is to quantify such distortions and assess the perceptual quality of impaired meshes. In this manuscript, we focus on the perceptual quality assessment of 3D static and dynamic meshes. We present psychometric experiments that we conducted to measure the subjective perceptual quality of dynamic meshes. We also present new full-reference and reduced-reference objective metrics capable of faithfully evaluating the perceptual quality of 3D static and dynamic meshes

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43

Falls, Richard Drew. "SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE RESPONSES TO VARIED DOSES OF AN INHALED BRONCHODILATOR (ALBUTEROL)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275382.

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Fernandes, Andreia Sofia Pires. "" Objective and Subjective Assessment of Qigong Related Effects in Breast Cancer Patients "." Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/57089.

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Openshaw, Scott David. "Predicting and quantifying seated comfort and discomfort using objective and subjective measures." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1049.

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Comfort is a sensation and state of being that many people seek when they are working in the office, driving in a car, flying on an airplane, or laying in a hospital bed. The literature identifies many definitions and interpretations for comfort and discomfort, and many different ways that researchers have tried to measure comfort and discomfort. de Looze proposed a model to explain the relationship between comfort and discomfort using three key components: (a) the human, (b) the product, and (c) the environment. This dissertation added a measurement component to the model. In a repeated measures design, subjects (n=35) sat in three different office chairs for 60 minutes each on two different dates. Researchers collected subjective survey data and objective electronic data related to perceived sitting comfort and discomfort while participants completed office computer tasks. Data were analyzed to predict and quantify office worker seated comfort and discomfort using linear modeling and neural network modeling. Correlation values from the linear regression model developed in this experiment were R2 < 0.70, while the single hidden-layer neural network model predicted the comfort/discomfort responses with a higher correlation (R2=0.997). The 35 subjects in the study perceived measurable comfort differences between the three chairs tested. Subjective questions that treated comfort and discomfort in a non-linear relationship discriminated chair differences better than questions using a linear relationship. There was no significant difference between male and female comfort/discomfort responses. Comfort ratings decreased over time, while discomfort increased over time; at least 45-minute comfort testing is needed to understand subjects' comfort/discomfort in a particular office chair. Five common factors that were important to the model included: (a) fit of the product to the person, (b) the features of the product itself, (c) the time spent with the product, (d) the subjective questions, and (e) the objective pressure measurements.

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Jackson-Poole, Rene. "The effects of career-enhancing stratergies, social identitiy, personal responsibility and subjective vitality on subjective and objective career success." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5868.

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47

Masuda, Jeffrey Ray. "Subjective and objective barriers to environmental health promotion, the case of transportation behaviour." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60467.pdf.

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48

Miller, Richard H. "Effects of graphical user interface inconsistencies on subjective and objective measures of usability." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-125001/.

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49

Gil, Gómez Gaspar. "Towards Efficient Vehicle Dynamics Evaluation using Correlations of Objective Metrics and Subjective Assessments." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169085.

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50

Haldane, Adrian. "On the possibility of Kant's answer to Hume : subjective necessity and objective validity." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55830/.

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This thesis argues that Kant is able to maintain the distinctiveness of his position in opposition to Hume's naturalism (contrary to the arguments of R. A. Mall and L. W. Beck) without invoking premises which are question begging with regard to Hume's scepticism. The argument of Kant's Transcendental Deduction of the Categories, as presented in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason, is considered in relation to the two sets of criticism that have been levelled at it from its publication up to the present day, both of which aim to demonstrate that synthetic a priori judgements are subjectively necessary but without objective validity. The first set of criticisms involves problems raised with regard to the status of transcendental arguments. The difficulties identified here (by B. Stroud, M. S. Gram, and others) are that the Deduction can either, at best, show that it is necessary for experience to be regarded in a certain way without demonstrating anything as to the nature of experience as such, or the argument is circular in that it begins by making assumptions regarding the nature of our experience. Alternatively, if the Deduction is taken to establish the objective nature of concepts via an analysis of the conditions under which it is possible for us to have some knowledge of ourselves, then incoherence is said to arise because this requires either an implausible reflective theory of consciousness (according to D. Henrich) or that we have knowledge of the subject-in-itself (as held by J. G. Fichte and other contemporaries of Kant). Through a consideration of both the historical and contemporary manifestations of these criticisms, the thesis advances an interpretation of the Deduction, with special attention paid to the role and nature of the subject, which does not fall prey to the alleged incoherence. As such, the thesis defends both the distinctiveness and legitimacy of transcendental philosophy.

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