Статті в журналах: "Nyctophilus"

1

Grant, JDA. "Prey Location by 12 Australian Long-Eared Bats, Nyctophilus-Gouldi and N-Geoffroyi." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 1 (1991): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910045.

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The sensory abilities of two species of long-eared bats were studied in captivity. Prey location trials demonstrated that Nyctophilus spp. may employ a diverse array of sensory cues, including use of prey sounds, vision and echolocation. Insects were readily captured from substrates, confirming the hypothesis that Nyctophilus can feed by gleaning, but flying insects were taken with equal ease, showing that these bats are flexible not only in their sensory behaviour but also in their mode of prey capture. Echolocation was not used for orientation except when in an unfamiliar environment, and even then was 'switched off' on approaching fluttering prey. Nyctophilus used prey sounds to capture flying insects as well as those on substrates, a feeding technique not previously reported for gleaners. Visual cues were used to capture insects from the air, but not from substrates. This mode of feeding is an effective replacement for echolocation, including the 'feeding buzz', and thereby circumvents the evasive responses of sonar-sensitive insects.

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2

Grant, J. D. "Food-Passage Time in Nyctophilus gouldi (Microchiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Journal of Mammalogy 69, no. 3 (August 30, 1988): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381367.

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3

Bullen, RD, and NL McKenzie. "Differentiating Western Australian Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) echolocation calls." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 2 (2001): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01089.

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The ultrasound calls of the six species of Nyctophilus bat in Western Australia can be differentiated using power spectral analysis. Their search-mode call sequences show distinctive trends of variation in peak-frequency (Fpeak) values call-to-call. These differences are too subtle to be separated in amplitude-time domain with the processing tools currently available. The call-to-call variations in Fpeak through time can be characterised from the call sequence recordings using Fourier analysis if care is taken to select genuine search-mode sequences. These variations can then be used to correctly identify the species emitting the call.

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4

Stawski, Clare, Christopher Turbill, and Fritz Geiser. "Hibernation by a free-ranging subtropical bat (Nyctophilus bifax)." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179, no. 4 (December 27, 2008): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-008-0328-y.

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5

Austen, Jill M., Esther Van Kampen, Siobhon L. Egan, Mark A. O'Dea, Bethany Jackson, Una M. Ryan, Peter J. Irwin, and Diana Prada. "First report of Trypanosoma dionisii (Trypanosomatidae) identified in Australia." Parasitology 147, no. 14 (September 28, 2020): 1801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001845.

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AbstractTrypanosomes are blood-borne parasites that can infect a variety of different vertebrates, including animals and humans. This study aims to broaden scientific knowledge about the presence and biodiversity of trypanosomes in Australian bats. Molecular and morphological analysis was performed on 86 blood samples collected from seven different species of microbats in Western Australia. Phylogenetic analysis on 18S rDNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) sequences identified Trypanosoma dionisii in five different Australian native species of microbats; Chalinolobus gouldii, Chalinolobus morio, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Nyctophilus major and Scotorepens balstoni. In addition, two novels, genetically distinct T. dionisii genotypes were detected and named T. dionisii genotype Aus 1 and T. dionisii genotype Aus 2. Genotype Aus 2 was the most prevalent and infected 20.9% (18/86) of bats in the present study, while genotype Aus 1 was less prevalent and was identified in 5.8% (5/86) of Australian bats. Morphological analysis was conducted on trypomastigotes identified in blood films, with morphological parameters consistent with trypanosome species in the subgenus Schizotrypanum. This is the first report of T. dionisii in Australia and in Australian native bats, which further contributes to the global distribution of this cosmopolitan bat trypanosome.

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6

Brigham, R. Mark, Rebecca L. Francis, and Sandy Hamdorf. "Microhabitat Use by Two Species of Nyctophilus Bats: a Test of Ecomorphology Theory." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97026.

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The purpose of this study was to measure microhabitat use by light-tagged foraging Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Nyctophilus gouldi, two at-least-partly sympatric species of Australian microchiropteran long-eared bats. We tested the hypothesis that because of their similar wing morphology (low wing loading and aspect ratio) and echolocation-call design (high-frequency, frequency-modulation calls), the two species’ choice of foraging microhabitat should be similar. Our results showed that, typically, individuals of both species flew relatively slowly in large circles approximately 2–5 m above the ground and below the canopy but amongst the trunks of forest trees, with some individuals occasionally flying amongst smaller branches and the vegetation of the forest canopy. We found no statistical difference in the proportion of time spent in different forest microhabitats by individuals of the two species. Furthermore, on only one occasion did we observe a bat land on the ground to forage, despite the fact that both species are described in the literature as substrate gleaners. We also found no evidence for any change in habitat use with changing lunar condition. Our data support ecomorphological predictions generated from simple measurements of wing form and lend credence to the notion that, at least in some circumstances, measurements of wing morphology alone can be a useful indicator of the ecology of similar bat species.

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7

Geiser, F., and R. M. Brigham. "Torpor, thermal biology, and energetics in Australian long-eared bats ( Nyctophilus )." Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 170, no. 2 (March 30, 2000): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050270.

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8

Parnaby, HE. "A new species of long-eared bat (Nyctophilus: Vespertilionidae) from New Caledonia." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 2 (2001): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01115.

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A new species of Nyctophilus is described on the basis of three specimens from the hinterland of Noum�a, New Caledonia. Comparisons are made with a large series of the most similar species, N. gouldi and N. bifax from eastern Australia, from which it differs on external, cranial, dental and penile morphology. The new species most resembles N. gouldi and its affinities appear to lie within the Australian fauna. An IUCN threat category of ?Vulnerable? is suggested due to a localised distribution in threatened high elevation rainforest.

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9

Stawski, Clare. "Torpor during the reproductive season in a free-ranging subtropical bat, Nyctophilus bifax." Journal of Thermal Biology 35, no. 5 (July 2010): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.05.009.

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10

Rueegger, Niels, Ross Goldingay, and Brad Law. "Physical and microclimate characteristics of Nyctophilus gouldi and Vespadelus vulturnus maternity-roost cavities." Wildlife Research 45, no. 7 (2018): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18101.

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Context Tree cavities suitable to rear young are a key resource in managed landscapes to support viable populations of tree cavity-roosting bats. Little is known about the selection of cavities for maternity roosts, presumably because of the difficulty in accessing such roosts. Aims Our study investigated physical and microclimate characteristics of maternity roosts of two species, namely, Gould’s long-eared bat (Nyctophilus gouldi) and little forest bat (Vespadelus vulturnus). Methods Maternity-roost cavities were identified in a timber-production landscape in south-eastern Australia. Roost trees (V. vulturnus n=5; N. gouldi n=9) and a subsample of available cavity-bearing trees (n=16) were climbed to obtain cavity characteristics. Key results Vespadelus vulturnus used tree hollows exclusively, whereas N. gouldi used both tree hollows (n=7) and thick loose bark (n=2). No significant difference in roost-cavity characteristics was detected between the species. However, V. vulturnus selected significantly narrower cavity entrances (mean: 16±3mm) than those of the available cavities. Temperature did not differ between maternity roosts and available cavities when investigated after the maternity season. However, a V. vulturnus maternity roost occupied for 33 consecutive days was warmer than mean roost and available cavities, suggesting that long-term roost use may be influenced by the thermal property of a cavity. Conclusions Our study has provided the first detailed tree-cavity description of maternity roosts of N. gouldi and V. vulturnus. The nightly roost switching and the large variation of tree-cavity characteristics used by N. gouldi suggest that this species requires a high density of non-specific tree cavities that are large enough for colony formation, whereas preferred roost cavities for V. vulturnus are likely to be hollows comprising narrow entrances that facilitate long-term use. Implications Our results highlighted the likely importance of narrow roost entrances for V. vulturnus, presumably for predator protection, and the conservation of tree cavities large enough for colonies to congregate. The formation of such hollows is likely to take many decades. Poor silvicultural practices, land clearing and inappropriate management of veteran trees have the potential to have an impact on this hollow resource. Our study also highlighted the need to further assess the importance of cavity microclimate for maternity-roost selection in warm climates.

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11

Hosken, DJ, WJ Bailey, JE Oshea, and JD Roberts. "Localization of Insect Calls by the Bat Nyctophilus-Geoffroyi (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) - a Laboratory Study." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2 (1994): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940177.

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Many insects use acoustic signals to attract mates but their calls may be exploited by predators. This laboratory study showed that the lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, was attracted to both (a) calling tettigoniids and (b) synthesised calls broadcast through loud-speakers. Playback experiments, using synthetic calls, demonstrated that bats were more attracted to calls of longer duration than to calls of short duration, while high calling rates and high call intensities had no special attraction. Two-speaker choruses appeared to be more attractive than a single speaker. These results are discussed in the context of predation as a selective force on calling strategies.

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12

Stawski, Clare, and Fritz Geiser. "Do season and distribution affect thermal energetics of a hibernating bat endemic to the tropics and subtropics?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 2 (August 2011): R542—R547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00792.2010.

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Although many tropical and subtropical areas experience pronounced seasonal changes in weather and food availability, few studies have examined and none have compared the thermal physiology and energetics of a hibernating mammal that is restricted to these regions. We quantified thermal energetics of northern long-eared bats ( Nyctophilus bifax; body mass ∼10 g) during summer, winter, and spring from a subtropical habitat, and also during winter from a tropical habitat, to determine how N. bifax cope with climate and seasonal changes in weather. We captured bats in the wild and measured metabolic rates via open-flow respirometry. The basal metabolic rate of subtropical bats at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 32.6 ± 0.7°C was 1.28 ± 0.06 ml O2·g−1·h−1 during both summer and winter, similar to other species of Nyctophilus. Resting metabolic rates below the thermoneutral zone increased similarly with decreasing Ta during all seasons and in both regions. All individuals showed a high proclivity to enter torpor at Ta values below the thermoneutral zone. Metabolic rates in torpid thermoconforming bats fell with Ta and body temperature, and mean minimum metabolic rates during torpor were similar during all seasons and in both regions and as predicted from body mass in temperate zone hibernators. At very low Ta, torpid N. bifax thermoregulated, and this threshold Ta differed significantly between subtropical (Ta = 3.5 ± 0.3°C) and tropical (Ta = 6.7 ± 0.7°C) individuals, but not between seasons. Our data show that thermal energetics of N. bifax do not vary seasonally and in many aspects are similar in tropical and subtropical bats; however, torpid individuals from the subtropics allow body temperature to fall to significantly lower values than those from the tropics.

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13

Ellis, WAH, TG Marples, and WR Phillips. "The Effects of a Temperature-Determined Food-Supply on the Annual Activity Cycle of the Lesser Long-Eared Bat, Nyctophilus-Geoffroyi Leach, 1821 (Microchiroptera, Vespertilionidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 3 (1991): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910263.

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Tritiated-water turnover rates for captive Nyctophilus geoffroyi were highest at 1031.3 mL L-1 day-1 for lactating females in January 1985 and lowest at 82.5 mL L-1 day-1 for females receiving a temperature-determined food supply in July 1985. Daily rates of water turnover were generally higher for males than females, and for bats receiving ad libitum food than for those receiving a controlled food supply throughout winter, indicating that food availability affects torpor in N. geoffroyi. Pre-winter fat deposition was more efficient under conditions of a temperature-determined food supply, where activity, weight and fat-level fluctuations of captive N. geoffroyi closely resembled those known for free-ranging temperate-zone microchiropterans.

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14

Stawski, Clare. "Capture and care of northern long-eared bats (Nyctophilus bifax) and seasonal changes in insect abundance." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 2 (2012): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11043.

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Seasonal capture rates of insectivorous subtropical and tropical Australian northern long-eared bats (Nyctophilus bifax) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in relation to ambient temperature and insect abundance were examined. Insect abundance varied seasonally in a subtropical region and also between subtropical and tropical habitats during winter, and decreased as nightly ambient temperature decreased. While capture rates of N. bifax were not affected by ambient temperatures and insect abundance, most captures occurred within one hour after sunset, which is generally the time of highest activity levels in microbats. Methods of care of N. bifax in captivity are also reported. N. bifax adapted well to short-term captivity (up to 14 days) and readily accepted mealworms as a food source.

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15

Hosken, D. J. "Thermal Biology and Metabolism of the Greater Long-eared Bat, Nyctophilus major (Chiroptera :Vespertilionidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 2 (1997): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96043.

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Nyctophilus major is the largest member of its Australian-centred genus. Flow-through respirometry was used to investigate the thermal and metabolic physiology of adult N. major from south-western Australia. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, evaporative water loss and thermal conductance were measured at ambient temperatures of 5–40C. N. major was thermally labile and could be euthermic or torpid at low Ta. N. major entered into and spontaneously aroused from torpor at Tas as low as 5C, and became torpid at Tas as high as 23C. Like other temperate-zone Australian vespertilionid bats, some torpid N. major maintained a relatively high Tb at low Ta. Body mass and the duration of captivity had no detectable effect on the thermal responses of bats. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of N. major was 85% of predicted, and falls within the the range of mass-specific BMRs reported for vespertilionid bats. While mean torpid á VO2 was reasonably high, torpor still facilitates substantial metabolic savings. However, because of the high á VO2 , N. major may not be able to remain torpid for more than about 60 days, relying solely on fat reserves. The evaporative water loss (EWL) of euthermic and torpid N. major was also high, although EWL during torpor was reduced compared with euthermy. Wet conductance was lower than predicted and probably relates to the solitary, tree-roosting habits of N. major. As has been reported for other bats, conductance values during torpor were lower than those during euthermy, but when torpid bats maintained a large ( Tb – Ta) differential at low Ta or became torpid at relatively high Ta , conductance values approached euthermic levels.

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16

Hosken, D. J., and P. C. Withers. "Metabolic Physiology of Euthermic and Torpid Lesser Long-Eared Bats, Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Journal of Mammalogy 80, no. 1 (February 16, 1999): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1383206.

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17

Dixon, K. J., and R. W. Rose. "Thermal energetics of Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae) at the southern limits of its distribution." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1 (2003): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02039.

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The energetics of the lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, at the southern limits of its distribution was examined to determine whether this species shows any latitudinal variation in this aspect of its physiological ecology. Estimates of metabolic rate were obtained from the oxygen consumption of adult bats in a non-reproductive condition. Values for the thermoneutral zone were similar but thermal conductance was lower than for bats from mainland of Australia. Euthermic body temperature was higher (37.4 ± 0.2°C) and the ambient temperature at which N. geoffroyi entered torpor has a downward shift of 10°C at the southern limits of its distribution. The basal metabolic rate (1.12 ± 0.14 mL O2 g–1 h–1) also was lower than in lower latitudes. Thermal conductance of the bats in Tasmania was lower than that found in New South Wales or Western Australia (0.29 v. 0.38–0.39 mL O2 g–1 h–1 °C–1). All of these differences are apparently adaptations to a cooler environment.

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18

Brigham, R. M., and F. Geiser. "Seasonal Activity Patterns of Two Species of Nyctophilus Bats Based on Mist-Net Captures." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 3 (1998): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98349.

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We evaluated the annual activity cycle of Nytophilus gouldi and N. geoffroyi using 82 nights of mist-netting data from a site near Armidale in northern NSW. Our purpose was to assess whether these bats hibernated or used short bouts of daily torpor combined with foraging on at least some nights. During the cold months of the year (May - August) bat activity levels inferred from net captures was very low providing support for the hypothesis that these bats use daily torpor and at least sometimes actively forage as opposed to entering hibernation.

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19

Oneill, MG, and RJ Taylor. "Observations on the Flight Patterns and Foraging Behavior of Tasmanian Bats." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860427.

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Observations were made on the flight patterns and foraging behaviour of Tasmanian bat species, by the use of light tags and the release of individuals at dusk while it was still light enough to see clearly. Four distinct foraging patterns were observed, each being characteristic of a pair of species. These pairs were: Nyctophrlusgeoffroyi and N. timoriensis (slowest flight, undulating, closest to vegetation); Eptesicus vulturnus and E. regulus (highly manoeuvrable, faster than Nyctophilus, further from vegetation); E. sagittula and Chalinolobus morio (fast, direct flight, less manoeuvrable than smaller Eptesicus and fly higher); and Pipistrellus tasmaniensis and C. gouldii (faster, most direct flight, limited manoeuvrability, prefer open areas). There is a broad agreement between the flight patterns observed and the relative shape of the wing of each species.

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20

Taylor, RJ, and MG Oneill. "Summer Activity Patterns of Insectivorous Bats and Their Prey in Tasmania." Wildlife Research 15, no. 5 (1988): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880533.

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Nightly activity patterns of seven species of bats (Eptesicus vulturnus, E. regulus, E. sagittula, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, N. timoriensis, Chalinolobus morio and FalsistreNus tasmaniensis) and their volant insect prey were studied during late spring and summer at four sites in Tasmania. Activity of bats was assessed from trapping results. Bats exhibited a biomodal pattern of foraging activity being most active in the first hours after dark, declining to low levels in the middle part of the night and rising again to a secondary peak in the three hours before dawn. These patterns of activity in bats closely reflected the patterns of insect activity. The insectivorous bats thus appear to have adjusted their nightly activities to match those of their prey, thereby maximising foraging success and energy gains.

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21

Phillips, WR, and SJ Inwards. "The Annual Activity and Breeding Cycles of Gould's Long-Eared Bat, Nyctophilus gouldi (Microchiroptera: Vespertiionidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 2 (1985): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850111.

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The activity and reproductive cycles of free-living and captive Nyctophilus gouldi were monitored over four breeding seasons. They deposited body fats in late summer and autumn, and hibernated from April until September. Spermatogenesis took place during the summer, spermatozoa being stored in the epididymides throughout the hibernation season. Matings were first observed in the captive colony in April each year. Males were seen to copulate with torpid females during the winter. A copulatory plug formed in the vagina following mating, and sperm were stored in the oviducts and uterine glands. Females were seen to expel the vaginal plug when arousing from torpor. Females were sexually active at 7-9 months old, and males at 12-1 5 months old. During the prolonged winter oestrus, ovaries contained large antral follicles. Ovulation occurred in September or early October and one or two young were born in late October or November. The twinning rate in captive N. gouldi was 54.5%. The young were weaned at 6 weeks old and first appeared in the free-living population in January. In an experimental group acclimated to 22�C in midwinter, breeding was initiated early, the first young being born 67 days before those in an outdoor colony.

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22

Currie, Shannon E. "No effect of season on the electrocardiogram of long-eared bats (Nyctophilus gouldi) during torpor." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 188, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-018-1158-1.

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23

Hosken, D. J. "Reproduction and the Female Reproductive Cycle of Nyctophilus geoffroyi and N. major (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from South-western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 5 (1997): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96060.

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The reproductive cycles of female Nyctophilus geoffroyi and N. major from south-western Australia are described from capture records and histological examination of tissue from fixed specimens. The sequence of reproductive events for both species was similar to that described for other vespertilionid bats from south- western Australia. Mating commenced between March and May. Sperm were stored in the caudal isthmus of the oviduct and in endometrial glands near the utero-tubal junction. Ovulation and fertilisation occurred in late August or September and twinning was common. Parturition occurred between late October and November, with volant young first captured during December, but it appeared not all N. geoffroyi females were reproductively active every year. Lactation had generally ceased by February, which was when the last detectably juvenile bats were captured.

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24

Lunney, D., J. Barker, D. Priddel, and M. Oconnell. "Roost Selection by Goulds Long-Eared Bat, Nyctophilus-Gouldi Tomes (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in Logged Forest on the South Coast of New South-Wales." Wildlife Research 15, no. 4 (1988): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880375.

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Radiotelemetry was used to track 18 Nyctophilus gouldi to roosts in 38 trees within a logged forest. The species and sizes of trees selected by the bats were compared to trees measured in six randomly located plots in each of four major habitats. Only the unlogged gullies provided the species of trees required by the bats for roosting. Of these, the bats showed strongest preference for those trees with a diameter greater than 80 cm. As the first logging cycle removed many suitable roosts, we conclude that the second logging cycle, due before the turn of tbe century, will have a major deleterious impact on the local survival of N. gouldi unless gullies remain unlogged. This would require the redefinition of gullies in the forest management plan to include all drainage lines.

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25

Lunney, D., B. Law, and P. Baverstock. "Towards a national bat research strategy for Australia: pointers arising from a survey of participants at the Sixth Australian Bat Conference in January 1994." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 3 (1995): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc960206.

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A questionnaire distributed to the participants of the Sixth Australian Bat Conference in January 1994 sought views about priorities for Australian bat research. The results demonstrate that there is a primary requirement for the funding of broad-based fundamental research and many of the research projects proposed by the participants are listed here. Bat research was considered to be hindered by lack of funding, cost of capital equipment and inaccessible research results buried in unpublished studies. Species of the genera Pteropus and Nyctophilus and cave-dwellers were thought to be good potential subjects for research, but there was little support for research and development of an industry based on commercial utilization of flying foxes. Most importantly, the results reveal the concern of bat specialists that bat conservation in Australia be based on a thorough understanding of bat biology.

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26

Turbill, C., and M. Ellis. "Distribution and abundance of the south-eastern form of the greater long-eared bat Nyctophilus timoriensis." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06001.

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In south-eastern Australia, the greater long-eared bat (Nyctophilus timoriensis) has been rarely captured and is considered uncommon, although large areas within its range have received little survey effort. We collate existing capture records and present new data on N. timoriensis captures from recent fauna inventory surveys across the western slopes and plains of New South Wales (NSW). From 1628 trap nights at 39 study areas, 118 N. timoriensis were captured out of a total of 8266 bats. In larger remnants in the Brigalow Belt South Bioregion, N. timoriensis was captured at a rate of 0.1 to 0.6 per trap night and made up 7 to 9% of bat captures. This was approximately an order of magnitude greater than in other study areas throughout western NSW. There were no captures from the Darling Riverine Plains Bioregion. These surveys show that the large vegetation remnants of Goonoo, Pilliga West and Pilliga East study areas are a distinct stronghold in the distribution of the south-eastern form of N. timoriensis.

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27

Law, Bradley, Leroy Gonsalves, Mark Chidel, and Traecey Brassil. "Subtle use of a disturbance mosaic by the south-eastern long-eared bat (Nyctophilus corbeni): an extinction-prone, narrow-space bat." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15034.

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Context Studies of habitat suitability in disturbed landscapes based on species traits can improve predictions about how alternative management strategies are likely to affect threatened species. Aims We studied the south-eastern long-eared bat (Nyctophilus corbeni), which represents a group of bats prone to extinction due to attributes that adapt it to flight within cluttered forest vegetation, typically making them forest-dependent. To support decisions about management of the species in timber production forests, we investigated roost selection and characterised diet in a mosaic of disturbance histories in the Pilliga forests of north-western New South Wales. Methods We caught 54 N. corbeni, radio-tracked 39 individuals and located 41 unique maternity roost trees. Attributes of roost trees were compared with the local neighbourhood and the landscape mosaic of habitat types and logging treatments (recently logged, recently thinned and old regrowth). Preliminary observations were collected on foraging movements. Diet was characterised for maternity and non-maternity seasons using faecal DNA techniques. Key Results Small maternity colonies (<10 bats) were found in hollows and fissures often in exposed locations of trees with a small diameter (means range 23–39 cm) that were usually dead (82.5% of roosts). Buloke Allocasuarina luehmannii was most commonly used for roosting (49%), yet has been overlooked previously as a source of hollows for fauna. Landscape-scale habitat use was subtle: bats avoided roosting in commercially thinned stands and selected old regrowth. Logged and mechanically thinned stands were used in proportion to availability. Nyctophilus corbeni consumed a diverse range of prey in spring (November) and autumn (March), dominated by moths. Conclusions Areas of high stem density, especially those containing dead trees, provide key roosting habitat for N. corbeni and this is likely to be a significant factor explaining the species rarity. Implications Roosting ecology as well as foraging ecology contributes to a species’ sensitivity to disturbance consistent with trait-based predictions. Heterogeneity in the landscape should be maintained when the habitat of N. corbeni is manipulated (e.g. thinned) by retaining a diversity of stem densities, including dense patches (especially with dead A. luehmannii).

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Milne, Damian J., Chris J. Burwell, and Chris R. Pavey. "Dietary composition of insectivorous bats of the Top End of Australia." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 2 (2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15044.

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Diet and, more broadly, trophic ecology is an important aspect of microbat ecology that provides valuable information on how species interact and persist within the environment. In this study, we assessed the trophic ecology of a microbat assemblage in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. On the basis of analysis of stomach and faecal contents, we assessed 23 species representing seven families, including three species (Taphozous kapalgensis, Nyctophilus arnhemensis and Pipistrellus adamsi) for which no previous dietary data are available. Insects were the principal food source of all species in the Top End microbat assemblage. For foraging guilds, a higher percentage of Orthoptera and Coleoptera were present in species from the ‘Uncluttered’ guild whereas a higher percentage of Lepidoptera were taken by bats in the ‘Background clutter’ and ‘Highly cluttered’ guilds. However, there was considerable overlap between microbat diets irrespective of foraging strategy.

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Tidemann, CR, and SC Flavel. "Factors Affecting Choice of Diurnal Roost Site by Tree-Hole Bats (Microchiroptera) in Southeastern Australia." Wildlife Research 14, no. 4 (1987): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870459.

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Tree-hole bats are adaptable enough to roost in cavities in man-made structures if these approximate natural hollows. Commonalities between occupied sites in buildings and trees were examined in an attempt to identify the factors involved in their selection by bats. Eptesicus vulturnus, Chalinolobus morio, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, N. gouldi and Mormopterus planiceps all selected roosts with entrances and cavities having one dimension not much larger than themselves. None were far from water and, although there were significant differences between species values of some roost attributes, the similarities between them are probably more important. A high degree of variability in most measured attributes suggests that none of these species is highly selective. Colony size was variable, but tended to be small and segregated by sex and species. Possible reasons for these behaviours are discussed. The implications of these findings for management and research are considered and a design for an artificial roost is presented.

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30

Turbill, Christopher. "Roosting and thermoregulatory behaviour of male Gould's long-eared bats, Nyctophilus gouldi: energetic benefits of thermally unstable tree roosts." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 1 (2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05068.

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Information about the thermal biology of bats in relation to their roosting behaviour is scant. I used temperature telemetry to locate roosts and record the thermoregulatory behaviour of male long-eared bats, Nyctophilus gouldi (9 g), during late spring in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Bats roosted under bark and in tree cavities, where they typically experienced wide daily fluctuations in ambient temperature (Ta). On 13 out of 16 days, bats employed two torpor bouts per day, during the early morning and late afternoon, coinciding with times of low Ta. Heating of roosts during the day resulted in up to 20°C of passive re-warming before active arousal and provided high Ta around midday when bats were normothermic. By switching between torpor and normothermic thermoregulation according to the daily Ta cycle, male N. gouldi appear to gain an energetic advantage from choosing poorly insulated and often sun-exposed roosts.

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31

Turbill, Christopher, and Fritz Geiser. "Thermal physiology of pregnant and lactating female and male long-eared bats, Nyctophilus geoffroyi and N. gouldi." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 176, no. 2 (December 6, 2005): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-005-0038-7.

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32

Hosken, David J. "Sperm fertility and skewed paternity during sperm competition in the Australian long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Journal of Zoology 245, no. 1 (May 1998): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00076.x.

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Threlfall, C. G., B. Law, and P. B. Banks. "The urban matrix and artificial light restricts the nightly ranging behaviour of Gould's long-eared bat (Nyctophilus gouldi)." Austral Ecology 38, no. 8 (April 29, 2013): 921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12034.

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Parnaby, Harry E., Andrew G. King, and Mark D. B. Eldridge. "A new bat species from southwestern Western Australia, previously assigned to Gould’s Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858." Records of the Australian Museum 73, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.73.2021.1766.

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Morris, S., A. L. Curtin, and M. B. Thompson. "Heterothermy, torpor, respiratory gas exchange, water balance and the effect of feeding in Gould's long-eared bat Nyctophilus gouldi." Journal of Experimental Biology 197, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.309.

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The effects of temperature and nutritional status on the metabolic rate of Nyctophilus gouldi were examined. Bats fed marked meals first defecated approximately 1.34 h after feeding and were calculated to have a mean retention time of 5.38 +/- 0.57 h but to be truly post-absorptive after 9 h. Over the temperature range 1-35 degrees C, the metabolic rate (Vo2) and body temperature (Tb) of fasted bats were extremely labile. Below 30 degrees C, the bats all entered torpor and between 10 and 15 degrees C showed a mean 84% reduction over the maximal Vo2. Body temperature was also minimal over this range (Tb = 12.5 degrees C, Ta = 10-15 degrees C). Both total and dry thermal conductance increased in a curvilinear manner with temperature, total conductance from 3.38 +/- 0.65 J g-1 h-1 degree C-1 at 1 degree C to 24.25 +/- 1.99 J g-1 h-1 degree C-1 at 35 degrees C (mean +/- S.E.M.), while the rate of evaporative water loss increased with Ta by a maximum of 10-fold from 0.21 mg g-1 h-1 at 5 degrees C to 2.69 mg g-1h-1 at 35 degrees C. Between 10 and 25 degrees C, intermittent respiration characterised by episodic bouts of breathing/gas exchange and periods of apnoea with no measurable Vo2 occurred. Although the duration of apnoea decreased when temperature was increased, the volume of oxygen taken up in each episode did not change. Mean respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was low (0.64-0.77) in post-absorptive bats, typical of fat utilisation, but during torpor ranged from near 0 to near 2, indicating discontinuous and disproportional gas exchange. Feeding produced a condition of relatively sustained homeothermy and high RER in the bats which persisted for 9 h, after which the N. gouldi became torpid. Immediately after feeding, the Vo2 of the bats increased fivefold above the post-absorptive level, while the Vco2 increased by more than eightfold. Similarly, body temperature also increased, declining to torpid values after 9. The RER in immediately post-feeding bats was near 1.0 but subsequently declined to near 0.7, indicating a switch from carbohydrate to fat utilisation. Therefore, the N. gouldi were heterothermic, exhibited a highly labile metabolic rate, and rates of heat and water loss, and Tb which were influenced both by ambient temperature and by nutritional status.

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36

Kutt, A. S. "Two north-western Queensland records of Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and evidence of cave roosting." Australian Zoologist 32, no. 3 (October 2003): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2002.026.

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Prada, Diana, Victoria Boyd, Michelle Baker, Bethany Jackson, and Mark O’Dea. "Insights into Australian Bat Lyssavirus in Insectivorous Bats of Western Australia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010046.

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Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is a known causative agent of neurological disease in bats, humans and horses. It has been isolated from four species of pteropid bats and a single microbat species (Saccolaimus flaviventris). To date, ABLV surveillance has primarily been passive, with active surveillance concentrating on eastern and northern Australian bat populations. As a result, there is scant regional ABLV information for large areas of the country. To better inform the local public health risks associated with human-bat interactions, this study describes the lyssavirus prevalence in microbat communities in the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia. We used targeted real-time PCR assays to detect viral RNA shedding in 839 oral swabs representing 12 species of microbats, which were sampled over two consecutive summers spanning 2016–2018. Additionally, we tested 649 serum samples via Luminex® assay for reactivity to lyssavirus antigens. Active lyssavirus infection was not detected in any of the samples. Lyssavirus antibodies were detected in 19 individuals across six species, with a crude prevalence of 2.9% (95% CI: 1.8–4.5%) over the two years. In addition, we present the first records of lyssavirus exposure in two Nyctophilus species, and Falsistrellus mackenziei.

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38

Young, R. A., and G. I. Ford. "Bat fauna of a semi-arid environment in central western Queensland, Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 2 (2000): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98071.

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The results from a survey of bats in semi-arid Idalia National Park, central westernQueensland, are presented, with an analysis of habitat use, species richness, seasonal activity and reproductive patterns. Fourteen species were recorded: one megachiropteran, and thirteen microchiropterans in eight genera and three families. Significant range extensions were recorded for Vespadelus vulturnus, V. finlaysoni and Nyctophilus gouldi. Capture success using harp traps was unusually high, with 859 bats of nine species captured in 27 trap-nights (31.4 bats per trap-night). Two species (Chalinolobus gouldii and Scotorepens greyii) comprised almost 75% of all captures in harp traps. The remaining five species were recorded by means of echolocation call detection, cave searches and incidental observations. Bat species richness, abundance and capture success was greatest in riparian woodland and open forest adjacent to water; over 97% of captures in harp traps occurred at these sites. Breeding in most species appears to follow a seasonally monoestrous pattern with the ovarian and spermatogenic cycles being asynchronous. Sex ratios were close to parity but with a slightly higher proportion of females in some species in autumn. Females were generally larger and heavier than males.

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Sanderson, K. J., D. A. Jaeger, J. F. Bonner, and L. Jansen. "Activity patterns of bats at house roosts near Adelaide." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 2 (2006): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06023.

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Activity patterns of bats in rural areas near Adelaide (South Australia) were monitored systematically at one roost (holding Mormopterus planiceps) and episodically at two others (holding Chalinolobus morio and Nyctophilus geoffroyi) from March 1999 to March 2001. Bats were active from about late August to mid May, and left roosts each night about half an hour after sunset. Exit times were 15 min (mean) for M. planiceps (66 nights), 27-40 min for C. morio (4 nights) and 13-20 min for N. geoffroyi (3 nights), with significant correlation between numbers of M. planiceps exiting and sunset temperatures. M. planiceps were active near the roost before midnight, with very little activity after midnight. C. morio were active near the roost over the whole of some evenings. Most N. geoffroyi activity near the roost was recorded as bats returned just before sunrise and as they left after sunset, with low activity near the roost overnight. Temperatures were logged hourly in two roosts, and exceeded 40�C on some days. Visual observations showed that C. morio were sometimes located in different positions in the roost, and that they vacated the house roost over winter.

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40

Slocombe, N. C., J. R. Codd, P. G. Wood, S. Orgeig, and C. B. Daniels. "The effect of alterations in activity and body temperature on the pulmonary surfactant system in the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 16 (August 15, 2000): 2429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.16.2429.

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Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins that controls the surface tension of the fluid lining the lung. It is critical for lung stability and function. The amount and composition of surfactant are influenced by physiological variables such as metabolic rate, body temperature and ventilation. We investigated the plasticity of the pulmonary surfactant system in the microchiropteran bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi throughout a natural 24 h cycle. Bats were housed at 24 degrees C on a fixed (8 h:16 h) light:dark photoperiod. At 4 h intervals throughout the 24 h period, bats were lavaged and the surfactant analysed for absolute and relative amounts of total phospholipid (PL), disaturated phospholipid (DSP) and cholesterol (Chol). N. geoffroyi experienced two peaks of activity, at 18:00 h and 06:00 h. The amount of surfactant increased 1.5-fold upon arousal from torpor. The proportion of DSP to PL in the surfactant remained constant. Similarly, the Chol/PL and Chol/DSP ratios remained relatively constant. Surfactant cholesterol content did not increase during torpor in N. geoffroyi. Cholesterol does not appear to control surfactant fluidity during torpor in these bats, but instead the cholesterol content exactly mirrored the diurnal changes in body temperature.

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41

Taylor, RJ, and NM Savva. "Use of Roost Sites by Four Species of Bats in State Forest in South-Eastern Tasmania." Wildlife Research 15, no. 6 (1988): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880637.

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Roosting requirements and movements between foraging areas and roost sites were studied in Eptesicus regulus, E. sagittula, Chalinolobus morio and Nyctophilus geoffroyi in an area of artificially regenerated eucalypt (Eucalyptus) forest surrounded by mature eucalypt forest. Movements between traps and roost sites were normally about 1 km, with the maximum distance recorded being 4.8 km for a female N. geoffroyi. Different species of eucalypts were used as roost sites in proportion to their occurrence in the forest. However, large trees over 80 cm d.b.h. were favoured. There was no tendency to avoid roost sites close to the ground. Spaces used as roost sites had one dimension little greater than the bat itself. Five types of roost sites were distinguished: in fissures, inside burnt-out boles, in hollows, under bark and on the ground. Individuals changed roost sites frequently but roosts used by any one individual were in the same general vicinity. The factors associated with production of roost sites in trees were: large size, overmaturity, death, rot and fire. No bats were found to roost in regenerated forest. Patches of mature forest will need to be retained to ensure a shortage of roosts does not occur as more areas of mature forest are converted to production forest.

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Baker, G. Barry, Lindy F. Lumsden, E. Belinda Dettmann, Natasha K. Schedvin, Martin Schulz, Doug Watkins, and Loraine Jansen. "The effect of forearm bands on insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera) in Australia." Wildlife Research 28, no. 3 (2001): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99068.

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We assessed injuries to the forearms of 17 species of microchiropteran bats marked for ecological studies and banded under the auspices of the Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme. Serious injuries were recorded in 16 of the 17 species, but injury rates varied between species according to band type, band size and metal type. Survival estimates were calculated for three species. In Nyctophilus geoffroyi mean annual survival was significantly lower for animals marked with bat bands that caused major injuries to 7.1% of recaptured animals than that for animals marked with bird bands that produced negligible injury rates. The results of this study have led the Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme to adopt a precautionary principle and impose a moratorium on the banding of bats belonging to the families Vespertilionidae, Molossidae and Emballonuridae. Applications to band microchiropteran bats are now considered on a case-by-case basis. Rigorous trials on target species are required to evaluate the efficacy of the marking technique proposed before banding approval is granted. Banding of potentially sensitive species is limited to studies in which the impacts of banding can be evaluated directly, such as at known roost sites. There is a need to develop alternative methods for marking insectivorous bats for ecological studies of wild populations.

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Sanderson, K., and D. Kirkley. "Yearly Activity Patterns of Bats at Belair National Park, In Adelaide, South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 3 (1998): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98369.

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Bat activity was surveyed at Belair National Park, Adelaide and an adjacent house in Glenalta, March 1996 to March 1997, using the Anabat system. 44 bats of 6 species (Chalinolobus gouldii, C. morio, Vespadelus darlingtoni, V. regulus, V. vulturnus, and Nyctophilus geoffroyi) were captured, providing positive identification of calls. Three additional species were recorded (Tadarida australis, Mormopterus planiceps and an unidentified species). At Playford Lake, Belair, 2522 bat calls were recorded in 35 h, with most calls from V. darlingtoni (76.3% of total). At Glenalta, 1521 calls were recorded in 238 h, with most calls from C. gouldii (69.2% of total). V. darlingtoni, V. regulus and M. planiceps showed significantly more activity at Playford Lake, Belair, a wooded site beside a lake, than at Glenalta, a suburban site with artificial lighting, while activity of C. gouldii and T. australis was similar at the two sites. Most bats showed significant lower activity in winter, apart from V darlingtoni, which was active all year round at Belair. Nocturnal temperatures during the study varied from 6-31°C. The activity of most bat species showed no significant correlation with temperature, apart from C. gouldii at Belair, which averaged 1.2 passes per hour below 13°C and 9.3 passes per hour above l3°C.

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44

Lumsden, L. F., A. F. Bennett, and J. E. Silins. "Selection of roost sites by the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in south-eastern Australia." Journal of Zoology 257, no. 2 (June 2002): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095283690200081x.

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45

Bullen, R. D., and J. N. Dunlop. "Assessment of habitat usage by bats in the rangelands of Western Australia: comparison of echolocation call count and stable isotope analysis methods." Rangeland Journal 34, no. 3 (2012): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12001.

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The activity levels of seven species of insectivorous microbats in five habitats widespread across the Charles Darwin Reserve in the Murchison region of Western Australia were measured using echolocation detectors and compared with results of habitat usage revealed by stable isotope analysis. The activity levels were further compared with projective foliage density as a surrogate of productivity within each habitat. Habitat use, estimated from echolocation activity of the microbat species and from stable isotope analysis of their fur, agree and each provides complementary information on the habitats preferred by species. Both methods show that five of the species, Chalinolobus gouldii, C. morio, Mormopterus species 3, Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Tadarida australis, are active and forage over each of the five habitats. Scotorepens balstoni is shown by both methods to prefer habitats with C3 woodland over C4 shrubs and grasses. Vespadelus baverstocki is shown by both methods to fly and forage over habitats with developed arid-zone shrubland understorey vegetation. The echolocation method shows that bat activity levels align with the foliage mass of the vegetation as measured by the projected foliage density. The species’ stable isotope signatures show that the insects captured are feeding primarily on the ground cover of the habitats. The two species that have high δC signatures, S. balstoni and V. baverstocki, are shown to be most active in habitats with a C4 ground cover.

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LUNNEY, DANIEL, JOHN BARKER, TANYA LEARY, DAVID PRIDDEL, ROBERT WHEELER, PAUL O'CONNOR, and BRADLEY LAW. "Roost selection by the north Queensland long-eared bat Nyctophilus bifax in littoral rainforest in the Iluka World Heritage Area, New South Wales." Austral Ecology 20, no. 4 (December 1995): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00572.x.

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47

Webala, Paul W., Michael D. Craig, Bradley S. Law, Adrian F. Wayne, and J. Stuart Bradley. "Roost site selection by southern forest bat Vespadelus regulus and Gould's long-eared bat Nyctophilus gouldi in logged jarrah forests; south-western Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 260, no. 10 (October 2010): 1780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.08.022.

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48

Currie, Shannon E., Kodie Noy, and Fritz Geiser. "Passive rewarming from torpor in hibernating bats: minimizing metabolic costs and cardiac demands." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 308, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): R34—R41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00341.2014.

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Endothermic arousal from torpor is an energetically costly process and imposes enormous demands on the cardiovascular system, particularly during early stage arousal from low body temperature (Tb). To minimize these costs many bats and other heterothermic endotherms rewarm passively from torpor using solar radiation or fluctuating ambient temperature (Ta). Because the heart plays a critical role in the arousal process in terms of blood distribution and as a source of heat production, it is desirable to understand how the function of this organ responds to passive rewarming and how this relates to changes in metabolism and Tb. We investigated heart rate (HR) in hibernating long-eared bats ( Nyctophilus gouldi) and its relationship to oxygen consumption (V̇o2) and subcutaneous temperature (Tsub) during exposure to increasing Ta compared with endogenous arousals at constant low Ta. During passive rewarming, HR and V̇o2 remained low over a large Tsub range and increased concurrently with increasing Ta (Q10 2.4 and 2.5, respectively). Absolute values were higher than during steady-state torpor but below those measured during torpor entry. During active arousals, mean HR and V̇o2 were substantially higher than during passive rewarming at corresponding Tsub. In addition, partial passive rewarming reduced the cost of arousal from torpor by 53% compared with entirely active arousal. Our data show that passive rewarming considerably reduces arousal costs and arousal time; we suggest this may also contribute to minimizing exposure to oxidative stresses as well as demands on the cardiovascular system.

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49

Hosken, D. J. "Seasonal Changes in Testis Mass and Epididymal Volume in The Greater Long-eared Bat, Nyctophilus timoriensis (Major), From the Goldfields Region of Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 1 (1998): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97121.

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Fjelldal, Mari Aas, Jonathan Wright, and Clare Stawski. "Nightly torpor use in response to weather conditions and individual state in an insectivorous bat." Oecologia 197, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05022-6.

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AbstractTorpor is a well-known energy conservation strategy in many mammal and bird species. It is often employed when environmental conditions are unfavourable to maximize survival probabilities. However, torpor often carries with it the physiological costs of a low body temperature and of rewarming in addition to potential missed opportunities for foraging. Therefore, we hypothesised that decision making regarding when to use torpor should reflect the most important environmental conditions for species distributions, and thus how they may be impacted by ongoing climate change. We investigated how weather conditions affect nightly torpor patterns in the nocturnal insectivorous Australian eastern long-eared bat (Nyctophilus bifax). By measuring the skin temperature of 37 free-ranging individuals, we confirmed that torpor was used more frequently during the winter and at subtropical compared to tropical locations. Using mixed-effect models we show that lower ambient temperatures were the main driver of individual torpor use, probably due to lower roost temperatures and prey availability. However, increased rain, wind and humidity, and decreasing barometric pressure, as well as brighter moonlight, also led to more time spent torpid per night. We suggest that bats evaluate multiple environmental cues to make decisions regarding torpor use versus active foraging based upon their expectations of the energetic benefits, prey availability and relative predation risk. Interactions between some of these effects and body mass (whilst controlling for forearm length) indicate that individual variation in body size and/or state-dependent effects of energy reserves also partly determined the use of nightly torpor in these bats.

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