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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Nucleus hypoglossus"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Nucleus hypoglossus"

Kruszynski, Sandra, Kornelijus Stanaitis, Janine Brandes, Christian F. Poets, and Henner Koch. "Doxapram stimulates respiratory activity through distinct activation of neurons in the nucleus hypoglossus and the pre-Bötzinger complex." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00304.2018.

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Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used for decades as a treatment option in apnea of prematurity refractory to methylxanthine treatment. Its mode of action, however, is still poorly understood. We investigated direct effects of doxapram on the pre-Bötzinger complex (PreBötC) and on a downstream motor output system, the hypoglossal nucleus (XII), in the transverse brainstem slice preparation. While doxapram has only a modest stimulatory effect on frequency of activity generated within the PreBötC, a much more robust increase in the amplitude of population activity in the subsequent motor output generated in the XII was observed. In whole cell patch-clamp recordings of PreBötC and XII neurons, we confirmed significantly increased firing of evoked action potentials in XII neurons in the presence of doxapram, while PreBötC neurons showed no significant alteration in firing properties. Interestingly, the amplitude of activity in the motor output was not increased in the presence of doxapram compared with control conditions during hypoxia. We conclude that part of the stimulatory effects of doxapram is caused by direct input on brainstem centers with differential effects on the rhythm generating kernel (PreBötC) and the downstream motor output (XII). NEW & NOTEWORTHY The clinically used respiratory stimulant doxapram has distinct effects on the rhythm generating kernel (pre-Bötzinger complex) and motor output centers (nucleus hypoglossus). These effects are obliterated during hypoxia and are mediated by distinct changes in the intrinsic properties of neurons of the nucleus hypoglossus and synaptic transmission received by pre-Bötzinger complex neurons.

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Lips, Mario B., and Bernhard U. Keller. "Activity-Related Calcium Dynamics in Motoneurons of the Nucleus Hypoglossus From Mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 2936–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.2936.

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A quantitative analysis of activity-related calcium dynamics was performed in motoneurons of the nucleus hypoglossus in the brain stem slice preparation from mouse by simultaneous patch-clamp and microfluorometric calcium measurements. Motoneurons were analyzed under in vitro conditions that kept them in a functionally intact state represented by rhythmic, inspiratory-related bursts of excitatory postsynaptic currents and associated action potential discharges. Bursts of electrical activity were paralleled by somatic calcium transients resulting from calcium influx through voltage-activated calcium channels, where each action potential accounted for a calcium-mediated charge influx around 2 pC into the somatic compartment. Under in vivo conditions, rhythmic-respiratory activity in young mice occurred at frequencies up to 5 Hz, demonstrating the necessity for rapid calcium elevation and recovery in respiratory-related neurons. The quantitative analysis of hypoglossal calcium homeostasis identified an average extrusion rate, but an exceptionally low endogenous calcium binding capacity as cellular parameters accounting for rapid calcium signaling. Our results suggest that dynamics of somatic calcium transients 1) define an upper limit for the maximum frequency of respiratory-related burst discharges and 2) represent a potentially dangerous determinant of intracellular calcium profiles during pathophysiological and/or excitotoxic conditions.

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Hartmann, Henrik A., Stephanie McMahon, Dexter Y. Sun, James H. Abbs, and Etsuro Uemura. "Neuronal RNA in Nucleus Ambiguus and Nucleus Hypoglossus of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 48, no. 6 (November 1989): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005072-198911000-00008.

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Chen, Z., J. Hedner, and T. Hedner. "Substance P in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata regulates ventilatory responses." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 2631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.6.2631.

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Local injection of substance P (SP) into the ventral portion of the nucleus gigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis lateralis, and nucleus retrofacialis of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM) or direct application on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata caused marked stimulation of tidal volume (VT) and/or minute ventilation (VE). The ventilatory response to hypoxia was significantly blunted after SP in the VLM but not in the dorsal medulla oblongata (DM) (nucleus tractus solitarius). The SP antagonist [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP almost completely inhibited this response when applied locally to a wide area of the superficial layer of the VLM but not of the DM. Unilateral or bilateral application of 0.3-1.5 nmol of the SP antagonist in the VLM (corpus trapezoideum and the caudal region extending from the rootlets of the nucleus hypoglossus to the first cervical segment) markedly attenuated the response to a 5% CO2 inhalation. The inhibition of the CO2 response was seen after [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP in the rostral areas of the medulla oblongata corresponding to the corpus trapezoideum and the caudal region extending from the rootlets of the nucleus hypoglossus to the first cervical segment of the cervical cord. Electric somatosensory-induced ventilatory stimulation could be depressed by approximately 70% by [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP locally applied on the surface of the VLM. We conclude that SP is involved in the hypoxic, hypercapnic, and somatosensory ventilatory responses in the rat. However, these respiratory reflexes are mediated via different neuronal pools in the medulla oblongata, mainly the VLM.

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Lips, Mario B., and Bernhard U. Keller. "Endogenous calcium buffering in motoneurones of the nucleus hypoglossus from mouse." Journal of Physiology 511, no. 1 (August 1998): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.105bi.x.

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Cifra, Alessandra, Francesca Nani, Elina Sharifullina, and Andrea Nistri. "A repertoire of rhythmic bursting produced by hypoglossal motoneurons in physiological and pathological conditions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1529 (September 12, 2009): 2493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0071.

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The brainstem nucleus hypoglossus contains motoneurons that provide the exclusive motor nerve supply to the tongue. In addition to voluntary tongue movements, tongue muscles rhythmically contract during a wide range of physiological activities, such as respiration, swallowing, chewing and sucking. Hypoglossal motoneurons are destroyed early in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease often associated with a deficit in the transport system of the neurotransmitter glutamate. The present study shows how periodic electrical discharges of motoneurons are mainly produced by a neuronal network that drives them into bursting mode via glutamatergic excitatory synapses. Burst activity is, however, modulated by the intrinsic properties of motoneurons that collectively synchronize their discharges via gap junctions to create ‘group bursters’. When glial uptake of glutamate is blocked, a distinct form of pathological bursting spontaneously emerges and leads to motoneuron death. Conversely, H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress strongly increases motoneuron excitability without eliciting bursting. Riluzole (the only drug currently licensed for the treatment of ALS) suppresses bursting of hypoglossal motoneurons caused by blockage of glutamate uptake and limits motoneuron death. These findings highlight how different patterns of electrical oscillations of brainstem motoneurons underpin not only certain physiological activities, but also motoneuron death induced by glutamate transporter impairment.

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Donato, Roberta, and Andrea Nistri. "Relative Contribution by GABA or Glycine to Cl−-Mediated Synaptic Transmission on Rat Hypoglossal Motoneurons In Vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 2715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.2715.

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The relative contribution by GABA and glycine to synaptic transmission of motoneurons was investigated using an hypoglossus nucleus slice preparation from neonatal rats. Spontaneous, miniature, or electrically evoked postsynaptic currents (sPSCs, mPSCs, ePSCs, respectively) mediated by glycine or GABA were recorded under whole cell voltage clamp after blocking excitatory glutamatergic transmission with kynurenic acid. The overall majority of Cl−-mediated sPSCs was glycinergic, while only one-third was GABAergic; 70 ± 10% of mPSCs were glycinergic while 22 ± 8% were GABAergic. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) application dramatically reduced the frequency (and slightly the amplitude) of GABAergic events without changing frequency or amplitude of glycinergic sPSCs. These results indicate that, unlike spontaneous GABAergic transmission, glycine-mediated neurotransmission was essentially independent of network activity. There was a consistent difference in the kinetics of GABAergic and glycinergic responses as GABAergic events had significantly slower rise and decay times than glycinergic ones. Such a difference was always present whenever sPSCs, mPSCs, or ePSCs were measured. Finally, GABAergic and glycinergic mPSCs were differentially modulated by activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors (mGluRs), which are abundant in the hypoglossus nucleus. In fact, the broad-spectrum mGluR agonist (±)-1-aminocyclopentane- trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (50 μM), which in control solution increased the frequency of both GABAergic and glycinergic sPSCs, enhanced the frequency of glycinergic mPSCs only. These results indicate that on brain stem motoneurons, Cl−-mediated synaptic transmission is mainly due to glycine rather than GABA and that GABAergic and glycinergic events differ in terms of kinetics and pharmacological sensitivity to mGluR activation or TTX.

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Haller, M., S. L. Mironov, and D. W. Richter. "Intrinsic Optical Signals in Respiratory Brain Stem Regions of Mice: Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Metabolic Stress." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.412.

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In the rhythmic brain stem slice preparation, spontaneous respiratory activity is generated endogenously and can be recorded as output activity from hypoglossal XII rootlets. Here we combine these recordings with measurements of the intrinsic optical signal (IOS) of cells in the regions of the periambigual region and nucleus hypoglossus of the rhythmic slice preparation. The IOS, which reflects changes of infrared light transmittance and scattering, has been previously employed as an indirect sensor for activity-related changes in cell metabolism. The IOS is believed to be primarily caused by cell volume changes, but it has also been associated with other morphological changes such as dendritic beading during prolonged neuronal excitation or mitochondrial swelling. An increase of the extracellular K+ concentration from 3 to 9 mM, as well as superfusion with hypotonic solution induced a marked increase of the IOS, whereas a decrease in extracellular K+ or superfusion with hypertonic solution had the opposite effect. During tissue anoxia, elicited by superfusion of N2-gassed solution, the biphasic response of the respiratory activity was accompanied by a continuous rise in the IOS. On reoxygenation, the IOS returned to control levels. Cells located at the surface of the slice were observed to swell during periods of anoxia. The region of the nucleus hypoglossus exhibited faster and larger IOS changes than the periambigual region, which presumably reflects differences in sensitivities of these neurons to metabolic stress. To analyze the components of the hypoxic IOS response, we investigated the IOS after application of neurotransmitters known to be released in increasing amounts during hypoxia. Indeed, glutamate application induced an IOS increase, whereas adenosine slightly reduced the IOS. The IOS response to hypoxia was diminished after application of glutamate uptake blockers, indicating that glutamate contributes to the hypoxic IOS. Blockade of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ouabain did not provoke a hypoxia-like IOS change. The influences of KATP channels were analyzed, because they contribute significantly to the modulation of neuronal excitability during hypoxia. IOS responses obtained during manipulation of KATP channel activity could be explained only by implicating mitochondrial volume changes mediated by mitochondrial KATP channels. In conclusion, the hypoxic IOS response can be interpreted as a result of cell and mitochondrial swelling. Cell swelling can be attributed to hypoxic release of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and to inhibition of Na+/K+-pump activity.

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Ramirez, J. M., U. J. A. Quellmalz, and B. Wilken. "Developmental Changes in the Hypoxic Response of the Hypoglossus Respiratory Motor Output In Vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.383.

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Ramirez, J. M., U.J.A. Quellmalz, and B. Wilken. Developmental changes in the hypoxic response of the hypoglossus respiratory motor output in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 383–392, 1997. The transverse brain stem slice of mice containing the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC), a region essential for respiratory rhythm generation in vitro, was used to study developmental changes of the response of the in vitro respiratory network to severe hypoxia (anoxia). This preparation generates, at different postnatal stages [postnatal day (P)0–22], spontaneous rhythmic activity in hypoglossal (XII) rootlets that are known to occur in synchrony with periodic bursts of neurons in the PBC. It is assumed that this rhythmic activity reflects respiratory rhythmic activity. At all examined stages anoxia led to a biphasic response: the frequency of rhythmic XII activity initially increased (“primary augmentation”) and then decreased (“secondary depression”). In neonates (P0–7), anoxia did not significantly affect the amplitude of integrated XII bursts. Secondary depression never led to a cessation of rhythmic activity. In mice older than P7, augmentation was accompanied by a significant increase in the amplitude of XII bursts. A significant decrease of the amplitude of XII bursts occurred during secondary depression. This depression led always to cessation of rhythmic activity in XII rootlets. The anoxia-induced response of the respiratory rhythmic XII motor output is biphasic and changes during development in a similar way to the in vivo respiratory network. Whether this biphasic response is due to a biphasic response of the respiratory rhythm generator and/or to a biphasic modulation of the XII motor nucleus remains unresolved and needs further cellular analysis. We propose that the transverse slice is a useful model system for examination of the mechanisms underlying the hypoxic response.

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Ladewig, T., P. Kloppenburg, P. M. Lalley, W. R. Zipfel, W. W. Webb, and B. U. Keller. "Spatial profiles of store-dependent calcium release in motoneurones of the nucleus hypoglossus from newborn mouse." Journal of Physiology 547, no. 3 (January 24, 2003): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.033605.

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Дисертації з теми "Nucleus hypoglossus"

Cotter, Anthony. "Motor neuron development in the hypoglossal nucleus." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119670.

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Movement, the ultimate or final output of most nervous system activity, is enabled by the coordinated action of motor neurons, which induce muscle contractions in the periphery by propagating electrical signals from neurons in the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system. The assembly of neurons during development into precisely interconnected circuits is dependent on the diversification of motor neurons into genetically and topologically discrete subpopulations, each of which develop unique patterns of peripheral and central innervation. Motor neurons' diversification is regulated, in part, by networks of transcription factors that impose particular profiles of gene expression, and thus axonal projection and somatic migration behaviours, on populations of motor neurons. The studies outlined here address the mechanisms regulating motor neurons' diversification in the chick hypoglossal nucleus and their innervation of the lingual muscles. We show that the transcription factor Runx1 is expressed in a subset of lingual muscle-innervating motor neurons and provide an anatomical and molecular characterization of the topography and gene expression patterns of the developing hypoglossal nucleus. Implications for Runx1's possible role in mammalian hypoglossal motor neuron development and the generation of neural circuits are also discussed.
Le mouvement, la finalité de l'activité du système nerveux, est rendu possible par l'action coordonnée des neurones moteurs, qui induisent des contractions musculaires dans la périphérie en propageant des signaux électriques à partir les neurones du cerveau et de la moelle épinière du système nerveux central. L'assemblage précise des neurones au cours du développement en des circuits interconnectés dépend de la diversification des neurones moteurs en sous-populations génétiquement et topologiquement distinctes, dont chacun développent des innervations périphériques et centrales uniques. La diversification des motoneurones est réglementé, en partie, par des réseaux de facteurs de transcription qui imposent des profils particuliers de l'expression des gènes, et ainsi les projections axonales et les comportements migratoires somatiques, sur les populations de neurones moteurs. Les études présentées ici s'interessent aux mécanismes de régulation de la diversification des motoneurones dans le noyau hypoglosse de l'embryon de poulet et leur innervation des muscles linguaux. Nous montrons que le facteur de transcription Runx1 est exprimé par un sous-population de neurones moteurs qui innervent les muscle linguaux et nous fournissons une caractérisation structurale et moléculaire de la topographie et de l'expression des gènes du noyau hypoglosse au cours du développement. Les implications possibles de Runx1 dans le développement hypoglosse motoneurones mammifères dans la génération de circuits neuronaux sont également discutés.

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Cholanian, Marina, Gregory L. Powell, Richard B. Levine, and Ralph F. Fregosi. "Influence of developmental nicotine exposure on glutamatergic neurotransmission in rhythmically active hypoglossal motoneurons." ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623555.

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Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is associated with increased risk of cardiorespiratory, intellectual, and behavioral abnormalities in neonates, and is a risk factor for apnea of prematurity, altered arousal responses and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Alterations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling (nAChRs) after DNE lead to changes in excitatory neurotransmission in neural networks that control breathing, including a heightened excitatory response to AMPA microinjection into the hypoglossal motor nucleus. Here, we report on experiments designed to probe possible postsynaptic and presynaptic mechanisms that may underlie this plasticity. Pregnant dams were exposed to nicotine or saline via an osmotic mini-pump implanted on the 5th day of gestation. We used whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology to record from hypoglossal motoneurons (XIIMNs) in thick medullary slices from neonatal rat pups (N = 26 control and 24 DNE cells). To enable the translation of our findings to breathing-related consequences of DNE, we only studied XIIMNs that were receiving rhythmic excitatory drive from the respiratory central pattern generator. Tetrodotoxin was used to isolate XIIMNs from presynaptic input, and their postsynaptic responses to bath application of L-glutamic acid (glutamate) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) were studied under voltage clamp. DNE had no influence on inward current magnitude evoked by either glutamate or AMPA. However, in cells from DNE animals, bath application of AMPA was associated with a right shift in the amplitude distribution (P = 0.0004), but no change in the inter-event interval distribution of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). DNE had no influence on mEPSC amplitude or frequency evoked by glutamate application, or under (unstimulated) baseline conditions. Thus, in the presence of AMPA, DNE is associated with a small but significant increase in quantal size, but no change in the probability of glutamate release.

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Vanselow, Bodo Karsten. "Glutamatrezeptoren und Ca2+-Homöostase in Hirnstamm-Motoneuronen der Maus." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ABE0-2.

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LI, SHI-XIONG, and 李世雄. "A study of the hypoglossal nucleus in the gerbilby retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12955295722351722398.

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Chen, Rong Zong, and 陳榮宗. "Effect of pontile raphe nuclei on respiratory-related hypoglossal activities in cats." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53743318620949209930.

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Vecchio, Laura Marie. "State-dependent Versus Central Motor Effects of Ethanol on Breathing." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18948.

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This thesis tested the hypothesis that ethanol suppresses respiratory muscle activity by effects at the central motor pool and/or by state-dependent regulation of motor activity via influences on sleep/arousal processes. Ten rats were implanted with electroencephalogram and neck electrodes to record sleep-wake states, and genioglossus and diaphragm electrodes for respiratory recordings. Studies were performed following intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.25g/kg) or vehicle. The effects on genioglossus activity of ethanol (0.025-1M) or vehicle applied directly to the hypoglossal motor nucleus were also determined in sixteen isoflurane-anaesthetized rats. The results of these studies suggest that ethanol at physiologically relevant concentrations promoted sleep, and altered electroencephalogram and postural motor activities indicative of a sedating effect. The lack of effect on genioglossus activity with ethanol applied directly to the hypoglossal motor pool suggests that the suppression observed with systemic administration may be mediated via effects on state-dependent processes rather than direct effects at the motor pool per se.

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Steenland, Hendrick William. "Respiratory activation of the genioglossus muscle involves both non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors at the hypoglossal motor nucleus in-vivo." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=370469&T=F.

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Zhang, Xing-Chu, and 張幸初. "Anatomical changes of neuronal profiles in the brainstem nuclei of the vagus nerve following vagal-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis in cats." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84945651314931194963.

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Книги з теми "Nucleus hypoglossus"

Mason, Peggy. Cranial Nerves and Cranial Nerve Nuclei. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0005.

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The functions of cranial nerves, conduits for sensory information to enter and motor information to exit the brain, and the common complaints arising from cranial nerve injuries are described. The modified anatomical arrangement of sensory and motor territories in the brainstem provides a framework for understanding the organization of the cranial nerve nuclei. A thorough grounding in the anatomy of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei allows the student to deduce whether a given set of symptoms arises from a central or peripheral lesion. The near triad, pupillary light reflex, and Bell’s palsy are particularly emphasized. The contributions of the six extraocular muscles to controlling eye position and to potential diplopia are described along with the consequences of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve dysfunction. The potential for lesions of facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves to yield dysphagia and dysarthria are outlined.

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Steenland, Hendrick William. Respiratory activation of the genioglossus muscle involves both non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors at the hypoglossal motor nucleus in-vivo. 2005.

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Shaw, Pamela, and David Hilton-Jones. The lower cranial nerves and dysphagia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0429.

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Disorders affecting the lower cranial nerves – V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal) – are discussed in the first part of this chapter. The clinical neuroanatomy of each nerve is described in detail, as are disorders – often in the form of lesions – for each nerve.Trigeminal nerve function may be affected by supranuclear, nuclear, or peripheral lesions. Because of the wide anatomical distribution of the components of the trigeminal nerve, complete interruption of both the motor and sensory parts is rarely observed in practice. However, partial involvement of the trigeminal nerve, particularly the sensory component, is relatively common, the main symptoms being numbness and pain. Reactivation of herpes zoster in the trigeminal nerve (shingles) can cause pain and a rash. Trigeminal neuralgia and sensory neuropathy are also discussed.Other disorders of the lower cranial nerves include Bell’s palsy, hemifacial spasm and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Cavernous sinus, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, jugular foramen syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis are caused by the involvement of more than one lower cranial nerve.Difficulty in swallowing, or dysphagia, is a common neurological problem and the most important consequences include aspiration and malnutrition (Wiles 1991). The process of swallowing is a complex neuromuscular activity, which allows the safe transport of material from the mouth to the stomach for digestion, without compromising the airway. It involves the synergistic action of at least 32 pairs of muscles and depends on the integrity of sensory and motor pathways of several cranial nerves; V, VII, IX, X, and XII. In neurological practice dysphagia is most often seen in association with other, obvious, neurological problems. Apart from in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, it is relatively rare as a sole presenting symptom although occasionally this is seen in motor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis, and inclusion body myositis. Conversely, in general medical practice, there are many mechanical or structural disorders which may have dysphagia as the presenting feature. In some of the disorders, notably motor neurone disease, both upper and lower motor neurone dysfunction may contribute to the dysphagia. Once dysphagia has been identified as a real or potential problem, the patient should undergo expert evaluation by a clinician and a speech therapist, prior to any attempt at feeding. Videofluoroscopy may be required. If there is any doubt it is best to achieve adequate nutrition through the use of a fine-bore nasogastric tube and to periodically reassess swallowing. Anticholinergic drugs may be helpful to reduce problems with excess saliva and drooling that occur in patients with neurological dysphagia, and a portable suction apparatus may be helpful. Difficulty in clearing secretions from the throat may be helped by the administration of a mucolytic agent such as carbocisteine or provision of a cough assist device.

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Частини книг з теми "Nucleus hypoglossus"

Okabe, Akihito, Akiko Arata, Yoshitaka Oku, Chitoshi Takayama, and Atsuo Fukuda. "Ontogeny of Cl- Homeostasis in Mouse Hypoglossal Nucleus." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 29–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5692-7_6.

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Guntinas-Lichius, O., A. Gunkel, E. Stennert, and W. F. Neiss. "Astroglial Response in Facial and Hypoglossal Nucleus After Hypoglossal-Facial Anastomosis in the Rat." In The Facial Nerve, 557. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85090-5_224.

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Guntinas-Lichius, O., A. Gunkel, E. Stennert, and W. F. Neiss. "Synaptic Stripping in Facial and Hypoglossal Nucleus after Hypoglossal-Facial Anastomosis in the Rat." In The Facial Nerve, 558. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85090-5_225.

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Székely, George, and Clara Matesz. "The Hypoglossal Nucleus: The Appearance of the Muscular Tongue." In Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, 7–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77938-1_3.

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Neiss, W. F., E. Schulte, O. Guntinas-Lichius, A. Gunkel, and E. Stennert. "Response of Nissl Substance in the Facial and Hypoglossal Nucleus After Hypoglossal-Facial Anastomosis in the Rat." In The Facial Nerve, 559. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85090-5_226.

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Simon, J. R., S. K. DiMicco, and M. H. Aprison. "Glutamate, Gaba and Cholinergic Systems in the NTS, DMN and Hypoglossal Nucleus of the Rat *." In Topics in the Neurosciences, 475–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2315-0_24.

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Guntinas-Lichius, O., E. Stennert, and W. F. Neiss. "Stereological Estimation of the Volume and Neuron Number of the Facial and Hypoglossal Nucleus of the Rat." In The Facial Nerve, 430. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85090-5_165.

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Wong, Agnes. "Ocular Motor Disorders Caused by Lesions in the Cerebellum." In Eye Movement Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195324266.003.0018.

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The vestibulocerebellum consists of the flocculus, ventral paraflocculus, nodulus, and uvula. ■ The flocculus receives inputs from the vestibular nucleus and nerve, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), inferior olivary nucleus, cell groups of the paramedian tracts (PMT), nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), and mesencephalic reticular formation. ■ The ventral paraflocculus receives inputs from contralateral pontine nuclei. ■ Project to ipsilateral superior and medial vestibular nuclei, and the y-group ■ Receive input from the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, vestibular nerve, NPH, and inferior olivary nucleus ■ Project to the vestibular nuclei ■ The oculomotor vermis consists of parts of the declive, folium, tuber, and pyramis. ■ Receives inputs from the inferior olivary nucleus, vestibular nuclei, NPH, paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF), NRTP, and dorsolateral and dorsomedial pontine nuclei ■ Projects to the caudal fastigial nucleus ■ Stimulation of the Purkinje cells in the dorsal vermis elicits contralaterally directed saccades and smooth pursuit ■ Receives inputs from the dorsal vermis, inferior olivary nucleus, and NRTP ■ Decussates and projects via the uncinate fasciculus of the brachium conjunctivum to the contralateral PPRF, rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, nucleus of the posterior commissure, omnipause neurons in nucleus raphe interpositus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and superior colliculus ■ Neurons in the fastigial oculomotor region (FOR) fire during both ipsilateral and contralateral saccades. 1. The contralateral FOR neurons burst before the onset of saccade, and the onset of firing is not correlated with any property of the saccade. 2. Conversely, the time of onset for neurons in the ipsilateral FOR varies, with bursts occurring later for larger saccades. 3. Thus, the difference in time of onset between contralateral and ipsilateral FOR activity encodes the amplitude of saccades (i.e., the larger the difference in time of onset, the larger the saccade amplitude). Eye movement abnormalities in uncinate fasciculus lesion include hypometric ipsilesional saccades and hypermetric contralesional saccades (“contrapulsion”). Arnold-Chiari malformation is a malformation of the medullary–spinal junction with herniation of intracranial contents through the foramen magnum. The three types are illustrated in the figure below.

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Leigh, R. John, and David S. Zee. "Gaze Holding and the Neural Integrator." In The Neurology of Eye Movements, 360–85. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0006.

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This chapter reviews the neural network that temporally integrates premotor, velocity-coded signals to achieve tonic contraction of the extraocular muscles to hold the eyes at an eccentric position in the orbits. The mechanical properties of the eye and its supporting tissues are quantified and related to the pulse-slide-step neural command for a saccadic change in eye position. The anatomical substrate and neuropharmacology of the neural integrator is reviewed, including nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, interstitial nucleus of Cajal and cerebellum. Mathematical and animal models for the neural integrator are discussed, addressing points about how a leaky or unstable integrator may arise. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of gaze holding is summarized. Effects of experimentally inactivating the neural integrator are compared with clinical disorders affecting gaze holding, including a discussion of the pathogenesis of gaze-evoked nystagmus and Alexander’s law. Compensatory mechanisms for a leaky neural integrator are discussed, including centripetal, rebound, and gaze-evoked nystagmus.

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CHERON, G., P. METTENS, E. GODAUX, and M. ESCUDERO. "Effects of the APV Injection into the Abducens and the Prepositus Hypoglossi Nuclei on the Generation of Eye Position Signal." In Information Processing Underlying Gaze Control, 21–29. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-042506-1.50007-2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Nucleus hypoglossus"

Xie, Liang, and Shanqun Li. "Impact of histaminergic H3 receptor antagonist on hypoglossal nucleus in chronic intermittent hypoxia conditions." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.3830.

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Rukhadze, Irma, and Leszek K. Kubin. "Rats Exposed To Chronic-intermittent Hypoxia (CIH) Have Increased Density Of Noradrenergic Terminals In The Hypoglossal (XII) Motor Nucleus." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a4200.

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Volgin, Denys V., Georg M. Stettner, and Leszek K. Kubin. "Serotonin Type 2A Receptor MRNA Levels Are Higher In The Rat Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus At Wake Onset Than At Sleep Onset." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a5392.

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Martinez, B. V., C. Clifford, C. Campanaro, G. Kola, S. Tackett, K. K. Horton, D. E. Nethery, Y. H. Hsieh, T. E. Dick та F. Jacono. "Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) Concentrations Assessed by Immunohistochemistry in the Commissural nTS and Hypoglossal Nuclei of Rats with E. Coli Peritonitis". У American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7611.

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