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Статті в журналах з теми "Nuclear Threat Initiative"
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Kim, Sung Won, and Si Jin Oh. "Reconsidering the Overlooked Threat of North Korea's Outer Space Activities: Focusing on the Menace of Militarization and Weaponization of Outer Space." Korea Observer - Institute of Korean Studies 55, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2024.55.2.219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What security implications do North Korea's purported peaceful space activities have? North Korea's recent launch of a reconnaissance satellite not only raises concerns about its nuclear weapons program but also has broader implications for international security. The nuclear threat posed by North Korea is certainly growing. However, there seems to be an overlooked security threat in North Korea's space initiative: the threat of militarization and weaponization of outer space. Therefore, the security policy toward North Korea must be changed comprehensively to address the militarization and weaponization of space, as North Korea's threats can be transformed by the use of space. North Korea's destructive weapons and strategies, such as EMP attacks and space hybrid operations, are not prohibited, even when they appear to be aligned with the outer space legal regime. Hence, rather than concentrating only on nuclear weapons, this study proposes that a fundamental shift in policy is required.
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Borysiewicz, Mieczysław Józef, Karol Kowal, Piotr Andrzej Prusiński, and Marcin Dąbrowski. "AN APPLICATION OF IRIDM IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS ON FUEL CONVERSION OF THE MARIA REACTOR." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 3, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.1453.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Poland, when acceded to GTRI (Global Threat Reduction Initiative) in 2004, has committed to convert the nuclear fuel of the Research Reactor MARIA, operated by the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) in Świerk. The conversion means giving up of high enriched uranium fuel containing 36% of U-235, which was used so far, and replacing it with the low enriched uranium fuel (19.7% U-235). This article describes the potential usability of the Integrated Risk Informed Decision Making (IRIDM) methodology in optimization of the fuel conversion procedure.
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Lochard, J. "The recommendations of ICRP Publication 111 in the light of the ICRP dialogue initiative in Fukushima." Annals of the ICRP 45, no. 2_suppl (December 2016): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645317729800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Publication 111, published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 2009, provided the first recommendations for dealing with the long-term recovery phase after a nuclear accident. Its focus is on the protection of people living in long-term contaminated areas after a nuclear accident, drawing on the experience of the Belarus population, Cumbrian sheep farmers in the UK, and Sami reindeer herders in Norway affected by the fallout from Chernobyl. The ICRP dialogue initiative in Fukushima confirmed what had been identified after Chernobyl, namely the very strong concern for health, particularly that of children, loss of control over everyday life, apprehension about the future, disintegration of family life and of the social and economic fabric, and the threat to the autonomy and dignity of affected people. Through their testimonies and reflections, the participants of the 12 dialogue meetings shed light on this complex situation. The ICRP dialogue initiative also confirmed that the wellbeing of the affected people is at stake, and radiological protection must focus on rehabilitation of their living conditions. The challenge is to incorporate the important clarifications resulting from the ICRP dialogue initiative into the updated version of Publication 111 that is currently in development. This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
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Stalin, Ayadoure Srinivasane. "Challenges to India’s Defense Modernization and Moving Forward." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9i4.4659.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India is today confronted with tremendous obstacles as it strives to improve its international reputation. India’s strategic location increases the prospect of future challenges (most notably a nuclear threat) with its neighboring country. India’s strategic location and recent geopolitical dynamics in South Asia by China’s Belt and Road Initiative necessitates India’s Defence Modernization to cater to India’s National Security facing threats from traditional and non-traditional actors. This study highlights how India’s self-reliance in dual-use technology production would give a comparative advantage for India’s mandate to achieve modernization of India’s Defence Technology. This study discusses the push, pull, and compelling factors for the Defence Modernization where the latter would draw significant inference from Ricardo’s Comparative Advantage Theory. This study would conclude by arguing that India needs to diversify its weapon and ammunition, which requires considerable policy correction in Defence Acquisition and Procurement Policy to boost indigenous defence weapon production.
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Matviichuk, Andrii. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE REGARDING THE PROTECTION OF NPP AS CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS IN WARTIME." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 124 (2022): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2022/5.124-11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peculiarities of the legal regime of protection of nuclear power plants as objects of critical infrastructure in emergency situations, state of emergency and while martial law are studied. The actual transformation of nuclear power plants captured by the Russian Federation into a military base contradicts the ideological issue and worldview of security and thus can be defined as nuclear terrorism. Any nuclear installations are not designed for operation in combat conditions, and their damage can lead to serious consequences connected with radiation contamination of the surrounding territories not only at the level of countries, but also at the level of continents. It is stipulated that until now the concept of nuclear terrorism was defined as the illegal handling, manufacture, acquisition, storage and use of nuclear or other radioactive materials by persons who do not have legal rights to the specified actions, with the intention of causing harm to human life and health, property or environment. However, for the first time in world practice, the subject of the crime of seizing, disabling and destroying nuclear facilities is the state. And as it turns out, the international community still lacks effective mechanisms to prevent such actions and punish such entities. Until recently, the IAEA and other international organizations were actually limited to "deep concern" and only the real threat of a nuclear disaster at the Zaporizhzhia NPP forced them to become somewhat more active, but drastic changes in their activities regarding the safety of the use of peaceful atoms are needed to protect the world from the global nuclear threat. This provoked incredible challenges and led to the need, in addition to the political solution of the mentioned issue, to review the existing Ukrainian and international legislation on ensuring nuclear and radiation safety. Based on the results of the research, the author's specification of the legislative definition of the concepts: "nuclear terrorism," "threat of nuclear terrorism," and "prevention of nuclear terrorism" were formulated. The necessity of introducing demilitarized zones around nuclear-dangerous objects and the development (on Ukraine's initiative) of the international Convention on ensuring the safety of their functioning in conditions of armed conflicts is substantiated in the paper. The research used the following methods: the general dialectical method, the method of scientific knowledge, the method of interpreting legal norms, the formal legal method, the comparative legal method, and the method of systemic analysis.
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Podberezkin, A. I., and J. Y. Parshkova. "The Threat from European Missile Defence System to Russian National Security." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-54-63.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyses the political and military aspects of progress in the dialogue between Russia and the U.S./NATO on cooperation in missile defense; investigates the past experiences and current state of cooperation between Russia and the Alliance on missile defense issues; examines the technical features of American missile defence systems today; finds a solution to question whether or not the European Missile Defence Program actually threatens Russia's nuclear deterrent and strategic stability in general; identifies both potential benefits and possible losses for Russia stemming from the development of cooperation with the United States and NATO in countering ballistic missile threats, or from refusal to have such cooperation. Evidently, the initiative of creation of a missile defense in Europe surely belongs to the USA. Washington has enormous technological, financial, economic, military and institutional capabilities in the field of a missile defense, exceeding by far other NATO member-states. In February 2010, the President of the United States B. Obama adopted a project "European Phased Adaptive Approach" (EPAA) as an alternative to G. Bush's global strategic missile defense plan. The first two stages of the Phased Adaptive Approach are focused on creating a system capable of intercepting small, medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles. The possibility of intercepting long-range missiles is postponed to the third (2018) and forth phases (2020). Moscow finds especially troublesome the third and the fourth phases of Washington's project of creating a European segment of the global antiballistic missile system, considering prospective capabilities of the U.S. interceptor missiles 61 and the envisioned areas of their deployment. The U.S. counter-evidence is that phase four interceptors do not exist yet. Russia insists on getting the political and legal guarantees from the U.S. and NATO that their missile defense systems will not slash the efficiency of Russian nuclear deterrence forces.
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Rusetsky, Alexander, and Olga Dorokhina. "Nuclear and radiation threats as resources for modeling the security community on the example of the Abkhaz political crisis." Grani 23, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is part of a research conducted as part of the Support Program for Doctoral Studies of Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Foundation.Name of the research – “Interdisciplinary analysis of the complex system of the Abkhazian conflict by the method 4D-RAV-17 (grant number – PHDF–18–1147).As part of the study, the task was to assess those political technologies that were not used in the process of resolving the Abkhazian conflict. The study identified that such a peacemaking resource as the recognition by the conflicting parties of “common threats” and the consolidation of common efforts to prevent or eliminate them, was not used to an adequate extent. Based on this, the Concept of Awareness of the Common Threat System (CACTS) were formulated and presented as a methodological basis for reinforcing the Security Community Theory created by Karl Deutsch.CACTS was described in the article “Abkhazian crisis: from the Concept of Awareness of Common Threats to the Building of an “Abkhazian Security Community”” published in the Scientific and Theoretical Almanac "Grani", Volume 23 №3, 2020.As a basis for creating an initial level of trust between the parties to the conflict, we take their policy of recognizing the system of common threats and identifying ourselves (and each other) with possible victims of these threats. The level of trust can grow as both parties gain satisfaction from the process of cooperation.In this article, which is the second of a series of articles devoted to the recognition of common threats and the construction of a security community by the parties to the conflict, we present one of the practical possibilities for strengthening the modeling process of a new multidimensional peacemaking format.In particular, this is the development of cooperation between the participants in the Abkhazian political crisis to reduce nuclear and radioactive threats. The research drew attention not only to physical, but also to psychological dangers posed by nuclear and radiation threats. Based on the analysis, a number of specific initiatives were identified for the possible development of cooperation between participants in the multidimensional Abkhazian political crisis.Particular attention in the article is paid to the role of scientific diplomacy in the positive transformation of the crisis and the integration into the peacemaking process representatives of natural sciences, in particular physicists, power engineers and ecologists.As one of the resources of the peace process, the prospects of cooperation between civil society institutions expressing the interests of victims of nuclear and radiation disasters from different sides of the conflict community are considered.The article focuses on the creation of common approaches on energy policy for the countries of the Caucasus region, especially, regarding nuclear energy. Despite the fact that the initiative is aimed at resolving the Abkhazian conflict, the measures to bring the parties closer, presented in the framework of this project, could positively affect the development of the level of trust in other conflicts of the post-Soviet space.The work is based on a holistic approach, which involves revising the reductionist approach that dominates the scientific and political discourses, distorting the real picture of the conflict and reducing its image to the quasi-scientific concept of the “Abkhaz-Georgian” resolution. Our vision of the complex and multidimensional structure of the Abkhazian political crisis is given in the first article of the mentioned cycle.The structure of this article consists of three main parts.The first part of the article is an introduction, which presents the idea of anti-nuclear and anti-radiation consolidation of participants in the Abkhazian political crisis on the basis of the Concept of Awareness of the Common Threat System (CACTS) and the concept of Karl Deutsch, adapted for the Abkhazian Security Community (ASB). One of the CACTS subsystems (in this article) is nuclear, radiation, and related to them information-psychological threats.The second part of the article presents an analysis of the situation associated with nuclear, radiation, information and psychological threats. This analysis aims to demonstrate the importance of the topic under consideration and the variety of real threats.Nuclear threats. The authors divide them into threats of a military nature, as well as threats associated with the construction, operation, conservation and liquidation of reactors and other nuclear facilities.Radiation threats. Statistics of incidents related to illegal operations in the transportation/sale of radiation/radioactive substances based on open sources are proposed. Examples of threats associated with the illicit trade of irradiated food products are given.Information and psychological threats. When considering information and psychological threats related to nuclear and radiation threats, special attention is paid to such a question as hiding of reliable information from citizens or manipulating information, which is the basis for the formation of distrust towards one’s own state and the psychosomatic problems arising from this.The third part of the article offers a model of a fragment of the peacemaking process to resolve the Abkhazian political crisis, in which a component is involved that includes a discussion of (CACTS) on nuclear and radiation safety and the construction of the Abkhazian Security Community as a subsystem of the Caucasian and Black Sea-Caspian Sea Security Community.
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Muravska, Svitlana, and Oksana Hodovanska. "Organization of museums of western Ukraine after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation." Museologica Brunensia, no. 2 (2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mub2023-2-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the war Russian troops are carrying out a targeted and systematic destruction of cultural and religious monuments of Ukraine with the help of various types of weapons and aviation. UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ukraine are under threat of destruction. In the course of modern war, the entire territory of Ukraine is in danger. At the same time, the western Ukrainian regions are considered to be a relatively safe territory. The population from the front-line areas, museum collections are evacuated here. One of the first initiatives to save Ukrainian museums was the Museum Crisis Center, the Heritage Emergency Response Initiative and the Western Ukrainian Union of Museums is based on substantial international assistance. Foremost due to international support, it was possible to receive grants for generators, power banks, as well as the purchase of personal protective equipment for museum workers in case of chemical and nuclear attacks. The activity of Western Ukraine museums was focused on two main directions. Firstly, on financial assistance to colleagues and organizing the evacuation of museum collections from the zone of hostilities or occupation. And secondly, on the preservation of museum valuables in the museums of Western Ukraine by digitizing them and filling the museum funds with the necessary amount of packaging materials. On the other hand, as it follows from the short field study of the master’s degree students, there were only minor fears or worries about possible military actions of the Russian Federation in the museum environment. At the same time there were no government instructions, explanations or warnings about the preparation for the possible evacuation of museum valuables or their more reliable storage. Unfortunately, letters from the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine belatedly responded to the current situation after February 2022 having left the main initiative to non-governmental unions and organizations. In the museum environment after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation only personal initiatives were the most efficient in forming support and assistance for museum workers.
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Shcherbak, Igor. "The OSCE in the Era of a Threat to the European Security ‒ Challenges and Prospects." Contemporary Europe 107, no. 7 (December 31, 2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72021144151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyses the fundamental research “Multilateralism in Transition: Challenges and Opportunities for the OSCE”, prepared by a team of Swiss experts under the leadership of the renowned Swiss diplomat Thomas Greminger (the Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the OSCE, the UN and the International Organizations in Vienna). The fact that T. Greminger served as Secretary General of the OSCE from 2017 to 2020 gives added value to the research. This created a unique opportunity to combine in the research his vast experience, personal impressions from the observance of the “internal kitchen” of the Organization and his analyses of the main directions of the work of the OSCE. The research focuses on the central problems of the OSCE’s activities- preservation of the European security, prevention and regulation of conflicts, new challenges to the European security, strategic partnership of the OSCE with major international organizations, introduction of modern technologies to the operational activities of the Organization, reformation and modernization of the OSCE’ s management system and operational functions. Special attention is payed to the revitalization of the OSCE Structured Dialogue ‒ the main platform for discussions of the most important politico-military problems and confidence-building measures, exchange of information on current perceptions of threat, military capacity, de-escalation measures, best practices for the prevention and improved management of military incidents. The book contains a positive assessment of the concept of cooperative actions aimed at a collective response to the new challenges to the European security: climate change and environment destruction, impact of technology on the societies, illegal migration, pandemics, cross- border organised crime, cyber threats, nuclear security. The authors of the book consider that the collective security initiative could stimulate trust, convergence of interests of participating states and finally would improve European security through cooperation. They also bring to attention the problems of the longstanding reform of the OSCE through presentation of the ten-point reform agenda, including management reform of the OSCE Secretariat, reform of the budget cycle, information security and automating work processes. leveraging partnerships with international and regional organizations.
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Skira, C. A., and M. Agnello. "Control Systems for the Next Century’s Fighter Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper describes a conceptual control system design based on advanced technologies currently in the exploratory development phase, and, in some cases, emerging into the advanced development phase. It explores future propulsion control systems that focus on improvements in three areas: (1) significantly reducing control system weight; (2) enhancing engine performance (thrust, sfc, etc.); and (3) improving control system reliability and tolerance to high-threat environments (temperature, vibration, EMI, EMP, etc.). The factors that will influence the design and hardware configuration of future propulsion control systems are described. Design goals for future systems, based on the DOD/NASA IHPTET Initiative, and projections of emerging technology capability (and availability) form the basis for future propulsion control system design requirements and for estimating future hardware configurations.
Дисертації з теми "Nuclear Threat Initiative"
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Underwood, Aubrey. "The Apocalypse will be Televised: Representations of the Cold War on Network Television, 1976-1987." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation examines how the major television networks, in conjunction with the Reagan administration, launched a lingering cloud of nuclear anxiety that helped to revive the Cold War during the 1980s. Placed within a larger political and cultural post-war context, this national preoccupation with a global show-down with the Soviet Union at times both hindered and bolstered Reagan’s image as the archetypal conservative, cowboy President that could free America from its liberal adolescent past now caustically referred to as “the sixties.” This stalwart image of Reagan, created and carefully managed by a number of highly-paid marketing executives, as one of the embodiment of peaceful deterrence, came under attack in the early 1980s when the “liberal” Nuclear Freeze movement showed signs of becoming politically threatening to the staunch conservative pledging to win the Cold War at any cost. And even if the nuclear freeze movement itself was not powerful enough to undergo the Herculean task of removing the President in 1984, the movement was compassionate enough to appeal to a mass audience, especially when framed in narrative form on network television. In the early 1980s, debates over the possibility of nuclear war and other pertinent Cold War related issues became much more democratized in their visibility on the network airwaves. However, the message disseminated from the networks was not placed in an educational framework, nor did these television productions clarify complicated nuclear issues such as nuclear winter theory and proliferation. I argue this renewed network attention on nuclear issues was not placed in an historical framework and likely confused American viewers because it routinely exposed audiences to both fact and fiction, undifferentiated at the level of the mass media.
Книги з теми "Nuclear Threat Initiative"
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Initiative, Nuclear Threat. National threat initiative: Working for a safer world. Washington, D.C: NTI, 2001.
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1960-, Murphy Gregory, Dobrosky Nanette 1956-, and University Publications of America (Firm), eds. Nuclear weapons, arms control, and the threat of thermonuclear war, special studies. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1989.
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Blair, Hydrick, and University Publications of America, Inc., eds. Nuclear weapons, arms control, and the threat of thermonuclear war, special studies. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1988.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism: A review of the Department of Energy's global threat reduction initiative : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, May 24, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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The strategic defense initiative: Symbolic containment of the nuclear threat. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
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Committee on Commerce (house), United States House of Representatives, and United States United States Congress. Reducing the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: A Review of the Department of Energy's Global Threat Reduction Initiative. Independently Published, 2019.
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Reducing the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: A Review of the Department of Energy's Global Threat Reduction Initiative: Hearing Before the Subcommittee o. Not Avail, 2005.
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The four-year effort: Contributions of the Global Threat Reduction Initiative to secure the world's most vulnerable nuclear material by December 2013. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, 2013.
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Siracusa, Joseph M. Nuclear Weapons: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198860532.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nuclear Weapons: A Very Short Introduction covers the scientific, historical, and political development of nuclear weapons, and how they transformed the very nature of war and peace. Nuclear weapons have not been used in anger since Hiroshima and Nagasaki, seventy-five years ago. However, nuclear threats remain fundamental to relations between many states, complicating issues of global security. Their potential use by terrorists is an increasing concern. This book looks at the race to acquire the hydrogen bomb; Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’); contemporary defences against possible ballistic missile launches; and the policies nuclear weapons have generated since the end of the Cold War.
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New initiatives in cooperative threat reduction: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, February 9, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Nuclear Threat Initiative"
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Polyakov, Alexey. "Cooperative Threat Reduction and Nuclear Security Initiatives in Bilateral Relations." In Russian–American Nuclear Nonproliferation Dialogue, 235–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1716-5_10.
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Rinscheid, Adrian, and Linards Udris. "Referendum Campaigns in Swiss Energy Policy." In Swiss Energy Governance, 283–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_12.
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AbstractWhat are the patterns in media coverage in Swiss energy policy-making, and to what extent do the media influence voters’ decisions at the ballot? In a first step, this chapter provides a comparative investigation of media coverage in the run-up to three recent energy-related referenda (2015 initiative “Energy tax instead of VAT”; 2016 nuclear phase-out initiative; 2017 referendum on the federal Energy Strategy 2050), with 31 other referenda between 2014 and 2018 as a benchmark. Based on a content analysis of articles published in 21 Swiss newspapers, our analysis demonstrates that the three energy-policy referenda are characterized by patterns similar to non-energy votes but also have distinct features. In a second step, we specifically focus on the 2016 nuclear phase-out initiative, which was characterized by balanced newspaper reporting, and explain voting behavior by linking data on media coverage and individual-level data from a panel survey (n = 1014). The analysis relies on “linkage analysis”, a method that takes media contents as quasi-experimental stimuli to explain individual-level outcomes. We find that the failure of the phase-out initiative can be partly explained by exposure to newspaper coverage: one in four left-wing voters who had initially been in favor of the popular initiative but were exposed to strongly negative coverage about it during the “hot” campaign phase changed their initial voting intention. The analysis also suggests that the media coverage may have helped center/right-wing voters to learn about their preferred party’s position so as to align their vote choice with their political predisposition.
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Xie, Caibo, Songhan Nie, Yiqi Tao, and Zhanpeng Lu. "Correlating IASCC Growth Rate Data to Some Key Parameters for Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Temperature Water." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 1060–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_89.
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AbstractAustenitic stainless steels have been widely used for fabricating reactor core-internal components in PWRs due to its high strength, ductility and fracture toughness. The accelerated failure or degradation of austenitic stainless steel represented by IASCC has become one of the key problems affecting the safe and efficient operation of reaction core-internal in PWR nuclear power plants. IASCC is generally divided into three stages: crack initiation, crack propagation and instable fracture. Among the three stages, the crack initiation stage would occupy the major service time, the crack growth stage is featured by quasi-steady crack propagation at a certain rate, and the instable fracture stage should be avoided. Stress intensity factor K at the crack tip is often used to represent the mechanical driving force for SCC as well as IASCC.In this paper, SCC crack growth rate (CGR) data of austenitic stainless steels irradiated in high temperature water were compiled and reanalyzed to evaluate the influence of key parameters such as radiation dose and mechanical properties on IASCC sensitivity and crack growth rate of these materials in PWR nuclear power plant environment. The CGR-K curves of the irradiated materials were also analyzed. The effects of low, medium and high doses of neutron irradiation are compared, and the analysis process is illustrated with examples. In the research process, abnormal CGR and K of materials under a specific irradiation dose was found, so this phenomenon was analyzed. The CGR data and irradiation dose of austenitic stainless steel in different K range were analyzed. And proposed a way to judge the type of change:type I, type II and type III. Finally, the yield strength of the material under the same irradiation dose was found, and combined with other research data, it was further demonstrated that the neutron irradiation dose had a significant effect on the crack growth rate.
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Fischer, Beth A. "The Strategic Defense Initiative." In The Myth of Triumphalism, 59–75. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178172.003.0004.
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This chapter debunks the triumphalist claim that President Reagan launched the Strategic Defense Initiative so as to compel Moscow to surrender the arms race, if not collapse. In fact, the president hoped SDI would protect civilians from nuclear attack and considered the program a key part of his plan to eliminate nuclear weapons. Reagan repeatedly offered to share SDI with the Soviets in the belief that if both sides had defenses nuclear weapons would become obsolete. Thus, they could be eliminated. President Reagan’s revolutionary ideas about nuclear security caused deep rifts within the administration. His advisers rejected the notion that nuclear arms should or could be eliminated, believing instead that the threat of nuclear annihilation had successfully deterred the Soviets from attacking the West. With the exception of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, they opposed the costly SDI. However, they grudgingly came to support it in the belief that they might be able to trade it away in exchange for a Soviet pledge to reduce its arsenals. However, Reagan’s advisers were universally against the idea of sharing SDI with Moscow. If Reagan’s objective had been to compel Moscow to surrender the arms race, he would not have repeatedly offered to share SDI.
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Charles, Elizabeth C., and James Graham Wilson. "Confronting the Soviet Threat." In The Reagan Moment, 104–22. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501760686.003.0006.
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This chapter looks into Ronald Reagan's approach to policymaking in line with confronting the Soviet threat. In line with the signing of the National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 75, the Reagan administration established a four-part agenda toward the Soviet Union tackling human rights, bilateral relations, regional issues, and arms control. The chapter also includes Reagan's anticommunism beliefs that largely contributed to his political career. It explains how Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had made great progress in lessening global tensions. Additionally, Reagan hoped to employ the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to provide the means of rendering nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete.
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Sundström, Anna. "Our Shared Future: Common Security 2022 and Beyond1." In Envisioning Our Environmental Future. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/stal220015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The year 2022 marks the 40th anniversary of Olof Palme’s Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues. The Commission presented its report in 1982, at the height of the Cold War. It developed the concept of common security – the idea that nations and peoples can only feel safe when their counterparts feel safe. By taking the concept of common security as its starting point, the Common Security 2022 initiative has analysed the world we live in and some of the great challenges facing humanity on the planet earth. At the time of 50th anniversary of the 1972 Stockholm Conference (Stockholm+50), the Common Security 2022 recommendations are indications, or steps forward for our shared future that would include addressing the climate change, a process of removing the threat of nuclear annihilation and turning around the ‘super tanker’ of war.
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Radivojević, Vladimir, and Jelena Stanojević. "Analysis of Health Security Conditions in the Western Balkans." In Handbook of Research on Key Dimensions of Occupational Safety and Health Protection Management, 390–410. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8189-6.ch019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Health security is an integral part of national security, which has become increasingly important in recent years. It is a concept that implies the application of various measures and procedures in order to prevent or mitigate public health emergences and ensure the health of the population. The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the level of Western Balkans capacities and capabilities to prevent, detect, and quickly respond to public health emergencies. The aim is to identify critical factors for improving the health security conditions of each country in the Western Balkans. The analysis is based on the methodology for measuring the Global Health Security Index, applied by the Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. The research is conducted through a comparative analysis and a benchmarking method. The conclusions indicate a low level of health security conditions in the Western Balkans compared to the selected European countries.
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Gill, Amandeep. "The Four Nuclear Security Summits." In The Oxford Handbook of Nuclear Security, C16S1—C16N55. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192847935.013.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter explores how former president Barack Obama’s vision of a global effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear material within four years took the shape of the Nuclear Security Summits. The summits held at Washington, DC (2010, 2016), Seoul (2012), and The Hague (2014) were an innovative leaders-led multilateral platform that succeeded in promoting a concerted international response to the threat of nuclear terrorism. The summits’ Communiqué, Work Plan, and voluntary commitments in the form of ‘gift baskets’ accelerated progress on the physical protection of nuclear material and facilities, the minimization of high-risk materials such as highly enriched uranium (HEU), and the renewed commitment to international nuclear security instruments such as the Amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (A/CPPNM). The brassage of different domains of expertise in the preparatory process and the time pressure of recurrent summits resulted in higher-quality outcomes than would have been possible in traditional multilateral forums. However, the process was self-limiting since the attention of leaders cannot normally be sustained for long on technical issues. It was also constrained by the interconnectedness of nuclear issues. Progress on nuclear security could not be delinked forever from the politics of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament. While further summits on nuclear security are not planned, leaders-led initiatives to combat global threats, including the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) terrorism, remain a possibility. The Nuclear Security Summit process offers valuable lessons for such initiatives in the future.
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Chapman, Geoffrey, and William M. Moon. "US–Russian Cooperative Threat Reduction to Secure Nuclear Warheads." In The Oxford Handbook of Nuclear Security, C15S1—C15N86. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192847935.013.15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract United States–Russian cooperation on nuclear warhead security from 1995 to 2013 is historically unique and demonstrates how such partnerships can contribute to enhancing nuclear security—even between former adversaries. This cooperation, however, required a deliberate step-by-step approach to build trust before the states were able to provide comprehensive security enhancements for Russia’s nuclear warhead stockpile. The chapter traces the incremental process by which this trust was built, both between officials in cultural exchanges and through progressively more ambitious nuclear security equipment deliveries. Each step demonstrated that the partners were operating in good faith and allowed for results to be achieved, such as US access to Russian warhead storage sites, which, at the outset of the programme, seemed highly unlikely. Although US–Russian joint warhead security work ended in 2013, this programme served as an important foundational effort in global risk reduction initiatives, particularly for nuclear security and as a model for future efforts for cooperation when addressing the most sensitive instruments of state power.
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"CHAPTER THREE. Elite Consensus and Citizen Initiatives in West Germany." In Mobilizing Against Nuclear Energy, 37–48. University of California Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520912526-006.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Nuclear Threat Initiative"
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Svitak, Frantisek, Karel Svoboda, and Josef Podlaha. "Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Shipment From the Czech Republic to the Russian Federation." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In May 2004, the Global Threat Reduction Initiative agreement was signed by the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation. The goal of this initiative is to minimize, in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, the existing threat of misuse of nuclear and radioactive materials for terrorist purposes, particularly highly enriched uranium (HEU), fresh and spent nuclear fuel (SNF), and plutonium, which have been stored in a number of countries. Within the framework of the initiative, HEU materials and SNF from research reactors of Russian origin will be transported back to the Russian Federation for reprocessing/liquidation. The program is designated as the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return (RRRFR) Program and is similar to the U.S. Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance Program, which is underway for nuclear materials of United States origin. These RRRFR activities are carried out under the responsibilities of the respective ministries (i.e., U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Russian Federation Rosatom). The Czech Republic and the Nuclear Research Institute Rez, plc (NRI) joined Global Threat Reduction Initiative in 2004. During NRI’s more than 50 years of existence, radioactive and nuclear materials had accumulated and had been safely stored on its grounds. In 1995, the Czech regulatory body, State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS), instructed NRI that all ecological burdens from its past activities must be addressed and that the SNF from the research reactor LVR-15 had to be transported for reprocessing. At the end of November 2007, all these activities culminated with the unique shipment to the Russian Federation of 527 fuel assemblies of SNF type EK-10 (enrichment 10% U235) and IRT-M (enrichment 36% and 80% U235) and 657 irradiated fuel rods of EK-10 fuel, which were used in LVR-15 reactor.
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Blanchard, Tiffany A., William J. Abramson, James W. J. R. Russell, and Catherine K. Roberts. "The Global Threat Reduction Initiative’s Radiological Security Cooperation With Russia." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59361.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) / National Nuclear Security Administration’s (NNSA) Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) supports both U.S. and international threat reduction goals by securing vulnerable nuclear and radiological material located at civilian sites throughout the world. GTRI’s approach to reducing the threat posed by vulnerable, high-activity radioactive sources includes removing and disposing of orphan or disused radioactive sources; implementing physical security upgrades at civilian sites containing radioactive sources; and establishing a cooperative sustainability program at sites to ensure that upgrades are maintained. For many years GTRI has collaborated successfully with the Russian Federation and international partners to improve radiological security in Russia. This paper provides a synopsis of GTRI’s accomplishments and cooperation with Russia in the following areas: 1.) recovering and disposing of orphan and disused radioactive sources, 2.) recovering and disposing of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), and 3.) providing physical security upgrades at civilian sites that contain vulnerable radiological material.
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Anianova, Ekaterina Sergeevna. "Participation of Russia in the Proliferation Security Initiative." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-110320.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a result of the security threat posed by the proliferation of nuclear and missile technologies, the Proliferation Security Initiative was developed. However, the effectiveness of the Initiative has been called into question due to the failure to reach agreement with a number of states. This article reveals the particularities of Russia's membership in this initiative. The methodology of international legal research and analysis of data is applied in this paper. In the paper the conclusion is made that PSI as an organizational and legal form of international cooperation in the sphere of WMD nonproliferation is currently in the process of development. Its effectiveness depends directly on compliance with international law. Since the PSI has not gained global coverage to combat terrorism and WMD proliferation, with the loss of participants as Russia and China, the fight against WMD terrorism should be conducted exclusively with the direct involvement of the UNSC.
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Stanford, Dennis. "Global Partnering Related to Nuclear Materials Safeguards and Security: A Pragmatic Approach to International Safeguards Work." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper documents issues Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc. has addressed in the performance of international work to safeguards and security work. It begins with a description of the package we put together for a sample proposal for the Global Threat Reduction Initiative, for which we were ranked number one for technical approach and cost, and concludes with a discussion of approaches that we have taken to performing this work, including issues related to performing the work as part of a team. The primary focus is on communication, workforce, equipment, and coordination issues. Finally, the paper documents the rules that we use to assure the work is performed safely and successfully.
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Pope, Ronald B., and Richard R. Rawl. "Security in the Transport of Radioactive Materials." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration’s (DOE/NNSA) Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and active IAEA Donor States are working together to strengthen the security of nuclear and radioactive materials during transport to mitigate the risks of theft, diversion, or sabotage. International activities have included preparing and publishing the new IAEA guidance document Security in the Transport of Radioactive Material while ensuring that security recommendations do not conflict with requirements for safety during transport, and developing and providing training programs to assist other countries in implementing radioactive material transport security programs. This paper provides a brief update on the status of these transportation security efforts.
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Podlaha, Josef. "Shipment of Spent Nuclear Fuel From the Czech Republic for Reprocessing." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After more than 50 years of operation of the research reactor operated by ÚJV Řež, a. s. (ÚJV) or the Research Centre Řež, as the case may be, a large amount of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) of Russian origin has accumulated. In 2005, ÚJV joined the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return (RRRFR) program under the US-Russian Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) and started the process of SNF shipment from the LVR-15 research reactor back to the Russian Federation (RF) using the ŠKODA VPVR/M transport packaging system (TPS). Two SNF shipments from ÚJV were carried out in 2007 and 2013. After the shipments were completed, only low-enriched nuclear fuel with a maximum enrichment below 20% of 235U remained on the territory of the Czech Republic. ÚJV also participates in shipments of SNF from other countries. The services of ÚJV comprise mainly ŠKODA VPVR/M TPS leasing, technical oversight and expertise during cask handling, SNF loading and cask closing and sealing. Up to now, ÚJV has participated in thirteen shipments of SNF from eight countries; one shipment is currently being prepared. High-level radioactive waste (HLW) will be generated from SNF reprocessing. The vitrified HLW will be returned to the Czech Republic as stated in the Russian-Czech Intergovernmental Agreement on Co-operation in Nuclear Energy. The return of the waste represents very complex and complicated work, technically, legally and contractually.
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Britton, Kyle Anthony, and Zeyun Wu. "A Neutronics Feasibility Study of the TRIGA LEU Fuel in the 20MWt NIST Research Reactor." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The National Bureau of Standards reactor (NBSR) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is under conversion from high enriched uranium (HEU) to the low enriched uranium (LEU) schema under the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors program (RERTR) as a part of the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI). The conversion of the high performance research reactors (HPRR) such as NBSR is a challenging task due to the high flux need (2.5 × 1014 n/cm2-s for the NBSR), as well as other neutronics performance characteristics requirements without significant changes to the external geometrical configuration. One fuel candidate, the General Atomics (GA) UZrH LEU fuel, has showed particular promise in this regard. The TRIGA LEU fuel was initially developed in the 1980s with particular considerations for fuel conversion for high power regimes such as high density research and test reactors. This study performs a neutronics feasibility study of the UZrH LEU fuel schema for the NBSR, examining the accountability and sustainability of the TRIGA fuel when applying it to the NBSR conversion. To identify the best option to deploy the TRIGA fuel to NBSR in terms of key neutronic performance characteristic, the study is carried out with various considerations in the fuel dimensions, fuel rod layout configurations, and structure material selections. Monte Carlo based computational model is used to assist and facilitate the research procedure. The research findings in this study will determine the viability of the TRIGA fuel type for the NBSR conversion, and provide supporting data for future investigations on this subject.
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Podlaha, Josef, та Karel Svoboda. "Support of the Nuclear Research Institute Rˇezˇ plc of the Shipment of Spent Nuclear Fuel From Research Reactors to the Russian Federation for Reprocessing in the Frame of the RRRFR Program". У ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2007, spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from the Nuclear Research Institute Rˇezˇ plc (NRI) was shipped to the Russian Federation for reprocessing. A large amount of SNF of Russian origin has been accumulated after 50 years of research reactor operation. The shipment was realized in the frame of the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return (RRRFR) program under the US-Russian Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI). SNF shipment from NRI to the Russian Federation represented a very complex and complicated technical, legal and contractual scope of work. The SNF shipment has been realized under specific conditions: 1. High capacity SˇKODA VPVR/M casks were used for transportation for the first time. 2. For the first time, high enriched uranium SNF from a research reactor has been sent to the Russian Federation from a European Union country under the appropriate intergovernmental agreements, legal regulations and conditions. NRI also participates in shipments of SNF from other countries within the framework of the RRRFR program. NRI participated in shipments of SNF from Bulgaria and Hungary in 2008, from Poland in 2009 and 2010, from Ukraine in 2010. Shipments from Belarus and Serbia are planned in 2010. The second shipment of the residue of high enriched SNF from NRI after changeover of the reactor operation to low enriched fuel will be implemented in 2013. The experiences gained during the SNF transportation are described in the paper together with the present and future NRI activities in support of the SNF shipment from other countries.
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Nazzaro, Robin, William Swick, Nancy Kintner-Meyer, Thomas Perry, Carole Blackwell, Christopher Hatscher, and Avani Locke. "U.S. Department of Energy’s High-Level Waste Program: Opportunities and Challenges in Achieving Risk and Cost Reductions." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4627.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) oversees one of the largest cleanup programs in history—the treatment and disposal of 356,260 cubic meters of highly radioactive nuclear waste created as a result of the nation’s nuclear weapons program. This waste is currently stored at DOE sites in the states of Washington, Idaho, and South Carolina. In 2002, DOE began an accelerated cleanup initiative to reduce the estimated $105-billion cost and 70-year time frame required for the program. The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), an agency of the U.S. Congress, evaluated DOE’s high-level waste program to determine the status of the accelerated cleanup initiative, the legal and technical challenges DOE faces in implementing it, and any further opportunities to improve program management. GAO found that DOE’s initiative for reducing the cost and time required for cleaning up high-level waste is evolving. DOE’s main strategy continues to include concentrating much of the radioactivity into a smaller volume for disposal in a geologic repository. Under the accelerated initiative, DOE sites are evaluating other approaches, such as disposing of more of the waste on site or at other designated locations. DOE’s current savings estimate for these approaches is $29 billion, but the estimate is not based on a complete assessment of costs and benefits and has other computational limitations. For example, the savings estimate does not adequately reflect the timing of when savings will be realized, which distorts the actual amount of savings DOE may realize. DOE faces significant legal and technical challenges to realize these savings. A key legal challenge involves DOE’s authority to decide that some waste with relatively low concentrations of radioactivity can be disposed of on site. A recent court ruling against DOE is a major threat to DOE’s ability to meet its accelerated schedules. A key technical challenge is DOE’s approach for separating waste into high-level and low-activity portions. At the Hanford Site in Washington State, DOE is planning to implement such a method that will not be fully tested until the separations facility is constructed. This approach increases the risk and cost of schedule delays compared to fully testing an integrated pilot-scale facility. However, DOE believes the risks are manageable and that a pilot facility would unnecessarily delay waste treatment and disposal. DOE has opportunities to improve management of the high-level waste program. When it began the initiative to reduce costs and accelerate the high-level waste cleanup schedule, DOE acknowledged it had systematic problems with the way the program was managed. Although DOE has taken steps to improve program management, GAO has continuing concerns about management weaknesses in several areas. These include making key decisions without a sufficiently rigorous supporting analysis, incorporating technology before it is sufficiently tested, and pursuing a “fast-track” approach of simultaneous design and construction of complex nuclear facilities. DOE’s management actions have not fully addressed these weaknesses.
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Turner, Kyler K., Gary L. Solbrekken, and Charlie W. Allen. "Thermal-Mechanical Analysis of Varying Boundary Conditions on a LEU Foil Based Molybdenum-99 Plate Processing Target." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Technetium-99m is a diagnostic radio-pharmaceutical that is currently used in 85% of the United States diagnostic imaging procedures [1]. All supplies of technetium-99m’s parent isotope molybdenum-99 currently originate from the irradiation of high enriched uranium (HEU) in nuclear reactor facilities located outside the United States. In accordance with the Global Threat Reduction Initiative all uranium used in future molybdenum-99 production will use low enriched uranium (LEU). Conversion to LEU material effectively mandates using LEU in the form of a metal foil as opposed to current powder based dispersion designs for HEU. Using a foil requires a significant modification to the current target design. One design approach uses an LEU foil sandwiched between two nominally flat aluminum plates. The LEU is enclosed in the sandwiched structure by welding the aluminum plates together about their edges. The plate design is inspired by LEU fuel plates with the exception that the LEU is not bonded to the aluminum plates nor is it necessary to clamp the plate edges to prevent lateral translation. This paper will review the thermal-mechanical analysis of an LEU based molybdenum-99 target with plate geometry. This study describes the impact of boundary conditions on the thermally-induced stress and strain in the aluminum plates.
Звіти організацій з теми "Nuclear Threat Initiative"
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Chamovitz, Daniel A., and Albrecht G. Von Arnim. eIF3 Complexes and the eIF3e Subunit in Arabidopsis Development and Translation Initiation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696545.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The original working hypothesis of our proposal was that The “e” subunit of eIF3 has multiple functions from both within the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Within this model, we further hypothesized that the “e” subunit of eIF3 functions in translation as a repressor. We proposed to test these hypotheses along the following specific aims: 1) Determine the subcellular localization of the interaction between eIF3e and other eIF3 subunits, or the COP9 signalosome. 2) Elucidate the biological significance of the varied subcellular localizations of eIF3e through generating Arabidopsis eIF3e alleles with altered subcellular localization. 3.) Purify different eIF3e complexes by tandem affinity purification (TAP). 4) Study the role of eIF3e in translational repression using both in vitro and in planta assays. eIF3 is an evolutionarily ancient and essential component of the translational apparatus in both the plant and animal kingdoms. eIF3 is the largest, and in some ways the most mysterious, of the translation factors. It is a multi-subunit protein complex that has a structural/scaffolding role in translation initiation. However, despite years of study, only recently have differential roles for eIF3 in the developmental regulation of translation been experimentally grounded. Furthermore, the roles of individual eIF3 subunits are not clear, and indeed some, such as the “e” subunit may have roles independent of translation initiation. The original three goals of the proposal were technically hampered by a finding that became evident during the course of the research – Any attempt to make transgenic plants that expressed eIF3e wt or eIF3e variants resulted in seedling lethality or seed inviability. That is, it was impossible to regenerate any transgenic plants that expressed eIF3e. We did manage to generate plants that expressed an inducible form of eIF3e. This also eventually led to lethality, but was very useful in elucidating the 4th goal of the research (Yahalom et al., 2008), where we showed, for the first time in any organism, that eIF3e has a repressory role in translation. In attempt to solve the expression problems, we also tried expression from the native promoter, and as such analyzed this promoter in transgenic plants (Epel, 2008). As such, several additional avenues were pursued. 1) We investigated protein-protein interactions of eIF3e (Paz-Aviram et al., 2008). 2) The results from goal #4 led to a novel hypothesis that the interaction of eIF3e and the CSN meets at the control of protein degradation of nascent proteins. In other words, that the block in translation seen in csn and eIF3e-overexpressing plants (Yahalom et al., 2008) leads to proteasome stress. Indeed we showed that both over expression of eIF3e and the csn mutants lead to the unfolded protein response. 3) We further investigated the role of an additional eIF3 subunit, eIF3h, in transalational regulation in the apical meristem (Zhou et al., 2009). Epel, A. (2008). Characterization of eIF3e in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In Plant Sciences (Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University). Paz-Aviram, T., Yahalom, A., and Chamovitz, D.A. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF3e interacts with subunits of the ribosome, Cop9 signalosome and proteasome. Plant Signaling and Behaviour 3, 409-411. Yahalom, A., Kim, T.H., Roy, B., Singer, R., von Arnim, A.G., and Chamovitz, D.A. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF3e is regulated by the COP9 signalosome and has an impact on development and protein translation. Plant J 53, 300-311. Zhou, F., Dunlap, J.R., and von Arnim, A.G. The translation initiation factor subunit eIF3h is .1 involved in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem maintenance and auxin response. (submitted to Development).