Статті в журналах: "NPISH"

1

Grist, Edward. "The NPSH performance indicator, NPSH(π)". World Pumps 2011, № 4 (квітень 2011): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(11)70142-0.

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2

Herberger, Elana, and Simon Mauck. "NPIs Pragmatically." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 35, no. 1 (December 5, 2009): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v35i1.3627.

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3

Orr, Harry T. "Lurcher, nPIST, and Autophagy." Neuron 35, no. 5 (August 2002): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00871-1.

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4

Bachus, Larry. "ADHD and NPSH." World Pumps 2005, no. 464 (May 2005): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(05)70582-4.

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5

Gajewski, Jon R. "Licensing strong NPIs." Natural Language Semantics 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 109–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-010-9067-1.

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6

Nicolae, Andreea C. "Questions with NPIs." Natural Language Semantics 23, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 21–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-014-9110-8.

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7

Mancuso, Francesca, Mario Calvitti, Giovanni Luca, Claudio Nastruzzi, Tiziano Baroni, Stefania Mazzitelli, Ennio Becchetti, et al. "Acceleration of Functional Maturation and Differentiation of Neonatal Porcine Islet Cell Monolayers Shortly In Vitro Cocultured with Microencapsulated Sertoli Cells." Stem Cells International 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/587213.

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The limited availability of cadaveric human donor pancreata as well as the incomplete success of the Edmonton protocol for human islet allografts fasten search for new sources of insulin the producing cells for substitution cell therapy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Starting from isolated neonatal porcine pancreatic islets (NPIs), we have obtained cell monolayers that were exposed to microencapsulated monolayered Sertoli cells (ESCs) for different time periods (7, 14, 21 days). To assess the development of the cocultured cell monolayers, we have studied either endocrine cell phenotype differentiation markers or c-kit, a hematopoietic stem cell marker, has recently been involved with growth and differentiation ofβ-cell subpopulations in human as well as rodent animal models. ESC which were found to either accelerate maturation and differentiation of the NPIsβ-cell phenotype or identify an islet cell subpopulation that was marked positively for c-kit. The insulin/c-kit positive cells might represent a new, still unknown functionally immatureβ-cell like element in the porcine pancreas. Acceleration of maturation and differentiation of our NPI cell monolayers might generate a potential new opportunity to develop insulin-producing cells that may suite experimental trials for cell therapy of T1DM.

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8

Gajewski, J. "Superlatives, NPIs and Most." Journal of Semantics 27, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffp013.

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9

Shimoyama, Junko. "Indeterminate NPIs and Scope." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 18 (October 3, 2008): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v18i0.2490.

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10

Keun-Won Sohn. "What can slang NPIs tell us about the nature and typology of NPIs." Studies in Generative Grammar 17, no. 3 (August 2007): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15860/sigg.17.3.200708.269.

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11

Julien, Marit. "Predicative definite NPIs in Norwegian." Nordlyd 38 (December 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.2182.

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In Norwegian, a weak quantifier or a scalar adjective with a positive value may combine with a definite noun and thereby form an attenuating NPI. These phrases, which I call predicative definite NPIs, are exceptional as nominal phrases, since they do not accept a prenominal definiteness marker despite their overall definiteness, and they are exceptional as attenuating NPIs, since they are templatic instead of being lexically defined.<br />The reason why predicative definite NPIs do not accept prenominal definiteness markers is arguably that there is no D head. The absence of a D head makes the phrases defective in their ability to refer. Hence, they are semantically predicative, and in the terms of Giannakidou (1998) they are referentially dependent, which is a property that characterises many NPIs in general. Hence, the lack of a D head causes the phrases to be NPIs, despite their definiteness.<br />Concerning their licensing properties, when three influential theories of NPIlicensing—Progovac (1994), van der Wouden (1997) and Giannakidou (1998)— are confronted with the NPIs discussed here, it appears that Giannakidou’s model more successfully than the others can capture the licensing of predicative definite NPIs, although some refinement is required even here.

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12

Crnič, Luka, and Brian Buccola. "Scoping NPIs out of DPs." Snippets, no. 37 (December 2019): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/snip-2019-037-crbu.

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13

McNally, William. "Operating with a low NPSH." World Pumps 2004, no. 450 (March 2004): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(04)00141-5.

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14

Overfelt, Jason. "Extraposition of NPIs from NP." Lingua 164 (September 2015): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.06.006.

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15

Deniau, Patrick. "Applying NPSH to metering pumps." World Pumps 2009, no. 8 (August 2009): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(09)70287-1.

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16

Rossyaykin, Petr. "Focus particles and negative polarity." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 2 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2022.2.30-64.

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In this article I discuss constructions i odin NP and daže odin NP ‘even one NP’ in Russian, which are negative polarity items (NPIs), e.g. Petja *(ne) smog rešit’ i / daže ODNU zadaču ‘Petya didn’t manage to solve even one problem’. Only daže-NPIs are grammatical in non-negative environments of NPI licensing, e.g. Každyj, kto rešil ?daže / ??i ODNU zadaču, polučil začët ‘Everyone who solved even one problem got credit’. The same dependence is observed in several other languages: particles with additive and coordinative functions (like i ‘even, and’) form NPIs with narrower distribution than plain scalar particles (like daže ‘even’). The following question is thus the main topic of the paper: (A) why do i- and daže-NPIs have different distribution? Two auxiliary questions are: (B) what is the semantics of i and daže, and (C) why do they form NPIs when attached to the low endpoint of a scale? I argue that daže triggers only the scalar presupposition and i triggers only the additive presupposition (question B). I show that both scalar and additive presupposition cause ungrammaticality in positive environments (C). Finally, I compare two theories which (aim to) explain why the additive presupposition of i determines a narrower distribution of i-NPIs in comparison to daže-NPIs (A). A simple theory considers ungrammaticality of i-NPIs to be the result of interaction of the additive presupposition with presuppositions of licensing environments. Although it predicts some interpretational differences between i- and daže-NPIs, it fails to explain the confinement of i-NPIs to negative contexts. According to an alternative theory, i-NPIs are subject to standard movement constraints while daže-NPIs take exceptional (i.e. sentential) scope, which explains their different distribution without any additional assumptions. I also show how this theory can explain the weak vs. strong NPIs distinction in other cases.

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17

COLLINS, CHRIS, PAUL M. POSTAL, and ELVIS YEVUDEY. "Negative polarity items in Ewe." Journal of Linguistics 54, no. 2 (May 4, 2017): 331–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222671700007x.

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Collins & Postal (2014) argue that English NPIs have two distinct syntactic structures: a unary NEG structure and a binary NEG structure. They suggest that this distinction is generally valid for natural languages. This formal difference was taken to reconstruct the common distinction in NPI studies between strong and weak NPIs. The present analysis of Ewe NPIs seeks to provide cross-linguistic support for this dual conception of NPIs by showing that the ke-NPIs in this language are all properly analyzed exclusively as unary NEG structures.

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18

Rizea, Monica-Mihaela, and Manfred Sailer. "A constraint-based modeling of negative polarity items in result clause constructions in Romanian." Interfaces in Romance 43, no. 1 (October 16, 2020): 129–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00042.riz.

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Summary The paper discusses the occurrence of emphatic negative polarity items (NPIs) in high degree result clause constructions. We will identify four distributional patterns for Romanian emphatic NPIs. These will range from NPIs that only occur occasionally in result constructions to NPIs that are bound to such constructions and even do not show any truth-conditionally relevant semantic contribution. We reformulate a scalar, pragmatic theory of NPIs in a constraint-based, representational framework, Lexical Resource Semantics. We propose a scalar extension of a standard semantics of result clauses in order to capture the high degree, i.e. intensification readings. The constraint-based, representational perspective of this paper allows for an elegant modeling of the data: (i) We can capture the four distributional patterns as a lexical property of the discussed NPIs. (ii) The semantics and pragmatics of Romanian result clause constructions is accounted for by lexical properties of the result clause complementizers. (iii) A scalar analysis of emphatic NPIs can be applied in embedded clauses and even when the NPI itself does not contribute to the at-issue content of the overall utterance.

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19

Chung, Jin Young, Choong-Ki Lee, and Yae-Na Park. "Trust in social non-pharmaceutical interventions and travel intention during a pandemic." Journal of Vacation Marketing 27, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13567667211009584.

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Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) become increasingly one of the most significant practices for preventing the spread of a pandemic through the movement of people (e.g., travel and tourism). Past studies argued that individuals’ acceptance of NPIs is adaptive behavior, which increases travel intention during a pandemic. Yet, firm beliefs about the extent to which others accept NPIs are as important as personal willingness to accept NPIs, due to the social and environmental components of public health measures against infectious disease. Thus, this study examined how one’s trust in social NPIs is related to travel intention during a pandemic. Data were collected in South Korea, one of the few countries where no measures to limit human mobility were taken after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Results showed that the trust in social NPIs meditates the relationship between the efforts to navigate travel constraints and intentions to travel during the pandemic.

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20

Collins, Chris, and Paul M. Postal. "NEG Raising and Serbo-Croatian NPIs." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 3 (January 26, 2017): 339–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.2.

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AbstractCollins and Postal (2014) postulate that English NPIs represent two distinct structures: a unary NEG structure and a binary NEG structure. Some NPIs, such asanyandeverexpressions, can instantiate either of these two structures in different contexts. Others (such as one use ofjackshit) have only unary NEG structures. The present article seeks to provide cross-linguistic support for this hypothesis by showing that the two series of NPIs in Serbian/Croatian (Progovac 1994) should be analyzed in terms of the two structure types postulated for English NPIs.

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21

Guerzoni, Elena. "Even-NPIs in YES/NO Questions." Natural Language Semantics 12, no. 4 (December 2004): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-004-8739-0.

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22

DILIP, Mayuri J., and Rajesh KUMAR. "Negative Polarity Items in Telugu." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.9.1.9-28.

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The paper presents a unified account of licensing conditions of Negative Polarity Items (NPI) in Telugu. Based on the distribution of NPIs in complex clauses, we state that negation c-commanding NPI at the base-generated. Consequently, features checking between negation and NPI restricts the alternatives on the scale inherent to NPIs. The morphological realization of NPI in the non-negative contexts is different from the context with overt negation. The NPIs show the following distribution. NPI occurs in subject position; A negative licensing Multiple NPIs. There are three types of NPIs: wh-element, quantifier and idiomatic expression. In complex clauses, wh-elements block long-distance licensing. In contrast, quantifiers and idiomatic expressions do not block long-distance licensing.

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23

Taylor, Eileen, and Jennifer Riley. "Leveling the playing field for less-sophisticated non-professional investors." Journal of Capital Markets Studies 1, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcms-10-2017-004.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how non-professional investors (NPIs) with varying levels of financial sophistication interpret and perceive corporate disclosures and management credibility, specifically risk factors, when those disclosures are presented in readable and less-readable formats. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an online experiment to test hypotheses related to the effects of financial sophistication (measured) and readability (manipulated) on NPIs’ equity valuations and perceptions of management credibility (competence and trustworthiness). Findings Increased readability appears to counteract less-sophisticated NPIs’ conservatism in equity valuations, such that they are not statistically significantly different from more-sophisticated NPIs’ equity valuations. Further, less-sophisticated NPIs judge management as less competent when disclosures are less readable, while more-sophisticated NPIs judge management as more competent when disclosures are less readable. Research limitations/implications The paper has important implications for the SEC’s regulations related to plain English requirements for risk factor and other corporate disclosures. Financial sophistication varies among NPIs, and readability appears to influence these individuals in different ways. Practical implications The SEC’s Concept Release (April 13, 2016) acknowledges the need to update and improve risk factor disclosure regulations. This study provides evidence that contributes to those decisions. Originality/value The paper extends the research on processing fluency, by examining readability of disclosures with a consistent tone (negative). The NPIs surveyed are directly representative of the population of interest for risk factor disclosure regulations.

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24

Van Gessel, Thom, Alexandre Cremers, and Floris Roelofsen. "Polarity sensitivity of question embedding: experimental evidence." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28 (October 15, 2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v28i0.4424.

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Attitude predicates can be classified by the kinds of complements they can embed: declaratives, interrogatives or both. However, several authors have claimed that predicates like be certain can only embed interrogatives in specific environments. According to Mayr, these are exactly the environments that license negative polarity items (NPIs). In his analysis, both NPIs and embedded interrogatives are licensed by the same semantic strengthening procedure. If this is right, one would expect a correlation between acceptability of be certain whether and NPIs. The analysis also predicts a contrast between antecedents vs. consequents of conditionals and restrictors vs. scopes of universal quantifiers. This paper tests these predictions experimentally through an acceptability judgment task. We find that judgments for be certain whether do not correlate with judgments on NPIs, which suggests that be certain whether and NPIs are in fact licensed by different mechanisms.

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25

Klingaman, Nicholas P., Peter M. Inness, Hilary Weller, and Julia M. Slingo. "The Importance of High-Frequency Sea Surface Temperature Variability to the Intraseasonal Oscillation of Indian Monsoon Rainfall." Journal of Climate 21, no. 23 (December 1, 2008): 6119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2329.1.

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Abstract While the Indian monsoon exhibits substantial variability on interannual time scales, its intraseasonal variability (ISV) is of greater magnitude and hence of critical importance for monsoon predictability. This ISV comprises a 30–50-day northward-propagating oscillation (NPISO) between active and break events of enhanced and reduced rainfall, respectively, over the subcontinent. Recent studies have implied that coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) were better able to simulate the NPISO than their atmosphere-only counterparts (AGCMs). These studies have forced their AGCMs with SSTs from coupled integrations or observations from satellite-based infrared sounders, both of which underestimate the ISV of tropical SSTs. The authors have forced the 1.25° × 0.83° Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model (HadAM3) with a daily, high-resolution, observed SST analysis from the United Kingdom National Center for Ocean Forecasting that contains greater ISV in the Indian Ocean than past products. One ensemble of simulations was forced by daily SSTs, a second with monthly means, and a third with 5-day means. The ensemble with daily SSTs displayed significantly greater variability in 30–50-day rainfall across the monsoon domain than the ensemble with monthly mean SSTs, variability similar to satellite-derived precipitation analyses. Individual ensemble members with daily SSTs contained intraseasonal events with a strength, a propagation speed, and an organization that closely matched observed events. When ensemble members with monthly mean SSTs displayed power in intraseasonal rainfall, the events were weak and disorganized, and they propagated too quickly. The ensemble with 5-day means had less intraseasonal rainfall variability than the ensemble with daily SSTs but still produced coherent NPISO-like events, indicating that SST variability at frequencies higher than 5 days contributes to but is not critical for simulations of the NPISO. It is concluded that high-frequency SST anomalies not only increased variance in intraseasonal rainfall but helped to organize and maintain coherent NPISO-like convective events. Further, the results indicate that an AGCM can respond to realistic and frequent SST forcing to generate an NPISO that closely resembles observations. These results have important implications for simulating the NPISO in AGCMs and coupled climate models, as well as for predicting tropical ISV in short- and medium-range weather forecasts.

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26

Lei, Hao, Modi Xu, Xiao Wang, Yu Xie, Xiangjun Du, Tao Chen, Lei Yang, Dayan Wang, and Yuelong Shu. "Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Used to Control COVID-19 Reduced Seasonal Influenza Transmission in China." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 11 (September 8, 2020): 1780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa570.

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Abstract To suppress the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese government has implemented nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Because COVID-19 and influenza have similar means of transmission, NPIs targeting COVID-19 may also affect influenza transmission. In this study, the extent to which NPIs targeting COVID-19 have affected seasonal influenza transmission was explored. Indicators of seasonal influenza activity in the epidemiological year 2019–2020 were compared with those in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. The incidence rate of seasonal influenza reduced by 64% in 2019–2020 (P < .001). These findings suggest that NPIs aimed at controlling COVID-19 significantly reduced seasonal influenza transmission in China.

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27

Coudeville, Laurent, Ombeline Jollivet, Cedric Mahé, Sandra Chaves, and Gabriela B. Gomez. "Potential impact of introducing vaccines against COVID-19 under supply and uptake constraints in France: A modelling study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e0250797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250797.

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Background The accelerated vaccine development in response to the COVID-19 pandemic should lead to a vaccine being available early 2021, albeit in limited supply and possibly without full vaccine acceptance. We assessed the short-term impact of a COVID-19 immunization program with varying constraints on population health and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) needs. Methods A SARS-CoV-2 transmission model was calibrated to French epidemiological data. We defined several vaccine implementation scenarios starting in January 2021 based on timing of discontinuation of NPIs, supply and uptake constraints, and their relaxation. We assessed the number of COVID-19 hospitalizations averted, the need for and number of days with NPIs in place over the 2021–2022 period. Results An immunisation program under constraints could reduce the burden of COVID-19 hospitalizations by 9–40% if the vaccine prevents against infections. Relaxation of constraints not only reduces further COVID-19 hospitalizations (30–39% incremental reduction), it also allows for NPIs to be discontinued post-2021 (0 days with NPIs in 2022 versus 11 to 125 days for vaccination programs under constraints and 327 in the absence of vaccination). Conclusion For 2021, COVID-19 control is expected to rely on a combination of NPIs and the outcome of early immunisation programs. The ability to overcome supply and uptake constraints will help prevent the need for further NPIs post-2021. As the programs expand, efficiency assessments will be needed to ensure optimisation of control policies post-emergency use.

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28

Xu, Hong, Yong Gan, Daikun Zheng, Bo Wu, Xian Zhu, Chang Xu, Chenglu Liu, et al. "Relationship Between COVID-19 Infection and Risk Perception, Knowledge, Attitude, and Four Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the Late Period of the COVID-19 Epidemic in China: Online Cross-Sectional Survey of 8158 Adults." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): e21372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21372.

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Background So far, there have been no published population studies on the relationship between a COVID-19 infection and public risk perception, information source, knowledge, attitude, and behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Objective This study aims to understand the relationships between COVID-19 infection; four personal nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs; handwashing, proper coughing habits, social distancing, and mask wearing); and public risk perception, knowledge, attitude, and other social demographic variables. Methods An online survey of 8158 Chinese adults between February 22 and March 5, 2020, was conducted. Bivariate associations between categorical variables were examined using Fisher exact test. We also explored the determinants of four NPIs as well as their association with COVID-19 infection using logistic regression. Results Of 8158 adults included, 57 (0.73%) were infected with COVID-19. The overwhelming majority of respondents showed a positive attitude (n=8094, 99.2%), positive risk perception (n=8146, 99.9%), and high knowledge levels that were among the strongest predictors of the four adopted NPIs (handwashing: n=7895, 96.8%; proper coughing: 5997/6444, 93.1%; social distancing: n=7104/8158, 87.1%; and mask wearing: 5011/5120, 97.9%). There was an increased risk of COVID-19 infection for those who did not wash their hands (2.28% vs 0.65%; risk ratio [RR] 3.53, 95% CI 1.53-8.15; P=.009), did not practice proper coughing (1.79% vs 0.73%; RR 2.44, 95% CI 1.15-5.15; P=.03), did not practice social distancing (1.52% vs 0.58%; RR 2.63, 95% CI 1.48-4.67; P=.002), and did not wear a mask (7.41% vs 0.6%; RR 12.38, 95% CI 5.81-26.36; P<.001). For those who did practice all other three NPIs, wearing a mask was associated with a significantly reduced risk of infection compared to those who did not wear a mask (0.6% vs 16.7%; P=.04). Similarly, for those who did not practice all or part of the other three NPIs, wearing a mask was also associated with a significantly reduced risk of infection. In a penalized logistic regression model including all four NPIs, wearing a mask was the only significant predictor of COVID-19 infection among the four NPIs (odds ratio 7.20, 95% CI 2.24-23.11; P<.001). Conclusions We found high levels of risk perception, positive attitude, desirable knowledge, as well as a high level of adopting the four NPIs. The relevant knowledge, risk perception, and attitude were strong predictors of adapting the four NPIs. Mask wearing, among the four personal NPIs, was the most effective protective measure against COVID-19 infection, with added preventive effect among those who practiced all or part of the other three NPIs.

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29

Matsui, Ai. "On the Licensing of Understating NPIs: Manipulating the domain of degrees for Japanese 'anmari' and 'sonnani'." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2610.

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Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) often have an effect of strengthening the statements which contain them. However, there are also NPIs that contribute to make a weaker claim such as all that (Israel 1996, 2006; van Rooy 2003). I analyze two kinds of such NPIs, namely the degree modiﬁer 'a(n)mari' and 'sonnani' in Japanese, which roughly translate as 'very/much' and '(all) that'. In doing so, two points are considered. First, since the NPIs in question are degree modiﬁers, I would like to adopt a degree-based semantics and combine it with the idea of domain widening proposed for determiner NPIs such as any. In particular, building on a version of Chierchia’s (2006) framework, I consider domain widening in terms of domains of degrees. Second, to capture the nature of understatement, I refer to the notion of quality-based strengthening, rather than informativity/entailment-based strengthening (Israel 2006; Krifka 1995; van Rooy 2003).

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30

Yang, Juan, Valentina Marziano, Xiaowei Deng, Giorgio Guzzetta, Juanjuan Zhang, Filippo Trentini, Jun Cai, et al. "Despite vaccination, China needs non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent widespread outbreaks of COVID-19 in 2021." Nature Human Behaviour 5, no. 8 (June 22, 2021): 1009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01155-z.

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AbstractCOVID-19 vaccination is being conducted in over 200 countries and regions to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission and return to a pre-pandemic lifestyle. However, understanding when non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can be lifted as immunity builds up remains a key question for policy makers. To address this, we built a data-driven model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for China. We estimated that, to prevent the escalation of local outbreaks to widespread epidemics, stringent NPIs need to remain in place at least one year after the start of vaccination. Should NPIs alone be capable of keeping the reproduction number (Rt) around 1.3, the synergetic effect of NPIs and vaccination could reduce the COVID-19 burden by up to 99% and bring Rt below the epidemic threshold in about 9 months. Maintaining strict NPIs throughout 2021 is of paramount importance to reduce COVID-19 burden while vaccines are distributed to the population, especially in large populations with little natural immunity.

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31

Chung, Younghan. "Licensing Conditions for Weak and Strong NPIs." British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea 122 (September 23, 2016): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2016.122.147.

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32

황주현. "Positional Restrictions on Multiple NPIs in Korean." Studies in Linguistics ll, no. 41 (October 2016): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..41.201610.419.

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33

Fuente, Miguel Santoyo de la, José González, Celia Miguel González, Raúl Barrio Perotti, and Emmanuel Reynaud. "NPSH Experimental Data for Two Centrifugal Pumps." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 7, 2018): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231410.

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Cavitation consists in a local mass and heat transfer phenomenon, which involves the formation and collapse of vapor cavities. For industrial applications, the interest is focused on Fluid Machinery, increasing the difficulties due to the complex geometrical arrangements and working conditions. Within such frame, the work on cavitation for centrifugal pumps has been a matter of study in the last decades. The main conclusion of the present study is to show the NPSH curves for two available geometries with different impeller diameters and, then, a comparison is done. The results open the test case to possible numerical implementation and future analysis.

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Alqassas, Ahmad. "Negation, tense and NPIs in Jordanian Arabic." Lingua 156 (March 2015): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2014.12.010.

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Tieu, Lyn Shan, and Jungmin Kang. "Reconciling neg-raising and NPIs in Korean." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.598.

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Gajewski (2007) argues that neg-raising predicates (NRPs) introduce a set of alternatives that includes their internal negation, and trigger an excluded middle (EM) presupposition that projects through negation; he also shows that negated NRPs support anti-additive inferences, thus licensing strict NPIs. Since Korean exhibits neg-raising, we might expect licensing of strict NPIs such as amu-(N)-to, contrary to fact (Bošković, 2008). To capture this unavailability while preserving a unified account of NRPs, we propose that an even-like presupposition triggered by the emphatic particle 'to' (An, 2007) is crucially incompatible with the EM presupposition triggered by the NRPs.

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Kim. "Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) in Heritage Korean." Korean Language in America 19, no. 1 (2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/korelangamer.19.1.0036.

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An, Duk-Ho. "On the distribution of NPIs in Korean." Natural Language Semantics 15, no. 4 (November 9, 2007): 317–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-007-9021-z.

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Romoli, Jacopo. "Strong NPIs and Neg-raising desire predicates." Snippets, no. 26 (December 2012): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/snip-2012-026-romo.

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Ahn, Jong Gyun. "Epidemiological changes in infectious diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea: a systematic review." Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 65, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01515.

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In the era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, countries worldwide have implemented several nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to contain its spread before vaccines and treatments were developed. NPIs included social distancing, mask wearing, intensive contact tracing and isolation, and sanitization. In addition to their effectiveness at preventing the rapid spread of COVID-19, NPIs have caused secondary changes in the epidemiology of other infectious diseases. In Korea, various NPI stages have been implemented since the first confirmed case of COVID-19 on January 20, 2020. This review, based on a PubMed database search, shows the impact of NPIs on several infectious diseases other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the COVID-19 pandemic era in Korea.

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Klingaman, Nicholas P., Hilary Weller, Julia M. Slingo, and Peter M. Inness. "The Intraseasonal Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Using TMI Sea Surface Temperatures and ECMWF Reanalysis." Journal of Climate 21, no. 11 (June 1, 2008): 2519–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1850.1.

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Abstract The northward-propagating intraseasonal (30–40 day) oscillation (NPISO) between active and break monsoon phases exerts a critical control on summer-season rainfall totals over India. Advances in diagnosing these events and comprehending the physical mechanisms behind them may hold the potential for improving their predictability. While previous studies have attempted to extract active and break events from reanalysis data to elucidate a composite life cycle, those studies have relied on first isolating the intraseasonal variability in the record (e.g., through bandpass filtering, removing harmonics, or empirical orthogonal function analysis). Additionally, the underlying physical processes that previous studies have proposed have varied, both among themselves and with studies using general circulation models. A simple index is defined for diagnosing NPISO events in observations and reanalysis, based on lag correlations between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over India and over the equatorial Indian Ocean. This index is the first to use unfiltered OLR observations and so does not specifically isolate intraseasonal periods. A composite NPISO life cycle based on this index is similar to previous composites in OLR and surface winds, demonstrating that the dominance of the intraseasonal variability in the monsoon climate system eliminates the need for more complex methods (e.g., time filtering or EOF analysis) to identify the NPISO. This study is also among the first to examine the NPISO using a long-period record of high-resolution sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager. Application of this index to those SSTs demonstrates that SST anomalies exist in near quadrature with convection, as suggested by recent coupled model studies. Analysis of the phase relationships between atmospheric fields and SSTs indicates that the atmosphere likely forced the SST anomalies. The results of this lag-correlation analysis suggest that the oscillation serves as its own most reliable—and perhaps only—predictor, and that signals preceding an NPISO event appear first over the Indian subcontinent, not the equatorial Indian Ocean where the events originate.

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Kaffai, Marius, and Raphael H. Heiberger. "Modeling non-pharmaceutical interventions in the COVID-19 pandemic with survey-based simulations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): e0259108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259108.

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Governments around the globe use non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to curb the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Making decisions under uncertainty, they all face the same temporal paradox: estimating the impact of NPIs before they have been implemented. Due to the limited variance of empirical cases, researchers could so far not disentangle effects of individual NPIs or their impact on different demographic groups. In this paper, we utilize large-scale agent-based simulations in combination with Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) models to investigate the spread of COVID-19 for some of the most affected federal states in Germany. In contrast to other studies, we sample agents from a representative survey. Including more realistic demographic attributes that influence agents’ behavior yields accurate predictions of COVID-19 transmissions and allows us to investigate counterfactual what-if scenarios. Results show that quarantining infected people and exploiting industry-specific home office capacities are the most effective NPIs. Disentangling education-related NPIs reveals that each considered institution (kindergarten, school, university) has rather small effects on its own, yet, that combined openings would result in large increases in COVID-19 cases. Representative survey-characteristics of agents also allow us to estimate NPIs’ effects on different age groups. For instance, re-opening schools would cause comparatively few infections among the risk-group of people older than 60 years.

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Regmi, Krishna, and Cho Mar Lwin. "Factors Associated with the Implementation of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for Reducing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 4274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084274.

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There has been much discussion recently about the importance of implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to protect the public from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Different governments across the world have adopted NPIs (e.g., social distancing, quarantine, isolation, lockdowns, curfews, travel restrictions, closures of schools and colleges). Two fundamental strategies, namely a strict containment strategy—also called suppression strategy—and a mitigation strategy have been adopted in different countries, mainly to reduce the reproduction number (R0) to below one and hence to reduce case numbers to low levels or eliminate human-to-human transmission, as well as to use NPIs to interrupt transmission completely and to reduce the health impact of epidemics, respectively. However, the adoption of these NPI strategies is varied and the factors impacting NPI are inconsistent and unclear. This study, therefore, aimed to review the factors associated with the implementation of NPIs (social distancing, social isolation and quarantine) for reducing COVID-19. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched for published and unpublished studies, undertaking a systematic search of: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine, COVID-19 Research, WHO database on COVID-19, and Google Scholar. Thirty-three studies were included in the study. Seven descriptive themes emerged on enablers and barriers to NPIs: the positive impact of NPIs, effective public health interventions, positive change in people’s behaviour and concerns about COVID-19, the role of mass media, physical and psychological impacts, and ethnicity/age associated with COVID-19. This study has highlighted that the effectiveness of NPIs in isolation is likely to be limited, therefore, a combination of multiple measures e.g., SD, isolation and quarantine, and workplace distancing appeared more effective in reducing COVID-19. Studies suggest that targeted approaches alongside social distancing might be the way forward, and more acceptable. Further research to promote country- and context-specific adoption of NPIs to deliver public health measures is needed. Studies comparing the effectiveness of interventions and strategies will help provide more evidence for future pandemics.

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Yun, Kyung-Sook, Kyong-Hwan Seo, and Kyung-Ja Ha. "Interdecadal Change in the Relationship between ENSO and the Intraseasonal Oscillation in East Asia." Journal of Climate 23, no. 13 (July 1, 2010): 3599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3431.1.

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Abstract The northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation (NPISO) during the boreal summer is closely linked to the onset/retreat and intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). In this study, interdecadal variability in the relationships between the NPISO and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was investigated using long-term outgoing longwave radiation data obtained from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) for a 44-yr period (1958 to 2001). It was found that before the late 1970s, the preceding winter ENSO influenced the early summer (i.e., May to June) NPISO activity, whereas after the late 1970s a strong relationship appeared during the later summertime (i.e., July to August). The May–June NPISO before the late 1970s was modulated by springtime Indian Ocean sea surface temperature warming and central North Pacific suppressed convection anomalies and was consequently related to the ENSO-induced west Pacific (WP) pattern, which shows a north–south dipole structure over the North Pacific from winter through spring. After the late 1970s, because of an anomalously strengthened Walker–Hadley circulation, Indian Ocean SST warming was significantly maintained until summer, which promoted a strong suppressed convection anomaly over the Philippine Sea during summer and consequently an enhanced western North Pacific subtropical high and Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern.

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Lin, Jing. "On the Distribution and Acquisition of the West Germanic ‘Need’-Verbs: German between Dutch and English." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 28, no. 4 (November 11, 2016): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542716000179.

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This paper investigates three verbs expressing necessity in the three West Germanic languages: Dutchhoeven, Englishneed, and Germanbrauchen. These three verbs are all categorized as negative polarity items(npis). However, there are differences in their distribution as NPIs, which posit Germanbrauchenbetween Englishneedand Dutchhoeven.By analyzing two factors that may influence acquisition, namely, opacity and input frequency, this paper moreover presents a similar pattern for the acquisition of these NPIs: The Dutch NPIhoevenemerges earlier in child language than its German counterpart, which in turn arises earlier than the English NPIneed.

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Hiraiwa, Ken, and George Akanlig-Pare. "Syntax of reduplication and negative-polarity items in Buli." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5252.

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Negative-polarity items in Buli, a Mabia (Gur) language spoken in Ghana, exhibit a mixed behavior between NCIs and NPIs (or between strong NPIs and weak NPIs). Thus, Buli presents a counterexample to Vallduvı's generalization that negative-polarity items come in two kinds. Adopting and extending the framework of Collins & Postal (2014) and Collins et al. (2017), we will show that the apparently mysterious mixed behavior of negative-polarity items in Buli can be explained by articulating an unary-NEG structure and syntax of reduplication.

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Dhuria, Meera. "Epidemic Trajectory in the Absence of Non-Pharmacological Interventions in India: An Insight into Post Vaccine Introduction Phase." Epidemiology International 05, no. 04 (November 20, 2020): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202027.

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Background: Non-Pharmacological Interventions (NPIs) have proven to be effective in controlling and reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the population. During the year 2020, before vaccine introduction, India has been through various phases of COVID-19 pandemic response such as nationwide lockdown phase 1 to 4 and unlock phases 1-8. Although India’s vaccination program against COVID-19 has started, it is still in the initial phases and considering the humongous population of India, coverage of entire population with vaccine needs time. Methodology: We designed a model showing the projections of expected incident cases of COVID-19 under two scenarios for the month of February 2021. In the first scenario, Rt value expected to be observed during February 2021 if all the NPIs are removed was considered. In the second scenario, Rt value projected as per the current trend with NPIs in place was considered. Model projections of both these scenarios were done for India and also for Delhi. Result: Our simulation model quantifies the effect of Non-pharmacological interventions on the current pandemic situation in India and Delhi, which concludes that relaxation in preventive measures or COVID-19 appropriate behaviors or ceasing of NPIs shall see an exponential rise in the daily incident cases. Comparing the trajectories for India and Delhi, it can be deduced that if NPIs cease to exist for one month, the daily incident cases can be many times higher of normal in India and also in Delhi by the end of February 2021. Conclusion: NPIs remain to play a major role in containing the spread and minimizing the effects of COVID-19 pandemic. Any kind of relaxation in NPIs can lead to sudden surge of incident cases and correspondingly may increase the death toll.

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Lai, Daoyuan, Yuxi Cai, Tsai Hor Chan, Dailin Gan, Amber N. Hurson, and Yan Dora Zhang. "How to organise travel restrictions in the new future: lessons from the COVID-19 response in Hong Kong and Singapore." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 2 (February 2022): e006975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006975.

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It has been nearly 2 years since the first case of COVID-19 was reported. Governments worldwide have introduced numerous non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to combat this disease. Many of these NPIs were designed in response to initial outbreaks but are unsustainable in the long term. Governments are exploring how to adjust their current NPIs to resume normal activities while effectively protecting their population. As one of the most controversial NPIs, the implementation of travel restrictions varies across regions. Some governments have abandoned their previous travel restrictions because of the induced costs to society and on the economy. Other areas, including Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China) and Singapore, continue employing these NPIs as a long-term disease prevention tactic. However, the multidimensional impacts of travel restrictions require careful consideration of how to apply restrictions more appropriately. We have proposed an adapted framework to examine Hong Kong and Singapore’s travel restrictions. We aimed to study these two regions’ experiences in balancing disease control efforts with easing the burden on lives and livelihoods. Based on the experiences of Hong Kong and Singapore, we have outlined six policy recommendations to serve as the cornerstone for future research and policy practices.

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Aranovich, Raúl. "Negative Polarity and Scalar Semantics in Spanish." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 181–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.30.2.03ara.

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Licensing of NPIs in Spanish varies depending on the semantics of the trigger. Nonveridical operators license n-words, and antiveridical operators license ni-minimizers. I argue that the NPIs that can occur in antiveridical contexts have a scalar presupposition, but those that are licensed in strictly nonveridical contexts are non-scalar. In this analysis, n-words are scalar (incorporating a silent ni ‘even’) in the scope of antiveridical operators. The distinction between scalar and non-scalar NPIs, I suggest, is the reason for the diversity of polarity sensitivity phenomena in Spanish, as well as in other languages.

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Banholzer, Nicolas, Eva van Weenen, Adrian Lison, Alberto Cenedese, Arne Seeliger, Bernhard Kratzwald, Daniel Tschernutter, et al. "Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the number of new infections with COVID-19 during the first epidemic wave." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): e0252827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252827.

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The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly developed into a global epidemic. To control its spread, countries have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as school closures, bans of small gatherings, or even stay-at-home orders. Here we study the effectiveness of seven NPIs in reducing the number of new infections, which was inferred from the reported cases of COVID-19 using a semi-mechanistic Bayesian hierarchical model. Based on data from the first epidemic wave of n = 20 countries (i.e., the United States, Canada, Australia, the EU-15 countries, Norway, and Switzerland), we estimate the relative reduction in the number of new infections attributed to each NPI. Among the NPIs considered, bans of large gatherings were most effective, followed by venue and school closures, whereas stay-at-home orders and work-from-home orders were least effective. With this retrospective cross-country analysis, we provide estimates regarding the effectiveness of different NPIs during the first epidemic wave.

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Pazos, Fernando, and Flavia E. Felicioni. "A Control Approach to Guide Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease Using a SEIHRD Dynamical Model." Complex Systems 30, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.323.

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The recent worldwide epidemic of COVID-19 disease, for which there are no medications to cure it and the vaccination is still at an early stage, led to the adoption of public health measures by governments and populations in most of the affected countries to avoid the contagion and its spread. These measures are known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and their implementation clearly produces social unrest as well as greatly affects the economy. Frequently, NPIs are implemented with an intensity quantified in an ad hoc manner. Control theory offers a worthwhile tool for determining the optimal intensity of the NPIs in order to avoid the collapse of the healthcare system while keeping them as low as possible, yielding concrete guidance to policymakers. A simple controller, which generates a control law that is easy to calculate and to implement is proposed. This controller is robust to large parametric uncertainties in the model used and to some level of noncompliance with the NPIs.

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