Статті в журналах: "Northwest Thailand"

1

Wong, Deborah, and Fred Gales. "Lanna Thai: Instrumental Music of Northwest Thailand." Yearbook for Traditional Music 32 (2000): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3185299.

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2

Anderson, Bobby, and Patamawadee Jongruck. "Forestry, illegibility and illegality in Omkoi, Northwest Thailand." Forest and Society 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.2809.

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Opium poppy cultivation in Thailand fell from 12,112 hectares in 1961 to 281 ha in 2015. One outlier exists: Chiang Mai province’s remote southwestern district, Omkoi. 90% of the district is a national forest reserve where human habitation is illegal. However, an ethnic Karen population has lived there since long before the law that outlawed them was created, unconnected to the state by road, with limited or no access to health, education and other services: they cultivate the majority of Thailand’s known opium poppy, because they have little other choice. They increasingly rely on cash-based markets, their lack of citizenship precludes them from land tenure which might incentivize them to grow alternate crops, and their statelessness precludes them from services and protections. Nor is the Thai state the singular Leviathan that states are often assumed to be; it is a collection of networks with divergent interests, of whom one of the most powerful, the Royal Forestry Department, has purposely made Omkoi’s population illegible to the state, and has consistently blocked the attempts of other state actors to complexify this state space beyond the simplicity of its forest. These factors make short-term, high-yield, high value, imperishable opium the most logical economic choice for poor Karen farmers residing in this “non-state” space.

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3

Feng, Qinglai, Kitsana Malila, Nutthawut Wonganan, Chongpan Chonglakmani, Dietrich Helmcke, Rucha Ingavat-Helmcke, and Martial Caridroit. "Permian and Triassic Radiolaria from Northwest Thailand: paleogeographical implications." Revue de Micropaléontologie 48, no. 4 (November 2005): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2005.09.004.

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4

Verma, Nishant, Rufina Lee, Celina Su, Coralie Chan, and Peter Muennig. "The Psychosocial Health of Shan Children in Northwest Thailand." Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2010): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2010.522477.

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5

Wattanapituksakul, Athiwat, Rasmi Shoocongdej, and Cyler Conrad. "Preservation of Mammalian Teeth and Bones Influences Identification of Terminal Pleistocene to Middle Holocene Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence at Ban Rai Rockshelter, Northwest Thailand." Quaternary 5, no. 4 (December 6, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat5040051.

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Ban Rai Rockshelter in northwest Thailand, dating to the Terminal Pleistocene and Middle Holocene, includes evidence for hunter-gatherer exploitation of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and arthropods. Abundant faunal remains, identified throughout site deposits, include macaques (Macaca sp.) and Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), but these identifications are influenced by an assemblage largely comprised of preserved tooth elements and fragmented bone. Area 3 at Ban Rai has the largest abundance and diversity of faunal remains recovered and identified in this study. Here, we examine the zooarchaeological assemblage from Ban Rai Rockshelter, to understand long-term hunter-gatherer subsistence change, influenced by site preservation, during and after the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Our results support the presence of the exploitation of arboreal taxa during the Early and Middle Holocene in northwest Thailand.

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6

Van Kauwenbergh, Steven J., Michelle Cooper-Fleck, and Marilyn R. Williams. "The Occurrence of Robertsite in a Sedimentary Phosphate Ore from Thailand." Mineralogical Magazine 52, no. 367 (September 1988): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.09.

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AbstractDuring a mineralogical study of guano-derived sedimentary phosphate ore from the Lamphun area of northwest Thailand, robertsite [Ca6(H2O)6Mn3+9O6(PO4)9.3H2O] was identified and concentrated to a level suitable for X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. Robertsite has previously been described only in association with altered phosphatic pegmatites. This new occurrence in a phosphate deposit indicates that it may be found in a broad spectrum of sedimentary rocks.

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7

Greer, George J., Viroj Kitikoon, and Chantima Lohachit. "Morphology and Life Cycle of Schistosoma sinensium Pao, 1959, from Northwest Thailand." Journal of Parasitology 75, no. 1 (February 1989): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282945.

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8

Fontaine, Henri, Chongpan Chonglakmani, Ibrahim bin Amnan, and Sangat Piyasin. "A well-defined Permian biogeographic unit: Peninsular Thailand and northwest Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 9, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(94)90071-x.

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9

Hawes, Timothy C. "A new record of the nocturnal orb-weaving spider Poltys illepidus (Araneae: Araneidae) from northern Thailand." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 156, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1564.4048.

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The orb-weaving spider Poltys illepidus Koch 1843 is recorded from northern Thailand for the first time. The distribution of the species in Southeast Asia is extended northwest. The morphotype is characterized by an unusual small accessory protuberance on the carapace which is described and illustrated as a median anterior process without apparent function. Keywords: arachnid, biogeography, distribution, morphotype, Southeast Asia

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10

Gaillard, Tiphaine, Kanlaya Sriprawat, Sébastien Briolant, Chirapat Wangsing, Nathalie Wurtz, Meïli Baragatti, Morgane Lavina, Aurélie Pascual, François Nosten, and Bruno Pradines. "Molecular Markers andIn VitroSusceptibility to Doxycycline in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Thailand." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 8 (June 8, 2015): 5080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00345-15.

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ABSTRACTDeterminations of doxycycline 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for 620 isolates from northwest Thailand were performed via the isotopic method, and the data were analyzed by the Bayesian method and distributed into two populations (mean IC50s of 13.15 μM and 31.60 μM). There was no significant difference between the group with low IC50s versus the group with high IC50s with regard to copy numbers of thePlasmodium falciparumtetQ(pftetQ) gene (P= 0.11) orpfmdtgene (P= 0.87) or the number of PfTetQ KYNNNN repeats (P= 0.72).

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11

OMORI, Kinuko. "Health and Illness Related Beliefs and Practices of Karen Highlanders in Northwest Thailand." Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology 64, no. 3 (1998): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3861/jshhe.64.146.

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12

FUJIYAMA, Ienori. "Paleontological Study of the Tertiary Deposits of Intermontane Basins, Northwest Thailand -Preliminary report-." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 97, no. 6 (1988): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.97.6_652.

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13

Omori, Kinuko, and Lawrence P. Greksa. "Dietary patterns and dietary adequacy of highland Pwo and Sgaw Karen of northwest Thailand." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 35, no. 3 (November 1996): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1996.9991491.

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14

Wattanapituksakul, Athiwat, Arnaud Filoux, Anusorn Amphansri, and Sakboworn Tumpeesuwan. "Late Pleistocene Caprinae assemblages of Tham Lod Rockshelter (Mae Hong Son Province, Northwest Thailand)." Quaternary International 493 (November 2018): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.003.

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15

Hotchkis, M. A. C., D. Fink, G. E. Jacobsen, E. M. Lawson, M. Shying, A. M. Smith, C. Tuniz, et al. "14C analyses at the ANTARES AMS Centre: Dating the log coffins of northwest Thailand." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 92, no. 1-4 (June 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)95968-4.

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16

Lindell, Kristina, and Roland Mischung. "Religion und Wirklichkeitsvorstellungen in einem Karen-Dorf Nordwest-Thailands [Religion and Concepts of Reality in a Karen Village of Northwest Thailand]." Asian Folklore Studies 46, no. 2 (1987): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178603.

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17

Setiawan, Edwin, David Relex, and David J. Marshall. "Shallow-water Sponges from a High-sedimentation Estuarine Bay (Brunei, Northwest Borneo, Southeast Asia)." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 6, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 66435. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.66435.

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Tropical estuaries are important habitats for invertebrates including sponges, a group of marine organisms that fulfill significant ecological roles and provide ecosystem services. Here, we describe the sponge fauna from Pulau Bedukang, a small island in a turbid, variable salinity, acidified and eutrophic estuarine bay (Brunei Darussalam, northwest Borneo). We present records for 14 morphological species (OTUs). Six of these species belong to the Haplosclerida, an order of shallow-water sponges that usually tolerate more variable and extreme physical conditions. Our baseline data contribute to the regional biogeography of sponges and present a reference source for ecological studies on marine animals inhabiting variable estuarine environments. This is the first known record of sponges from the northwest Bornean region of the South China Sea that are not associated with a coral ecosystem; other studies have concerned Singapore, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, southern China, and Taiwan.

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18

SAMUEL, AMOS SHEM. "Tracing the roots: clarification on the type locality of Halobates sexualis Distant (Heteroptera: Gerridae)." Zootaxa 4755, no. 2 (March 24, 2020): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4755.2.13.

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The marine water strider Halobates sexualis Distant, 1903 was originally described from the estuary of Jambu River (Distant 1903). This species has been recorded from Malaysia (Cheng 1985, Zettel & Tran 2009, Ikawa et al. 2012), Sri Lanka (Andersen & Foster 1992, Ikawa et al. 2012) and Thailand (Román-Palacios et al. 2018). In the pioneering work by Herring (1961) on this genus, he mentioned the type locality to be “Estuary of the Jambu River, Malaya.” Andersen and Foster (1992) provided notes on the whereabouts of the type locality of this species and mentioned that it was probably located in northern Malaya (Kuala Jambu) immediately south of the border of Thailand on the Gulf of Siam coast. Andersen and Cheng (2004) further backed this up by mentioning Malaysia in the range of H. sexualis, which was not recorded from Malaysia until 2009 (Zettel & Tran 2009) but also stated that it was not verified personally. However, Distant (1903) mentioned the collection locality as “Estuary of the Jambu River, Jhering.” According to the Map of the Malay Peninsula published around the same time period in 1898 by Stanford, London (RASGBI 1898), Jambu or Jering is located along the coast of Yaring (formerly Jhering/Jering) which is a District Town in Pattani Province of Thailand. This location is about 120 km northwest of the previously presumed location by Andersen & Foster (1992; see fig. 24) and is most likely the site of collection, which is in present-day Thailand. The type locality of this species should thus be attributed to Thailand instead of Malaysia.

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19

Tanuspong, Pokavanich, Buranapratheprat Anukul, and Aryuthaka Chittima. "Hydrodynamics Modeling of Khung Krabaen Lagoon, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814705009.

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Khung Krabaen Lagoon (KKBL) is a small low-inflow water body. There are vast areas of tidal flat occupied nearly 60% of the lagoon that host some of the most productive seagrass habitats in the region. The lagoon is surrounded by mangrove forest and intensive shrimp farms behind it. The KKBL was used as an intake and recipient water for the farms. However due some shrimp disease epidemics and possibly deteriorated water quality, the farms are now taking the intake water from the outer sea through very expensive (to construct and to maintain) irrigation system. Objective of this study is to investigate the KKBL’s hydrodynamics using a numerical simulation model validated with measured data. The simulation model was setup two-dimensionally based on the Delft3D model. Results suggested that water currents inside, at the mouth and at the outer sea of the lagoon are mainly governed by tide and wind. Offshore of the lagoon, there are strong tidal currents flowing along northwest and southeast direction. The tidal currents flow into the lagoon through its mouth before dispersion rapidly inside the lagoon. Mean circulation largely varied seasonally and had direct correlations outer sea seasonal mean currents and the monsoons.

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20

Tan, Ke, Tao Lu, and Ming-Xun Ren. "Biogeography and evolution of Asian Gesneriaceae based on updated taxonomy." PhytoKeys 157 (August 26, 2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.157.34032.

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Based on an updated taxonomy of Gesneriaceae, the biogeography and evolution of the Asian Gesneriaceae are outlined and discussed. Most of the Asian Gesneriaceae belongs to Didymocarpoideae, except Titanotrichum was recently moved into Gesnerioideae. Most basal taxa of the Asian Gesneriaceae are found in the Indian subcontinent and Indo-China Peninsula, suggesting Didymocarpoideae might originate in these regions. Four species diversification centers were recognized, i.e. Sino-Vietnam regions, Malay Peninsula, North Borneo and Northwest Yunnan (Hengduan Mountains). The first three regions are dominated by limestone landscapes, while the Northwest Yunnan is well-known for its numerous deep gorges and high mountains. The places with at least 25% species are neoendemics (newly evolved and narrowly endemic) which were determined as evolutionary hotspots, including Hengduan Mountains, boundary areas of Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi in Southwest China, North Borneo, Pahang and Terengganu in Malay Peninsula, and mountainous areas in North Thailand, North Sulawesi Island. Finally, the underlying mechanisms for biogeographical patterns and species diversification of the Asian Gesneriaceae are discussed.

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21

Kloprogge, Frank, Rose McGready, Warunee Hanpithakpong, Daniel Blessborn, Nicholas P. J. Day, Nicholas J. White, François Nosten, and Joel Tarning. "Lumefantrine and Desbutyl-Lumefantrine Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships in Pregnant Women with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria on the Thailand-Myanmar Border." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 10 (August 3, 2015): 6375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00267-15.

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ABSTRACTArtemether-lumefantrine is the most widely used antimalarial artemisinin-based combination treatment. Recent studies have suggested that day 7 plasma concentrations of the potent metabolite desbutyl-lumefantrine correlate better with treatment outcomes than those of lumefantrine. Low cure rates have been reported in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with artemether-lumefantrine in northwest Thailand. A simultaneous pharmacokinetic drug-metabolite model was developed based on dense venous and sparse capillary lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine plasma samples from 116 pregnant patients on the Thailand-Myanmar border. The best model was used to evaluate therapeutic outcomes with a time-to-event approach. Lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine concentrations, implemented in anEmaxmodel, both predicted treatment outcomes, but lumefantrine provided better predictive power. A combined model including both lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine did not improve the model further. Simulations suggested that cure rates in pregnant women with falciparum malaria could be increased by prolonging the treatment course. (These trials were registered at controlled-trials.com [ISRCTN 86353884].)

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22

Xu, Chenxi, Nathsuda Pumijumnong, Takeshi Nakatsuka, Masaki Sano та Zhen Li. "A tree-ring cellulose δ18O-based July–October precipitation reconstruction since AD 1828, northwest Thailand". Journal of Hydrology 529 (жовтень 2015): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.037.

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23

Metcalfe, I. "Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of Triassic conodonts from northwest Peninsular Malaysia." Geological Magazine 127, no. 6 (November 1990): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800015454.

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AbstractThe Chuping Limestone of northwest Peninsular Malaysia, until recently considered entirely of Permian age, has yielded late Triassic (early Norian) conodonts. TheLimestone thus spans the time interval late Early Permian–Late Triassic and is in part equivalent to the Kodiang Limestone (Late Permian–Late Triassic) in Kedah andsimilar limestone sequences in south Thailand and north Sumatra. Early Late Triassic (Carnian) conodonts are also reported from pelagic limestones associated with bedded chertsof the Chert Member of the Semanggol Formation in Kedah. The Chert Member, previously considered of Middle Triassic age, is re-interpreted to represent Early, Middle and early Late Triassic deposition. The Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Malay Peninsula represent three distinct sedimentary regions: a stable shallow marine carbonate complex (ChupingLimestone, Kodiang Limestone), which forms part of an elongate carbonate platform on theSibumasu block; a deep water pelagic/turbidite basinal sequence (Semanggol Formation) which accumulated in either a foredeep basin or an intracratonic pull-apart basin related to strike-slip faulting; and a volcanic-sourced volcaniclastic basinal sequence on the East Malaya block (Semantan Formation and equivalents) which accumulated in either a forearc/intra-arc setting, or in a post-orogenic rift basin.

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24

Roy, Ng Kwok Weng. "Urogynaecology Training in South East Asia (SEA) and Asia." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 27, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v1i12019.1-4.

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South East Asia (SEA) is made up of 11 countries (Viet-nam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia and Timor Leste) from Myanmar in the northwest to Timor Leste in the far south east. It is one of the most far flung region in Asia, with a land mass of 4.5 million km2 and theitspopulation of 641 million makes it the third most populous geographical region in the world after South Asia and East Asia. Asia is the world’s largest most populous continent stretching from the Middle East in the west to Japan in the east with a population of 4.567 billion.

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25

Pomchote, Porrawee, Parada Peerachidacho, Axel Hernandez, Pitak Sapewisut, Wichase Khonsue, Panupong Thammachoti, and Kanto Nishikawa. "A new species of the genus Tylototriton (Urodela, Salamandridae) from western Thailand." ZooKeys 1072 (November 19, 2021): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1072.75320.

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We describe a new species of the newt genus Tylototriton from Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary, Tak Province, western Thailand based on molecular and morphological evidence and named here as Tylototriton umphangensissp. nov. The new species is assigned to the subgenus Tylototriton and differs from other species in having dark-brown to blackish-brown body and limbs, truncate snout, prominent antero-medial ends of the expansion of the dentary bones, laterally protruding quadrate regions, indistinct and small rib nodules, a well-segmented vertebral ridge, and rough dorsolateral bony ridges, which are steeper anterior, and curved medially at the posterior ends. The molecular data show that Tylototriton umphangensissp. nov. differs from T. uyenoi sensu stricto by a 5% genetic sequence divergence of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 region gene. The new species and T. uyenoi are both endemic to Thailand, distributed along the Northwest Thai (Dawna) Uplands of Indochina. To clarify the species boundary between Tylototriton umphangensissp. nov. and T. uyenoi, additional field research is needed in adjacent areas. Tylototriton umphangensissp. nov. is restricted to evergreen hill forests in Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary. We suggest that the new species should be classified as Endangered (EN) in the IUCN Red List.

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26

Dew, Romana E. C., Alan S. Collins, Christopher K. Morley, Rosalind C. King, Noreen J. Evans, and Stijn Glorie. "Coupled detrital zircon U–Pb and Hf analysis of the Sibumasu Terrane: From Gondwana to northwest Thailand." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 211 (May 2021): 104709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.104709.

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27

Marwick, Ben. "Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artefact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32, no. 4 (December 2013): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2013.08.004.

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28

La-Up, Aroon, Phongtape Wiwatanadate, Sureeporn Uthaikhup, and Sakda Pruenglampoo. "Association between urinary cadmium and chronic musculoskeletal pain in residents of cadmium-contaminated area in Northwest Thailand." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 14 (March 9, 2018): 14182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1665-3.

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29

Vu, Quyet Manh, Venkat Lakshmi, and John Bolten. "Assessment of the Biomass Productivity Decline in the Lower Mekong Basin." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 2796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232796.

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This study aimed to delineate the geographic hotspots of negative trends in biomass productivity in the Lower Mekong Basin countries (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand) and identify correlated regional environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term time-series (1982–2015) of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at a resolution of approximately 9.16 km × 9.16 km was used to specify the areas with significant decline or increase in productivity. The relationships between vegetation changes and land attributes, such as climate, population density, soil/terrain conditions, and land-cover types, were examined. Rainfall time-series maps were used to identify areas that might have been affected by land degradation from those correlated with rainfall. Most of the detected potentially degraded areas were found in Cambodia, the Northwest and the Highland of Vietnam, the Northern Mountains of Thailand and Laos, and the mountainous border between Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. About 15% of the total land area of these four countries experienced a reduction in biomass productivity during the 34-year study period. The map of hotspots of changes in productivity can be used to direct further studies, including those at finer spatial resolution that may support policy makers and researchers in targeting the strategies for combating land degradation.

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30

Ball, Jessica, and Sarah Moselle. "Forced Migrant Youth’s Identity Development and Agency in Resettlement Decision-Making: Liminal Life on the Myanmar-Thailand Border." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd22201616157.

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Migration and refugee studies have elaborated upon themes of voice, subjectivity, and agency of mobile adults while comparatively neglecting forced migrant children and youth. Decades of armed conflict and economic collapse in Myanmar resulted in millions of forced migrants living in neighboring Thailand, China, and Malaysia. This article focuses on the experiences of forced migrant youth aged 12 to 17 from Myanmar who have grown up as temporary residents along the northwest border of Thailand. They are often stateless and disconnected from their families, communities, and cultures of origin and excluded from the formal economy and institutional affiliations, living in a liminal state on the edge of society. This article sets out a rationale for prospective research exploring how forced migrant youth may be both vulnerable and resilient, both victims and agents, and carriers of both their cultures of origin and globalized identities shaped by displacement. Exploring the issues raised in this article can challenge foundational theories of child development regarding normative development and necessary conditions for thriving, which underpin international law and settlement practices. This paper provides a contextual overview and charts a program of research with the intention to better understand the capacity of youth on the move and contribute meaningfully to decision-making about their repatriation or resettlement.

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31

Chaicharoen, Rachada, and Laorsri Sanoamuang. "Distribution and Diversity of Diaptomid Copepods in Freshwater Habitats of Cambodia (Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae)." Diversity 14, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110903.

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Freshwater diaptomid copepods in Cambodia are poorly studied, and only seven taxa were known previously. From February to October 2007, 255 samples were collected from 237 freshwater sites in nine provinces representing four regions (northwest, Cardamom and Elephant Mountains, Mekong Lowlands, and east) of Cambodia. Diversity, seasonal occurrence, geographical distribution of each species, and a checklist of diaptomid copepods are documented. In this case, 24 species were recorded, including two undescribed species belonging to the genera Phyllodiaptomus and Tropodiaptomus. In this case, 14 species are recorded for the first time in Cambodia, and Mongolodiaptomus formosanus has been recorded for the first time in Southeast Asia. One species appears to be endemic to Cambodia and nine to the lower Mekong River Basin. Mongolodiaptomus malaindosinensis was the most common, frequently recorded throughout the four regions (40.5% of the sampled sites), followed by Vietodiaptomus blachei (39.2%), Eodiaptomus phuvongi (38.8%), Mongolodiaptomus formosanus (31.2%), and Eodiaptomus draconisignivomi (27.4%). Very rare species such as Eodiaptomus sanoamuangae, Tropodiaptomus vicinus, Mongolodiaptomus calcarus, and Tropodiaptomus sp. were only recorded at 0.4% to 0.8% of the sampled sites. The species diversity of Cambodia is most similar to that of Thailand, where 22 species (91.6%) occur both in Cambodia and Thailand, and 12 (50%) of the species have been recorded in both Cambodia and Vietnam.

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32

Lertpocasombut, Krittiya, Sayan Sirimontree, Boonsap Witchayangkoon, Chanachai Thongchom, Veronica Winoto, and Suraparb Keawsawasvong. "The Renewable Energy Sources for Municipal Wastewater Processes in Thailand: A Case Study of the Nonthaburi Wastewater Treatment Plant." Civil and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0042.

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Abstract There are 101 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Thailand supplied with electricity and cannot collect wastewater treatment fees. Alternative sources of energy for municipal wastewater treatment would reduce the electricity costs and future fossil energy uses. The Nonthaburi wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is located in the Northwest of Bangkok and selected due to its available data. The solar energy source is applied to the Nonthaburi WWTP due to the light intensity and the area to install. By comparing to the wind and the biogas sources, the wind speed and the sludge production are not sufficient, respectively. Besides the estimated installation cost of the solar-cell panels among three companies, the NPV of 25 years and the IRR of three percent rate, the area required for installation is an affecting factor for the plant consideration.

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Kanchanasuta, Suwimon, Sirapong Sooktawee, Aduldech Patpai, and Pisit Vatanasomboon. "Temporal Variations and Potential Source Areas of Fine Particulate Matter in Bangkok, Thailand." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212097820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120978203.

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Particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) issue is 1 of the important targets of concern by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Bangkok is a megacity and facing air pollution problems. This study analyzed PM, PM2.5 and PM less than 10 micron (PM10), monitoring data from stations located in Bangkok, and aimed to present their variations in diurnal, weekly, and intra-annual timescales. High PM concentrations are related to calm wind. The diurnal variation of PM2.5/PM10 suggested a greater accumulation of PM2.5 than PMcoarse during the low wind speed. Potential source areas affecting PM rising at each monitoring station were identified using statistical technique, bivariate polar plot, and conditional bivariate probability function. Results showed that Ratchathewi District Monitoring Station identified 3 potential source areas related to emissions from transportation sources creating rising PM concentrations. The first potential source was located in the northwest direction, namely, the Rama VI Road close to the conjunction with Ratchawithi Road. The second potential source area was located around the cross-section between Phaya Thai Road and Rama I Road, while the third was located at the intersection of the Phaya Thai Road to Yothi Street and Rang Nam Road. These potential source areas constitute useful information for managing and reducing PM.

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Ratanasthien, Benjavun. "Changes in depositional environments from Ordovician to tertiary of carbonate rocks in Tak-Mae Sod area, Northwest Thailand." Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 8, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(93)90020-p.

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Anderson, Bobby. "People, Land and Poppy: the Political Ecology of Opium and the Historical Impact of Alternative Development in Northwest Thailand." Forest and Society 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i1.1495.

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Thailand’s near-total elimination of opium poppy cultivation is attributed to “alternative development” programming, which replaces illicit crops with licit ones. However, opium poppy cultivation was not drastically reduced because substitute crops earned the same income as opium: nothing can equal the price of opium to smallholder farmers, especially those without land tenure. Thailand’s reduction in poppy cultivation was achieved by the increased presence and surveillance capability of state security actors, who, year by year, were able to locate and destroy fields, and arrest cultivators, with increasing accuracy. This coercion was also accompanied by benefits to cultivators, including the provision of health and education services and the extension of roads; both stick and carrot constituted the encroachment of the Thai state. The provision of citizenship to hill tribe members also gave them a vested interest in the state, through their ability to hold land, access health care, education and work opportunities, amongst others. These initiatives did not occur without costs to hill tribe cultures for whom a symbiotic relationship with the land was and remains disrupted. These findings indicate that alternative development programming unlinked to broader state-building initiatives in Afghanistan, Myanmar and other opium poppy-producing areas will fail, because short-term, high-yield, high value, imperishable opium will remain the most logical choice for poor farmers, especially given the lack of a farmer’s vested interest in the state which compels them to reduce their income whilst offering them no other protections or services.

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Attwood, S. W., C. Panasoponkul, E. S. Upatham, X. H. Meng, and V. R. Southgate. "Schistosoma ovuncatum n. sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from northwest Thailand and the historical biogeography of Southeast Asian Schistosoma Weinland, 1858." Systematic Parasitology 51, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1012988516995.

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Eberhardt, Nancy. "Piaget and Durkheim: Competing paradigms in the anthropology of morality." Anthropological Theory 14, no. 3 (August 6, 2014): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499614534552.

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The recent resurgence of interest in the anthropology of morality has been accompanied by repeated calls to disentangle the moral from the cultural. The conflation of these domains is seen as a hindrance to further advancement in developing a theory of morality and is frequently blamed on the persistent influence of Durkheim’s powerful conception of society as the ultimate moral authority. In this essay, I explore the contrasting views of one of Durkheim’s contemporaries, the psychologist Jean Piaget, and consider their relevance for understanding the relationship between culture and morality. To do so, I draw on ethnographic research on moral development and culture acquisition conducted with Shan children and adults in northwest Thailand. Based on this research, I suggest that indigenous concepts of personhood, agency, and human development are intrinsic to any formulation of morality, and that they provide an entry point for culturally sensitive anthropological investigations of moral discourse.

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Shoocongdej, Rasmi, and Athiwat Wattanapituksakul. "Faunal assemblages and demography during the Late Pleistocene (MIS 2-1) to Early Holocene in Highland Pang Mapha, Northwest Thailand." Quaternary International 563 (October 2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.022.

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Asanok, Lamthai, Dokrak Marod, Anak Pattanavibool, and Tohru Nakashizuka. "Colonization of tree species along an interior-exterior gradient across the forest edge in a tropical montane forest, northwest Thailand." Tropics 21, no. 3 (2012): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.21.67.

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Noedl, Harald, Thomas Allmendinger, Somsak Prajakwong, Gunther Wernsdorfer, and Walther H. Wernsdorfer. "Desbutyl-Benflumetol, a Novel Antimalarial Compound: In Vitro Activity in Fresh Isolates of Plasmodium falciparumfrom Thailand." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 2106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.7.2106-2109.2001.

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ABSTRACT Desbutyl-benflumetol (DBB) is a novel antimalarial compound closely related to benflumetol (lumefantrine), of which it is a putative metabolite. The in vitro response of Plasmodium falciparum to DBB was studied in Mae Hong Son and Mae Sot, in northwest Thailand, in 1997 and 1998. In total, 155 fresh isolates were successfully tested using the World Health Organization standard in vitro microtest system (Mark II). The mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) and 90% effective concentration of DBB were 6.36 and 31.09 nmol/liter, respectively. The comparison of the activity of DBB and benflumetol yielded a highly significant potency ratio of 4.52, corresponding to a more than four times higher efficacy of DBB. A considerable potency difference was found between isolates from Mae Hong Son and those from Mae Sot, reflecting lesser sensitivity in the area with marked resistance to mefloquine and quinine. This observation is also supported by a highly significant activity correlation with benflumetol (P < 0.001) and to a similar degree with mefloquine (P < 0.001), reflecting a close relationship of DBB with the class II aryl amino alcohol blood schizontocides. A less distinct association was also found with artemisinin, which was significant only at the EC50 level, and there was no correlation at all with chloroquine. DBB is a promising antimalarial compound that merits further investigation in order to define its practical therapeutic potential.

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Poyarkov, Nikolay A., Tan Van Nguyen, Evgeniy S. Popov, Peter Geissler, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Thy Neang, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, and Nikolai L. Orlov. "Recent Progress in Taxonomic Studies, Biogeographic Analysis, and Revised Checklist of Amphibians in Indochina." Russian Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 3A (June 24, 2021): 1–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-3a-1-110.

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The Indochinese Peninsula is recognized as one of the key global biodiversity hotspots. The amphibian fauna of Indochina (including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand) is one of the richest in the world. About 60% of the known species were described within the last 20 years. We review the literature and our data to assess all recent discoveries and taxonomic changes and compile the first annotated checklist of the amphibian fauna of Indochina since the middle of the 20th century, including updated faunal lists for Vietnam and Thailand. Amphibian checklists for Laos and Cambodia are published for the first time. For each species we provide the following information: scientific name; recommended common name in English; information on type specimens; type locality; data on its distribution within Indochina and beyond; IUCN conservation status; taxonomic comment and the most important references. We review the distribution of each species across the 23 biogeographic subregions of Indochina, estimate the similarity among the regional faunas and evaluate their species richness and endemism. In total we record 423 amphibian species belonging to three orders, 11 families and 71 genera; 199 species (47%) are endemic to Indochina. Comprising 270 known species, the amphibian fauna of Vietnam is the richest (98 endemics, 36.3%), followed by Thailand with 194 species (29 endemics, 14.9%), Laos with 121 species (13 endemics, 10.7%), and Cambodia with 72 species (6 endemics, 8.3%). A cluster analysis of faunal similarity between the subregions shows two major assemblages, divided by the Isthmus of Kra. Within the northern mainland portion of Indochina three clusters can be distinguished: (1) northeastern and northwestern uplands of Vietnam and northern Laos; (2) Northern, Central, and Southern Annamites, the Bolaven Plateau, and central-south Vietnam lowlands; (3) western Indochinese subregions. We identify the Northeast and Northwest Uplands of Vietnam, the Northern, Central and Southern Annamites, the Cardamom Mountains, the mountains of Northeast Thailand, Northern Tenasserim and southern Peninsular Thailand as nine major centers of diversity and endemism of Indochinese amphibians. The analysis of amphibian distribution patterns across Indochina suggests the presence of 14 chorotypes grouped in five major range types. Our results underline the role of Indochina as a key area for amphibian diversity and conservation. Among 423 species of Indochinese amphibians, 152 species (35.9%) were considered as data deficient (DD) or were not evaluated (NE) according to the IUCN Red List criteria; while 76 species (18.0%) were considered vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN) or critically endangered (CR), 20 species (4.7%) were considered to be near threatened (NT), and 175 species (41.4%) to be of the least concern (LC). Our study thus has implications for further conservation efforts on regional and global levels, as well as for understanding the biogeographic patterns of amphibian richness and endemism in Asia.

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Marwick, Ben, and Michael K. Gagan. "Late Pleistocene monsoon variability in northwest Thailand: an oxygen isotope sequence from the bivalve Margaritanopsis laosensis excavated in Mae Hong Son province." Quaternary Science Reviews 30, no. 21-22 (October 2011): 3088–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.007.

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Pattanawong, Urassaya, Chaturong Putaporntip, Azumi Kakino, Naoko Yoshida, Seiki Kobayashi, Surasuk Yanmanee, Somchai Jongwutiwes, and Hiroshi Tachibana. "Analysis of D-A locus of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats reveals transmission of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar among students in the Thai-Myanmar border region of northwest Thailand." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0009188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009188.

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Intestinal parasitic infections, including those caused by Entamoeba species, are a persistent problem in rural areas of Thailand. The aims of this study were to identify pathogenic Entamoeba species and to analyze their genotypic diversity. Stool samples were collected from 1,233 students of three schools located in the Thai-Myanmar border region of Tak Province, Thailand. The prevalence of Entamoeba infection was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific primers. Thirty-one (2.5%) positive cases were detected for E. histolytica, 55 (4.5%) for E. dispar, and 271 (22.0%) for E. coli. Positive samples for E. histolytica and E. dispar were exclusively obtained from a few school classes, whereas E. coli was detected in all grades. No infections caused by E. moshkovskii, E. nuttalli, E. chattoni, and E. polecki were detected in the students studied. The D-A locus of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats was analyzed in samples of E. histolytica (n = 13) and E. dispar (n = 47) to investigate their diversity and potential modes of transmission. Five genotypes of E. histolytica and 13 genotypes of E. dispar were identified. Sequences of the D-A were divergent, but several unique genotypes were significantly prevalent in limited classes, indicating that intra-classroom transmission has occurred. As it was unlikely that infection would have been limited within school classes if the mode of transmission of E. histolytica and E. dispar had been through the intake of contaminated drinking water or food, these results suggest a direct or indirect person-to-person transmission mode within school classes. Positive rates for three Entamoeba species were 2-fold higher in students who had siblings in the schools than in those without siblings, suggesting that transmission occurred even at home due to heavy contacts among siblings.

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Kanchanasuta, Suwimon, Sirapong Sooktawee, Natthaya Bunplod, Aduldech Patpai, Nirun Piemyai, and Ratchatawan Ketwang. "Analysis of short-term air quality monitoring data in a coastal area." AIMS Environmental Science 8, no. 6 (2021): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2021033.

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<abstract> Short-term air quality monitoring in a coastal area, Naklua Subdistrict, Pattaya, Thailand is an activity to support the designated area under Thailand's sustainable tourism development. This study provided a short-term monitoring data analysis on time series and Bivariate Polar Plot (BVP) to provide the status of air quality and to determine the potential source area of air pollution. The result showed that NO2, SO2, CO and PM10 were not higher than the national air quality standards, while the 24-hour average of PM2.5 and the 8-hour average of O3 were slightly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values. The nighttime PM2.5 concentration was higher than the daytime concentration, and its potential source area is urban areas in the south. However, the daytime O3 concentration is higher than the nighttime concentration. Its potential source area is from the northwest, where Sichang island is located. This result could be used to support air pollution management by controlling and reducing emissions in the potential source areas as the first priority. Also, the study revealed that the BVP technique could be used to determine the source area of air pollution in the coastal area, where wind circulation is more complex than that over the land. </abstract>

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Khunthong, Thanawuth, and . "Environmental Management Influence for Shade Trees on the temperature Reduction of yhe building." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27621.

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Thailand is located in a humid tropical climate and near the equator. Thus the average air temperature is high throughout the year. Environmental factors factors such as the sun, wind and humidity affects residential buildings especially, heat from the sun is a main factor, which leads a problems of heat inside the buildings (Prawewan Amornpong, 2001). Therefore, Installling air conditioning inside the buildings is the solution for this problem. However, from the study on the properties of plants it was found that plants are effective in blocking the sun's rays as well as effectively maintaining the air temperature in the area (Soontorn Boonyathikarn, 1999). So, planting trees to prevent the sunlight, as shade to reduce sun heat in the buildings should be an approach, which could be adopted to decrease the use of air conditioning and also energy consumption in buildings (Trungjai Buranasompob, 2000). This research aims (1) to study and create design guidelines on landscape models which conforms to the environment of sunlight and wind in the central region of Thailand and (2) to propose the guidelines on architectural landscape designs and plants’ setting around the buildings in 8 directions; North (N), Northeast (NE), East (E), Southeast (SE), South (S), Southwe st (SW), West (W) and Northwest (NW). The results found that the landscape model included the setting on plants as shade at all sides of the building envelope during 08.00-17.00 PM of the day throughout the year. These can reduce the air temperature of the building envelope as well as the average temperature inside the buildings, this showed a decrease in temperature by as much as 3.95°C or 13.478% compared with the average exterior air temperature of the buildings throughout the year.

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LANG, SONGYUN, DAYONG XUE, and HONGXIANG HAN. "Threatened butterflies: a new subspecies of Neptis manasa Moore, 1858 from Hainan Island (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)." Zootaxa 2062, no. 1 (April 3, 2009): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2062.1.6.

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Neptis manasa Moore, 1858, belonging to the tribe Neptini (Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae), is distributed along the northern border of the Oriental Region. So far, four subspecies have been recorded: N. m. manasa Moore, 1858 (North India to north Thailand), N. m. antigone Leech, 1890 (South China), N. m. narcissina Oberthür, 1906 (Northwest Yunnan, China) and N. m. shinkaii Koiwaya, 1996 (Southeast Tibet, China). N. manasa is very rare compared with most species of the genus Neptis. Restricted only to virgin forests, its habitats have been destroyed by the economic developments of China and neighbouring countries. Thus, N. manasa is likely to be threatened by losing its required habitats. Gu (1997) first recorded N. manasa from Hainan Island and considered the insular race as the nominate subspecies. We studied two N. manasa specimens collected in the early 1980s by Mr. Gu from Hainan and found that the insular race is quite different from all known subspecies based upon external features and male genitalia. The purpose of this paper is to describe the insular race from Hainan Island as a new subspecies and bring attention to its probably threatened status.

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Asanok, Lamthai, Rungrawee Taweesuk, and Nitpavaridsa Papakjan. "Woody Species Colonization along Edge-Interior Gradients of Deciduous Forest Remnants in the Mae Khum Mee Watershed, Northern Thailand." International Journal of Forestry Research 2020 (March 9, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5867376.

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This study investigated the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for the colonization of edge-interior gradients, for later application to the restoration of edge-transition areas created by highland agriculture in deciduous forests in the Mae Khum Mee watershed, northwest Thailand. Three belt plots (100 × 10 m) were established at the transition from the forest edge to the interior of two deciduous forest types (mixed deciduous forest [MDF] and deciduous dipterocarp forest [DDF]), for a total of six belt plots. The species composition of canopy trees and regenerated seedlings and saplings was assessed, together with several environmental factors. We analyzed the relative importance of the physical environment and recruitment limitation was evaluated in relation to the regeneration traits of tree species. The results indicated that it was difficult for DDF and MDF species to effectively colonize the near-edge areas of the forests, primarily because the key factors related to seedling and sapling colonization (i.e., recruitment limitation, the physical environment, and factors related to forest structure) did not match the edge environment. Generalist species experienced much less recruitment limitation along the edge-interior gradients of both DDFs and MDFs. Generalists such as Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Dalbergia cultrata, and Vitex pinnata exhibited more successful establishment under conditions at the edges of both deciduous forests. These findings suggest that the natural regeneration of generalist species can be utilized as a first step in forest-edge restoration due to their facilitation of subsequent colonization by primary forest species.

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Meehl, Gerald A., Julie M. Arblaster, and William D. Collins. "Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Indian Monsoon." Journal of Climate 21, no. 12 (June 15, 2008): 2869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1777.1.

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Abstract A six-member ensemble of twentieth-century simulations with changes to only time-evolving global distributions of black carbon aerosols in a global coupled climate model is analyzed to study the effects of black carbon (BC) aerosols on the Indian monsoon. The BC aerosols act to increase lower-tropospheric heating over South Asia and reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface during the dry season, as noted in previous studies. The increased meridional tropospheric temperature gradient in the premonsoon months of March–April–May (MAM), particularly between the elevated heat source of the Tibetan Plateau and areas to the south, contributes to enhanced precipitation over India in those months. With the onset of the monsoon, the reduced surface temperatures in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and over India that extend to the Himalayas act to reduce monsoon rainfall over India itself, with some small increases over the Tibetan Plateau. Precipitation over China generally decreases due to the BC aerosol effects. There is a weakened latitudinal SST gradient resulting from BC aerosols in the model simulations as seen in the observations, and this is present in the multiple-forcings experiments with the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3), which includes natural and anthropogenic forcings (including BC aerosols). The BC aerosols and consequent weakened latitudinal SST gradient in those experiments are associated with increased precipitation during MAM in northern India and over the Tibetan Plateau, with some decreased precipitation over southwest India, the Bay of Bengal, Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia, as seen in observations. During the summer monsoon season, the model experiments show that BC aerosols have likely contributed to observed decreasing precipitation trends over parts of India, Bangladesh, Burma, and Thailand. Analysis of single ensemble members from the multiple-forcings experiment suggests that the observed increasing precipitation trends over southern China appear to be associated with natural variability connected to surface temperature changes in the northwest Pacific.

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Veeravechsukij, Nuanpan, Duangduen Krailas, Suluck Namchote, Benedikt Wiggering, Marco T. Neiber, and Matthias Glaubrecht. "Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity." Zoosystematics and Evolution 94, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 461–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981.

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The freshwater thiarid gastropod Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816), including taxa considered either congeneric or conspecific by earlier authors, is widespread and abundant in various lentic and lotic water bodies in mainland and insular Southeast Asia, with its range extending onto islands in the Indo-West-Pacific. This snail is, as one of the most frequent and major first intermediate host, an important vector for digenic trematodes causing several human diseases. As a typical thiarid T.granifera is viviparous and parthenogenetic, with various embryonic stages up to larger shelled juveniles developing within the female’s subhemocoelic (i.e non-uterine) brood pouch. Despite the known conchological disparity in other thiarids as well as this taxon, in Thailand Tarebia has been reported with the occurrence of one species only. In light of the polytypic variations found in shell morphology of freshwater snails in general and this taxon in particular, the lack of a modern taxonomic-systematic revision, using molecular genetics, has hampered more detailed insights to date, for example, into the locally varying trematode infection rates found in populations of Tarebia from across its range in Thailand as well as neighboring countries and areas. Here, we integrate evidence from phylogeographical analyses based on phenotypic variation (shell morphology, using biometry and geometric morphometrics) with highly informative and heterogeneous mtDNA sequence data (from the gene fragments cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 16 S rRNA). We evaluate both the morphological and molecular genetic variation (using several phylogenetic analyses, including haplotype networks and a dated molecular tree), in correlation with differences in the reproductive biology among populations of Tarebia from various water bodies in the north, northwest, central, and south of Thailand, supplementing our respective analyses of parasite infections of this thiarid by cercaria of 15 trematode species, reported in a parallel study. Based on the comparison of topotypical material from the island of Timor, with specimens from 12 locations as reference, we found significant, albeit not congruent variation of both phenotype and genotype in Tarebiagranifera, based on 1,154 specimens from 95 Thai samples, representing a geographically wide-ranging, river-based cross-section of this country. Our analyses indicate the existence of two genetically distinct clades and hint at possible species differentiation within what has been traditionally considered as T.granifera. These two lineages started to split about 5 mya, possibly related to marine transgressions forming what became known as biogeographical barrier north of the Isthmus of Kra. Grounded on the site-by-site analysis of individual Tarebia populations, our country-wide chorological approach focussing on the conchologically distinct and genetically diverse lineages of Tarebia allows to discuss questions of this either reflecting subspecific forms versus being distinct species within a narrowly delimited species complex. Our results, therefore, provide the ground for new perspectives on the phylogeography, evolution and parasitology of Thai freshwater gastropods, exemplified here by these highly important thiarids.

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Lwin, Khin Maung, Aung Pyae Phyo, Joel Tarning, Warunee Hanpithakpong, Elizabeth A. Ashley, Sue J. Lee, Phaikyeong Cheah, et al. "Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Monthly versus Bimonthly Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Chemoprevention in Adults at High Risk of Malaria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 3 (January 17, 2012): 1571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.05877-11.

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ABSTRACTIntermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is increasingly used to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in children and pregnant women. The efficacy of IPT depends on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antimalarial drugs used. Healthy adult male volunteers whose occupation put them at high risk of malaria on the Northwest border of Thailand were randomized to receive a 3-day-treatment dose of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine monthly (DPm) or every 2 months (DPalt) or an identical placebo with or without fat (6.4g/dose) over a 9-month period. All volunteers were monitored weekly. One thousand adults were recruited. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine was well tolerated. There were 114 episodes of malaria (49Plasmodium falciparum, 63P. vivax, and 2P. ovale). The protective efficacy against all malaria at 36 weeks was 98% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96% to 99%) in the DPm group and 86% (95% CI, 81% to 90%) in the DPalt group (for both,P< 0.0001 compared to the placebo group). As a result, the placebo group also had lower hematocrits during the study (P< 0.0001). Trough plasma piperaquine concentrations were the main determinant of efficacy; no malaria occurred in participants with a trough concentration above 31 ng/ml. Neither plasma piperaquine concentration nor efficacy was influenced by the coadministration of fat. DPm is safe to use and is effective in the prevention of malaria in adult males living in an area whereP. vivaxand multidrug-resistantP. falciparummalaria are endemic.

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