Статті в журналах: "North Island brown kiwi - Behavior"

1

CORFIELD, JEREMY, LEN GILLMAN, and STUART PARSONS. "VOCALIZATIONS OF THE NORTH ISLAND BROWN KIWI (APTERYX MANTELLI)." Auk 125, no. 2 (April 2008): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.06234.

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TABORSKY, BARBARA, and MICHAEL TABORSKY. "Spatial organization of the North Island Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis mantelli: sex, pairing status and territoriality." Ibis 134, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1992.tb07222.x.

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3

Taborsky, Barbara, and Michael Taborsky. "Social Organization of North Island Brown Kiwi: Long-term Pairs and Three Types of Male Spacing Behaviour." Ethology 89, no. 1 (April 26, 2010): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00292.x.

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4

JENSEN, THOMAS, KAREN J. NUTT, BRUCE S. SEAL, LUIZA B. FERNANDES, and BARBARA DURRANT. "PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the North Island brown kiwi, Apteryx mantelli." Molecular Ecology Resources 8, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01970.x.

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5

Jamieson, Sarah E., Isabel Castro, Thomas Jensen, Kyle W. Morrison, and Barbara Durrant. "Roosting Preferences of North Island Brown Kiwis (Apteryx mantelli)." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 128, no. 4 (December 2016): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/15-064.1.

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6

Wisker, Joannah. "Egg yolk coelomitis in a North Island brown kiwi." Veterinary Nurse 1, no. 2 (November 2010): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2010.1.2.101.

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7

Shaw, Stephanie D., and Tony Billing. "Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) Toxicosis in North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 9, no. 3 (September 2006): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.014.

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8

Liu, Jia, Qing-xia Ding, and Li-zhi Gao. "The complete mitochondrial genome of North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2016.1186511.

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9

Prinzinger, Roland, and Volker Dietz. "Pre- and postnatal energetics of the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 131, no. 4 (April 2002): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00010-7.

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10

Palma, Ricardo L. "A new species ofRallicola(Insecta: Phthiraptera : Philopteridae) from the North Island brown kiwi." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 21, no. 4 (December 1991): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1991.10420829.

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11

Hill, F. I., A. J. Woodgyer, and M. A. Lintott. "Cryptococcosis in a North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli) in New Zealand." Medical Mycology 33, no. 5 (January 1995): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681219580000621.

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12

French, Adrienne F., Fernanda Castillo-Alcala, Kristene R. Gedye, Wendi D. Roe, and Brett D. Gartrell. "Nematode larva migrans caused by Toxocara cati in the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 11 (April 2020): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.011.

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13

Scofield, R. P., J. R. Wood, L. de Nascimento, H. A. Robertson, R. M. Colbourne, V. L. De Pietri, J. Innes, and J. T. Weir. "Identification of the type locality of the South Island Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis." Conservation Genetics 22, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01349-y.

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14

Pierce, R. J., and I. M. Westbrooke. "Call count responses of North Island brown kiwi to different levels of predator control in Northland, New Zealand." Biological Conservation 109, no. 2 (February 2003): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00134-9.

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15

Potter, Murray A., Wouter H. Hendriks, Roger G. Lentle, Donald V. Thomas, Charlotte J. Minson, and Nicola B. Pindur. "An exploratory analysis of the suitability of diets fed to a flightless insectivore, the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), in New Zealand." Zoo Biology 29, no. 5 (October 8, 2009): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20283.

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16

Potter, M. A., and J. F. Cockrem. "Plasma levels of sex steroids in the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli) in relation to time of year and stages of breeding." General and Comparative Endocrinology 87, no. 3 (September 1992): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(92)90049-p.

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17

Buddle, B. M., G. W. de Lisle, K. McColl, B. J. Collins, C. Morrissy, and H. A. Westbury. "Response of the North Island brown kiwi,Apteryx australis mantelliand the lesser short-tailed bat,Mystacina tuberculata to a measured dose of rabbit haemorrhagic disease viru." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45, no. 3 (January 6, 1997): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1997.36004.

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18

Krebs, Charles J., Donald Reid, Alice J. Kenney, and Scott Gilbert. "Fluctuations in lemming populations in north Yukon, Canada, 2007–2010." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 4 (April 2011): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-004.

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We estimated population density of brown lemmings ( Lemmus sibiricus (Kerr, 1792)), Greenland collared lemmings ( Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill, 1823)), and tundra voles ( Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776)) on Herschel Island from 2007 to 2010 by mark–recapture on three live-trapping areas. Limited data were also available from Komakuk Beach on the north Yukon coast. In contrast to most previous studies, brown and collared lemmings were partly out of phase. Brown lemmings on Herschel reached peak density in 2007–2008 and were low in 2009–2010, while collared lemmings were at peak density in 2007–2008 and again in 2010. Large adult male body size was characteristic of peak populations. Brown lemmings increased dramatically in the peak summer of 2008 and collared lemmings increased rapidly when winter breeding under the snow was successful in 2009–2010. By contrast, at Komakuk Beach, we could see no clear signs of fluctuations in these three species. Winter snow conditions may be too severe for population persistence on the coastal plain along the north coast of the Yukon. Further work is needed to unravel why peak lemming densities are so variable among sites and why lemming fluctuations are so pronounced on the arctic coastal plain of Alaska and virtually absent on the coastal plain of the north Yukon.

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19

Cronin, M. A., M. M. McDonough, H. M. Huynh, and R. J. Baker. "Genetic relationships of North American bears (Ursus) inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphisms and mitochondrial DNA sequences." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 9 (September 2013): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0078.

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The three species of bears in North America, polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774), brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758), and black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780), have differentiated morphologies and nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. An exception is a paraphyletic mitochondrial DNA relationship and some nuclear gene lineages common to polar bears and a population of brown bears from islands in southeast Alaska. In this study, we quantified the genetic relationships of extant brown bears and black bears from Alaska and Montana, and polar bears from Alaska, with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and mtDNA cytochrome-b sequences. Bayesian cluster analyses of the AFLP data show each species is distinct. All brown bears, including those from the islands in southeast Alaska, cluster separately from polar bears, and black bears cluster separately from brown bears and polar bears. The mtDNA of polar bears and southeast Alaska island brown bears is paraphyletic as reported previously, but the species have different haplotypes. These data indicate that extant populations of brown bears and polar bears have separate nuclear and mitochondrial gene pools and are supported as species under the genetic species concept.

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20

Luter, Heidi M., Steve Whalan, and Nicole S. Webster. "Prevalence of tissue necrosis and brown spot lesions in a common marine sponge." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 4 (2010): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09200.

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Sponges form a highly diverse and ecologically significant component of benthic communities. Despite their importance, disease dynamics in sponges remain relatively unexplored. There are reports of severe disease epidemics in sponges from the Caribbean and the Mediterranean; however, extensive sponge mortalities have not yet been reported from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Torres Strait, north-eastern Australia. Marine sponge surveys were conducted in the Palm Islands on the central GBR and Masig Island, Torres Strait, to determine the health of the Demosponge Ianthella basta. Using tissue necrosis and the presence of brown lesions as a proxy of health, sponges were assigned to predetermined disease categories. Sponges with lesions were present at all sites with 43 and 66% of I. basta exhibiting lesions and symptoms of necrosis in the Palm Islands and Torres Strait, respectively. Sponges from the Torres Strait also showed a greater incidence of significant and extensive necrosis in comparison to sponges from Palm Island (11.5 v. 6%). These results indicate the widespread distribution of a disease-like syndrome affecting the health of I. basta, and highlight the critical need for regular monitoring programs and future research to assess patterns in disease dynamics and ascertain the etiological agents of infection.

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21

Pilgrim, Neil G., Joanna L. Smith, Keith Moore, and Anthony J. Gaston. "Nest site characteristics of cavity-nesting birds on a small island, in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 4 (May 8, 2020): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i4.2277.

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Many studies of cavity-nesting birds in North America are conducted in large continental forests and much less is known about them in island ecosystems. We describe a 29-year study of tree species, nest site characteristics, and fledge dates of cavity-nesting birds on a small island in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (BC). Seven cavity-nesting bird species were documented on East Limestone Island and 463 nests were found in 173 different trees. Nest trees were significantly taller and had a greater diameter than a random sample of snags. Tree height did not differ among bird species but diameter at breast height was larger for trees used by Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) than for other species. Cavity-nesters selected tree decay classes 2–7 (all dead/near dead [snags]), with 85% in decay class 4 (35%) or 5 (50%), similar to the random snag sample (class 4, 32%; class 5, 42%). Cavity height ranged from 2.6 to 44.9 m and for all species, except Brown Creeper, the mean nest height was >60% of the mean tree height. Nest heights were generally greater than observed elsewhere in BC. Nest cavity orientation was random except for Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber), for which only 13% of the cavity entrances faced southeast. Median fledging dates ranged from 7 June (Chestnut-backed Chickadee [Poecile rufescens]) to 28 June (Northern Flicker [Colaptes auratus]). Estimated median dates of clutch completion were similar for all species. Our results show that large snags provide habitat for a high diversity of cavity-nesting birds on Haida Gwaii.

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22

Dedual, M., I. D. Maxwell, J. W. Hayes, and R. R. Strickland. "Distribution and movements of brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Lake Otamangakau, central North Island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34, no. 4 (December 2000): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2000.9516962.

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23

Trembath, D. F., and S. Fearn. "Body sizes, activity times, food habits and reproduction of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) (Serpentes:Colubridae) from tropical north Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 3 (2008): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08008.

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Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) are medium to large colubrid snakes that are relatively common within the eastern and northern parts of tropical Australia. An invasive population on Guam in the western Pacific has resulted in B. irregularis being one of the most studied snakes on earth. However, no field studies have ever been conducted on Australian populations. During a seven-year period we collected data on 265 field-caught specimens in north Queensland. These snakes were from three populations and provided data on body sizes, activity times, food habits and reproduction. B. irregularis were found to attain larger body sizes in the Wet Tropics populations than in the Townsville and Magnetic Island populations. More snakes were encountered during the wet and warm season than during the dry and cool season. Sexual size dimorphism was not detected in any population. The diet included a wide range of vertebrates. Reproductive data were scant from the populations examined.

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24

Larson, Ronald J., and Daphne G. Fautin. "Stauromedusae of the genus Manania (= Thaumatoscyphus) (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in the northeast Pacific, including descriptions of new species Manania gwilliami and Manania handi." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-219.

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Manania gwilliami n.sp. and Manania handi n.sp., stauromedusae belonging to the family Depastridae, are described from the west coast of North America. They are differentiated from the one species of the genus previously known from that area, M. distincta (Kishinouye, 1910) by shape, color, habitat, and geographic range. Specimens of M. gwilliami are generally red and those of M. handi are green; both lack the dark brown herringbone patterning of M. distincta medusae. Manania gwilliami is widely distributed from Mexico to Canada in exposed shallow-water coastal habitats, whereas M. handi has been found only off the San Juan Islands and Vancouver Island in protected shallow water. The occurrence of M. distincta in the northeast Pacific has been sporadic. The name Manania is a senior synonym of Thaumatoscyphus.

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25

Cockrem, JF. "Timing of seasonal breeding in birds, with particular reference to New Zealand birds." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950001.

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A model to explain the timing of seasonal breeding in birds is presented. It is assumed that, despite the wide range in egg-laying seasons, there are common physiological mechanisms which underlie seasonality in birds and that most, if not all, birds are photoperiodic. Birds are considered to possess an internal rhythm of reproduction which is synchronized with seasonal changes in the environment by external factors, particularly the annual cycle of daylength. The rhythm consists, at least in part, of regular changes in the photoperiodic response between states of photosensitivity and photorefractoriness. Avian breeding seasons effectively start in autumn when birds become photosensitive, regardless of when egg-laying occurs. The timing of breeding is then influenced by the rate of increase of hypothalamic 'drive' and by the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibitory feedback from gonadal steroids. If sensitivity is high, gonadal growth will not occur until the threshold daylength for photostimulation is exceeded after the winter solstice. Egg-laying then starts in late winter, spring or summer. Alternatively, steroid feedback may be relatively low and gonadal growth may be sufficiently rapid once the birds become photosensitive that breeding occurs in late autumn or winter. The time of egg-laying in birds may also be strongly influenced by supplementary information, such as social cues, food availability, temperature and rainfall and, in some species, this information is more important than daylength in determining the timing of breeding. The review also includes the first summary of the breeding seasons of New Zealand birds. The pattern of egg-laying is exactly the same in native birds, in birds introduced to New Zealand and in other Southern hemisphere birds from similar latitudes, with a broad peak of egg-laying occurring from September to December. In addition, annual cycles of steroid hormone concentrations in the North Island brown kiwi, the yellow-eyed penguin and the kakapo are consistent with results from many studies on Northern hemisphere birds. This model for the timing of breeding in birds can be applied to New Zealand birds and it is concluded that the physiological control mechanisms for the timing of seasonal breeding in New Zealand birds are similar to those of other birds.

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26

VIIDALEPP, JAAN, AARE LINDT, and HONGXIANG HAN. "Pelagodes cancriformis, a new emerald moth species from the north of Thailand, Laos and southern China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae: Geometrinae)." Zootaxa 3478, no. 1 (September 11, 2012): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.38.

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Guenée (1858) described the genus Thalassodes for T. pilaria Guenée from Loyality Island (Tahiti) and some allied species. Prout (1912) revised the genus, listing 32 taxa from the Old World, and later (Prout 1933) listed forty species and divided Thalassodes into four unnamed sections according to habitus and structure of the male legs. Holloway (1996) divided Thalasssodes into three genera using genitalic charactersa and grouped 16 species in genus Pelagodes Holloway (type species: Thalassodes aucta Prout, 1912). Scoble (1999) attributed 22 species to the genus. Later, Inoue (2003, 2005, 2006) revised collections from the Oriental region, describing ten additional species and a further distinct genus, Reniformvalva Inoue, 2006. Han and Xue (2011) added four new species to Pelagodes and found external similarities between P. clarifimbria and moths from Hainan in China, but postponed any differentiation due to limited material. Lindt, while identifying his emerald moths collected in Laos, noticed genitalic differences between brown-fronted Pelagodes specimens from Laos and Thailand, which are allopatric in Thailand. Here we present a comparative description of P. clarifimbria and a new species P. cancriformis. Institutional acronyms are as follows:. EMNH, Estonian Museum of Natural History, Tallinn, Estonia. IZBE, formerly in Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, now deposited in Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia. IZCAS, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

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27

Watson, RA, CT Turnbull, and KJ Derbyshire. "Identifying tropical penaeid recruitment patterns." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960077.

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Knowledge of recruitment patterns is a requisite for modern fisheries management. These patterns can range in complexity from a single pulse of identically sized and aged prawns, which is often assumed in fisheries models, to continuous recruitment by prawns of several ages. Existing techniques used to identify recruitment patterns range from the ad hoc use of size limits to more complex methods that examine changes in length-frequency modes through time. A model that allowed variable growth of individuals was used to simulate monthly length-frequency fisheries data from a range of recruitment patterns of varying complexity. The effectiveness of a range of methods to identify these underlying recruitment patterns was examined. Length-frequency survey data from tropical penaeid fisheries for Penaeus esculentus, the brown tiger prawn, in two locations off north-eastem Australia (Torres Strait and Turtle Island Group) were also subjected to these methods. Methods that employed simple truncation by length successfully identified simple recruitment patterns but were not effective for multi-age recruitment patterns. Only the length-cohort and age-cohort methods could identify the presence of older recruits in multi-age patterns. All methods were sensitive to estimates of growth parameters, particularly the cohort-based methods. Results suggest that P. esculentus from the two fisheries examined had different recruitment patterns requiring different management approaches.

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28

PELSER, PIETER B., KIM JOHN S. DOBLE, PETER O’BYRNE, PAUL ORMEROD, and JULIE F. BARCELONA. "Gastrodia cajanoae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new species from the Philippines." Phytotaxa 266, no. 1 (June 17, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.1.9.

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Gastrodia Brown (1810: 330) is a holomycotrophic terrestrial orchid genus of c. 65 species with an Old World distribution and centre of diversity in Southeast Asia (Cribb et al. 2010, Huang et al. 2015, Ong 2015). In the Philippines, two species are thus far known: G. javanica (Blume, 1825: 421) Lindley (1840: 384) and G. verrucosa Blume (1856: 175). Both have a widespread distribution in northern Malesia and southern East Asia. During fieldwork for the Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippine project (Pelser et al. 2011 onwards) in early December 2012, Gastrodia plants were photographed that belong to a third Philippine species. These plants were observed in three areas on the island of Mindanao: Mt. Apo Natural Park (North Cotabato Prov.) and two sites in Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park (Lantapan and Baungon municipalities; Bukidnon Prov.). In December 2015, plants belonging to the same species were collected in Northern Negros Natural Park (Victorias City, Negros Occidental Prov., Negros) and in March 2016 plants were photographed in Barlig (Mountain Prov., Luzon). Morphological studies showed that this species is distinct from all Gastrodia species except G. spathulata (Carr, 1935: 180) Wood (in Wood et al. 2011: 355) in having petals that are considerably shorter than the calyx tube and separate from it about half way along the inner surface of the tube. It differs from G. spathulata in the longer adnation of the petals to the calyx tube, the shape of the petals and their lack of indumentum, and characters of the lip ridges. Assuming that these morphological differences are an indication of reproductive isolation, we name and describe these plants here as a new species under a biological species concept (Mayr 2000). This new addition brings the total number of Philippine Gastrodia species to three.

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29

Bradshaw, SD, KD Morris, CR Dickman, PC Withers, and D. Murphy. "Field Metabolism and Turnover in the Golden Bandicoot (Isoodon-Auratus) and Other Small Mammals From Barrow Island, Western-Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 1 (1994): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940029.

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Barrow Island, which lies about 90 km north of Onslow off the arid Western Australian Pilbara coast, experienced its driest year on record in 1990 with a total of only 122.4 mm of rain. Golden bandicoots captured in November 1990 evidenced poor condition and mean body mass was a low 242.6 +/- 10.9 g with-a total body water content (TBW) of 76.3 +/- 1.4%. Despite this substantial loss of body water and solids, the animals maintained water and electrolyte balance during the period of turnover [water influx 79.5 +/- 6.9 v. efflux 83.3 +/- 5-7 mL (kg0.82 day)-1 and sodium influx 4.9 +/- 0.7 v. efflux 5.3 +/- 0.7 mmol (kg day)-1]. By April 1991, although only a further 37.4 mm of rain had been recorded on Barrow Island, the condition of the bandicoots had improved markedly, as a result of exploitation of insect resources, and their mean body mass had increased to 306.5 +/- 22.6 g and TBW decreased to 62.5 +/- 1.4% (both P < 0.001), the latter reflecting enhanced fat stores. This general improvement in condition of the bandicoots was in marked contrast to that of other herbivorous marsupials on the island. Rates of water and sodium turnover of the golden bandicoots were, however, not significantly different from those measured in the previous November, Field Metabolic Rates (FMRs), measured with doubly labelled water ((HHO))-H-3-O-18, were extremely low, averaging only 0.45 +/- 0.26 mL CO2 (g h)-1, which is very close to laboratory estimates of 0.35 +/- 0.09 mL O2(g h)-1 for the basal metabolic rate of this species. A major cyclone struck Barrow Island on 3 March 1992, with 162 mm of rain falling in 24 h, and turnover measurements in May of that year revealed a substantial increase in rates of water flux. Mean body mass further increased to 332.6 +/- 8.5 g and TBW averaged 61.8 +/- 1.1%. Water turnover rates were significantly elevated when compared with April of the previous year with an influx of 112.5 +/- 7.3 and an efflux of 119.0 +/- 7.6 mL (kg0.82 day)-1 respectively (both P = 0.001). Rates of sodium turnover, however, were only slightly lower at 3.6 +/- 0.5 and 4.1 +/- 0.5 mmol (kg day)-1 for influx and efflux respectively (P = 0.056 for influx only), suggesting a slight decrease in the average sodium content of the diet. The volume of water required to maintain hygric balance was estimated by regression analysis at 26.7 mL day-1 [=88.3 mL (kg0.82 day)-1] in November 1990, and 33-9 mL day-1 [=85.2 mL (kg0.82 day)-1] in May 1992, following rain. The FMR of eight bandicoots was very significantly elevated to 1.39 +/- 0.23 mL CO2 (g h)-1 after rain, which is substantially higher than even the FMR of 0.91 +/- 0.07 mL CO2(g h)-1, or 644 kJ day-1, reported for the closely related southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) studied in the region of Perth by Nagy et al. (1991). Turnover rates of water and sodium for two rodent species, the Barrow Island mouse (Pseudomys nanus) and the rock rat (Zyzomys argurus), were very similar to those recorded for golden bandicoots in the dry period, but FMRs were a little higher at 0.80 +/- 0.26 and 0.59 +/- 0-36 mL CO2(g h)-l respectively. The FMR of Barrow Island mice increased very significantly to a mean of 2.73 +/- 0.50 mL CO2(g h)-l after rain, but rock rats were not caught at this time. The data document the impressive ability of these mammals to avail themselves of extremely limited resources and maintain physiological homoiostasis under conditions of extreme aridity.

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30

Shaughnessy, P. D., T. E. Dennis, and P. G. Seager. "Status of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, and New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, on Eyre Peninsula and the far west coast of South Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 1 (2005): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03068.

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Two seal species breed on the west coast of South Australia, the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, and the New Zealand fur seal, Arctocephalus forsteri. Aerial surveys were conducted at intervals of ~3 months between April 1995 and June 1997 to determine the breeding status of sea lions and timing of pupping seasons. Ground surveys between October 1994 and April 2004 aimed at counting sea lions and fur seals, particularly pups. In all, 27 sites were examined. Six new sea lion breeding colonies were documented, at Four Hummocks, Price, North Rocky, Dorothee, West Waldegrave and Nicolas Baudin Islands. All were found or confirmed by ground survey. Pup numbers were equivalent to 12% of the total number of pups estimated in surveys conducted from 1987 to 1992, but primarily in 1990. The sighting of brown pups on aerial surveys of Ward Island, Middle and Western Nuyts Reef supports earlier indications, based on dead pups, that they are breeding colonies. The timing of pupping seasons is not synchronous; estimates are presented for colonies between 1995 and early in 2004, with predictions to the end of 2005. The abundance estimates of sea lion pups highlight the importance of visiting a colony early in the pupping season to determine when pupping begins and ~5 months later when the maximum number of pups is expected. For the New Zealand fur seal, small numbers of pups were recorded at Dorothee, West Waldegrave and Nicolas Baudin Islands, and at Nuyts Reef. These and the previously unknown sea lion breeding colonies on the west coast of South Australia suggest that further colonies may remain to be documented. Because planning for aquaculture ventures is active in South Australia, it is important that the localities and status of sea lion and fur seal colonies be established unequivocally to ensure that the need for Prohibited Area status for islands with breeding colonies and for Marine Protected Areas around them is noted.

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JOHNSON, JEFFREY W., and JESSICA WORTHINGTON WILMER. "Three new species of Parapercis (Perciformes: Pinguipedidae) and first records of P. muronis (Tanaka, 1918) and P. rubromaculata Ho, Chang & Shao, 2012 from Australia." Zootaxa 4388, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.1.

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Three new species of pinguipedid fishes from northern Australia are described based on specimens collected by deep water demersal trawling. Parapercis algrahami sp. nov. is recorded from off Dunk Island, Qld, south to Newcastle, NSW, in 67–333 m. It is distinct in having five narrow transverse dark bars across the upper body and a dark spot dorsally on the caudal-fin base, 6 canine teeth in outer row at front of lower jaw, palatines with 1–2 rows of teeth, and predorsal scales extending far forward on the nape to the posterior portion of the interorbital region. Parapercis imamurai sp. nov. is recorded from off Saumarez Reef, Qld, south to off Coffs Harbour, NSW, in 256–405 m. It is unique in having colouration that includes a broad dusky bar from lower margin of eye across the suborbital region and three broad dusky bands crossing the body between the middle of the soft dorsal-fin and the caudal-fin base, 10 canine teeth in outer row at front of lower jaw, and the fifth dorsal-fin spine longest. Parapercis pogonoskii sp. nov. is unique in having a combination of three reddish-brown vertical bars on the upper body between the anterior and posterior portions of the soft dorsal fin, the soft dorsal fin with two large dusky blotches and caudal-fin base with a dusky blotch in the upper corner, 8–10 canine teeth in outer row at front of lower jaw, fifth dorsal-fin spine longest, angle of subopercle with a single broad spine, and angle of preopercle with 4–5 large widely-separated spines. Comparison of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO 1) genetic marker utilised in DNA barcoding produced significant genetic divergences of at least 8.1% and 14.1% between P. algrahami sp. nov. and P. pogonoskii sp. nov. respectively and their closest sampled congeners. The geographic range of Parapercis rubromaculata Ho, Chang & Shao, 2012 is extended from Taiwan to the southern hemisphere waters off Western Australia, based on specimens collected from Shark Bay, north to Ashmore Terrace, in depths of 56–107 m. A revised diagnosis for the species is presented, meristic, morphometric and DNA barcoding data for the two populations are compared, and a detailed description of the colouration of fresh and preserved specimens from Australia is provided. Previous records of Parapercis macrophthalma (Pietschmann, 1911) from Western Australia are established as misidentifications of Parapercis muronis (Tanaka, 1918) and the latter is thereby confirmed from the southern hemisphere and Australian waters for the first time. Comparative meristic, morphometric and DNA barcoding data is provided for populations of P. muronis from Japan, Philippines and Western Australia.

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Undin, Malin, Peter J. Lockhart, Simon F. K. Hills, Doug P. Armstrong, and Isabel Castro. "Mixed Mating in a Multi-Origin Population Suggests High Potential for Genetic Rescue in North Island Brown Kiwi, Apteryx mantelli." Frontiers in Conservation Science 2 (August 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.702128.

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Reinforcement translocations are increasingly utilised in conservation with the goal of achieving genetic rescue. However, concerns regarding undesirable results, such as genetic homogenisation or replacement, are widespread. One factor influencing translocation outcomes is the rate at which the resident and the introduced individuals interbreed. Consequently, post-release mate choice is a key behaviour to consider in conservation planning. Here we studied mating, and its consequences for genomic admixture, in the North Island brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli population on Ponui Island which was founded by two translocation events over 50 years ago. The two source populations used are now recognised as belonging to two separate management units between which birds differ in size and are genetically differentiated. We examined the correlation between male and female morphometrics for 17 known pairs and quantified the relatedness of 20 pairs from this admixed population. In addition, we compared the genetic similarity and makeup of 106 Ponui Island birds, including 23 known pairs, to birds representing the source populations for the original translocations. We found no evidence for size-assortative mating. On the contrary, genomic SNP data suggested that kiwi of one feather did not flock together, meaning that mate choice resulted in pairing between individuals that were less related than expected by random chance. Furthermore, the birds in the current Ponui Island population were found to fall along a gradient of genomic composition consistent with non-clustered representation of the two parental genomes. These findings indicate potential for successful genetic rescue in future Apteryx reinforcement translocations, a potential that is currently under utilised due to restrictive translocation policies. In light of our findings, we suggest that reconsideration of these policies could render great benefits for the future diversity of this iconic genus in New Zealand.

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Heck, Christian T., and Holly N. Woodward. "Intraskeletal bone growth patterns in the North Island Brown Kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ): Growth mark discrepancy and implications for extinct taxa." Journal of Anatomy, July 13, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13503.

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San Juan, Priscilla A., Isabel Castro, and Manpreet K. Dhami. "Captivity reduces diversity and shifts composition of the Brown Kiwi microbiome." Animal Microbiome 3, no. 1 (July 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42523-021-00109-0.

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Abstract Background Captive rearing is often critical for animals that are vulnerable to extinction in the wild. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which captivity impacts hosts and their gut microbiota, despite mounting evidence indicating that host health is affected by gut microbes. We assessed the influence of captivity on the gut microbiome of the Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), a flightless bird endemic to New Zealand. We collected wild (n = 68) and captive (n = 38) kiwi feces at seven sites on the north island of New Zealand. Results Using bacterial 16 S rRNA and fungal ITS gene profiling, we found that captivity was a significant predictor of the kiwi gut bacterial and fungal communities. Captive samples had lower microbial diversity and different composition when compared to wild samples. History of coccidiosis, a gut parasite primarily affecting captive kiwi, showed a marginally significant effect. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate captivity’s potential to shape the Brown Kiwi gut microbiome, that warrant further investigation to elucidate the effects of these differences on health.

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Bansal, Natasha, William E. Pomroy, Allen C. G. Heath, and Isabel Castro. "Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (January 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04601-z.

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Abstract Background Numerous laboratory and fewer field-based studies have found that ixodid ticks develop more quickly and survive better at temperatures between 18 °C and 26 °C and relative humidity (RH) between 75 and 94%. Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, is an endophilic, nidicolous species endemic to North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) (NIBK) and the tokoeka (Apteryx australis), and little is known about the environmental conditions required for its development. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the conditions of temperature and RH that ensure the best survival of the kiwi tick and the shortest interstadial periods, in laboratory conditions and outdoors inside artificial kiwi burrows. Methods Free-walking engorged ticks were collected off wild kiwi hosts and placed in the laboratory under various fixed temperature and humidity regimes. In addition, sets of the collected ticks at different developmental stages were placed in artificial kiwi burrows. In both settings, we recorded the times taken for the ticks to moult to the next stage. Results Larvae and nymphs both showed optimum development at between 10 °C and 20 °C, which is lower than the optimum temperature for development in many other species of ixodid ticks. However, larvae moulted quicker and survived better when saturation deficits were < 1–2 mmHg (RH > 94%); in comparison, the optimum saturation deficits for nymph development were 1–10 mmHg. Conclusions Our results suggest that the kiwi tick has adapted to the stable, but relatively cool and humid conditions in kiwi burrows, reflecting the evolutionary consequences of its association with the kiwi.

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Di Martino, Emanuela, Paul D. Taylor, Dennis P. Gordon, and Lee Hsiang Liow. "New bryozoan species from the Pleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, North Island, New Zealand." European Journal of Taxonomy, no. 345 (August 22, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.345.

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Three new fossil bryozoan species, a ctenostome and two cheilostomes, are described and figured from Pleistocene strata of the Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. Buskia waiinuensis sp. nov., a soft-body ctenostome preserved as a mould bioimmuration, is the first fossil record of the genus from New Zealand. Microporella rusti sp. nov., which is notable for the lack of ooecia in the large suite of colonies available, is one of the most common bryozoans in the Nukumaru Limestone and Nukumaru Brown Sand shellbeds, forming large encrusting sheet-like colonies, but is uncommon in younger beds. Rare, small-sized colonies of Parkermavella columnaris sp. nov. were found as fossil in two Quaternary beds, the Nukumaru Limestone and the Upper Kai-Iwi Shellbed, and also alive on rocks from the greater Cook Strait area.

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Dedual, Michel. "Spawning runs of naturalised rainbow and brown trout from Lake Otamangakau, central North Island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, June 14, 2021, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2021.1938145.

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Endo, Yu, Naoki Osada, Tsutomu Mano, and Ryuichi Masuda. "Demographic history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) on Hokkaido Island, Japan, based on whole-genomic sequence analysis." Genome Biology and Evolution, August 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab195.

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Abstract Previous studies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) on Hokkaido Island, Japan, have detected three geographically distinct subpopulations representing different mitochondrial lineages and shown that gene flow between subpopulations has occurred due to male-biased dispersal. In this study, we determined whole-genomic sequences for six Hokkaido brown bears and analyzed these data along with previously published genomic sequences of 17 brown bears from other parts of the world. We found that the Hokkaido population is genetically distinct from the other populations, keeping genetic diversity higher than the endangered populations in Western Europe but lower than most populations on the continents. A reconstruction of historical demography showed no increase in population size for the Hokkaido population during the Eemian interglacial period (130,000–114,000 years ago). In a phylogenetic analysis of the autosomal data, the Hokkaido population formed a clade distinct from North American and European populations, showing that it has maintained genetic diversity independently from continental populations following geographical isolation on the island. This autosomal genetic similarity contrasts with the geographically separate mitochondrial lineages on Hokkaido and indicates the occurrence of male-driven gene flow between subpopulations.

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Boylan, Patrick, Detlev Helmig, and Samuel Oltmans. "Ozone in the Atlantic Ocean marine boundary layer." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 3 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000045.

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Abstract In situ atmospheric ozone measurements aboard the R/V Ronald H. Brown during the 2008 Gas-Ex and AMMA research cruises were compared with data from four island and coastal Global Atmospheric Watch stations in the Atlantic Ocean to examine ozone transport in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Ozone measurements made at Tudor Hill, Bermuda, were subjected to continental outflow from the east coast of the United States, which resulted in elevated ozone levels above 50 ppbv. Ozone measurements at Cape Verde, Republic of Cape Verde, approached 40 ppbv in springtime and were influenced by outflow from Northern Africa. At Ragged Point, Barbados, ozone levels were ∼ 21 ppbv; back trajectories showed the source region to be the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Ozone measurements from Ushuaia, Argentina, indicated influence from the nearby city; however, the comparison of the daily maxima ozone mole fractions measured at Ushuaia and aboard the Gas-Ex cruise revealed that these were representative of background ozone in higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Diurnal ozone cycles in the shipborne data, frequently reaching 6–7 ppbv, were larger than most previous reports from coastal or island monitoring locations and simulations based on HOx photochemistry alone. However, these data show better agreement with recent ozone modeling that included ozone-halogen chemistry. The transport time between station and ship was estimated from HYSPLIT back trajectories, and the change of ozone mole fractions during transport in the MBL was estimated. Three comparisons showed declining ozone levels; in the subtropical and tropical North Atlantic Ocean the loss of ozone was < 1.5 ppbv day−1. Back trajectories at Ushuaia were too inconsistent to allow for this determination. Comparisons between ship and station measurements showed that ozone behavior and large-scale (∼ 1000 km) multi-day transport features were well retained during transport in the MBL.

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