Статті в журналах з теми "Norme (morale) – Europe"

In questo lavoro si compie un’analisi della “Dichiarazione sulla promozione dei diritti dei pazienti in Europa”, redatta da un gruppo di esperti sotto gli auspici dell’Ufficio Regionale Europeo dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) nella riunione tenutasi ad Amsterdam (28-30 marzo 1994). L’iniziativa dell’OMS dimostra il crescente interesse degli Stati appartenenti alla Regione Europea a rendere comparabili le norme degli ordinamenti interni concernenti l’accesso e l’utilizzazione da parte dei pazienti dei servizi sanitari, venendo incontro non solamente ad ormai codificati diritti soggettivi della persona umana, ma anche a legittime aspirazioni di miglioramento della qualità e dei rapporti umani nell’assistenza. Richiamata la lunga serie delle “Dichiarazioni sui diritti dell’uomo” proclamate in diversi documenti internazionali di alto valore morale, e le parallele dichiarazioni riguardanti i “diritti dei pazienti”, l’analisi prosegue delineando i contenuti fondamentali della Dichiarazione di Amsterdam e valutandoli sotto il profilo etico-giuridico. Si è cercato anche di verificare - brevemente - le analogie intercorrenti fra detta “Dichiarazione di Amsterdam” e la “Carta dei servizi pubblici sanitari”, strumento che intende attuare l’art. 14 del D. Leg. n. 502/1992 (e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni). “Riordino della disciplina in materia sanitaria, a norma dell’art.1 della legge 23 ottobre 1992 n. 421”. L’art. 14, come è noto, ha per oggetto i “Diritti dei cittadini”. L’applicazione dei principi solennemente dichiarati nei vari documenti esaminati richiede - ormai - una convinta adesione ai postulati dell’etica della cura, interpretati nella tradizione personalista.

Establishing legal norms regulating the status and position of prisoners of war was a protracted process. It started out as traditions, customs, and practical experiences accumulated during military conflicts. As time went by, the development of humane outlooks, in Europe strongly influenced by Christian morals and ethics, resulted in changes to the status and situation of prisoners. The article traces this process in detail, considering the relevant treaties concluded by Russia and Sweden in the 16th-18th centuries following the end of military conflicts between the two states. This research helps discover prerequisites for shaping a unified international law on prisoners-of-war in the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

Abstract Religious communities can encourage generosity toward strangers. In these communities, such norms are high among religious individuals and nonadherents. It remains unclear how these norms inform policy. Recent refugee crises provide critical tests of how charitable values translate into political preferences. As Europe experiences turmoil over the acceptance and integration of Muslim refugees, I ask how religion affects preferences regarding refugee admissions. I find that marginalized religious groups among new immigrants offer the highest levels of support for admitting refugees. Catholics are more restrictive than religious nones regarding policy preferences, while there are mixed results comparing nones to other Christian denominations. However, for Catholics and most other Christians, generous policy preferences increase with higher rates of religious service attendance. Respondents offer more generous policy preferences in regions with higher rates of Protestant and Catholic affiliation and in nations with higher Protestant affiliation. Restrictive preferences increase with regional and national percent unaffiliated.

Dans les écrits que nous avons consultés et qui visent à analyser les causes structuro-organisationnelles de la souffrance psychique et morale, les répercussions qui découlent des conditions de travail difficiles, voire les moyens auxquels les travailleuses sociales ont recours pour y faire face, les questions de l’autonomie et de l’exercice du jugement professionnel furent bien souvent abordées. En effet, et particulièrement depuis la reconfiguration de l’action publique amorcée par la nouvelle gestion publique à la fin des années 1980, la recension des écrits en Europe et en Amérique du Nord sur le sujet établit des liens entre la managérialisation des services de santé et des services sociaux et l’émergence d’un choc des épistémés capable d’interpeller les travailleuses sociales sur ce qu’elles font, sur ce qui a de l’importance pour elles, sur les responsabilités et les obligations qui sont les leurs dans leur travail. Il y aurait une tension de plus en plus vive entre les normes déontologiques et organisationnelles qui s’appliquent à départager la régulation des activités professionnelles des travailleuses sociales au travail. Pour ne pas devenir de simples exécutantes, les travailleuses sociales sont plus que jamais appelées à se mobiliser afin de préserver leur espace clinique, leur autonomie, bref, leur jugement professionnel.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has inspired numerous initiatives to recognize children’s health-related rights. Whereas children’s rights have served as the dominant moral framework for child health concerns in Europe, pediatric bioethics has emerged as the principal framework used in North America. Despite their similarities, these two frameworks differ significantly. Children’s rights initiatives tend to be universalist, highlighting substantive standards for all children, while pediatric bioethics has developed norms, models, and procedures for the ethical analysis and management of individual cases. The aim of this article is to critically examine the respective contributions and intersections of children’s rights and pediatric bioethics moral frameworks in child health. We describe our collaboration bridging our work with these two frameworks to address pediatric health-care concerns in the Republic of Georgia. We conclude with recommendations for how the complementarity of these two frameworks can be further bridged and promoted internationally.

RESEÑAS de : Alguacil González-Aurioles, Jorge, Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, Ignacio (eds.), Constitución: norma y realidad. Teoría constitucional para Antonio López Pina, Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2014, 493 págs. Carmonas Contreras, Ana (Dir.), El lugar de las macro-regiones en el marco de la cooperación territorial europea: presente y futuro, Consejería de la Presidencia.Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, 2014. Castellá Andreu, Josep M.a (ed.), Derecho constitucional básico, Barcelona: Huygens, 2014. Cea Navas, Ana Isabel / Enríquez Sánchez, José María (eds.), El ciudadano espectador: derechos humanos y cine, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, Servicio de Publicaciones, Valladolid, 2012. Enríquez Sánchez, José María; Muñoz de Baena Simón, José Luis; Otero León, Lourdes; Pérez Rodríguez, Cristina; Santos Esteban, Ana Belén; Ferrari Nieto, Enrique, Educación plena en Derechos Humanos, Madrid, Trotta, 2014. Fiss, Owen, Los mandatos de la justicia. Ensayos sobre Derecho y derechos humanos,Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2013. Fondevilla Marón, Manuel: La disolución de la soberanía en el ámbito estatal, Reus, Madrid, 2014. Gómez Corona, Esperanza: La propia imagen como categoría constitucional, Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, Navarra, 2014. González Trevijano, Pedro J. / Núñez Rivero, Cayetano / Goig Martínez, Juan Manuel, El Estado autonómico español, Dyckinson, Madrid, 2014, p. 241. Gutiérrez, Ignacio/ Alguacil, Jorge / Reviriego, Fernando / Salvador, María, Elementos de Derecho constitucional español, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2014. Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, Ignacio (Coord.). La democracia indignada: tensiones entre voluntad popular y representación política, Comares, Granada, 2014, XVI + 157 págs. Hauriou, Maurice, La soberanía nacional, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2013. López Pina, Antonio. El orden de la información, Lisboa: Juruá, 2013. Martín Morales, Ricardo: Las propiedades paradójicas del Derecho constitucional, Cívitas Thomson Reuters, 2013 Martín Oviedo, José María, El Consejo de Estado durante el régimen constitucional (1808 -2012), Consejo de Estado y Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, Madrid, 2013. Martínez Otero, Juan M.ª La protección jurídica de los menores en el entorno audiovisual. Respuestas desde el Derecho a los desafíos de los nuevos medios audiovisuales y digitales, Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, Navarra, 2013. Niño Estébanez, Roberto. La ejecución en España de las sentencias del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, Madrid: Fe d’erratas 2014. Pinelli, Cesare / Presno, Miguel, Crisis de la representación y nuevas vías de participación política, Fundación Coloquio Jurídico Europeo, Madrid, 2014. Polo Sabau, José Ramón, El estatuto de las confesiones religiosas en el Derecho de la Unión Europea, Dykinson, Madrid, 2014. Polo Sabau, José Ramón, Dimensiones de la libertad religiosa en el Derecho español, Bosch, 2014. Requejo Rodríguez, Paloma, Derechos y espacio público, Oviedo: Procuradora General del Principado de Asturias/Universidad de Oviedo, 2013. Ruipérez Alamillo, Javier, Reforma versus revolución. Consideraciones desde la teoría del Estado y de la Constitución sobre los límites materiales a la revisión constitucional,Porrúa, México, 2014. Sáenz Royo, Eva, Desmontando mitos sobre el Estado Autonómico, Marcial Pons, Madrid. Barcelona, 2014. Serra Giménez, Francisco, El Derecho en la época constitucional. Un ensayo de interpretación, Madrid, Dykinson, 2013. Sosa Wagner, Francisco, Juristas y enseñanzas alemanas I, 1945-1975, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2013.

AbstractThis article contributes to the theorization of involuntary return and moral economies in the context of economic crisis and vulnerability prompted by restrictive migration regimes and conflicts. Drawing on fieldwork in a rural town in Ghana where international labour migration is an established livelihood, it analyses deportations from North Africa, Israel and Europe and emergency return from Libya following the civil war in 2011. The article argues that return to the home town, rather than being detained or stuck en route, constitutes a particular context precisely because migrants face family and community expectations upon their return. Involuntary return constitutes a disruption of migration projects when migrants return empty-handed, going from being remitters to burdens for their families. This creates conflicts and disappointments within family and the local community, especially in relation to norms of provision and gender ideals. The paper highlights three effects of the moral economy of involuntary return. First, that involuntary return does not constitute a priori termination of migration, as many involuntary return migrants migrate again, often in high-risk ways. Second, it discusses the ambivalence of reciprocity and interdependency in families. And third, it shows how involuntary return challenges dominant ideals of masculinity.

Personaggio a tutto tondo, giornalista, scrittore e sobillatore sociale, Valera esprime la sua vitalità umana e artistica tra la fine dell’Ottocento e il primo quarto del Novecento. Benché il suo protagonismo si esprima quasi esclusivamente all’interno della realtà milanese, per contenuti e diffusione, la sua opera letteraria può a ragione essere ritenuta di interesse nazionale. Ebbe la capacità di immergersi nelle immondizie e contraddizioni umane del suo tempo, in particolare quelle di alcune città europee, tra le quali Milano, senza restarne contaminato. La sua dirittura morale, nonostante l’inesauribile serie di querele, confini, arresti ai quali fu sottoposto dal potere costituito e dai borghesi del tempo, non fu infatti mai messa in questione da nessuno. Di interesse storico il sodalizio con Mussolini, prima che questi saltasse definitivamente il fosso della reazione e delle politiche contrarie agli interessi del mondo del lavoro. Benedetto Croce non volle considerare la sua vasta opera “letteratura”; ebbe probabilmente ragione se per letteratura si intendono testi codificati sulla base di canoni fissati dalla “norma” del tempo nel quale si scrive. Tuttavia, Valera, come è ampiamente documentato nella parte finale di questo saggio, registra da mezzo secolo nuova vita, fatta di ristampe, riletture, dibattiti, saggi critici. Il suo stile infiammato ed eccessivo, i contenuti dei suoi lavori, tornano probabilmente di attualità nel nostro tempo.

Purpose – Although perceived as a wrong act, insurance fraud is a prevalent phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to understand the psychological factors that lead to reporting an exaggerated/false insurance claim would enable insurance companies and policy makers to devise better preventive policies. Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing data-driven clustering techniques on psychological and demographic measures from 985 insurance customers in Europe, this study outlines profiles of segments of customers as it relates to dishonesty in dealing with insurance companies. The segmentation criteria include attitude toward insurance fraud, perceived probability of punishment, basic human values and morals, religiosity, life satisfaction and demographic characteristics. Findings – Results reveal the existence of four market segments. The segments include non-conservatives (sensitive to both perception of wrong behavior and the monetary payoff for a fraudulent claim), self-protectionists (sensitive to the probability of being caught), hedonists (sensitive to the personal pleasure and monetary payoffs for insurance fraud) and socially focused individuals (sensitive to social norms regarding admitting to having committed insurance fraud). Among the demographic variables, only education and among psychological variables, universalism, hedonism, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, moral philosophy, religiosity, perceived probability of punishment and attitude toward insurance fraud were significantly different among the four identified segments. Practical implications – Specific policies are proposed in order to prevent insurance fraud, tailored to the specific profile of each segment. Originality/value – Using a psychological perspective and a data-driven methodology, this study identifies four heterogeneous segments of unethical insurance customers with dissimilar values, attitudes toward fraud and perception of punishment probability.

In the mid-1870s, a wave of popular urban hauntings in public spaces swept across Europe. These included sightings of the Park Ghost in Sheffield in 1873 and the Westminster Christ Church Ghost in London in 1874. In early December 1874, probably the most famous Czech ghost, the Podskalí Apparition (Podskalské strašidlo), was born. This haunting was followed by that of similar but less popular ghosts that appeared in industrial, working-class Prague neighborhoods in 1876 and 1907, respectively. This paper analyzes newspaper articles from this period about these apparitions and their later depictions in Czech popular culture, and interprets these phenomena as local variants of the so-called “prowling ghosts”, a particular type of suburban phantom documented by current historiographical research on 19th-century ghostlore in England. The paper then describes how these Prague ghosts were utilized socially by two completely different cultural practices. On one hand, these hauntings were used by working-class people as vernacular spectacles and improvised festivities related to pranks, the symbolic occupation of public space, and Czech nationalism. For the middle classes and period newspapers loyal to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on the other hand, unruly mobs converging on the sites of supposed hauntings were a threat to established social norms and triggered both moral panics and public scorn of these “ghost hunters”. However, this attitude changed quickly when these events entered popular culture in the form of popular songs and, later, memoirs and literature. Between the Belle Époque at the First World War, these famous Prague hauntings were the staple for nostalgic longing in the last few decades of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Come è noto, l'unione Europea ha fra i suoi scopi quello di favorire lo sviluppo sociale ed economico dei Paesi aderenti, facilitando la ricerca scientifica, l’innovazione tecnologica, la produzione di beni e la circolazione degli stessi nell’ambito dell’Unione, eliminando per quanto è possibile differenze, normative e conflitti commerciali. Con questo spirito, dopo anni di difficile lavoro, è stata emanata la Direttiva 98/44/CE del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio (6luglio 1998) che riguarda la protezione giuridica delle invenzioni biotecnologiche, ne presupposto che si tratti di genoma – sia esso di origine vegetale, animale o umano – in quanto risultati da “invenzioni” suscettibili di applicazioni industriali e non dal mero isolamento (“scoperta”). L’Autore, che già ha esaminato in un precedente contributo gli aspetti etici dell’impiego delle biotecnologie nel campo vegetale e animale (v. Medicina e Morale 2000, 3: 449-504), si sofferma a descrivere quanto prevede la Direttiva 98/44/CE stessa, assieme ad altre norme internazionali precedentemente emanat, per la tutela dell’ambiente, degli animali e degli organismi umani. L’Autore riconosce che la direttiva vieta, nel dispositivo, lo sfruttamento commerciale che sia contrario all’ordine pubblico e al buon costume, fornendo gli esempi concreti dei divieti applicabili ai processi di clonazione umana a scopo riproduttivo, di modificazione dell’identità genetica germinale dell’essere umano; di modificazione degli embrioni umani a fini commerciali e industriali; di modificazione dell’identità genetica animale di natura tale da provocare sofferenza negli stessi, senza utilità sostanziale per l’uomo o per l’animale. Tuttavia la Direttiva – sotto l’aspetto giuridico – consente l’utilizzazione di embrioni umani (sia pure non direttamente ed espressamente prodotti a scopo di ricerca in base all’art. 18 della Convenzione sui diritti dell’uomo e la biomedicina) a scopo sperimentale e per applicazioni biotecnologiche riguardanti la produzione di cellule staminali od i medicamenti. L’Autore esamina anche il dibattito che è seguito alla emanazione della Direttiva soprattutto a livello di Assemblea parlamentare del Consiglio d’Europa (Strasburgo) in merito alle preoccupazioni dell’opinione pubblica sui cosiddetti “cibi transgenici” (raccomandazione n. 1398 (1998) dal titolo “sicurezza del consumatore e qualità degli alimenti”), nella quale è stata espressa contrarietà alla brevettabilità degli organismi viventi, pur riconoscendo la necessità di assicurare un’adeguata protezione ai diritti dell’”invenzione” (proprietà intellettuale) [Raccomandazione 1417/1999]. Questi problemi sono stati affrontati ma non risolti nella conferenza internazionale di Oviedo (16-19 maggio 19999) organizzata dal Consiglio d’Europa. Il Comitato Direttivo di Bioetica del medesimo Consiglio d’Europa è stato indicato di esprimere “parere” sulla complessa materia; nel frattempo sono intervenute la conferenza di Seattle e Montreal, ove è stato firmato, nel gennaio 2000, un Protocollo sulla biosicurezza che regolamenta il commercio internazionale di sementi e sostanze geneticamente modificate ritenuti pericolosi per l’ambiente e la salute, escludendo però i prodotti finiti, e perciò il cibo transgenico. Nel momenti in cui – scadendo la moratoria –la Direttiva 98/44/CE entrerà in vigore (31 luglio 2000) essendo improbabile l’accettazione delle argomentazioni di invalidazione sollevate da Olanda e Italia, l’Autore insiste per l’adozione del “principio di precauzione”, esplicitamente incorporato nel diritto comunicato relativo alla protezione della salute, oltreché alla tutela dell’ambiente, che dovrà essere tuttavia meglio specificato nella sua estensione e nelle conseguenze attese. Un secondo principio, quello della “trasparenza”, richiede un’ulteriore affinamento delle informazioni rivolte al consumatore, tramite una più chiara etichettatura che consenta una scelta realmente libera e consapevole dei prodotti derivanti da organismi geneticamente modificati posti in commercio. Dovrà essere perseguita la ricerca, escludendo peraltro l’uso dell’embrione umano.

The article explores the constitutional practice of normative regulation of the right to freedom of thought and religion, enshrined in Art. 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine and in similar norms of the constitutions of the states of continental Europe. The necessity to state the stated norm in the new version is substantiated. It is determined that the right to freedom of worldview and religion, which is enshrined in Art. 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine, relates to civil rights of man and citizen and consists of three basic elements: freedom of thought, freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. This right includes the freedom to profess any religion or not to practice any religion, to freely send religious cults and rituals, as well as to conduct religious activities. It is noted that in the states of continental Europe the constitutional and legal regulation of the right to freedom of opinion and religion is implemented differently. Thus, in the constitutions of Andorra, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Armenia, Georgia, Estonia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Romania, San Ma-rino, Serbia, Czech Republic and Montenegro, the analyzed law is enshrined along with other human rights. In other constitutions of European states, the law under study is formulated in a separate article. It is stated that the constitutions of European states use unequal verbal designations of this right. In particular, such terminological expressions as "freedom of conscience and religion", "freedom of cults", "freedom of conscience, religion and other beliefs", "freedom of conscience and religion", "freedom of conscience", "freedom of religion and worship", " freedom of religion ”,“ freedom of choice of religion ”,“ freedom of conscience, religion and worship ”,“ freedom of religion and conscience ”,“ freedom of religious beliefs ”, which differ but have much in common. The expediency of deleting the term “freedom of world outlook” from Part 1 of Art. 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine and the consolidation of the term "freedom of conscience", which in its content, first, covers a broad sphere of spiritual, world-view of human being, and second, acts as the freedom of choice and assertion of the individual in the system of religious coordinates. It is proposed taking into account the European experience of constitutional and legal regulation of the right to freedom of opinion and religion of the provision of Art. 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine shall be read as follows: “Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience and religion. This right includes the freedom to profess any religion or not to practice any religion, to freely send religious or ritual rites alone or collec-tively, to conduct religious activities. The exercise of this right may be restricted by law only in the interests of public order, the health and morals of the population, or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Churches and religious organizations in Ukraine are separated from the state and the state education system from the church. No religion can be recognized as binding by the state. Churches and religious organizations are equal before the law. It is forbidden to compel a person to choose and profess any religion or belief, to participate in re-ligious and ritual ceremonies or activities of a religious organization and to receive religious education.”

The article deals with the problems of formation of spiritual and moral values of children in the creative heritage of the great Ukrainian teacher Grygoriy Vaschenko. The author analyzes the main approaches of the teacher to the tasks of spiritual and moral upbringing of youth. The deep significance of the scholar's opinion on the assimilation by younger generations of national traditions, cultural heritage of the people and the presence of the ideal for imitation is emphasized. The importance of the Christian foundation in the formation of two basic principles of the educational ideal – Christian morality and Ukrainian spirituality is characterized. The expediency of the Ukrainian teacher's explanation of the strategy of close interaction of such institutes of education as the family, educational institutions, church and society is shown. It is proved that the spiritual and moral aspects of the heritage of G. Vashchenko are basic in the conception of the Ukrainian educational ideal.The modern paradigm of education involves recognizing man as the main value that develops in conjunction with the global world. The ideas and thoughts of G. Vashchenko are needed today in Ukraine, especially in the development of the national education system, in particular on such important issues as spirituality and morality. The purpose of the article is to study the role and place of the spiritual and moral upbringing of the individual in the development of the concept of the Ukrainian educational ideal in the heritage of the outstanding Ukrainian teacher of the twentieth century G. Vashchenko.The analysis of the scientific works of G. Vashchenko proves that the problem of the spiritual and moral upbringing of the individual is one of the leading in the creative heritage of scientist. Since morality is closely linked to the nature of man, the conditions of his life, religious be liefs, then there are systems of morality inherent in individual peoples, - said G. Vashchenko. The system of morality of every nation characterizes the solution of the main issues: the nature of man, the main purpose of his life and the criteria of morality. According to the educator, most of the population in Europe, America and Australia adhere to Christian morals. The pedagog is convinced that the ideal of the Ukrainian is based on two basic principles: Christian morality and Ukrainian spirituality. G. Vashchenko developed a model of the educational ideal of Ukrainian youth, in particular aspects of the theory of national moral education ("Education of the will and character" (1952-1957), "Education of love for the motherland" (1954), "Educational ideal" (1964), "Moral Christian and communist "(1962).G. Vashchenko noted that the norms of morality were created, perfected by the Ukrainian people for centuries. He believed that the family values laid the foundation for the purity of relations in the family, regulate the relations of different generations, promote the development of such concepts as marital fidelity, become the constituent elements of culture inherent in Ukrainians and their historical heritage. It is in the family that the foundations of the formation of moral values in children are laid, the need for their mastering is raised. The teacher emphasized that in the process of moral education of a person it is necessary to form in it a national awareness, love to his native land, language, customs, traditions. The moral education of G. Vashchenko is inseparable from religiousness. G. Vashchenko emphasized the importance of moral and religious education of youth. He paid special attention to the upbringing of patriotism in the Ukrainian youth on a Christian basis G. Vashchenko saw the moral and spiritual perfection of personality in the education of love for work.In solving the problems of moral education, the teacher paid special attention to the formation of such qualities in personality as availability of a worldview, based on an idealistic-religious basis, high principles, honesty, humanity and kindness, sociability and solidarity, courtesy, respect for the elders, restraint in behavior and utterances; discipline, tolerance, ability not to be lost in defeats, decisiveness.Analyzing G. Vashchenko's creative heritage, we draw the conclusion that in the concept of national education, developed by the teacher, the problems of spiritual education of Ukrainian youth take on a priority place. According to G. Vashchenko's heritage, the path to spirituality lies: first, through the acquisition of national culture - folklore, literature, and art; and secondly, through the transfer of traditions, customs that are national in nature; and thirdly, due to the increase in the level of consciousness of citizens. The system of values of the rising generation should be formed in such a worldview, which is based on spiritual and moral components.Thus, the study leads to the conclusion that G. Vashchenko's pedagogical heritage is based on the Christian traits of education and aims at the revival of morality in society and the resolution of one of the most important tasks by the Ukrainian people: to bring to a high level their spiritual culture, education, science and art, to become at the same level with the advanced peoples of Europe and America.The study made it possible to distinguish the following provisions: first, in the concept of the Ukrainian national educational ideal, the main role is assigned to the formation of spiritual and moral values; secondly, the spiritual and moral upbringing of the individual in the concept of the Ukrainian-educational ideal takes the priority place; thirdly, the principles of Christian morality and Ukrainian spirituality must necessarily be combined with national values; fourth, the ways of forming the basic principles of the Ukrainian educational ideal are closely linked to the means of religious education, the formation of a person's outlook through the influence of the family, school, language, the acquisition of national culture, the transfer of traditions, customs; fifthly, in the formation of spiritual and moral values, an important factor is the close interaction of such institutions of education as the family, educational institutions, the church and society.

Abstract The paper investigates the relationship between pro-social norms and its implications for improved environmental outcomes. This is an area, which has been neglected in the environmental economics literature. We provide empirical evidence to demonstrate a small but significant positive impact between perceived environmental cooperation (reduced public littering) and increased voluntary environmental morale. For this purpose we use European Values Survey (EVS) data for 30 European countries. We also demonstrate that Western European countries are more sensitive to perceived environmental cooperation than the public in Eastern Europe. Interestingly, the results also demonstrate that environmental morale is strongly correlated with several socio-economic and environmental variables. Several robustness tests are conducted to check the validity of the results.

This special section aims to shed light on moral milieus and agencies in contemporary capitalist Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on case studies from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Russia, it offers insight into changing perceptions of proper economy and practice amongst a broad range of actors—from landfill workers to business managers and the super-rich. The contributors explore how actors at various scales morally construct, contest, and defend ideas of justice, (re-)distribution, and social worth, as well as socio-economic hierarchy, inequality, and harm. They analyse the capitalist moral transformation and order in the region and examine the local appropriation of and buy-in to (as well as critique of) aspects of neoliberal moral orders—a topic sidelined in much of the existing moral economy scholarship. Exploring a broad range of moral economic phenomena, the contributors move beyond the conventional definition of morals as prosocial norms and action, approaching morals as a broader empirical phenomenon of economy and politics. They examine the actions, practices, and reasoning of different actors in relation to shifting notions of acceptable and unacceptable, just and unjust, and praiseworthy and blameworthy behaviour. As such, this collection makes the case for widening the empirical object and analytical purchase of moral economy to include the study of not only moral critiques and resistance to capitalism but also the diverse moral agencies, milieus and orders of capitalism, and the ways in which the advancement and embedding of the capitalist moral order has shaped economic life in the region.

"Nonostante in Europa gli agenti degli atleti di maggior successo preferiscono focalizzare la propria attività sull’intermediazione, i contratti di endorsement assumono sempre maggiore importanza. Dapprima, l’articolo illustra come questo tipo di contratti si differenzino da altri più conosciuti come sponsorship e merchandising. Successivamente, dopo aver classificato i diversi tipi di endorsement, il lavoro si concentra sul concetto di “brand association” e la sua struttura nell’era dei social media, con particolare attenzione al nuovo trend che vede atleti chiedere azioni societarie in cambio dell’uso della loro immagine"" Dopo aver analizzato le norme delle diverse federazioni che regolamento l’uso di questi accordi, tra cui la Rule 40 CIO, l’articolo discute diverse clausole contrattuali tipiche dei contratti di endorsement, inclusa quella di idoneità e quelle morali, che permettono al brand di svincolarsi dagli accordi non appena emergono scandali riguardanti i propri endorser."

The Russian invasion of Ukraine violates fundamental norms of international law and is at the same time an attack on the order of values of liberal democratic societies. The long prepared, ideologically based aggression was massive underestimated. In the foreground of the war are not rationally comprehensible interests, but identity-related conflicts of recognition with their very own grammar of uncompromisingness and power dynamics. For Russia, Ukraine and Europe, the scholarly reappraisal of the highly divergent identity constructions is of central importance. The theological critique of a nationalist-identitarian-political use of the Christian faith is an important peace service that the churches have to perform.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine violates fundamental norms of international law and is at the same time an attack on the order of values of liberal democratic societies. The long prepared, ideologically based aggression was massive underestimated. In the foreground of the war are not rationally comprehensible interests, but identity-related conflicts of recognition with their very own grammar of uncompromisingness and power dynamics. For Russia, Ukraine and Europe, the scholarly reappraisal of the highly divergent identity constructions is of central importance. The theological critique of a nationalist-identitarian-political use of the Christian faith is an important peace service that the churches have to perform.

This article is dedicated to the constitutional restrictions on human rights and freedoms within the genesis and development of liberal democracy. The article argues that European countries implement the provisions of the ECHR in various ways regarding the application of restrictions of rights and freedoms in their own national legal systems in order to support: 1) the state and public security or economic well-being of the country; 2) the prevention of riots or crimes; 3) health or morals or for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of others; 4) the protection of national security or territorial integrity; 5) protecting the reputation of others; 6) the prevention of disclosure of confidential information; 7) maintaining the authority and impartiality of judicial authorities. The research defines a common feature of all constitutional restrictions of human rights and freedoms within the European countries’ application, taking into account the objective circumstances necessary in a democratic society. The authors underline that under no circumstances should the restrictions distort the essence of human rights and freedoms that fall under such derogations. The article underlines that the restrictions on human rights and freedoms are a necessary component of the legal system of any state and modern society. Such restrictions should be of a legal nature and should be imposed only in accordance with the general interest – national security, law and order, the protection of moral norms, and the protection of the rights and freedoms of other persons when the right of another person in a legitimate balance prevails. The emergence of challenges to human rights does not negate their effectiveness, and they continue to operate, which testifies to their effectiveness and guarantees the inviolability of the rule of law principle when resolving specific cases on human rights restrictions.

This article discusses the significance of international borders in Europe and Northeast Asia during the Cold War (1945–1989) and after. Using the concept of ‘moral hazard’, the article examines what happens when great powers frequently violate the borders of neighboring countries without suffering adverse repercussions. Norms of sovereignty and territorial integrity are viable only if large countries are willing to uphold them most of the time. The Soviet Union used or threatened to use military force against East European countries on numerous occasions (1953, 1956, 1968, and 1980–1981) with impunity. The Russian Federation adopted a broadly similar policy toward neighboring countries that had been republics of the Soviet Union until 1991. Russian forces in Georgia, Moldova, Tajikistan, Belarus, and Ukraine served as instruments of Russian hegemony in those countries. Until 2014, Western governments made little or no effort to deter or counter Russian military encroachments in neighboring republics. By the principle of moral hazard, leaders in the Kremlin came to believe that they could act with a free hand in the former USSR.

Los expertos en salud prevén un incremento del número de afectados por patologías mentales debido a ciertas condiciones de trabajo que tienen lugar actualmente en nuestra sociedad. Se han producido grandes cambios tanto en el mercado de trabajo como fuera de él que apuntan a un protagonismo cada vez mayor de éste como uno de los principales problemas de salud laboral. En relación con el mercado de trabajo, se ha producido una terciarización de la economía con un predominio creciente del sector servicios, la sustitución progresiva del trabajo manual por el del conocimiento del sector servicios, la sustitución progresiva del trabajo manual por el del conocimiento, la introducción de nuevas tecnologías que cambian cada vez más rápidamente, mientras la inestabilidad laboral y la fuerte competitividad son la norma. Estos cambios en el mercado de trabajo suponen la exposición a factores de riesgo que hasta hace pocos años tenían escasa relevancia. El estudio «Mental health in the workplace: introduction», realizado en octubre de 2000 por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) mostró un aumento del nivel de estrés y de depresión en Europa y EE.UU. a lo largo de la última década, hasta el punto de que uno de cada diez trabajadores sufre depresión, ansiedad estrés o cansancio, que en ciertos casos lleva al desempleo y a la hospitalización. El mobbing se encuentra dentro del grupo de los llamados riesgos sicosociales que son los que menor tratamiento legislativo han tenido hasta ahora en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.