Статті в журналах: "Normal observer"

1

Röbenack, Klaus. "High Gain Observers Using an Approximate Observer Normal Form." PAMM 6, no. 1 (December 2006): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200610398.

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2

Peters, Megan, and Hakwan Lau. "Bayesian ideal observer predicts weak forms of blindsight in normal observers." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.181.

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3

Tami, Ramdane, Gang Zheng, Driss Boutat, Didier Aubry, and Haoping Wang. "Partial observer normal form for nonlinear system." Automatica 64 (February 2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2015.10.041.

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4

Rudolph, J., and M. Zeitz. "A block triangular nonlinear observer normal form." Systems & Control Letters 23, no. 1 (July 1994): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6911(94)90075-2.

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5

Hou, M., Th Schmidt, R. Schu¨pphaus, and P. C. Mu¨ller. "Normal Form and Luenberger Observer for Linear Mechanical Descriptor Systems." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899188.

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Normal forms are presented for linear mechanical systems with holonomic and/or nonholonomic constraints. These forms provide deep insight into the peculiar system structure of constrained linear mechanical systems or the so-called linear mechanical descriptor systems. Based on these normal forms, an explicit observer design method is proposed under a weaker observability assumption, i.e., finite observability or reachable observability on the linear mechanical descriptor systems. The observer has the Luenberger observer form and provides the estimation of displacements, velocities, and constraint forces simultaneously. The finite observability is shown to be a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of this type of observer. The reason for the existence of the Luenberger observers for finitely observable linear mechanical descriptor systems is due to the special system structure. Two examples are included to illustrate the design method.

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6

Boutat, D., and M. Saif. "Nonlinear Observer Normal Forms for Some Predator-Prey Models." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 23 (2013): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130904-3-fr-2041.00021.

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7

Huh, Kunsoo, and J. L. Stein. "Well-Conditioned Observer Design for Observer-Based Monitoring Systems." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801119.

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Observer-based monitoring systems for machine diagnostics and control are receiving increased attention. These observer techniques can estimate process and machine variables from inexpensive, easy to install remote sensors based on state-space models of the machine structure between the machine variables of interest and the location of the remote sensors. Unfortunately, these observers can be ill-conditioned and this leads to poor performance. The authors have previously shown that observer performance can be represented by a single performance index, the condition number of the eigensystem of the state observer matrix and that there exists an upper bound for the index in non-normal matrices and the bound can be determined by the structure and eigenvalues of the observer matrix. In this paper, a design methodology for synthesizing well-conditioned observers is proposed based on the upper bound of the performance index. The methodology is based on the fact that a small upper bound guarantees small values of the performance index. A well-conditioned matrix form is defined and a block-by block design strategy to produce a well-conditioned observer matrix is presented. A complete design procedure for well-conditioned deterministic state observers is given for the single-output case. The design strategy is illustrated with an example that shows that the proposed well-conditioned observer performs much better than an observer designed with traditional pole placement techniques.

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8

Tami, R., D. Boutat, and G. Zheng. "Nonlinear observer normal form with output injection and extended dynamic." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 23 (2013): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130904-3-fr-2041.00117.

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9

Röbenack, Klaus. "An Approximation of Normal Form Observer Design: Convergence and Computation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 13 (September 2004): 1353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)31416-7.

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10

Huang, Liuqing, and Yiannis Aloimonos. "How normal flow constrains relative depth for an active observer." Image and Vision Computing 12, no. 7 (September 1994): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0262-8856(94)90027-2.

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11

Alessandri, Angelo, Patrizia Bagnerini, Mauro Gaggero, and Anna Rossi. "State and observer-based feedback control of normal flow equations." Automatica 117 (July 2020): 108980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2020.108980.

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12

Boutat, D., and M. Saif. "Observer normal forms for a class of Predator–Prey models." Journal of the Franklin Institute 353, no. 10 (July 2016): 2178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2016.03.022.

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13

Bhardwaj, Anup Kumar, T. S. Kehwar, S. K. Chakarvarti, Goda Jayant Sastri, A. S. Oinam, Goswami Pradeep, Vinay Kumar, Mallick Indranil, and S. C. Sharma. "Variations in inter-observer contouring and its impact on dosimetric and radiobiological parameters for intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning in treatment of localised prostate cancer." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 7, no. 2 (June 2008): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396908006316.

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AbstractInter-observer variations in contouring and their impacts on dosimetric and radiobiological parameters in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment for localised prostate cancer patients were investigated. Four observers delineated the gross tumour volume (GTV) (prostate and seminal vesicles), bladder and rectum for nine patients. Contouring done by radiologist was considered as gold standard for comparison purposes and for IMRT plan optimisation. Maximum average variations in contoured prostate, bladder and rectum volumes were 3% (SD = 8.4), 2.5% (SD = 4.12) and 13.2% (SD = 6.77), respectively. The average conformity index for standard contouring set (observer A) was 0.85 (SD = 0.028) and statistically significant differences were observed for observers A–B (p = 0.008), A–C (p = 0.006) and A–D (p = 0.011). Average values of normal tissue complication probability for bladder and rectum for observer A were 0.361% (SD = 0.036) and 1.59% (SD = 0.14). Maximum average tumour control probability was 99.94% (SD = 0.035) and statistically significant difference was observed for observers A–B (p = 0.037) and observers A–C (p = 0.01). Inter-observer contouring variations have significant impact on dosimetric and radiobiological outcome in IMRT treatment planning. So accurate contouring of tumour and normal organs is a fundamental prerequisite to make good correlation between calculated and clinical observed results.

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14

Piltan, Farzin, and Jong-Myon Kim. "Bearing Fault Identification Using Machine Learning and Adaptive Cascade Fault Observer." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 23, 2020): 5827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175827.

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In this work, a hybrid procedure for bearing fault identification using a machine learning and adaptive cascade observer is explained. To design an adaptive cascade observer, the normal signal approximation is the first step. Therefore, the fuzzy orthonormal regressive (FOR) technique was developed to approximate the acoustic emission (AE) and vibration (non-stationary and nonlinear) bearing signals in normal conditions. After approximating the normal signal of bearing using the FOR technique, the adaptive cascade observer is modeled in four steps. First, the linear observation technique using a FOR proportional-integral (PI) observer (FOR-PIO) is developed. In the second step, to increase the power of uncertaintie rejection (robustness) of the FOR-PIO, the structure procedure is used serially. Next, the fuzzy like observer is selected to increase the accuracy of FOR structure PI observer (FOR-SPIO). Moreover, the adaptive technique is used to develop the reliability of the cascade (fuzzy-structure PI) observer. Additionally to fault identification, the machine-learning algorithm using a support vector machine (SVM) is recommended. The effectiveness of the adaptive cascade observer with the SVM fault identifier was validated by a vibration and AE datasets. Based on the results, the average vibration and AE fault diagnosis using the adaptive cascade observer with the SVM fault identifier are 97.8% and 97.65%, respectively.

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15

Filipozzi, Louis, Francis Assadian, Ming Kuang, Rajit Johri, and Jose Velazquez Alcantar. "Estimation of Tire Normal Forces including Suspension Dynamics." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092378.

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Tire normal forces are difficult to measure, but information on the vehicle normal force can be used in many automotive engineering applications, e.g., rollover detection and vehicle and wheel stability. Previous papers use algebraic equations to estimate the tire normal force. In this article, the estimation of tire normal force is formulated as an input estimation problem. Two observers are proposed to solve this problem by using a quarter-car suspension model. First, the Youla Controller Output Observer framework is presented. It converts the estimation problem into a control problem and produces a Youla parameterized controller as observer. Second, a Kalman filter approach is taken and the input estimation problem is addressed with an Unbiased Minimum Variance Filter. Both methods use accelerometer and suspension deflection sensors to determine the vehicle normal force. The design of the observers is validated in simulation and a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate their robustness.

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16

Boutat, D., S. Chaib, F. Kratz, and H. Hammouri. "A GENERALIZED NORMAL FORM AND NONLINEAR OUTPUTS FOR A CASCADE OBSERVER." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 12 (2007): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070822-3-za-2920.00074.

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17

Saadi, Wided, Driss Boutat, Gang Zheng, Lassaad Sbita, and Lei Yu. "Algorithm to Compute Nonlinear Partial Observer Normal Form With Multiple Outputs." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 65, no. 6 (June 2020): 2700–2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2019.2946528.

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18

Baxter, G. M., and T. H. Williamson. "Color Doppler imaging of the eye: normal ranges, reproducibility, and observer variation." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.1995.14.2.91.

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19

Griffin, Jason W., and Brandon E. Gavett. "Third party observer effect: Application to autistic traits in the normal population." Developmental Neuropsychology 43, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2017.1404066.

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20

Boutat, D., L. Boutat-Baddas, and M. Darouach. "A new reduced-order observer normal form for nonlinear discrete time systems." Systems & Control Letters 61, no. 10 (October 2012): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2012.07.007.

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21

Boutat, D. "Extended nonlinear observer normal forms for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 25, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.3102.

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22

Lim, K., D. Thompson, S. Soanes, D. Pugash, and C. Green. "P15.08: Intra-observer variability in flow mediated vasodilation (FMVD) in normal pregnancies." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 26, no. 4 (September 2005): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.2556.

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23

Rosas, David, Joaquin Alvarez, Patricia Rosas, and Raul Rascon. "Robust Observer for a Class of Nonlinear SISO Dynamical Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6182143.

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A procedure to design an asymptotically stable second-order sliding mode observer for a class of single input single output (SISO) nonlinear systems in normal form is presented. The observer converges to the system state in spite of the existence of bounded disturbances and parameter uncertainties affecting the system dynamics. At the same time, the observer estimates the disturbances without the use of an additional filter to recover the equivalent control. The observer design is modular; each module of the observer is applied to each equation of state of the plant. Because of this, the proposed observer can be applied to a broader class of dynamic systems. The performance of the observer is illustrated in numerical and experimental form.

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24

Brage, Michael E., Craig R. Bennett, Jon B. Whitehurst, Patrick J. Getty, and Alicia Toledano. "Observer Reliability in Ankle Radiographic Measurements." Foot & Ankle International 18, no. 6 (June 1997): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079701800602.

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We analyzed 50 sets of ankle radiographs to determine the interobserver and intraobserver reliability when obtaining common linear and angular measurements. The radiographs were divided into two groups: one group included 25 normal ankles, and the second group included 25 fractured ankles. Each set of radiographs was evaluated independently by four different observers on two separate occasions under controlled conditions. Six radiographic parameters were measured on all 50 sets of films: syndesmosis A, syndesmosis B, syndesmosis C, the medial clear space, and the talocrural and bimalleolar angles. On the 25 sets of fracture films, four additional measurements of fracture displacement were included: displacement of the medial malleolus (mortise), displacement of the lateral malleolus (AP and lateral), and displacement of the posterior malleolus. Reliability was evaluated with an analysis of variance intraclass correlation coefficient. Among the examiners, 9 of the 10 parameters could be measured reliably. Intraobserver reliability was found to increase with the experience of the examiner.

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25

Zhao, Hong Chao, Xian Jun Shi, and Ting Wang. "Sliding Mode Observer and Controller Design for Nonlinear Supersonic Missile." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1228.

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The nonlinear equations of motion were constructed for a supersonic anti-warship missile. In order to estimate the unknown angle-of-attack, a sliding mode observer was designed. The convergence capability of the sliding mode observer was analyzed according to the Lyapunov stability theory. A sliding mode controller was designed to drive the missile normal overload output to track its command, based on the output-redefinition approach. In order to confirm the performance of the designed sliding mode observer and controller, a simulation example was carried out for nonlinear missile model. The simulation results show the fast convergence capability of the designed sliding mode observer and controller.

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26

Durand, Alexane, Tim Parkin, Cameron Broome, and Brigite De Lima Dantas. "Establishment of normal anatomical radial angles in cats." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 29, no. 04 (July 2016): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-16-02-0033.

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Summary Objectives: 1) To describe a radiographic method for determination of joint orientation lines and anatomical joint angles in orthogonal planes of feline radii; 2) to establish a range of normal radial joint orientation angles and anatomical axes in a feline population; and 3) to assess the repeatability and reliability of this methodology. Methods: The radial anatomical axis, elbow and carpal joint reference lines, and the intersecting angles of each: anatomical medial proximal (aMPRA) and lateral distal radial angles (aLDRA), anatomical caudal proximal (aCdPRA) and distal radial angles (aCdDRA), and sagittal procurvatum (SP) were determined on the orthogonal radiographs of 14 feline limbs. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was determined based on repeated independent readings by two observers using Bland-Altman plots. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the feline radii were: aMPRA 70.97 ± 3.38° (70.07 – 71.88°), aLDRA 91.72 ± 3.26° (90.84 – 92.59°), aCdPRA 100.5 ± 3.14° (99.62 – 101.3º), aCdDRA 79.95 ± 3.77° (78.94 – 80.96°) and SP 11.07 ± 1.87° (10.57 – 11.58°). The highest mean bias found for both observers was -1.6 to -1.8° for the angle aCdDRA. Sagittal procurvatum had the lowest mean bias for intra- and inter- observer. Clinical significance: The results obtained showed that the methodology used in our study was repeatable and reliable. The values established for the normal radial anatomical angles are relevant for future use as a reference for surgical treatment of angular deformities, malunions, non-unions, comminuted fractures, and future orthopaedic research.Supplementary material for this paper is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-16-02-0033.

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27

Banks, Charlotte, Richard Meeson, Elvin Kulendra, Darren Carwardine, Benjamin Mielke, Matthew Pead, Helen Phillips, and Andrew Phillips. "Establishment of Normal Mechanical Tibial Joint Angles in Dachshunds." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 34, no. 04 (January 31, 2021): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722336.

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Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to establish breed-standard mechanical tibial joint reference angles in the frontal plane in Dachshunds. Study Design Craniocaudal (n = 38) and mediolateral (n = 32) radiographs of normal tibiae from Dachshunds were retrospectively reviewed. The mechanical medial proximal, mechanical medial distal, mechanical caudal proximal and mechanical cranial distal tibial angles were measured on three occasions by two separate observers using previously established methodology. Interclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the reliability of radiographic measurements. Results The mean and standard deviation for mechanical medial proximal, mechanical medial distal, mechanical caudal proximal and mechanical cranial distal were 93.1 degrees ± 4.2, 97.5 degrees ± 3.9, 75.3 degrees ± 3.7 and 85.0 degrees ± 5.3 respectively. Intra-observer reliability was good to excellent for all measures, while inter-observer reliability was moderate to excellent in the frontal plane and poor to good in the sagittal plane. Dachshund-specific joint reference angles were similar to a range of previously reported non-chondrodystrophic breeds in the frontal plane but differed to most in the sagittal plane. Conclusion Dachshund tibial joint reference angles are reported which can be used in surgical planning for correction of bilateral pes varus.

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28

Lange, Gudrun, and Thomas E. Frumkes. "Influence of rod adaptation upon cone responses to light offset in humans: II. Results in an observer with exaggerated suppressive rod–cone interaction." Visual Neuroscience 8, no. 2 (February 1992): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009251.

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AbstractIn normal observers, sensitivity of cones to rapid sinusoidal flicker decreases by about 0.7 log units as rods progressively dark adapt. However, Arden and Hogg (1985) described a night-vision disorder characterized by normal rod sensitivity but exaggerated suppressive rod-cone interaction (SRCI). We refer to this condition as the exaggerated SRCI syndrome (ESS). The present paper examines the influence of rod-adaptation upon cone-mediated responses to light onset and offset in an observer with ESS. Under all conditions of adaptation examined, sensitivity of cones to rapid-on waveforms is indistinguishable to that of a normal observer tested under identical circumstances; rod sensitivity is also normal. However, the sensitivity of cones to transient decreases in illumination is clearly subnormal under light-adapted conditions. This deficit in cone responsiveness to light offset becomes increasingly subnormal as rods dark adapt and, when completely dark adapted, the ESS observer is nearly blind to 1 Hz rapid-off sawtooth waveforms. These results strongly bolster previous results that suggest that suppressive rod-cone interaction is restricted to the response to transient decreases in illumination.

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29

Diaz, J. A., A. Chiron, and F. Viénot. "Tracing a Metameric Match to Individual Variations of Colour Vision." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0403.

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A metameric match may be accepted by one observer but rejected by another, indicating that the colour vision of the two observers is different. We analysed the variations of normal colour vision using metameric surfaces. First, we modelled the matches of a theoretical colour-normal observer on the Davidson and Hemmendinger (D&H) colour rule (Kaiser and Hemmendinger, 1980 Color Research and Applications5 65 – 71), using spectroradiometric measurements and a set of fundamentals (Stockman, Macleod, and Johnson, 1993 Journal of the Optical Society of America A10 2491 – 2521). We also derived deviate fundamentals by changing the macular pigment density, the lens density, the photopigment density, and by shifting the long-wave sensitive photopigment. Modelling the deviate normal observer matches yields shifts of no more than 1 sample on the D&H colour rule. The largest shifts are produced by changes in lens density. Second, we asked six observers to perform a match on the D&H colour rule. We also estimated their macular pigment densities and their lens densities by using heterochromatic flicker photometry matches at 466 nm and 413 nm versus a 558 nm reference, and we recorded their Nagel anomaloscope setting. Then, we computed their personalised fundamentals in order to predict their D&H colour matches. As the most frequent match in a sample of young observers is F-15 and the modelling for the theoretical observer yields G-15, a systematic error occurs in the predictions. After correction for this error, the results show that the metameric match of five out of six observers is better predicted by using the personalised correction of the lens and macular pigment optical density only, than by using the theoretical colour observer data.

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30

Vineis, Paolo, Giuseppe Sinistrero, Aurelio Temporelli, Livio Azzoni, Aldo Bigo, Paolo Burke, Giovannino Ciccone, et al. "Inter-Observer Variability in the Interpretation of Mammograms." Tumori Journal 74, no. 3 (June 1988): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168807400306.

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Inter-observer agreement was tested in the interpretation by 8 radiologists of mammograms from 45 women (for a total of 180 films per radiologist). The radiologists were representative of the whole range of those involved in mammography in the town of Torino, with a number of films read per year ranging from 100 to 4000. Out of the 45, 9 women were affected by breast cancer (histologically proved), 25 had benign disease (diagnosed with fine-needle aspiration) and 11 had normal breasts. Weighted kappa values were in the range 0.27–0.82 (median 0.60) for parenchymal patterns; 0.33–0.67 (0.48) for diagnosis in five categories; and 0.22–0.57 (0.38) for indications for further diagnostic tests. These values are comparable with those reported from other investigations.

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31

Ballantyne, S. A., G. O'Neill, R. Hamilton, and A. S. Hollman. "Observer variation in the sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in normal adults." European Journal of Ultrasound 15, no. 3 (October 2002): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-8266(02)00036-8.

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32

Yu, Lei, Gang Zheng, and Driss Boutat. "Adaptive Observer for Simultaneous State and Parameter Estimations for an Output Depending Normal Form." Asian Journal of Control 19, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.1355.

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33

Yin, Shen, Xuebo Yang, and Hamid Reza Karimi. "Data-Driven Adaptive Observer for Fault Diagnosis." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/832836.

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This paper presents an approach for data-driven design of fault diagnosis system. The proposed fault diagnosis scheme consists of an adaptive residual generator and a bank of isolation observers, whose parameters are directly identified from the process data without identification of complete process model. To deal with normal variations in the process, the parameters of residual generator are online updated by standard adaptive technique to achieve reliable fault detection performance. After a fault is successfully detected, the isolation scheme will be activated, in which each isolation observer serves as an indicator corresponding to occurrence of a particular type of fault in the process. The thresholds can be determined analytically or through estimating the probability density function of related variables. To illustrate the performance of proposed fault diagnosis approach, a laboratory-scale three-tank system is finally utilized. It shows that the proposed data-driven scheme is efficient to deal with applications, whose analytical process models are unavailable. Especially, for the large-scale plants, whose physical models are generally difficult to be established, the proposed approach may offer an effective alternative solution for process monitoring.

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34

Steele, Kenneth M., Mary Ellen Dello Stritto, and Willard L. Brigner. "Changes in Perceived Color with Intermittent Illumination." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 2 (October 1997): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.2.759.

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Using 24 observers with normal color vision, perceived shifts in hue were determined for a yellow-red, green, and blue-green at intermittencies of 5, 10, and 20 cps. The hue shift for yellow-red was consistent with the hue shift exhibited by a deuteranomalous observer while the hue shift for green and blue-green was consistent with that exhibited by a protanomalous observer.

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35

Zhou, Shou Ming, Li Yi Li, Hai Lin Zhang, Bao Quan Kou, and Yi Zhang. "Extended State Observer for Sensorless Single Phase Stirling Linear Generator Drives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.572.

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The extended state observer (ESO) was applied in the sensorless single phase Stirling linear generator drives in this paper. The structure of the linear generator was introduced and mathematical model was built. To detect the mover position in the condition of position sensorless, the back-EMF ESO was deduced to calculate the position. This strategy was realized in the simulation and experiment. Compared with the normal state observer, in the conditions of noise and imprecision of generator parameters, ESO would improve the robustness of the system.

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36

Murdoch, MJ, and MD Fairchild. "Modelling the effects of inter-observer variation on colour rendition." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153517744387.

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The colour rendition characteristics of light sources are quantified with measures based on CIE standard observers, which are reasonable representations of population averages. However, even among people with normal colour vision, the natural range of variation in colour sensitivity means any individual may see something different than the standard observer. Modelling results quantify the effects of these inter-observer differences on colour rendition measures defined by IES TM-30-15. In general, inter-observer differences tend to be smaller for light sources with high colour fidelity values, and they are affected by spectral characteristics of different lighting technologies. The magnitude of variation in colour rendition measures, up to 5–10 units in IES TM-30-15 ( Rf, Rg), measures is compared with other sources of variability and ambiguity.

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De Giacinto, Elena, Daniele Troiano, Francesco Denti, Michela Buiatti, and Massimo Petazzoni. "Computed Tomographic Trochlear Depth Measurement in Normal Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31, no. 06 (October 9, 2018): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668097.

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Objectives The main purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between patellar maximal craniocaudal thickness and femoral trochlear groove depth in normal dogs and to valuate the intra-observer or inter-observer variability of maximal trochlear depth and maximal patellar craniocaudal thickness using computed tomography. Methods Trochlear groove depth and patellar maximal craniocaudal thickness of 40 limbs (20 dogs) were measured by three independent veterinarians using three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction computed tomography images. The patellar maximal craniocaudal thickness/trochlear depth ratio was determined. Results The mean ratio of these stifles was 0.46 (range 0.24–0.70), meaning that the mean maximal depth of the trochlea was 46% of the mean maximal-patellar thickness. Clinical Significance A wide range of maximal–patellar–craniocaudal–thickness/maximal trochlear-depth ratio was found suggesting that breed studies should be performed to determine a breed-specific patellar-thickness/trochlear-depth ratio. To make decisions on when and where to perform a sulcoplasty during patellar luxation surgery, patella/trochlea thickness relationship should be measured for each breed with patellar tracking from stifle hyperflexion to stifle hyperextension.

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Choi, Jin-Kook, and Se-Jong Choi. "A Study on the Observer Training and Implementation for Effective Normal Operation Safety Survey (NOSS)." Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics 29, no. 2 (June 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2021.29.2.111.

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39

Bankier, A. A., D. Fleischmann, V. De Maertelaer, M. Kontrus, T. Zontsich, K. Hittmair, and R. Mallek. "Subjective differentiation of normal and pathological bronchi on thin-section CT: impact of observer training." European Respiratory Journal 13, no. 4 (April 1999): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13d14.x.

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40

Borthwick, Halina M., Teena West, Kara Hollands, Elaine Rush, and Jon R. Skinner. "24-h beat-to-beat measurement of the QT interval; observer repeatability and normal values." Heart, Lung and Circulation 12, no. 2 (January 2003): A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1443-9506.2003.01417.x.

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41

Edwards, Darrin C., and Charles E. Metz. "The three-class ideal observer for univariate normal data: Decision variable and ROC surface properties." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 56, no. 4 (August 2012): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2012.05.003.

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42

Zhou, Bin, Guang-Ren Duan, and Yun-Li Wu. "Parametric approach for the normal Luenberger function observer design in second-order descriptor linear systems." International Journal of Automation and Computing 5, no. 2 (April 2008): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11633-008-0125-9.

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43

Wang, Li‐Fei, Driss Boutat, and Da‐Yan Liu. "Observer normal forms for a class of nonlinear systems by means of coupled auxiliary dynamics." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 30, no. 13 (May 12, 2020): 4960–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.5027.

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44

Sabbá, Carlo, Gregory G. Weltin, Domenic V. Cicchetti, Giovanna Ferraioli, Kenneth J. W. Taylor, Takefumi Nakamura, Fuminori Moriyasu, and Roberto J. Groszmann. "Observer variability in echo-Doppler measurements of portal flow in cirrhotic patients and normal volunteers." Gastroenterology 98, no. 6 (June 1990): 1603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)91097-p.

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45

Edwards, Darrin C. "Validation of Monte Carlo Estimates of Three-Class Ideal Observer Operating Points for Normal Data." Academic Radiology 20, no. 7 (July 2013): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2013.04.002.

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46

Yeap, Joo Seng, Alison H. McGregor, Keith Humphries, and Andrew L. Wallace. "ULTRASONIC EVALUATION OF ANTERIOR SHOULDER TRANSLATION IN NORMAL SHOULDERS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 07, no. 02 (June 2003): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957703001058.

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Anterior translation in the right shoulders of 23 volunteers was evaluated using ultrasound from an anterior approach with a 10 MHz, 6 cm wide linear transducer. A translatory force of 90 N was used to translate the humeral head in the adduction and internal rotation position, while a translatory force of 60 N was used in the more clinically relevant position of 90° abduction and external rotation position. The overall intra-observer coefficients of variation ranged from 0–13.0% (mean 3.8 ± 2.5%) for examiner I and 0.5–20.9% (mean 5.1 ± 3.9%) for examiner II. The overall inter-observer variation ranged from 0–29.8% (mean 9.3 ± 7.3%). The anterior translation of the humeral head in adduction and internal rotation following 90 N displacement force ranged from -2.6 to 12.9 mm (mean 2.1 ± 3.1 mm) for examiner I and from -4.1 to 4.7 mm (mean 1.1 ± 2.2 mm) for examiner II. The anterior translation of the humeral head in abduction and external rotation following 60 N displacement force ranged from -3.3 to 3.7 mm (mean 0.3 ± 1.9 mm) for examiner I and from -8.3 mm to 4.5 mm (mean -0.7 ± 2.6 mm) for examiner II. The intra-class correlation coefficients (r) for the measured anterior translation between the two examiners for the 2 positions were 0.029 and -0.058 respectively. We concluded that the inter-observer coefficient of variation remained excessive and the agreement in the measured anterior translation between the two examiners was poor. The finding of negative values in the measured anterior translation despite the use of 90 N and 60 N translatory force raises further concerns about the prospective clinical use of this technique at the present moment.

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Harper, Alice M., Lauren Clayson, Joanna M. Wardlaw, and Maria del C. Valdés Hernández. "Considerations on accuracy, pattern and possible underlying factors of brain microbleed progression in older adults with absence or mild presence of vascular pathology." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 9 (March 26, 2018): 3518–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518755623.

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Objective To analyse brain microbleed (BMB) progression, its possible underlying factors, and the influence of inter-observer differences, in older individuals with none or mild vascular pathology. Methods This study analysed magnetic resonance images, cognitive, demographic and laboratory data from all individuals from the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Neuroimaging Initiative database who had the required sequences for identifying BMBs over three consecutive years at the time the database was accessed (January 2016). BMBs were assessed independently by two observers with similar levels of experience. Results A total of 291 patients were included in the study. The number of individuals with BMBs and the number of BMBs per individual slightly and nonsignificantly increased across three consecutive years (Y1: 55/291 [19%]; Y2: 61/291 [21%]; Y3: 66/291 [23%]) with 1–2 BMBs and (Y1: 11/291 [4%]; Y2: 12/291 [4%]; Y3: 14/291 [5%]) with ≥ 3 BMBs. Both observers identified a similar pattern of BMB prevalence and progression in each cognitive group (normal < early/late mild cognitive impairment (MCI) > AD patients) despite inter-observer differences (1.5 BMBs, 95% confidence interval –3.7, 6.2], κ=0.543), which were mainly in the cortex. Serum cholesterol was the main predictor of change in BMB count between time-points but did not predict overall progression. Conclusions Inter-observer differences are always present and it is difficult to ascertain their influence in the analysis of BMB progression, which was observed in cognitively normal and MCI individuals, but not in AD patients. This should be confirmed in further studies.

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Chong, Yang, and Ke Zhang. "Application of Super Twisting Guidance Law Based on Extended State Observer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1009.

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In order to intercept high maneuvering target, a super twisting guidance law based on extended state observer (ESO) is proposed. The target acceleration can be defined as external disturbance which can be estimated in ESO and compensated in super twisting guidance law. The super twisting algorithm can effectively decrease the undesired charting which exists in normal sliding mode control. The simulation results which are verified via computer show that this guidance law has strong robustness, target acceleration can be estimated and compensated, and has good miss distance.

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Tekesin, Ismail, and Oliver Graupner. "Measurement of inferior facial angle and prefrontal space ratio in first trimester fetuses with aneuploidies: a retrospective study." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0173.

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Abstract Objective To determine whether the measurement of inferior facial angle (IFA) and prefrontal space ratio (PFSR) in two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound images in the first trimester of pregnancy is reliable and to describe these markers in normal and aneuploid fetuses. Methods IFA and PFSR were measured in stored 2D midsagittal images of 200 normal and 140 aneuploid fetal profiles between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Limits of agreement (LOAs) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for inter- and intraobserver differences were calculated. Results The mean IFA in normal fetuses was 76.5° ± 6.3. Between the two measurement rounds of the same observer, the LOAs were −5.4 to 7.1 (obs. 1) and 7.4 to 8.4 (obs. 2). For IFA measurements by the same observer the ICC was 0.88 (obs. 1) and for measurements by two different observers the ICC was 0.74. The mean PFSR was 0.76 ± 0.40 and the intraobserver LOAs were −0.372 to 0.395 (obs. 1) and −0.555 to 0.667 (obs. 2). For PFSR measurements by the same observer the ICC was 0.89 (obs. 1) and for measurements by two different observers the ICC was 0.65. Among aneuploid fetuses, IFA was below the normal range in one third of the cases with trisomy 18. PFSR was below the 95% prediction limit in 16.2% of fetuses with trisomy 21% and 17.9% of fetuses with trisomy 18. Conclusion IFA can be reliably measured in 2D ultrasound images in the first trimester of pregnancy with a high interobserver agreement and may provide information about retrognathia associated with various syndromes and aneuploidies at early stages of pregnancy.

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JURICEVIC, IGOR, and MICHAEL A. WEBSTER. "Variations in normal color vision. V. Simulations of adaptation to natural color environments." Visual Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (January 2009): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080942.

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AbstractModern accounts of color appearance differ in whether they assume that the perceptual primaries (e.g., white and the unique hues of red, green, blue, and yellow) correspond to unique states determined by the spectral sensitivities of the observer or by the spectral statistics of the environment. We examined the interaction between observers and their environments by asking how color perception should vary if appearance depends on fixed responses in a set of color channels, when the sensitivities of these channels are adapted in plausible ways to different environments. Adaptation was modeled as gain changes in the cones and in multiple postreceptoral channels tuned to different directions in color–luminance space. Gains were adjusted so that the average channel responses were equated across two environments or for the same environment during different seasons, based on sets of natural outdoor scenes (Webster et al., 2007). Because of adaptation, even observers with a shared underlying physiology should perceive color in significantly and systematically different ways when they are exposed to and thus adapted by different contexts. These include differences in achromatic settings (owing to variations in the average chromaticity of locations) and differences in perceived hue (because of differences in scene contrasts). Modeling these changes provides a way of simulating how colors might be experienced by individuals in different color environments and provides a measure of how much color appearance might be modulated for a given observer by variations in the environment.

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