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Статті в журналах з теми "Noncontact characterization"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Jen, Cheng-Kuei, Paolo Cielo, Xavier Maldague, and Kamal El-Assal. "Noncontact Ultrasonic Characterization of Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 6 (June 1985): C—146—C—146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15222.x.

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2

Jones, C. E., M. E. Boyd, W. H. Konkel, S. Perkowitz, and R. Braunstein. "Noncontact electrical characterization of epitaxial HgCdTe." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 4, no. 4 (July 1986): 2056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.574026.

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3

Stolyarov, Alexander M., Ryan M. Sullenberger, David R. Crompton, Thomas H. Jeys, Brian G. Saar, and William D. Herzog. "Photothermal speckle modulation for noncontact materials characterization." Optics Letters 40, no. 24 (December 10, 2015): 5786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.005786.

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4

Wang, Xinwei, Zhanrong Zhong, and Jun Xu. "Noncontact thermal characterization of multiwall carbon nanotubes." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 064302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1854725.

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5

Kainerstorfer, J. M., P. D. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche. "Noncontact Wide-Field Multispectral Imaging for Tissue Characterization." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 18, no. 4 (July 2012): 1343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2011.2175708.

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6

Mogildea, George, Marian Mogildea, Cristina Popa, and Gabriel Chiritoi. "The Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Using a Single-Mode Microwave Plasma Generator." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071558.

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This paper focuses on the dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) following the absorption processes of microwave radiation by noncontact metal wire (tungsten). Using a microwave plasma generator (MPG) with a single-mode cavity, we conducted an interaction of microwaves with a noncontact electrode in a CO2 atmosphere. High energy levels of electromagnetic radiation are generated in the focal point of the MPG’s cylindrical cavity. The metal wires are vaporized and ionized from this area, subsequently affecting the dissociation of CO2. The CO2 dissociation is highlighted through plasma characterization and carbon monoxide (CO) quantity determination. For plasma characterization, we used an optical emission spectroscopy method (OES), and for CO quantity determination, we used a gas analyzer instrument. Using an MPG in the CO2 atmosphere, we obtained a high electron temperature of the plasma and a strong dissociation of CO2. After 20 s of the interaction between microwaves and noncontact electrodes, the quantity of CO increased from 3 ppm to 1377 ppm (0.13% CO). This method can be used in space applications to dissociate CO2 and refresh the atmosphere of closed spaces.

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7

SHEN, YANTAO, YONGXIONG WANG, and NING XI. "A MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND PORTABLE OPTICAL SENSOR FOR QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D SURFACE TEXTURE PROPERTIES." International Journal of Information Acquisition 07, no. 04 (December 2010): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878910002282.

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Surface characterization technologies are generally sorted into two categories: noncontact and contact-based technologies. Among these technologies, no one can stand out to simultaneously and rapidly measure both surface patterns/textures and mechanical properties such as softness, friction, and mechanical impedance. In this paper, we have addressed this problem and developed a multifunctional and portable surface texture sensor through combination of both contact and noncontact optical surface profiling mechanisms. The developed sensor relying on an optomechanical principle can be efficiently used for quantitative characterization of surface texture properties including 3D texture pattern, roughness, and even mechanical properties like softness, etc. As one of the important applications, we have used the sensor to measure and analyze texture properties of extensive automotive interior leather sample surfaces. The results demonstrate that the sensor can effectively assist the interior designer to quantify and classify essential texture features of automobile interior surfaces.

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8

Blumrosen, G., M. Uziel, B. Rubinsky, and D. Porrat. "Noncontact Tremor Characterization Using Low-Power Wideband Radar Technology." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 59, no. 3 (March 2012): 674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2177977.

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9

Mittleman, D. M., J. Cunningham, M. C. Nuss, and M. Geva. "Noncontact semiconductor wafer characterization with the terahertz Hall effect." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 1 (July 7, 1997): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119456.

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10

Doss, J. D., D. W. Cooke, C. W. McCabe, and M. A. Maez. "Noncontact methods used for characterization of high‐Tc superconductors." Review of Scientific Instruments 59, no. 4 (April 1988): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139857.

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11

Kim, Seungwan, Jongchel Kim, Arsen Babajanyan, Kiejin Lee, and Barry Friedman. "Noncontact characterization of glucose by a waveguide microwave probe." Current Applied Physics 9, no. 4 (July 2009): 856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2008.08.007.

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12

Jiménez, F. J., and J. De Frutos. "Noncontact inspection laser system for characterization of piezoelectric samples." Review of Scientific Instruments 75, no. 11 (November 2004): 4497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1794871.

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13

Cordoba-Erazo, Maria F., and Thomas M. Weller. "Noncontact Electrical Characterization of Printed Resistors Using Microwave Microscopy." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 64, no. 2 (February 2015): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2341391.

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14

KLEIN, R. "Characterization of Sinus Node Activation by Noncontact Voltage Mapping." Europace 7 (October 2005): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eupc.2005.08.008.

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15

Eiche, C., W. Joerger, R. Schwarz, and K. W. Benz. "Noncontact characterization of CdTe doped with V or Ti." Journal of Crystal Growth 161, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(95)00669-9.

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16

Sahin, Seckin, Niru K. Nahar, and Kubilay Sertel. "Noncontact Characterization of Antenna Parameters in mmW and THz Bands." IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tthz.2021.3116184.

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17

Findikoglu, Alp T., T. Nakamura, H. Tokuda, and M. Iiyama. "A noncontact cryogenic microwave measurement system for superconducting device characterization." Review of Scientific Instruments 65, no. 9 (September 1994): 2912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144638.

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18

Katayama, Ken-ichi, and Fumio Shimura. "Noncontact Characterization for Carrier Recombination Center Related to Si-SiO2Interface." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 2, No. 3B (March 15, 1993): L395—L397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.l395.

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19

Majors, J. H. "Graphene membrane dynamics provides a noncontact alternative for material characterization." Scilight 2017, no. 26 (December 18, 2017): 260003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5019686.

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20

Favicchio, Rosy, Stylianos Psycharakis, Kai Schönig, Dusan Bartsch, Clio Mamalaki, Joseph Papamatheakis, Jorge Ripoll, and Giannis Zacharakis. "Quantitative performance characterization of three-dimensional noncontact fluorescence molecular tomography." Journal of Biomedical Optics 21, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 026009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.026009.

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21

Cheng, K. M., Z. Weng, D. R. Oliver, D. J. Thomson, and G. E. Bridges. "Microelectromechanical Resonator Characterization Using Noncontact Parametric Electrostatic Excitation and Probing." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 16, no. 5 (October 2007): 1054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2007.901116.

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22

Yue, Paul, Shen-En Chen, and Yayoi Nishihama. "Nondestructive Quality Assurance of Ceramic Filters Using Noncontact Dynamic Characterization." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 24, no. 2 (June 2005): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10921-005-3482-0.

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23

Jose, K. A., V. K. Varadan, and V. V. Varadan. "Wideband and noncontact characterization of the complex permittivity of liquids." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 30, no. 2 (2001): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.1225.

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24

Zeng, A., S. A. Shah, and M. K. Jackson. "Reduced invasiveness of noncontact electrooptic probes in millimeter-wave optoelectronic characterization." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 44, no. 7 (July 1996): 1155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.508652.

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25

Zhao, Yang, Jianwei Chen, and Zhenzhen Zhang. "Nondestructive characterization of thermal barrier coating by noncontact laser ultrasonic technique." Optical Engineering 54, no. 9 (September 17, 2015): 094104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.54.9.094104.

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26

Zhao, Yang, Zhong Qing Jia, Guo Rui, Jian Ma, Jiang Feng Song, Ji Hua Sun, and Shuai Liu. "A Novel Laser-EMAT System for Noncontact Testing Metal Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.422.

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Detection and characterization of defects in metal parts in industrial and commercial settings has typically been carried out by nondestructive ultrasonic inspection systems. The aim of present work is to propose a kind of non-contact nondestructive testing system based on the laser and electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) techniques, which is suitable to inspect the defects in metal material. The maximum lift-off value (LOV) of the system is 10 mm. Wavelet threshold method (WTM) is employed to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR), and the values of SNR increase to 67.42 dB and 64.66 dB for the case of LOV=0 mm and LOV=10 mm, respectively.

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27

Uluutku, Berkin, and Santiago D. Solares. "Current measurements in the intermittent-contact mode of atomic force microscopy using the Fourier method: a feasibility analysis." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (March 13, 2020): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.37.

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an important tool for measuring a variety of nanoscale surface properties, such as topography, viscoelasticity, electrical potential and conductivity. Some of these properties are measured using contact methods (static contact or intermittent contact), while others are measured using noncontact methods. Some properties can be measured using different approaches. Conductivity, in particular, is mapped using the contact-mode method. However, this modality can be destructive to delicate samples, since it involves continuously dragging the cantilever tip on the surface during the raster scan, while a constant tip–sample force is applied. In this paper we discuss a possible approach to develop an intermittent-contact conductive AFM mode based on Fourier analysis, whereby the measured current response consists of higher harmonics of the cantilever oscillation frequency. Such an approach may enable the characterization of soft samples with less damage than contact-mode imaging. To explore its feasibility, we derive the analytical form of the tip–sample current that would be obtained for attractive (noncontact) and repulsive (intermittent-contact) dynamic AFM characterization, and compare it with results obtained from numerical simulations. Although significant instrumentation challenges are anticipated, the modelling results are promising and suggest that Fourier-based higher-harmonics current measurement may enable the development of a reliable intermittent-contact conductive AFM method.

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28

Zhang, Yunlong. "Applications of Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy in Petroleum Characterization: Opportunities and Challenges." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 18 (September 3, 2021): 14422–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02193.

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29

Cho, J. H., R. F. Richards, D. F. Bahr, and C. D. Richards. "Development of noncontact spring constant measurement and deflection characterization of piezoelectric devices." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 4 (February 15, 2007): 044104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2655399.

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30

Wuliang Yin, P. J. Withers, U. Sharma, and A. J. Peyton. "Noncontact Characterization of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Multifrequency Eddy Current Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 58, no. 3 (March 2009): 738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2008.2005072.

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31

Weiss, P., and M. W. Sigrist. "Noncontact characterization of adhesion of surface layers by laser-generated acoustic waves." Le Journal de Physique IV 04, no. C7 (July 1994): C7–729—C7–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19947171.

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32

Tewary, V. K., P. R. Heyliger, and A. V. Clark. "Theory of capacitive probe method for noncontact characterization of dielectric properties of materials." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 3 (March 1991): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0629.

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The capacitive probe method for noncontact characterization and monitoring of dielectric materials is analyzed theoretically. An analytical method based upon the Hilbert transform technique and a numerical method using the finite element technique for calculating the potential distribution and change in admittance of the probe caused by presence of the dielectric material as a function of liftoff (distance between the probe plane and the surface of the dielectric material) are described. The two methods are compared with each other and their relative advantages discussed. The possibility of extracting useful information about the dielectric constant of the material from experimental data is also discussed in the light of the proposed theory.

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33

Sampathkumar, Ashwinkumar, Parag V. Chitnis, and Ronald H. Silverman. "An all-optical photoacoustic microscopy system for remote, noncontact characterization of biological tissues." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4805267.

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34

Sun, Guangkai, Zhenggan Zhou, Xiucheng Chen, and Jie Wang. "Ultrasonic characterization of delamination in aeronautical composites using noncontact laser generation and detection." Applied Optics 52, no. 26 (September 4, 2013): 6481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.52.006481.

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35

Cielo, P., S. Dallaire, G. Lamonde, and S. Johar. "Measurement of thermal inertia by the reflective-cavity method." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-212.

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The measurement of thermal parameters is a useful tool for the evaluation of compositional or structural properties of materials of industrial interest. The increasing use of noncontact photothermal techniques to generate and sense thermal fields in materials makes thermal characterization an attractive approach for in-plant quality monitoring and process control. In an effort to increase the reliability of such measurements in conditions of unknown surface emissivity, an integrating-cavity technique is described for a quantitative evaluation of the thermal inertia of the inspected material. An analysis of the performance of such a technique as a function of the cavity geometry and internal reflectivity is presented. Examples of applications to the characterization of manufactured ceramic materials with different porosity contents are described.

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36

Kim, Joyoun, Warren J. Jasper, and Juan P. Hinestroza. "Charge Characterization of an Electrically Charged Fiber via Electrostatic Force Microscopy." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 1, no. 2 (June 2006): 155892500600100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500600100203.

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The charge of a corona charged electret fiber as well as an uncharged glass fiber was characterized via Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM). Electrostatic force gradient images were obtained by monitoring the shifts in phase between the oscillations of the biased EFM cantilever and those of a piezoelectric driver. EFM measurements were performed using noncontact scans at a constant tip-sample separation of 75 nm with varied bias voltages applied to the cantilever. A mathematical expression, based on the Coulombic and induced polarization effects, were used to model the EFM phase shifts as a function of the applied tip bias voltages. There was quantitative agreement between the experimental data and the mathematical expression, and the quantitative interpretation for charges on the fiber was made.

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37

Tamulevicius, Sigitas. "Synergy of contact and noncontact techniques for design and characterization of vibrating MOEMS elements." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 041602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2107427.

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38

Higashikawa, K., K. Shiohara, M. Inoue, T. Kiss, T. Machi, N. Chikumoto, S. Lee, K. Tanabe, T. Izumi, and H. Okamoto. "Noncontact Characterization of In-Plane Distribution of Critical Current Desity in Multifilamentary Coated Conductor." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 9500704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2011.2176711.

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39

Wang, Shang, Andrew L. Lopez, Yuka Morikawa, Ge Tao, Jiasong Li, Irina V. Larina, James F. Martin, and Kirill V. Larin. "Noncontact quantitative biomechanical characterization of cardiac muscle using shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography." Biomedical Optics Express 5, no. 7 (May 30, 2014): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.5.001980.

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40

Wang, Ridong, Tianyu Wang, Hamidreza Zobeiri, Dachao Li, and Xinwei Wang. "Energy and Charge Transport in 2D Atomic Layer Materials: Raman-Based Characterization." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091807.

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Анотація:

As they hold extraordinary mechanical and physical properties, two-dimensional (2D) atomic layer materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and MXenes, have attracted a great deal of attention. The characterization of energy and charge transport in these materials is particularly crucial for their applications. As noncontact methods, Raman-based techniques are widely used in exploring the energy and charge transport in 2D materials. In this review, we explain the principle of Raman-based thermometry in detail. We critically review different Raman-based techniques, which include steady state Raman, time-domain differential Raman, frequency-resolved Raman, and energy transport state-resolved Raman techniques constructed in the frequency domain, space domain, and time domain. Detailed outlooks are provided about Raman-based energy and charge transport in 2D materials and issues that need special attention.

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41

Liang, Victor, Harlan Sur, and Subhas Bothra. "Case History: Passive Voltage Contrast Technique for In-Line Characterization and Failure Isolation During Development of Deep-Submicron ASIC CMOS." EDFA Technical Articles 1, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.1999-3.p019.

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Abstract Passive voltage contrast (PVC) has traditionally been used by semiconductor engineers for end-of-line post-mortem analysis. PVC distinguishes between open and short structures and is both nondestructive and noncontact. When applied during process development for in-line characterization, it allows wafers to be examined at multiple points, where electrical probing might not be feasible. This provides feedback on the cumulative effect of the process on critical parameters such as oxide integrity and can reduce development cycle times because wafers do not have to be deprocessed in order to determine the exact location of failures. Two case studies are presented in this article, demonstrating the use of PVC in a process development environment.

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42

Murray, Todd W., Andrew Bakir, David M. Stobbe, Michael J. Kotelyanskii, Robin A. Mair, Manjusha Mehendale, Xueping Ru, et al. "A New In-Line Laser-Based Acoustic Technique for Pillar Bump Metrology." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.501.

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The drive to reduce the interconnect pitch and increase the number of connections for packaging in mobile devices has led to the development of copper pillar bumps. The key drivers for the adoption of copper pillars are improved performance, reduced form factor, and lower cost. In this article, we present a laser-based acoustic technique for the characterization of multilayer pillars. This noncontact technique has a high sensitivity for materials characterization with micron-scale spatial resolution. Absorption of laser light causes excitation of elastic waves that propagate through the pillar and are reflected by the pillar walls, exciting vibrational modes in the structure. We have demonstrated that our approach is sensitive to the thicknesses of individual layers in bilayer and trilayer copper pillar stacks. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) has been used to optimize the model and to validate the accuracy of the technique.

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43

Sun, Qiming, Binxing Zhao, and Jing Wang. "Lock-in carrierography of semiconductors and optoelectronics." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 15 (April 21, 2022): 151101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088214.

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Анотація:

Lock-in carrierography (LIC), a recently emerging camera-based imaging technique, is proving to be very promising for noncontact and quantitative characterization of electrical/electronic properties of semiconductor and optoelectronic materials/devices at different stages of research, fabrication, and manufacturing. This tutorial is devoted to LIC and it contains four sections. First, the background of the terminology, the needs from the electronics industry, and the research progress of LIC are briefly introduced. Section II is regarding homodyne LIC, including the relevant basics (semiconductor and photoluminescence physics, digital lock-in imaging strategy, experimental configuration, etc.) and its applications to carrier effective lifetime imaging, resistivity imaging, and Si solar cell electrical characterization, while Sec. III is for heterodyne LIC, including the relevant basics (high-frequency carrier density waves, heterodyne photoluminescence signal generation mechanisms, nonlinear carrier recombination dynamics, etc.) and its applications to surface recombination velocity imaging, carrier trapping dynamic parameters imaging, and quantum-dot solar cell characterization. Comments and advice on the future study of LIC are given in the Outlook section.

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44

Crean, G. M., I. Little, and P. A. F. Herbert. "Characterization of dry etch‐induced damage in semiconductor materials using a noncontact photothermal radiometric probe." Applied Physics Letters 58, no. 5 (February 4, 1991): 511–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104623.

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45

Caglayan, Cosan, and Kubilay Sertel. "Noncontact On-Wafer Characterization of Differential-Mode Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Devices and Integrated Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64, no. 11 (November 2016): 3911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2016.2606412.

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46

Gennaro, R., F. Montagna, A. Maffezzoli, F. Fracasso, and S. Fracasso. "On-line Consolidation of Commingled Polypropylene/Glass Roving During Filament Winding." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (May 24, 2011): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705711401849.

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In this study, the in situ consolidation of polypropylene matrix/glass reinforced rovings was performed combining two heating systems, an infrared oven and a hot air gun, and a roll pressing the commingled roving during hoop winding on a cylindrical mandrel. Process parameters were set up on the basis of a preliminary simulation of the heat transfer along the roving and then comparison of the results with experimental temperature profiles obtained by a noncontact thermometer. Composite samples were cut along the cylinder axis for mechanical characterization. Physical properties, such as density and void content, obtained using different processing conditions, were compared. Electron microscopy was performed in order to assess how processing conditions affect fiber–matrix impregnation.

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Haas, Dylan E., and Dunbar P. Birnie. "Nondestructive measurement of striation defect spacing using laser diffraction." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 12 (December 2001): 3355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0463.

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A simple method is presented for measuring the characteristic spacing between striation defects that sometimes develop when coatings are deposited by the spin-coating process. Striation defects, because of their substantial regularity of thickness variation, are able to diffract laser light. By measuring the diffraction angle, it is possible to determine a characteristic spacing that corresponds to the most dominant spatial frequency for the striation defects that have formed. This diffraction technique is compared with other methods for determining the average striation spacing. This noncontact characterization technique may also be applicable to other regularly or quasi-regularly spaced defect structures that appear in coatings or other materials. The limits and accuracy of this technique are discussed in detail.

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MELONI, DOMENICO, FRANCESCA PIRAS, ANNA MUREDDU, FEDERICA FOIS, SIMONETTA GIANNA CONSOLATI, SONIA LAMON, and RINA MAZZETTE. "Listeria monocytogenes in Five Sardinian Swine Slaughterhouses: Prevalence, Serotype, and Genotype Characterization." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-505.

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In a 3-year study (2008 to 2011) to estimate the prevalence and the contamination sources of Listeria monocytogenes in pork meat in Sardinia, Italy, 211 samples were collected from five Sardinian swine slaughterhouses: 171 samples from slaughtered pigs and 40 from the slaughterhouse environment. Fifty L. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by PCR-based serotyping, presence of virulence-associated genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis restriction analysis. The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 33% in swine carcasses, 7% in cecal material, 23% on meat contact surfaces, and 25% on noncontact surfaces. Only two serotypes were detected: 1/2c (78%) and 1/2a (22%). In all, based on the presence of virulence-associated genes, eight pathogenic profiles were detected. Only 42% of all isolates carried the full complement of virulence-associated genes and were allotted to profile 1. Six pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles persisted in the slaughterhouses; restriction profiles appeared to be specific to each plant.

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49

Ikeda, Naoki, Andrzej Buczkowski, and Fumio Shimura. "Noncontact characterization for grown‐in defects in Czochralski silicon wafers with a laser/microwave photoconductance method." Applied Physics Letters 63, no. 21 (November 22, 1993): 2914–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110271.

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50

KALTMAN, JONATHAN R., MATTHEW J. GILLESPIE, TRAVIS SEYMOUR, AZEEM KHAN, ILANA J. ZELTSER, LARRY A. RHODES, RONN E. TANEL, VICTORIA L. VETTER, J. WILLIAM GAYNOR, and MAULLY J. SHAH. "Substrate Characterization of Ventricular Tachycardia in a Porcine Model of Tetralogy of Fallot Using Noncontact Mapping." Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 30, no. 11 (November 2007): 1316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00864.x.

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