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1
Marochnik, L. S., та D. A. Usikov. "Dark Energy from Virtual Gravitons (GCDM Model vs. ΛCDM Model)". Universe 8, № 9 (7 вересня 2022): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8090464.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dark energy from virtual gravitons is consistent with observational data on supernovas with the same accuracy as the ΛCDM model. The fact that virtual gravitons are capable of producing a de Sitter accelerated expansion of the FLRW universe was established in 2008 (see references). The combination of conformal non-invariance with zero rest mass of gravitons (unique properties of the gravitational field) leads to the appearance of graviton dark energy in a mater-dominated era; this fact explains the relatively recent appearance of the dark energy and answers the question “Why now?”. The transition redshifts (where deceleration is replaced by acceleration) that follow from the graviton theory are consistent with model-independent transition redshifts derived from observational data. Prospects for testing the GCDM model (the graviton model of dark energy where G stands for gravitons) and comparison with the ΛCDM model are discussed.
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Hradyskyi, A. V., and Yu P. Stepanoskiy. "The Massless Limit of Bargmann–Wigner Equations for a Massive Graviton." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 63, no. 7 (August 2, 2018): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe63.7.584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Information about the discovery of gravity waves attract attention to the graviton’s mass problem. The massive graviton is a spin-2 particle with a non-zero mass. In this work, relativistic wave equations for a massive graviton have been studied in the limiting case of zero particle mass. The equations for the non-zero-mass graviton are based on the Bargman–Wigner equations in the five-dimensional space-time with the (++++−) signature. In the massless limit of massive graviton, all states with possible helicity values –0 (LL-graviton), ±1 (TL-graviton), and ±2 (TT-graviton) –are preserved.
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Piórkowska-Kurpas, Aleksandra. "Graviton Mass in the Era of Multi-Messenger Astronomy." Universe 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8020083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The idea of massive graviton plays a fundamental role in modern physics as a landmark of most scenarios related to modified gravity theories. Limits on graviton mass can be obtained through different methods, using all the capabilities of multi-messenger astronomy available today. In this paper, we consider some emerging opportunities. In particular, modified relativistic dispersion relations of massive gravitons may lead to changes in the travel time of gravitational waves (GWs) emitted from distant astrophysical objects. Strong gravitational lensing of signals from a carefully selected class of extra-galactic sources such as compact object binaries (actually, binary neutron stars) is predicted to play an important role in this context. Comparing time delays between images of the lensed GW signal and its electromagnetic (EM) counterpart may be a new model-independent strategy (proposed by us in X.-L. Fan et al., 2017), which is especially promising in light of the fruitful observing runs of interferometric GW detectors, resulting in numerous GW signals. In addition to this direct, kinematic method, one can use an indirect, static method. In this approach, the non-zero graviton mass would modify estimates of the total cluster mass via a Yukawa term, influencing the Newtonian potential. In A. Piórkowska-Kurpas et al., 2022, using the X-COP galaxy cluster sample, we obtained mg<(4.99−6.79)×10−29 eV (at 95% C.L.), which is one of the best available constraints.
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De Felice, Antonio, Shinji Mukohyama, and Masroor C. Pookkillath. "Minimal theory of massive gravity and constraints on the graviton mass." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2021, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/12/011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Minimal theory of Massive Gravity (MTMG) is endowed non-linearly with only two tensor modes in the gravity sector which acquire a non-zero mass. On a homogeneous and isotropic background the theory is known to possess two branches: the self-accelerating branch with a phenomenology in cosmology which, except for the mass of the tensor modes, exactly matches the one of ΛCDM; and the normal branch which instead shows deviation from General Relativity in terms of both background and linear perturbations dynamics. For the latter branch we study using several early and late times data sets the constraints on today's value of the graviton mass μ0, finding that (μ0/H 0)2 = 0.119-0.098 +0.12 at 68% CL, which in turn gives an upper bound at 95% CL as μ0 < 8.4 × 10-34 eV. This corresponds to the strongest bound on the mass of the graviton for the normal branch of MTMG.
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ODA, ICHIRO. "HIGGS MECHANISM FOR GRAVITONS." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 28 (September 14, 2010): 2411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033724.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Just like the vector gauge bosons in the gauge theories, it is now known that gravitons acquire mass in the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking of diffeomorphisms through the condensation of scalar fields. The point is that we should find the gravitational Higgs mechanism such that it results in massive gravity in a flat Minkowski spacetime without non-unitary propagating modes. This is usually achieved by including higher-derivative terms in scalars and tuning the cosmological constant to be a negative value in a proper way. Recently, a similar but different gravitational Higgs mechanism has been advocated by Chamseddine and Mukhanov where one can relax the negative cosmological constant to zero or positive one. In this work, we investigate why the non-unitary ghost mode decouples from physical Hilbert space in a general spacetime dimension. Moreover, we generalize the model to possess an arbitrary potential and clarify under what conditions the general model exhibits the gravitational Higgs mechanism. By searching for solutions to the conditions, we arrive at two classes of potentials exhibiting gravitational Higgs mechanism. One class includes the model by Chamseddine and Mukhanov in a specific case while the other is a completely new model.
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Aerts, C., K. Augustson, S. Mathis, M. G. Pedersen, J. S. G. Mombarg, V. Vanlaer, J. Van Beeck, and T. Van Reeth. "Rossby numbers and stiffness values inferred from gravity-mode asteroseismology of rotating F- and B-type dwarfs." Astronomy & Astrophysics 656 (December 2021): A121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context. Multi-dimensional (magneto-)hydrodynamical simulations of physical processes in stellar interiors depend on a multitude of uncalibrated free parameters, which set the spatial and time scales of their computations. Aims. We aim to provide an asteroseismic calibration of the wave and convective Rossby numbers, and of the stiffness at the interface between the convective core and radiative envelope of intermediate-mass stars. We deduce these quantities for rotating dwarfs from the observed properties of their identified gravity and gravito-inertial modes. Methods. We relied on near-core rotation rates and asteroseismic models of 26 B- and 37 F-type dwarf pulsators derived from 4-year Kepler space photometry, high-resolution spectroscopy, and Gaia astrometry in the literature to deduce their convective and wave Rossby numbers. We computed the stiffness at the interface of the convective core and the radiative envelope from the inferred maximum buoyancy frequency at the interface and the convective turnover frequency in the core. We use those asteroseismically inferred quantities to make predictions of convective penetration levels, local flux levels of gravito-inertial waves triggered by the convective core, and of the cores’ potential rotational and magnetic states. Results. Our sample of 63 gravito-inertial mode pulsators covers near-core rotation rates from almost zero up to the critical rate. The frequencies of their identified modes lead to models with stiffness values between 102.69 and 103.60 for the B-type pulsators, while those of F-type stars cover the range from 103.47 to 104.52. The convective Rossby numbers derived from the maximum convective diffusion coefficient in the convective core, based on mixing length theory and a value of the mixing length coefficient relevant for these pulsators, vary between 10−2.3 and 10−0.8 for B-type stars and 10−3 and 10−1.5 for F-type stars. The 17 B-type dwarfs with an asteroseismic estimate of the penetration depth reveal it to be in good agreement with recent theory of convective penetration that takes rotation into account. Theoretical estimates based on the observationally inferred convective Rossby numbers and stiffness values lead to local stochastically-excited gravito-inertial wave fluxes which may exceed those predicted for non-rotating cores, in agreement with observations. Finally, the convective core of rapid rotators is expected to have cylindrical differential rotation causing a magnetic field of 20–400 kG for B-type stars and of 0.1–3 MG for F-type stars. Conclusions. Our results provide asteroseismic calibrations to guide realistic (magneto-)hydrodynamical simultations of rotating (magnetised) core convection in stellar interiors of dwarfs and future modelling of transport and mixing processes in their interiors.
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BABAK, S. V., and L. P. GRISHCHUK. "FINITE-RANGE GRAVITY AND ITS ROLE IN GRAVITATIONAL WAVES, BLACK HOLES AND COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 12, no. 10 (December 2003): 1905–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271803004250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Theoretical considerations of fundamental physics, as well as certain cosmological observations, persistently point out to permissibility, and maybe necessity, of macroscopic modifications of the Einstein general relativity. The field theoretical formulation of general relativity helped us to identify the phenomenological seeds of such modifications. They take place in the form of very specific mass terms, which appear in addition to the field theoretical analog of the usual Hilbert–Einstein Lagrangian. We derive and study exact nonlinear equations of the theory, along with its linear approximation. We interpret the added terms as masses of spin-2 and spin-0 gravitons. The arising finite-range gravity is a fully consistent theory, which smoothly approaches general relativity in the massless limit, that is, when both masses tend to zero and the range of gravity tends to infinity. We show that all local weak-field predictions of the theory are in perfect agreement with the available experimental data. However, some other conclusions of the nonlinear massive theory are in a striking contrast with those of general relativity. We show in detail how the arbitrarily small mass terms eliminate the black hole event horizon and replace a permanent power-law expansion of a homogeneous isotropic universe with an oscillatory behaviour. One variant of the theory allows the cosmological scale factor to exhibit an 'accelerated expansion' instead of slowing down to a regular maximum of expansion. We show in detail why the traditional, Fierz–Pauli, massive gravity is in conflict not only with the static-field experiments, but also with the available indirect gravitational-wave observations. At the same time, we demonstrate the incorrectness of the widely held belief that the non-Fierz–Pauli theories possess "negative energies" and "instabilities."
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Auclair-Desrotour, P., and J. Leconte. "Semidiurnal thermal tides in asynchronously rotating hot Jupiters." Astronomy & Astrophysics 613 (May 2018): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731683.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context. Thermal tides can torque the atmosphere of hot Jupiters into asynchronous rotation, while these planets are usually assumed to be locked into spin-orbit synchronization with their host star. Aims. In this work, our goal is to characterize the tidal response of a rotating hot Jupiter to the tidal semidiurnal thermal forcing of its host star by identifying the structure of tidal waves responsible for variation of mass distribution, their dependence on the tidal frequency, and their ability to generate strong zonal flows. Methods. We develop an ab initio global modelling that generalizes the early approach of Arras & Socrates (2010, ApJ, 714, 1) to rotating and non-adiabatic planets. We analytically derive the torque exerted on the body and the associated timescales of evolution, as well as the equilibrium tidal response of the atmosphere in the zero-frequency limit. Finally, we numerically integrate the equations of thermal tides for three cases, including dissipation and rotation step by step. Results. The resonances associated with tidally generated gravito-inertial waves significantly amplify the resulting tidal torque in the range 1–30 days. This torque can globally drive the atmosphere into asynchronous rotation, as its sign depends on the tidal frequency. The resonant behaviour of the tidal response is enhanced by rotation, which couples the forcing to several Hough modes in the general case, while the radiative cooling tends to regularize it and diminish its amplitude.
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Karmakar, P. K., and B. Borah. "New Aspects on Stability Analysis of a Planar Charge-varying Collisional Dust Molecular Cloud with Finite Thermal Inertia." Communications in Physics 24, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/24/1/3599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A theoretical evolutionary model for the nonlinear stability analysis of a planar dust molecular cloud (DMC) in quasi-neutral hydrodynamic equilibrium on the Jeans scales of space and time is developed. It is based on a self-gravitating multi-fluid model consisting of the warm electrons and ions, and the inertial cold dust grains with partial ionization. The Jeans assumption of self-gravitating uniform medium is adopted for fiducially analytical simplification by neglecting the zero-order field. So, the equilibrium is justifiably treated initially as “homogeneous”, thereby validating nonlinear local analysis. The lowest-order finite inertial correction of the thermal species (thermal inertia, which is conventionally neglected), heavier grain-charge fluctuation and all the possible collisional dynamics are included simultaneously amid non-equilibrium plasma inhomogeneities. We apply a standard multiple scaling technique methodologically to show that the eigenmodes are collectively governed by a new electrostatic driven Korteweg-de Vries (d-KdV) equation having a self-consistent nonlinear driving source, and self-gravitational Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation with neither a source, nor a sink. A detailed numerical shape-analysis with judicious multi-parameter variation parametrically portrays the excitation of electrostatic eigenmodes evolving as damped oscillatory shocks (nonconservative) with the increasing global amplitude due to the source, and extended two-tail compressive solitons (conservative), when the source-strength becomes very weak. In contrast, the self-gravitational counterparts grow as bell-shaped rarefactive soliton-like structures (conservative). The correlative effect of diverse plasma parameters on the amplitudes and patterns is explicitly investigated. Interestingly, this is conjectured that the grain-mass plays a key role in the eigenmode shaping (growth and decay) through the interplaying processes of pulsating gravito-electrostatic coupling. As the grain-mass increases, a new type of shock-to-soliton transition results, and so forth. The significance of the study in space, laboratory and astrophysical environments is stressed.
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Beckwith, Andrew. "Calculating the Number of Universes in a Multiverse from First Principles with Linkage to Vacuum Energy and a Relationship with Nonlinear Early Universe B Fields. And the Early Universe B Field Connection to Non-Zero Graviton Mass." Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 04, no. 03 (2018): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2018.43030.
Повний текст джерела
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Wu, Yue-Liang. "Theory of quantum gravity beyond Einstein and space-time dynamics with quantum inflation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 28n29 (October 20, 2015): 1545002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15450025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this talk, I present a theory of quantum gravity beyond Einstein. The theory is established based on spinnic and scaling gauge symmetries by treating the gravitational force on the same footing as the electroweak and strong forces. A bi-frame space-time is initiated to describe the laws of nature. One frame space-time is a globally flat coordinate Minkowski space-time that acts as an inertial reference frame for the motions of fields, the other is a locally flat non-coordinate Gravifield space-time that functions as an interaction representation frame for the degrees of freedom of fields. The Gravifield is sided on both the globally flat coordinate space-time and locally flat non-coordinate space-time and characterizes the gravitational force. Instead of the principle of general coordinate invariance in Einstein theory of general relativity, some underlying principles with the postulates of coordinate independence and gauge invariance are motivated to establish the theory of quantum gravity. When transmuting the Gravifield basis into the coordinate basis in Minkowski space-time, it enables us to obtain equations of motion for all quantum fields and derive basic conservation laws for all symmetries. The gravity equation is found to be governed by the total energy–momentum tensor defined in the flat Minkowski space-time. When the spinnic and scaling gauge symmetries are broken down to a background structure that possesses the global Lorentz and scaling symmetries, we arrive at a Lorentz invariant and conformally flat background Gravifield space-time that is characterized by a cosmic vector with a non-zero cosmological mass scale. We also obtain the massless graviton and massive spinnon. The resulting universe is in general not isotropic in terms of conformal proper time and turns out to be inflationary in light of cosmic proper time. The conformal size of the universe has a singular at the cosmological horizon to which the cosmic proper time must be infinitely large. We show a mechanism for quantum inflation caused by the quantum loop contributions. The Gravifield behaves as a Goldstone-like field that transmutes the local spinnic gauge symmetry into the global Lorentz symmetry, which makes the spinnic gauge field becomes a hidden gauge field. As a consequence, the bosonic gravitational interactions can be described by the Goldstone-like Gravimetric field and space-time gauge field. The Einstein theory of general relativity is expected to be an effective low energy theory. Two types of gravity equation are resulted, one is the extension to Einstein’s equation of general relativity, and the other is a new type of gravitational equation that characterizes the spinnon dynamics.
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Holgado, G., S. Simón-Díaz, L. Haemmerlé, D. J. Lennon, R. H. Barbá, M. Cerviño, N. Castro, A. Herrero, G. Meynet, and J. I. Arias. "The IACOB project." Astronomy & Astrophysics 638 (June 2020): A157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037699.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context. The apparent lack of massive O-type stars near the zero-age main sequence, or ZAMS (at ages <2 Myr), is a topic that has been widely discussed in the past 40 yr. Different explanations for the elusive detection of these young massive stars have been proposed from the observational and theoretical side, but no firm conclusions have been reached yet. Aims. We reassess this empirical result here, benefiting from the high-quality spectroscopic observations of (more than 400) Galactic O-type stars gathered by the IACOB and OWN surveys. Methods. We used effective temperatures and surface gravities resulting from a homogeneous semi-automatized IACOB-GBAT/FASTWIND spectroscopic analysis to locate our sample of stars in the Kiel and spectroscopic Hertzsprung-Russell (sHR) diagrams. We evaluated the completeness of our magnitude-limited sample of stars as well as potential observational biases affecting the compiled sample using information from the Galactic O star catalog. We discuss limitations and possible systematics of our analysis method, and compare our results with other recent studies using smaller samples of Galactic O-type stars. We mainly base our discussion on the distribution of stars in the sHR diagram in order to avoid the use of still uncertain distances to most of the stars in our sample. However, we also performed a more detailed study of the young cluster Trumpler-14 as an illustrative example of how Gaia cluster distances can help to construct the associated classical HR diagram. Results. We find that the apparent lack of massive O-type stars near the ZAMS with initial evolutionary masses in the range between ≈30 and 70 M⊙ still persist even when spectroscopic results from a large non-biased sample of stars are used. We do not find any correlation between the dearth of stars close to the ZAMS and obvious observational biases, limitations of our analysis method, and/or the use of one example spectroscopic HR diagram instead of the classical HR diagram. Finally, by investigating the effect of the efficiency of mass accretion during the formation process of massive stars, we conclude that an adjustment of the mass accretion rate towards lower values than canonically assumed might reconcile the hotter boundary of the empirical distribution of optically detected O-type stars in the spectroscopic HR diagram and the theoretical birthline for stars with masses above ≈30 M⊙. Last, we also discuss how the presence of a small sample of O2-O3.5 stars found much closer to the ZAMS than the main distribution of Galactic O-type star might be explained in the context of this scenario when the effect of nonstandard star evolution (e.g. binary interaction, mergers, and/or homogeneous evolution) is taken into account.
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Castellano, Alberto, Anamaría Font, Alvaro Herráez, and Luis E. Ibáñez. "A gravitino distance conjecture." Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, no. 8 (August 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep08(2021)092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract We conjecture that in a consistent supergravity theory with non-vanishing gravitino mass, the limit m3/2 → 0 is at infinite distance. In particular one can write Mtower ~ $$ {m}_{3/2}^{\delta } $$ m 3 / 2 δ so that as the gravitino mass goes to zero, a tower of KK states as well as emergent strings becomes tensionless. This conjecture may be motivated from the Weak Gravity Conjecture as applied to strings and membranes and implies in turn the AdS Distance Conjecture. We test this proposal in classical 4d type IIA orientifold vacua in which one obtains a range of values $$ \frac{1}{3} $$ 1 3 ≤ δ ≤ 1. The parameter δ is related to the scale decoupling exponent in AdS vacua and to the α exponent in the Swampland Distance Conjecture for the type IIA complex structure. We present a general analysis of the gravitino mass in the limits of moduli space in terms of limiting Mixed Hodge Structures and study in some detail the case of two-moduli F-theory settings. Moreover, we obtain general lower bounds δ ≥$$ \frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{4} $$ 1 3 , 1 4 for Calabi-Yau threefolds and fourfolds, respectively. The conjecture has important phenomenological implications. In particular we argue that low-energy supersymmetry of order 1 TeV is only obtained if there is a tower of KK states at an intermediate scale, of order 108 GeV. One also has an upper bound for the Hubble constant upon inflation H ≲ $$ {m}_{3/2}^{\delta }{M}_{\mathrm{P}}^{\left(1-\delta \right)} $$ m 3 / 2 δ M P 1 − δ .
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Drăgoi, Andrei-Lucian. "On a Possible Logarithmic Connection between Einstein’s Constant and the Fine-Structure Constant, in Relation to a Zero-energy Hypothesis." Physical Science International Journal, June 29, 2020, 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2020/v24i530191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper brings into attention a possible logarithmic connection between Einstein’s constant and the fine-structure constant, based on a hypothetical electro-gravitational resistivity of vacuum: we also propose a zero-energy hypothesis (ZEH) which is essentially a conservation principle applied on zero-energy that mainly states a general quadratic equation having a pair of conjugate mass solutions for each set of coefficients, thus predicting a new type of mass “symmetry” called here “mass conjugation” between elementary particles (EPs) which predicts the zero/non-zero rest masses of all known/unknown EPs to be conjugated in boson-fermion pairs; ZEH proposes a general formula for all the rest masses of all EPs from Standard model, also indicating a possible bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos and the massless bosons (photon, gluon and the hypothetical graviton), between the electron/positron and the W boson and predicting two distinct types of neutral massless fermions (modelled as conjugates of the Higgs boson and Z boson respectively) which are plausible candidates for dark energy and dark matter. ZEH also offers a new interpretation of Planck length as the approximate length threshold above which the rest masses of all known elementary particles have real number values (with mass units) instead of complex/imaginary number values (as predicted by the unique quadratic equation proposed by ZEH).
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Blas, D., J. Martín Camalich, and J. A. Oller. "Unitarization of infinite-range forces: graviton-graviton scattering." Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, no. 8 (August 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep08(2022)266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A method to unitarize the scattering amplitude produced by infinite-range forces is developed and applied to Born terms. In order to apply S-matrix techniques, based on unitarity and analyticity, we first derive an S-matrix free of infrared divergences. This is achieved by removing a divergent phase factor due to the interactions mediated by the massless particles in the crossed channels, a procedure that is related to previous formalisms to treat infrared divergences. We apply this method in detail by unitarizing the Born terms for graviton-graviton scattering in pure gravity and we find a scalar graviton-graviton resonance with vacuum quantum numbers (JPC = 0++) that we call the graviball. Remarkably, this resonance is located below the Planck mass but deep in the complex s-plane (with s the usual Mandelstam variable), so that its effects along the physical real s axis peak for values significantly lower than this scale. This implies that the corrections to the leading-order amplitude in the gravitational effective field theory are larger than expected from naive dimensional analysis for s around and above the peak position. We argue that the position and width of the graviball are reduced when including extra light fields in the theory. This could lead to phenomenological consequences in scenarios of quantum gravity with a large number of such fields or, in general, with a low-energy ultraviolet completion. We also apply this formalism to two non-relativistic potentials with exact known solutions for the scattering amplitudes: Coulomb scattering and an energy-dependent potential obtained from the Coulomb one with a zero at threshold. This latter case shares the same J = 0 partial-wave projected Born term as the graviton-graviton case, except for a global factor. We find that the relevant resonance structure of these examples is reproduced by our methods, which represents a strong indication of their robustness.
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Lee, Heon. "Bundle theoretic descriptions of massless single-particle state spaces; How do we perceive a moving quantum particle." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, May 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/acd5bc.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Recently, a bundle theoretic description of massive single-particle state spaces, which is better suited for Relativistic Quantum Information Theory than the ordinary Hilbert space description, has been suggested. However, the mathematical framework presented in that work does not apply to massless particles. It is because, unlike massive particles, massless particles cannot assume the zero momentum state and hence the mass shell associated with massless particles has non-trivial cohomology. To overcome this difficulty, this paper suggests a new framework that can be applied to massless particles. Applications to the cases of massless particles with spin-1 and 2, namely photon and graviton, will reveal that the field equations, the gauge conditions, and the gauge freedoms of Electromagnetism and General Relativity naturally arise as manifestations of an inertial observer's perception of the internal quantum states of a photon and a graviton, respectively. Finally, we show that gauge freedom is exhibited by all massless particles, except those with spin-0 and 1/2.
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Drăgoi, Andrei-Lucian. "A Proposed SUSY Alternative (SUSYA) Based on a New Type of Seesaw Mechanism Applicable to All Elementary Particles and Predicting a New Type of Aether Theory." Physical Science International Journal, December 11, 2020, 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2020/v24i1030218.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes a potentially viable “out-of-the-box” alternative (called “SUSYA”) to the currently known supersymmetry (SUSY) theory variants: SUSYA essentially proposes a new type of seesaw mechanism (SMEC) applicable to all elementary particles (EPs) and named “Z-SMEC”; Z-SMEC is a new type of charge-based mass symmetry/”conjugation” between EPs which predicts the zero/non-zero rest masses of all known/unknown EPs, EPs that are “conjugated” in boson-fermion pairs sharing the same electromagnetic charge (EMC). Z-SMEC is actually derived from an extended zero-energy hypothesis (eZEH) which is essentially a conservation principle applied on zero-energy (assigned to the ground state of vacuum) that mainly states a general quadratic equation governing a form of ex-nihilo creation and having a pair of conjugate boson-fermion mass solutions for each set of given coefficients. eZEH proposes a general formula for all the rest masses of all EPs from Standard model, also indicating the true existence of the graviton and a possible bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos (all predicted to be actually Majorana fermions) and the massless bosons (photon, gluon and the hypothetical graviton), between the electron/positron and the W boson, predicting at least three generations of leptoquarks (LQs) (defined here as the “mass-conjugates” of the three known generations of quarks) and predicting two distinct types of neutral massless fermions (NMFs) (modelled as mass-conjugates of the Higgs boson and Z boson respectively) which may be plausible constituents for a hypothetical lightest possible (hot fermionic) dark matter (LPDM) or, even more plausible, the main constituents of a superfluid fermionic vacuum/aether, as also proposed by the notorious Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT) (in which the physical vacuum is modeled as a bosonic/fermionic superfluid). SUSYA also predicts two hypothetical bosons defined as the ultra-heavy bosonic mass-conjugates of the muon and tauon called here the “W-muonic boson” (Wmb) and the “W-tauonic boson” (Wtb) respectively: Wmb and Wtb are predicted much heavier than the W boson and the Higgs boson so that Wmb and Wtb can be regarded as ultra-heavy charged Higgs bosons with their huge predicted rest energies defining the energy scale at which the electroweak field (EWF) may be unified with the Higgs field (HF).