Статті в журналах: "Non-Visual function"

1

Spitschan, Manuel. "Melanopsin contributions to non-visual and visual function." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 30 (December 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.06.004.

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2

Ricci, D., G. Vasco, G. Baranello, A. Salerni, R. Amante, G. Tamburrini, A. Dickmann, C. Di Rocco, F. Velardi, and E. Mercuri. "Visual function in infants with non-syndromic craniosynostosis." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 49, no. 8 (August 2007): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00574.x.

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3

Spitschan, Manuel, Robert J. Lucas, and Timothy M. Brown. "Chromatic clocks: Color opponency in non-image-forming visual function." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 78 (July 2017): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.016.

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4

Frishman, L., and H. Cheng. "Non-invasive assessment of visual function in demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders." Journal of Vision 12, no. 14 (December 27, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.14.25.

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5

Ksendzovsky, Alexander, I. Jonathan Pomeraniec, Kareem A. Zaghloul, J. Javier Provencio, and Ignacio Provencio. "Clinical implications of the melanopsin-based non–image-forming visual system." Neurology 88, no. 13 (March 1, 2017): 1282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003761.

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Since the discovery of the non–image-forming visual system, tremendous research efforts have been dedicated to understanding its mechanisms and functional roles. Original functions associated with the melanopsin system include the photoentrainment of circadian sleep-wake cycles and the pupillary light reflex. Recent findings, however, suggest a much broader involvement of this system in an array of physiologic responses to light. This newfound insight into the underlying function of the non–image-forming system has revealed the many connections to human pathology and attendant disease states, including seasonal affective disorder, migraine, glaucoma, inherited mitochondrial optic neuropathy, and sleep dysregulation of aging. In this review, the authors discuss in detail the clinical implications of the melanopsin system.

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6

Koul, Prateek, Sachit Mahajan, and Satish Gupta. "Visual Function Outcomes in Tinted versus Non- Tinted IOLs in Cataract Patients." Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/or/2018/44228.

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7

Victor, J. D. "Visual Function and Brain Organization in Non-decussating Retinal-Fugal Fibre Syndrome." Cerebral Cortex 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 2–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.1.2.

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8

Huang, J., M. DeLano, and Y. Cao. "Visual Cortical Inhibitory Function in Migraine is not Generally Impaired." Cephalalgia 26, no. 5 (May 2006): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01067.x.

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A robust, visual masking test that was developed to be feasible with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine the visual cortical inhibitory function in migraine patients with visual aura at both psychophysical and cortical levels. The study showed that the decreased visibility of a visual target was associated with a reduction in cortical activation in the primary visual cortex. The suppression of the transient on-response and after-discharge of neurons to the target was most likely to be responsible for reducing cortical activation, rendering the target less visible or invisible. The migraine patients were equally susceptible to visual masking and showed no difference in cortical activation when compared with age- and sex-matched non-headache controls, demonstrating that visual cortical inhibitory function was not impaired under the experimental conditions. Although these results are not in conflict with the general cortical hyperexcitability theory in migraine, they provide evidence to show the limitation to the theory.

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9

Suzuki, Shuya, Kazutaka Kamiya, Tatsuya Iizuka, and Tomoya Handa. "Wavelength Characteristics and Visual Function of Photochromic Contact Lenses in Indoor and Outdoor Conditions." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 7417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237417.

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Purpose: To examine the wavelength characteristics of photochromic contact lenses (CL) and evaluate the impact of tinting on visual function in indoor, outdoor, and glare environments. Methods: A total of 33 healthy individuals with refractive errors were recruited and fully corrected for refractive errors. Three groups were established, including non-activated photochromic CL, activated photochromic CL, and lenses without photochromic properties, which replicated the dimming characteristics of CL. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured and compared among the three groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the spatial frequency (6, 12 cpd) and contrast sensitivity outdoors, with improved values recorded in the activated photochromic-CL group. In subsequent comparisons, the activated-photochromic-CL group demonstrated significantly better contrast-sensitivity values than the non-photochromic-CL group, as well as significant improvement in contrast sensitivity compared to the non-activated-photochromic-CL group. No significant differences were observed in the indoor or outdoor visual acuity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that photochromic CL enhances visual function in outdoor environments, while maintaining visual function indoors and under glare, thereby improving the quality of vision (QOV) in severe light conditions where exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light is anticipated.

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10

Ito, Sadayuki, Hiroaki Nakashima, Masaaki Machino, Naoki Segi, Shinya Ishizuka, Yasuhiko Takegami, Jun Takeuchi, Jun Ouchida, Yukiharu Hasegawa, and Shiro Imagama. "Comparison of the Relationship between Visual Acuity and Motor Function in Non-Elderly and Elderly Adults." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12052008.

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This study aimed to clarify the relationship between visual acuity and motor function in younger and elderly participants and to compare differences between non-elderly and elderly participants. In total, 295 participants who underwent visual and motor functional examinations were included; participants with visual acuity ≥0.7 were assigned to the normal group (N group) and those with visual acuity ≤0.7 were assigned to the low-visual-acuity group (L group). Motor function was compared between the N and L groups; the analysis was performed by grouping participants into those aged >65 years (elderly) and those aged <65 years (non-elderly). The non-elderly group (average age, 55.6 ± 6.7 years) had 105 and 35 participants in the N and L groups, respectively. Back muscle strength was significantly lower in the L group than in the N group. The elderly group (average age, 71.1 ± 5.1 years) had 102 and 53 participants in the N and L groups, respectively. Gait speed was significantly lower in the L group than in the N group. These results reveal differences in the relationship between vision and motor function in non-elderly and elderly adults and indicate that poor vision is associated with lower back-muscle strength and walking speed in younger and elderly participants, respectively.

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11

Kuo, Hui-Ying, Ching-Hsiu Ke, Shyan-Tarng Chen, and Han-Yin Sun. "The Impact of Clinical Atropine Use in Taiwanese Schoolchildren: Changes in Physiological Characteristics and Visual Functions." Children 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8111054.

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Taiwan is commonly noted for its high prevalence of myopia, as well as a long history of more than 20 years of using atropine to control myopia. However, the clinical implications are rarely discussed. This is a cross-sectional study investigating the influence of topical atropine instillation on ocular physiology, visual function, and visual discomfort in children. Aged 7 to 12 years, 212 schoolchildren were recruited and divided into the atropine group and the non-atropine group. Physiological characteristics such as pupil size and intraocular pressure were measured, and a variety of visual functions was also evaluated. A questionnaire was used to investigate the side effects and visual complaints caused by atropine treatment. There was a significant difference in pupil size (OD: 5.40 ± 0.90 vs. 6.60 ± 1.01 mm; OS: 5.42 ± 0.87 vs. 6.64 ± 1.00 mm, p < 0.001) between the two groups. Reductions in near visual acuity, accommodation, convergence ability, and stereopsis were observed in the atropine group. The horizontal pupil diameter enlarged, and visual functions were greatly affected after administration of topical atropine. The changes in visual function during atropine therapy need to be carefully monitored by clinicians, while patient compliance is usually the key to success.

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12

Margolin, Edward. "The swollen optic nerve: an approach to diagnosis and management." Practical Neurology 19, no. 4 (June 13, 2019): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2018-002057.

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The differential diagnosis of swollen optic nerves differs according to whether the swelling is unilateral or bilateral, or whether visual function is normal or affected. Patients with a unilaterally swollen optic nerve and normal visual function most likely have optic nerve head drusen. Patients with abnormal visual function most likely have demyelinating optic neuritis or non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Patients with bilaterally swollen optic nerve heads and normal visual function most likely have papilloedema, and require neuroimaging followed by lumbar puncture. However, if their visual function is affected, the most likely causes are bilateral demyelinating optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein optic neuritis: these patients require investigating with contrast-enhanced MRI of the orbits.

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13

Parisi, V., G. Gallinaro, L. Ziccardi, and G. Coppola. "Electrophysiological assessment of visual function in patients with non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy." European Journal of Neurology 15, no. 8 (August 2008): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02200.x.

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14

Jung, Su A., and Hyun Jung Kim. "Comparison of Visual Function between Dominant and Non-dominant Eye in Monocular Eye." Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2018.23.3.249.

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15

Shankar, Haripriya, Allison Michal, Ronald C. Kern, Dong Soo Kang, Vsevolod V. Gurevich, and Jeffrey L. Benovic. "Non-visual Arrestins Are Constitutively Associated with the Centrosome and Regulate Centrosome Function." Journal of Biological Chemistry 285, no. 11 (January 7, 2010): 8316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m109.062521.

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16

Kelly, John P., Kenneth Feldman, Jason Wright, Sheila Ganti, James B. Metz, and Avery Weiss. "Retinal and visual function in infants with non-accidental trauma and retinal hemorrhages." Documenta Ophthalmologica 141, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10633-020-09756-1.

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17

Li, Zuojin, Jun Peng, Liukui Chen, Chen Gui, and Lei Song. "An Energy Computing Method Inspired from Visual Cognitive Function for Dynamic Behavioural Detection in Video Frames." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 8, no. 3 (July 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2014070101.

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The brain visual cortical simple cells have strong response to notable edges with directivity and contrast of light and dark, as well as the non-classical receptive fields of the neurons in visual cortex that have inhibition function to small light-spot stimulation. Because of this property, human vision system contrast sensitivity tends to dynamic videos. This paper, based on biological visual features, constructs an energy-computing model for dynamic video behaviors analysis, and designs computing methods for strengthening selectivity to directions of edges and inhibiting energy of non-significant areas in the images. The experiment is conducted on 30,000 frames of dynamic behaviors in video and shows 90% accuracy, which proves that the proposed method is capable to simulate the function of visual cortex simple cells, i.e. the enhancement to directional selection, and the inhabitation function of non-classical receptive fields, as well as extract energy features of dynamic behaviors in video. This contributes a choice for computer image processing and improves the understanding of machine vision.

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18

Arunkumar and Karthiga. "Comparative analysis of visual evoked potentials in obese and non-obese individuals: A cross-sectional study." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (October 30, 2024): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.20.1.0818.

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Background: Obesity has been associated with alterations in central nervous system (CNS) function, including impaired sensory processing. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), which reflect cortical processing of visual stimuli, may provide insight into obesity-related changes in the visual system. This study aimed to compare VEP characteristics between obese and non-obese individuals. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 40 obese individuals (body mass index (BMI >25) and 40 age and gender matched non-obese controls (BMI <25). VEPs were recorded using a standard visual stimulation protocol, and latency and amplitude of the P100 wave were analyzed. Results: Obese individuals demonstrated significantly increased P100 latency (108.2 ± 7.3ms) compared to non-obese individuals (93.5± 6.8 ms, p<0.01). Furthermore, there were no significant difference in P100 amplitude between the two groups (obese 7.5 ± 1.5 µV; non-obese 8.0 ± 1.9 µV, p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that obesity is associated with delayed cortical visual processing, as reflected by increased latency in VEPs. These changes may indicate underlying alterations in the visual pathways and warrant further investigation into the impact of obesity on CNS function.

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19

Grewal, Manjot K., Shruti Chandra, Sarega Gurudas, Alan Bird, Glen Jeffery, and Sobha Sivaprasad. "Exploratory Study on Visual Acuity and Patient-Perceived Visual Function in Patients with Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092832.

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Purpose: To investigate the value of visual acuity and patient-perceived visual function test when subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) are incorporated into the classification of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A total of 50 participants were recruited into the study in these groups: healthy ageing (n = 11), intermediate AMD (iAMD) with no SDD (n = 17), iAMD with SDD (n = 11) and non-foveal atrophic AMD (n = 11) confirmed by two retinal imaging modalities. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and low luminance visual acuity (LLVA) were measured and low luminance deficit (LLD) was calculated. Participants were also interviewed with the low luminance questionnaire (LLQ). Linear regression was used to assess function–function relations. Compared with healthy participants, BCVA and LLVA scores were significantly reduced in the atrophic AMD group (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.00016, respectively) and in patients with SDD (p = 0.028 and p = 0.045, respectively). Participants with atrophy also had reduced BCVA (p = 0.001) and LLVA (p = 0.009) compared with the iAMD no SDD group. However, there were no differences in visual function tests between healthy aging and iAMD without SDD and between iAMD with SDD and atrophic AMD groups. The LLD score did not differ between groups. BCVA and LLVA correlated well. The LLQ did not correlate with visual function tests. This study shows that LLD is not a marker of disease severity as assessed clinically. Although LLQ is a good marker for disease severity using the current AMD classification, it does not differentiate between eyes with and without SDD. Eyes with non-macular geographic atrophy and SDD had lower function than eyes with no SDD and healthy controls.

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Wang, Jingzhe, Leilei Li, Huan Yu, Xunya Gui, and Zucheng Li. "VIMO: A Visual-Inertial-Magnetic Navigation System Based on Non-Linear Optimization." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 4386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164386.

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Visual-inertial navigation systems are credited with superiority over both pure visual approaches and filtering ones. In spite of the high precision many state-of-the-art schemes have attained, yaw remains unobservable in those systems all the same. More accurate yaw estimation not only means more accurate attitude calculation but also leads to better position estimation. This paper presents a novel scheme that combines visual and inertial measurements as well as magnetic information for suppressing deviation in yaw. A novel method for initializing visual-inertial-magnetic odometers, which recovers the directions of magnetic north and gravity, the visual scalar factor, inertial measurement unit (IMU) biases etc., has been conceived, implemented, and validated. Based on non-linear optimization, a magnetometer cost function is incorporated into the overall optimization objective function as a yawing constraint among others. We have done extensive research and collected several datasets recorded in large-scale outdoor environments to certify the proposed system’s viability, robustness, and performance. Cogent experiments and quantitative comparisons corroborate the merits of the proposed scheme and the desired effect of the involvement of magnetic information on the overall performance.

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Treisman, M., and R. E. Johnston. "Categorical Perception or Cue Combination in Vision: A Sensory Coding Model that Predicts the Form of the Psychometric Function." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0110.

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Certain psychophysical tasks produce psychometric functions that diverge from normal distribution functions. Such curves occur for speech sound discrimination, where the concept of categorical perception (CP) is applied. It has been claimed that categorical perception also occurs at the critical fusion frequency (CFF) for visual flicker. An alternative model is put forward in which the processing of complex stimuli that contain more than one source of discriminative information (cues) may lead to non-normal functions similar to the Weibull function. For the CFF the cue combination model predicts a hybrid curve that is neither normal nor Weibull. We report psychometric functions for visual flicker discrimination in which rectangular or sinusoidal visual flicker stimuli were presented at varying frequencies with time-average luminance controlled or with luminance correlated with frequency, and the responses required were either categorical or comparative. At the CFF, curves are obtained of the hybrid form predicted by the cue combination model but that is not compatible with categorical perception theory. Other evidence supporting the cue combination model is reported. We conclude that the sensory coding model may explain some of the variation in the form of the psychometric function in different visual tasks.

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22

Arzhukhanov, D. D., and D. V. Petrachkov. "Evaluation of the Quality of Visual Function and Life of Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema with Vitrectomized and Non-Vitrectomized Eyes on Steroid Therapy." Ophthalmology in Russia 20, no. 4 (December 27, 2023): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2023-4-704-707.

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Objectives: to evaluate the dynamics of changes in quality of life in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) with vitrectomized and non-vitrectomized eyes after intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant (IVD). Material and methods. 60 patients (60 eyes) were examined, divided into two groups with a diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy, DME and with different vitreous conditions. Group 1 — patients with non-vitrectomized eyes, group 2 — with vitrectomized eyes. Both objective and subjective methods of ophthalmological examination were used, followed by an assessment of the quality of life and visual functions based on the results of a questionnaire conducted to patients using VFQ-25 (visual function questionnaire — 25). Also, all patients of both groups were assessed for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before, 1, 3 and 6 months after IVD. Results. In both groups, an increase in the average BCVA after IVD was observed up to 3 months of monitoring (p < 0.01). In addition, the quality of life parameters increased after 1 month of steroid therapy in both groups (p < 0.05), and by 3 and 6 months this trend persisted mainly only for the group with vitrectomized eyes (p < 0.05). Conclusion. IVD in patients with DME can significantly improve the morphofunctional parameters of the macular zone in the eyes with both vitrectomized and non-vitrectomized eyes. The maximum effect of the drug according to the quality of visual functions assessment was observed in 1 month of monitoring in the group with non-vitrectomized eyes. At the same time, the longest increase in quality of visual functions parameters from 3 to 6 months was observed in the group with vitrectomized eyes.

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23

Naik, Rupali K., Katharine S. Gries, Anne M. Rentz, Jonathan W. Kowalski, and Dennis A. Revicki. "Psychometric evaluation of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire and Visual Function Questionnaire Utility Index in patients with non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis." Quality of Life Research 22, no. 10 (May 5, 2013): 2801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0412-y.

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24

Dekkers, O. M., S. Hammer, R. J. W. de Keizer, F. Roelfsema, P. J. Schutte, J. W. A. Smit, J. A. Romijn, and A. M. Pereira. "The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas." European Journal of Endocrinology 156, no. 2 (February 2007): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02334.

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Objective: The natural history of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMA) has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we evaluated pituitary function, visual fields, and tumor size during long-term follow-up of non-operated patients with NFMA. Design: Follow-up study. Patients: Twenty-eight patients (age 55 ± 3 years) with NFMA, not operated after initial diagnosis, were included. Results: Initial presentation was pituitary insufficiency in 44%, visual field defects in 14%, apoplexy in 14%, and chronic headache in 7% of the patients. The duration of follow-up was 85 ± 13 months. Radiological evidence of tumor growth was observed in 14 out of 28 patients (50%) after duration of follow-up of 118 ± 24 months. Six patients (21%) were operated, because tumor growth was accompanied by visual field defects. Visual impairments improved in all the cases after transsphenoidal surgery. Spontaneous reduction in tumor volume was observed in eight patients (29%). No independent predictors for increase or decrease in tumor volume could be found by regression analysis. Conclusion: Observation alone is a safe alternative for transsphenoidal surgery in selected NFMA patients, without the risk of irreversibly compromising visual function.

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Gao, Yang, Raymond Tak Fai Cheung, Junling Gao, Esther Y. Y. Lau, Jacky Ho Yin Wan, and Mo Yin Mok. "Electrophysiological Study on Cognitive Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients With Previous Neuropsychiatric Involvement." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 48, no. 4 (July 27, 2016): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059416660956.

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This study aimed to evaluate P300 as an electrophysiological marker of cognitive function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who had previous neuropsychiatric (NPSLE) involvement and were diagnosed to have cognitive impairment by standard neuropsychological tests. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were assessed by the auditory and visual oddball paradigms. Amplitude and latency of P300 at the frontal (Fz), central (Cz), and parietal (Pz) regions were determined and compared with controls. P300 detection was performed in NPSLE patients with pre-diagnosed cognitive impairment (n = 9), matched SLE patients without previous NPSLE (non-NPSLE) (n = 9), and healthy controls (n = 15). Auditory oddball task did not show any P300 abnormality between groups. Visual oddball task revealed reduced amplitude of P300 over Fz ( P = .002) and Cz ( P = .009) electrodes in NPSLE patients compared with healthy controls and among those who had predominant memory deficit ( P = .01 at Fz). Abnormal P300 was also observed in non-NPSLE patients at Fz and Cz. Using visual oddball paradigm, abnormal P300 was found in NPSLE patients over frontal and parietal regions compared with normal controls but was not discriminative from possible subclinical disease in non-NPSLE patients. In conclusion, visual oddball paradigm was a more sensitive electrophysiological marker than auditory oddball paradigm for cognitive impairment in NPSLE patients.

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Tay, Tien, Annette Kifley, Peter Landau, Nicholas Ingham, Paul Mitchell, Jie-Jin Wang, and Richard Lindley. "Are Sensory and Cognitive Declines Associated in Older Persons Seeking Aged Care Services? Findings From a Pilot Study." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 35, no. 4 (April 15, 2006): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v35n4p254.

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Introduction: To assess the association between sensory and cognitive function, and the potential influence of visual function on cognitive function assessment, in a sample of clients accessing aged care services. Materials and Methods: We recruited 260 non-institutionalised, frail, older individuals who sought aged care services. Visual acuity was assessed using a LogMAR chart and hearing function was measured using a portable pure-tone air conduction audiometer. Visual impairment was defined as visual acuity (VA) <6/12 (<39 letters read correctly in the better eye), moderate-to-severe hearing impairment as hearing thresholds >40 decibels (better ear) and cognitive impairment as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score <24. Results: Vision and hearing assessments were randomly performed in 168 and 164 aged care clients, respectively. Visual acuity correlated weakly with MMSE scores, either including (r = 0.27, P <0.001) or excluding (r = 0.21, P = 0.006) vision-related MMSE items. After partialling out the effect of age, the association remained (r = 0.23, P = 0.013 including, or r = 0.18, P = 0.044 excluding vision-related items). No correlation was found between MMSE scores and hearing thresholds (r = -0.07, P = 0.375). After adjusting for age, sex and stroke, mean MMSE scores were lower in persons with visual impairment than those with normal vision (25.2 ± 0.5 versus 26.8 ± 0.4 including, or 18.2 ± 0.5 versus 19.2 ± 0.3 excluding vision-related items), but were similar between subjects with none or mild and those with moderate-to-severe hearing loss (26.3 ± 0.4 versus 26.0 ± 0.4). Conclusions: In this study sample, visual and cognitive functions were modestly associated, after excluding the influence of visual impairment on the MMSE assessment and adjusting for age. Hearing thresholds were not found to be associated with cognitive function. Key words: Cognition disorders, Frail elderly, Hearing loss, Visual impairment

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Kadir, Syeed Mehbub Ul, Sunanda Sarkhel, Sayantan Chakraborty, Rajendra Prakash Maurya, Nilufa Akter, Masihuzzaman, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj, and Mastura Khatun. "Reading performance in school going children with visual function anomalies." IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty 9, no. 4 (February 15, 2024): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijooo.2023.038.

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To compare reading performance in children with and without visual function anomalies. This cross-sectional study was carried out from May 2021 to April 2022 in a tertiary eye hospital of Bangladesh. This study included patients with 6-15 years of age who visited at Vision Therapy clinic. CISS-score was used to identify the asthenopia complaints and reading difficulties while having a normal vision and normal retinal function only selected for recruitment. Reading error, accuracy and reading speed were assessed with an N-notation chart with an N6 target size and the time taken to complete the task was recorded with a stopwatch. Both univariate and bivariate tables are used for analysis. Statistics analysis was performed accordingly, and the level of significance used was at 0.05. Out of 200 subjects, 46.5% boys and 53.5% girls. Of the total, 15.5% had NVF. The mean age of the participants was 12.04 (±2.44) years. Children with AVF had a higher number of reading errors and non-significant negative correlation (AVF=7.64 (±5.19); NVF 6.55 (±3.67); (r = -1.00, p=0.157). Lower Reading accuracy was noted in AVF as correlated to NVF and non-significant negative correlation (AVF=86.11 (±14.84); NVF=86.43 (±13.12); (r= -0.008, p=0.912). Similarly, lower reading speed was noted in AVF as correlated to NVF and non-significant negative correlation (AVF=79.47 (±39.20) wpm; NVF=84.51±36.84 wpm; (r= -0.047, p=0.507). A statistically significant difference was seen between AVF and NVF (p=0.001 at a 95% Confidence Interval of the differences). Children in the 1 to 5 grades presented a higher risk of reading impairment than the 6 to 10grades. Higher reading speed (112±20.69wpm) was noted in 10 grade. In this study, it was observed that poor reading performance is linked to abnormal visual function in school-aged children, but visual function and reading performance are not positively related.

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Pawlak, Marta, Anna Gotz-Wieckowska, and Anna Sowinska. "Morphologic, Electrophysiologic, and Visual Function Parameters in Children with Non-Glaucomatous Cupping of Prematurity." Seminars in Ophthalmology 30, no. 5-6 (May 14, 2014): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2014.912340.

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Clayton, Kameron K., Jayaganesh Swaminathan, Arash Yazdanbakhsh, Jennifer Zuk, Aniruddh D. Patel, and Gerald Kidd. "Executive Function, Visual Attention and the Cocktail Party Problem in Musicians and Non-Musicians." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (July 6, 2016): e0157638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157638.

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Waniek, Dan. "Model for a possible non-visual function of the iris, lens and peripheral retina." Medical Hypotheses 23, no. 3 (July 1987): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(87)90022-3.

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Seliger, Stephen L., Carrington R. Wendell, Shari R. Waldstein, Luigi Ferrucci, and Alan B. Zonderman. "Renal Function and Long-Term Decline in Cognitive Function: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging." American Journal of Nephrology 41, no. 4-5 (2015): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430922.

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Background: Renal disease has been associated with greater risk of dementia and greater cognitive impairment. However, the relationship of lower renal function with long-term decline in specific domains of cognitive function remains unclear among community-dwelling, non-demented individuals. Methods: Stroke- and dementia-free participants (n = 2,116) were enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-based, prospective, longitudinal study. Renal function was estimated by the inverse of serum creatinine adjusted for age, sex and race and (in sensitivity analyses) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the MDRD formula. Outcome measures were changes in scores on 6 cognitive tests encompassing a range of cognitive functions, measured at 2-year intervals. Mixed-effects regression models examined the longitudinal relations of renal function with cognitive functions after adjusting for demographics, comorbidity and other potential confounders. Results: Mean age at initial testing was 53.9 years (SD 17.1), and 94 participants (4.4%) had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 18.5% had at least one comorbidity. With increasing age, longitudinal increases in creatinine concentrations were associated with more rapid decline in performance on several cognitive measures, including the learning slope of the California Verbal Learning Test, a test of verbal learning (p < 0.01), and the Benton Visual Retention Test, a test of visual memory (p < 0.01). Associations were similar for changes in eGFRMDRD, which was also associated with the rate of decline in verbal memory. Conclusion: In a community-based adult population, declines in renal function independently associated with greater long-term declines in visual memory and verbal memory and learning.

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Brodoehl, Stefan, Carsten Klingner, Denise Schaller, and Otto W. Witte. "Plasticity During Short-Term Visual Deprivation." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 224, no. 2 (April 2016): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000246.

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Abstract. During everyday experiences, people sometimes close their eyes to better understand spoken words, to listen to music, or when touching textures and objects. A plausible explanation for this observation is that a reversible loss of vision changes the perceptual function of the remaining non-deprived sensory modalities. Within this work, we discuss general aspects of the effects of visual deprivation on the perceptual performance of the non-deprived sensory modalities with a focus on the time dependency of these modifications. In light of ambiguous findings concerning the effects of short-term visual deprivation and because recent literature provides evidence that the act of blindfolding can change the function of the non-deprived senses within seconds, we performed additional psychophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis to provide new insight into this matter. Eye closure for several seconds led to a substantial impact on tactile perception probably caused by an unmasking of preformed neuronal pathways.

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Colombo, Leonardo, Jacopo Baldesi, Salvatore Martella, Chiara Quisisana, Aleksei Antico, Luca Mapelli, Stefania Montagner, Alberto Primon, and Luca Rossetti. "Managing Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Literature Review of Current Non-Surgical Approaches." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2025): 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020330.

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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal diseases characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptor function, visual impairment, and, ultimately, blindness. While gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapy, it is currently available only for the RPE65 gene mutation, leaving many patients without targeted genetic treatments. Non-surgical interventions may help in managing the progression of RP and improving patients’ quality of life. Visual training and rehabilitation, maximizing residual vision, have shown potential in improving mobility and patients’ ability to perform daily activities. Visual aids enhance visual function. Moreover, photo-protection demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating light-induced damage and improving visual comfort. Alternative therapies (i.e., electrostimulation, acupuncture, and ozone therapy) are being explored to preserve retinal function and reduce disease progression. Pharmacological interventions supported by nutritional and psychological counseling play a role in slowing retinal degeneration while managing the emotional burden of progressive vision loss. Although for these interventions, further validation is required, their potential benefits make them valuable additions to care for RP patients. The integration of these interventions into a multidisciplinary care approach—including ophthalmologists, orthoptist, dietitians, and psychologists—is essential for providing comprehensive, personalized care to RP patients while awaiting more widespread gene therapy solutions.

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Sanchez-Cano, Ana, Elvira Orduna-Hospital, and Justiniano Aporta. "Colorimetric and Photobiological Properties of Light Transmitted Through Low-Vision Filters: Simulated Potential Impact on ipRGCs Responses Considering Crystalline Lens Aging." Life 15, no. 2 (February 8, 2025): 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020261.

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This study aims to investigate the potential impact of commercial low-vision filters on intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which have significantly advanced our understanding of non-image-forming visual functions. A comprehensive analysis by modeling the potential responses of ipRGCs to commercially available low-vision filters was conducted, focusing on how the spectral properties of these filters could alter ipRGC function. Additionally, the influence of aging on the crystalline lens was considered. Colorimetric changes in the transmitted light by these filters were also analyzed, highlighting variations based on the manufacturer. The study uncovered the diverse responses of ipRGCs to fifty low-vision filters, shedding light on the potential modifications in ipRGC stimulation and visual function. Notably, the consideration of aging in the crystalline lens revealed significant alterations in ipRGC response. Furthermore, the analysis of colorimetric changes demonstrated substantial differences in the light transmitted by these filters, with variations dependent on the manufacturer. This research underscores the nuanced relationship between low-vision filters and ipRGCs, providing insights into their potential impact on visual function. The varying responses observed, coupled with the influence of aging on the crystalline lens, emphasize the complexity of this interaction. Additionally, the distinct colorimetric changes based on filter manufacturer suggest the need for tailored approaches in enhancing visual perception for individuals with visual impairments.

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Naik, R. K., K. S. Gries, A. Rentz, J. W. Kowalski, and D. A. Revicki. "PSS19 PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE VISUAL FUNCTION QUESTIONNAIRE 25 AND VISUAL FUNCTION QUESTIONNAIRE UTILITY INDEX IN PATIENTS WITH NON-INFECTIOUS INTERMEDIATE AND POSTERIOR UVEITIS." Value in Health 14, no. 3 (May 2011): A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.02.321.

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Sun, Jun. "Strengthen the "Non-Visual Perception Experience" in the Design of Public Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 3083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3083.

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Since human beings are living in the dynamic environment which requires multi-perceptional experiences, multiple perceptions prevail in every aspect of people’s life. In this article, the writer is concerned with the problems revealed in the design of public space environment, and the important role non-visual perceptional experience plays in the relationship between human being and environment. In the procession of their design, it is necessary for the designers to pay attention to the users' requirements on the non-visual perceptional experience. Making use of several cases of major city public spaces as example, the writer conducted careful survey into the current situation of the actual practice of non-visual perception experience and validates its essential function.

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Haraguchi, Yulia, Tsun-Kang Chiang, and Minzhong Yu. "Application of Electrophysiology in Non-Macular Inherited Retinal Dystrophies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2023): 6953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216953.

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Inherited retinal dystrophies encompass a diverse group of disorders affecting the structure and function of the retina, leading to progressive visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Electrophysiology testing has emerged as a valuable tool in assessing and diagnosing those conditions, offering insights into the function of different parts of the visual pathway from retina to visual cortex and aiding in disease classification. This review provides an overview of the application of electrophysiology testing in the non-macular inherited retinal dystrophies focusing on both common and rare variants, including retinitis pigmentosa, progressive cone and cone-rod dystrophy, bradyopsia, Bietti crystalline dystrophy, late-onset retinal degeneration, and fundus albipunctatus. The different applications and limitations of electrophysiology techniques, including multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), full-field ERG (ffERG), electrooculogram (EOG), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and visual evoked potential (VEP), in the diagnosis and management of these distinctive phenotypes are discussed. The potential for electrophysiology testing to allow for further understanding of these diseases and the possibility of using these tests for early detection, prognosis prediction, and therapeutic monitoring in the future is reviewed.

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Chaudhary, Sailesh, and Gaurav Jung Shah. "Reaction Time Based Cognitive Functions and Associated Recovery Heart Rate in Medical Student." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 20, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v20i1.48349.

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Introduction: Physical activity is an indicator of physical function that preserve or promotes cerebral blood flow which in turn is associating with better functioning cognitive function. Cognitive functions can be assessed using reaction time. It is the ability to quick motor response to definite stimulus, while the time that elapses between the sensory stimulation and the motor activity. Aims: To assess the cognitive function of medical students using visual & auditory reaction times in different fitness groups and to correlate values of reaction times to recovery heart rate. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 57 consenting healthy medical students age 17-30 years, underwent 3-Minutes Step Test to assess their physical fitness along with Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time to assess their cognitive function. Based on Recovery heart rate which was calculated after 3-Minute step test. Students were categorized into four groups that is good, satisfactory, poor and very poor their Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time T were measured for these groups. Results: Results showed Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time was statistically significant when all groups of physically fitness were compared (p-0.014). When pairs of groups were compared significant differences of Auditory reaction time was found good fitness level Vs very poor fitness level in Auditory reaction time (p0.008) and significant difference of Visual reaction time was found between good fitness level Vs satisfactory fitness level in Visual reaction time (p-0.028). Comparison of many other pairs of fitness groups found to be non-significant. Conclusion: Good fitness level has higher cognition which can be achieved by doing physical activity to improve the fitness level.

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Chang, Ji Woong, Jin Choi, Young Suk Yu, and Seong-Joon Kim. "Changes in Visual Function over Time in Koreans with Non-arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy." Neuro-Ophthalmology 38, no. 2 (February 7, 2014): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01658107.2013.855240.

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Jain, R., and B. Mel. "Benefits of a Hybrid Spatial/non-Spatial Neighborhood Function in SOM-based Visual Feature Learning." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 12, 2010): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.956.

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Baker, Richard S., Mohsen Bazargan, José L. Calderón, and Ron D. Hays. "Psychometric Performance of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in Latinos and Non-Latinos." Ophthalmology 113, no. 8 (August 2006): 1363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.073.

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Suvorova, K., K. Kulakova, and O. Lyashenko. "The non-visual effects estimation of industrial lighting sources." Lighting engineering and power engineering 3, no. 59 (November 27, 2020): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x-2020-3-59-92-96.

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The issues of the visible lights non-visual impact on the human body during work, the circadian efficiency of lighting installations are considered, the analysis of fluorescent lamps used to illuminate industrial facilities according to their circadian characteristics is carried out, the need to take them into account when creating an effective industrial lighting installation is substantiated. Lighting systems design is one of the main components of the electric power systems formation for any industrial facility. When choosing equipment for the projects implementation, it is necessary to be guided not only by electrical parameters, but also by lighting technical parameters, since in addition to the power load, lighting is a means necessary for the successful implementation of the planned technological process. It is important to note that the illiterate implementation of the lighting network is a harmful factor and has a detrimental effect on the work and personnel health. Thus, ensuring light comfort, subject to the observance of the standardized illumination for each room, is one of the key tasks that must be solved when calculating and designing a lighting system. A properly designed lighting system has a direct impact on productivity, fatigue, visibility and visual discomfort during work. When choosing light sources to provide a given standardized illumination, various well-known calculation methods are used, but none of them takes into account the factors affecting the provision of visual comfort. The spectral composition of light is an important parameter of artificial light sources, which affects not only visual function, comfort, but also human health. When developing new lighting standards, standards for light sources and assessment of their quality, it is necessary to take into account the parameters that affect human health and well-being.

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Lopes-Ferreira, D., H. Neves, A. Queiros, M. Faria-Ribeiro, S. C. Peixoto-de-Matos, and J. M. González-Méijome. "Ocular Dominance and Visual Function Testing." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/238943.

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Purpose. To show the distribution of ocular dominance as measured with sensory and eye sighting methods and its potential relationship with high and low contrast LogMAR visual acuity in presbyopic subjects.Method. Forty-four presbyopes (48.5 ± 3.5 years) participated in this study. Ocular dominance was determined by eye sighting (hole-in-card) and sensorial (+1.50 D lens induced blur) methods. According to the dominance detected with each method (RE: right eye or LE: left eye), patients were classified in dominance type 1 (RE/RE), type 2 (RE/LE), type 3 (LE/RE) and type 4 (LE/LE).Results. Baseline refractive error (MSE) was RE:−0.36 ± 1.67 D and LE:−0.35 ± 1.85 D (P=0.930). RE was the dominant eye in 61.4% and 70.5% of times as obtained from sensorial and sighting methods, respectively. Most frequent dominance was of type 1 (52.3%), in this case the RE showed statistically significant better distance low contrast LogMAR VA (0.04 LogMAR units) compared to the LE (P<0.05).Conclusions. The dominance was more frequent in RE in this sample. The eye sighting and sensorial methods to define ocular dominance agreed in more than half of cases. Amount of MSE was not significantly different between dominant and non-dominant eye. But in case of right dominance, the RE presented better distance low contrast VA compared to the LE.

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Vu Quoc, Dr Huy. "Asymptotic stability of dynamical systems with Barbalat’s lemma and Lyapunov function." Journal of Military Science and Technology, CSCE6 (December 30, 2022): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.csce6.2022.122-130.

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The article explains Barbalat’s lemma, combining the application of Barbalat’s lemma, the Lyapunov function, and the theorem Lagrange to ensure mathematical certainty in analyzing the asymptotic stability of a non-autonomous control system. Research results are illustrated and simulated with visual examples of uncontrolled and controlled dynamical systems.

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Pansell, Tony, Babak Alinasab, Anders Westermark, Mats Beckman, and Saber Abdi. "Ophthalmologic Findings in Patients with Non-Surgically Treated Blowout Fractures." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 5, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300963.

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We evaluated the ocular and visual status in a group of patients with a non-surgically treated blowout fracture. Clinical examination with refraction, test of binocular function, and tear film evaluation was performed in 23 patients. These values were statistically correlated with the orbital volume measurements and ocular finding from the patient records at presentation. About 50% of the study group was symptomatic due to low visual acuity from refractive errors and decompensated phorias as a consequence of the blowout fracture. Several patients displayed changes in tear film production. There was no strong correlation between the measured parameters and orbital volume measurements. Patients with a non-surgically treated blowout fracture often display ocular and visual changes after discharge. A routine visual exam is advocated in all patients after the ocular status has stabilized after a blowout fracture.

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Higgins, Bethany E., Deanna J. Taylor, Wei Bi, Alison M. Binns, and David P. Crabb. "Novel computer-based assessments of everyday visual function in people with age-related macular degeneration." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): e0243578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243578.

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Purpose To test the hypothesis that the performance in novel computer-based tasks of everyday visual function worsens with disease severity in people with non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods Participants with and without non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (≥60 years, minimum logMAR binocular visual acuity 0.7) performed a series of standard visual function tests and two novel computer-based tasks. In a visual search task, participants had to locate an image of a single real-world object within an array of 49 distractor images. Next, in a series of simulated dynamic driving scenes, participants were asked to identify one or two approaching real-world road signs and then select these road signs from four options. Outcome measures were median response times and total correct responses. Results Forty-nine participants had no macular disease (n = 11), early/intermediate age-related macular degeneration (n = 16) or geographic atrophy (n = 22). Groups were age-similar with median (interquartile range) logMAR visual acuity of 0.00 (-0.08,0.12), 0.13 (-0.08,0.70) and 0.32 (0.12,0.70) respectively. Median (interquartile range) visual search response times were 1.9 (1.0,2.4), 1.8 (1.1,3.7) and 2.4 (1.2,6.0) seconds respectively. Median (interquartile range) road sign response times (single road signs) were 1.2 (0.4,1.7), 1.5 (0.9,2.8) and 1.8 (1.0,5.5) seconds respectively. Median (interquartile range) road sign response times (double road signs) were 1.7 (0.7,2.4), 2.3 (1.2,3.1) and 2.5 (1.7,6) seconds respectively. Participants with geographic atrophy recorded slower response times in all tasks and over 50% performed outside the normative limit for task performance. There were no significant differences between groups in total correct responses across all tasks. Conclusions In a novel computer-based assessment, people with increasing severity of age-related macular degeneration take longer to perform visual search of everyday objects and take longer to identify road signs than those with no age-related macular degeneration. These novel assessments could be useful as patient-relevant, secondary outcomes for clinical trials.

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Filippopoulos, Theodoros, Dimitrios Tsoukanas, Stylianos A. Kandarakis, Angeliki Salonikiou, Michalis Georgiou, and Fotis Topouzis. "Survival of Visual Function in Patients with Advanced Glaucoma after Standard Guarded Trabeculectomy with MMC." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041639.

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Surgical intervention in patients with severe glaucoma remains controversial, especially in unilateral cases with a minimally affected fellow eye. Many question the benefit of trabeculectomy in such cases due to high complication rates and prolonged recovery. In this retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series we aimed to determine the effect of trabeculectomy or combined phaco-trabeculectomy on the visual function of advanced glaucoma patients. Consecutive cases with perimetric mean deviation loss worse than −20 dB were included. Survival of visual function according to five predetermined visual acuity and perimetric criteria was set as the primary outcome. Qualified surgical success utilizing two different sets of criteria commonly used in the literature constituted secondary outcomes. Forty eyes with average baseline visual field mean deviation −26.3 ± 4.1 dB were identified. The average pre-operative intraocular pressure was 26.5 ± 11.4 mmHg and decreased to 11.4 ± 4.0 mmHg (p < 0.001) after an average follow-up of 23.3 ± 15.5 months. Visual function was preserved at two years in 77% or 66% of eyes respectively according to two different sets of visual acuity and perimetric criteria. Qualified surgical success was 89%, 72% at 1 and 3 years respectively. Trabeculectomy and/or phaco-trabeculectomy is associated with meaningful visual outcomes in patients with uncontrolled advanced glaucoma.

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Zhogolev, Konstantin S., and Yaroslav V. Bayborodov. "Modern notions about the tactics of treatment of patients with non-full thickness macular holes: to observe or to operate?" Ophthalmology journal 12, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov2019137-44.

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In this review, the opinions of different authors on the problem of non-full thickness macular holes are discussed in detail. Currently, there are three different approaches to the management of this condition. Dynamic observation allows assessing the degree of their progression, to determine some or other anatomical indicators which influence the functional state of the retina and visual function. Pharmacological vitreolysis in some cases allows eliminating vertical and tangential traction in a least invasive mannor. To resolve this problem in a radical way is possible by surgical treatment posterior vitrectomy, but this is also related to certain surgical risks, and does not always lead to an increase in visual acuity. As a rule, it is recommended to patients with a significant decrease in visual acuity. Currently, indications for surgical treatment of patients with high visual function are ambiguous.

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Matuseviciene, Giedre, Jan Johansson, Marika Möller, Alison K. Godbolt, Tony Pansell, and Catharina Nygren Deboussard. "Longitudinal changes in oculomotor function in young adults with mild traumatic brain injury in Sweden: an exploratory prospective observational study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018734.

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ObjectivesTo assess (1) whether visual disturbances can be demonstrated with objective measures more often in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) than in orthopaedic controls and non-injured controls, (2) whether such objectively demonstrated disturbances change over time and (3) whether self-reported visual symptoms after mTBI correlate with objectively measurable changes in visuomotor performance.DesignA prospective, controlled, observational study, with assessments planned 7–10 and 75–100 days after injury.SettingEmergency department of a general hospital in Sweden.Participants15 patients with mTBI, 15 patients with minor orthopaedic injury, 15 non-injured controls, aged 18–40 years.Outcome measuresVisual examination, including assessment of visual acuity, accommodation, eye alignment, saccades and stereoacuity. Symptom assessment using Convergence Insufficiency Symptoms Survey (CISS) and Rivermead PostConcussion Symptoms Questionnaire.ResultsAssessments were performed 4–13 and 81–322 days after injury (extended time frames for logistical reasons). No statistically significant difference was found between the mTBI and control groups regarding saccade performance and stereoacuity at any time point. The accommodative amplitude was significantly lower in the mTBI group compared with non-injured controls at baseline. 6 out of 13 patients with mTBI had accommodative insufficiency at follow-up. Near point of convergence in the mTBI group was receded at baseline and improved statistically significantly at follow-up. At baseline, patients with mTBI had significantly higher CISS score than orthopaedic and non-injured controls. For patients with mTBI, the CISS score correlated with fusional vergence.ConclusionThere were some transient measurable visual changes regarding convergence in patients with mTBI during the subacute period after the injury. Our findings of persistence of accommodative insufficiency in a considerable proportion of patients with mTBI suggest that this visual function should not be overlooked in clinical assessment.

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Bergvall, Å. H., T. Nilsson, and S. Hansen. "Exploring the link between character, personality disorder, and neuropsychological function." European Psychiatry 18, no. 7 (November 2003): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.03.008.

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AbstractPersonality deviations and deficits in cognitive executive function are common among forensic populations. The present study on incarcerated offenders explored whether there are links between the two domains. Personality was assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Neuropsychological performance, including visual working memory, attentional set-shifting and planning, were tested with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Subjects with personality disorders scored high on harm avoidance, and low on self-directedness and cooperativeness. Personality disordered offenders did not differ from the comparison groups (offenders without personality disorder, and non-criminal controls) with regard to CANTAB measures of visual working memory (delayed matching to sample, spatial working memory) and planning (Stockings of Cambridge), but they made a larger number of errors on the attentional set-shifting task. Dimensional analysis of the personality and neuropsychological variables revealed significant associations between self-directedness and cooperativeness on the one hand, and attentional set-shifting on the other. Intellectually disabled, non-criminal individuals (marginal mental retardation) who performed poorly on attentional set-shifting also scored low on self-directedness and cooperativeness. The results indicate that poor development of certain personality traits may be associated with deficits in neuropsychological functioning.

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