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Статті в журналах з теми "Non-Unified language"
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O'Rourke, Bernadette, and Fernando F. Ramallo. "The native-non-native dichotomy in minority language contexts." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.2.03oro.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In minority language contexts, the aim of language policy and planning initiatives is frequently to enhance their survival prospects by increasing individuals’ knowledge and use of such languages in a variety of social contexts. The success of such policies depends on a variety of factors. These include the ability of policy to encourage maintenance of the language amongst existing speakers (the so-called ‘native’ speakers of the language) and its revival amongst individuals in the community who no longer speak it and who have become ‘native’ speakers of another language, typically, the dominant language. However, the task of policy makers and language planners is often made more difficult by sociolinguistic, socio-economic, socio-geographical and ideological differences between ‘native’ speakers and ‘non-native’ newcomers to the language. Rather than forming a unified speech community, ‘native’ and ‘non-native’ speakers of the minority language very often see themselves as being socially and linguistically incompatible. The purpose of this article is to examine the native-non-native dichotomy in two minority language contexts: Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Galician in the Autonomous Community of Galicia.
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Wan, Xue, Wensheng Zhang, Mengxing Huang, Siling Feng, and Yuanyuan Wu. "A Unified Approach to Nested and Non-Nested Slots for Spoken Language Understanding." Electronics 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071748.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As chatbots become more popular, multi-intent spoken language understanding (SLU) has received unprecedented attention. Multi-intent SLU, which primarily comprises the two subtasks of multiple intent detection (ID) and slot filling (SF), has the potential for widespread implementation. The two primary issues with the current approaches are as follows: (1) They cannot solve the problem of slot nesting; (2) The performance and inference rate of the model are not high enough. To address these issues, we suggest a multi-intent joint model based on global pointers to handle nested and non-nested slots. Firstly, we constructed a multi-dimensional type-slot label interaction network (MTLN) for subsequent intent decoding to enhance the implicit correlation between intents and slots, which allows for more adequate information about each other. Secondly, the global pointer network (GP) was introduced, which not only deals with nested and non-nested slots and slot incoherence but also has a faster inference rate and better performance than the baseline model. On two multi-intent datasets, the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on MixATIS with 1.6% improvement of intent Acc, 0.1% improvement of slot F1 values, 3.1% improvement of sentence Acc values, and 1.2%, 1.1% and 4.5% performance improvements on MixSNIPS, respectively. Meanwhile, the inference rate is also improved.
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Dronjic, Vedran. "Serbo-Croatian." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 1 (January 12, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.1.01dro.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Utilizing Kloss’s concept of Ausbausprache (language as a sociopolitical construct), this article adopts the view that many languages in the world owe their language status to non-linguistic factors such as their speakers’ ethnic, cultural, and political affiliations, as well as language policy. It is thus possible that individuals who can readily understand each other in everyday conversation (such as two individuals living on either side of the Macedonian/Bulgarian border) can be deemed to speak different languages, while those who cannot understand each other at all (such as speakers of Shanghainese and Mandarin) can be widely perceived as speakers of the same language. This article is an account of how the South Slavic language formerly known as Serbo-Croatian came to be conceived of as a single, unified language due to a number of non-linguistic factors, and how it ceased to be considered a language once these non-linguistic factors were no longer present. Thus, apart from being a case study of how one particular European language was born and how it died without any significant change in linguistic reality on the ground, the present article serves to reinforce the theoretical notion of Ausbausprache as a crucial concept for defining what a language is.
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O’Keeffe, Isabel, Ruth Singer, and Carolyn Coleman. "The expression of emotions in Kunbarlang and its neighbours in the multilingual context of western and central Arnhem Land." Pragmatics and Cognition 27, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 83–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.00012.kee.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper explores how emotions are expressed in the endangered Gunwinyguan language Kunbarlang and compares these expressions to those in the neighbouring Gunwinyguan language Bininj Kunwok, and neighbouring languages from other language families, Mawng (Iwaidjan) and Ndjébbana (Maningridan). As well as considering body-based emotion expressions and the tropes (metaphors and metonymies) they instantiate, we consider the range of other (non-body-based) expressions and tropes available in each language. These provide an important point of comparison with the body-part expressions, which are limited to expressions based on noun incorporation in the Gunwinyguan languages and, correspondingly, a more limited range of tropes. By outlining and comparing the linguistic tropes used to express emotions in these four languages in the highly multilingual yet socioculturally unified context of western Arnhem Land, we aim to shed further light on the relationships between linguistic figurative features and conceptual representations of emotions.
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Chen, Mo, Fengyang Ma, Zhaoqi Zhang, Shuhua Li, Man Zhang, Qiming Yuan, Junjie Wu, Chunming Lu, and Taomei Guo. "Language switching training modulates the neural network of non-linguistic cognitive control." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0247100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bilingual language experience, such as switching between languages, has been shown to shape both cognitive and neural mechanisms of non-linguistic cognitive control. However, the neural adaptations induced by language switching remain unclear. Using fMRI, the current study examined the impact of short-term language switching training on the neural network of domain-general cognitive control for unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals. Effective connectivity maps were constructed by using the extended unified structural equation models (euSEM) within 10 common brain regions involved in both language control and domain-general cognitive control. Results showed that, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area (dACC/pre-SMA) lost connection from the right thalamus after training, suggesting that less neural connectivity was required to complete the same domain-general cognitive control task. These findings not only provide direct evidence for the modulation of language switching training on the neural interaction of domain-general cognitive control, but also have important implications for revealing the potential neurocognitive adaptation effects of specific bilingual language experiences.
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Amundadottir, ML, SW Lockley, and M. Andersen. "Unified framework to evaluate non-visual spectral effectiveness of light for human health." Lighting Research & Technology 49, no. 6 (June 27, 2016): 673–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153516655844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The discovery of a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor in the mammalian eye that mediates a range of ‘non-visual’ responses to light has required reexamination of how lighting needs for human health are characterised and evaluated. Existing literature provides useful information about how to quantify non-visual spectral sensitivities to light but the optimal approach is far from decided. As more is learned about the underlying biology, new approaches will continue to be published. What is currently lacking is a flexible framework to describe the non-visual spectral effectiveness of light using a common language. Without a unified description of quantities and units, much of the value of scientific publications can be lost. In this paper, we review the existing approaches by categorising the proposed quantities depending on their application. Based on this review, a unified framework is provided for use in evaluating and reporting the spectral effectiveness of light for human health. The unified framework will provide greater flexibility to model the non-visual responses to light and is adaptable to a wide range of lighting solutions of interest to researchers, designers and developers. A new visualisation tool, the SpeKtro dashboard, is available to explore the unified framework online at spektro.epfl.ch.
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Gimasheva, Kseniya, Ekaterina Gladkikh, and S. I. Chuprina. "An Ontology-Driven Methods Unified Application in Text Data Processing Problems." Вестник Пермского университета. Математика. Механика. Информатика, no. 3(58) (2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1993-0550-2022-3-49-58.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unified application issues of ontological engineering methods and tools for text data processing automation in 2 problems classes solving are considered. The first class is the relational database applications construction automation based on the necessary facts extracting directly from unstructured text documents collections in natural language. The second class is the text data processing automation in artificial languages in the program code verifying process for database applications. The information systems designing and developing problems, same as program code verifying problems, are complex for non-professional programmers. The text data processing problem solving automation is also relevant for professional programmers, because it significantly reduces the database applications development time. The ontologically controlled solution concept is proposed for these problems. An unified approach for problems solution and the tools demos implementation are described.
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Rezaie, Naghmeh, and Mohammad Ali Taheri. "The Word’s Unity of Existence." Scientific Journal of Cosmointel 2, TA1 (August 27, 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61450/joci.v2ita1.153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Linguists do not agree on the origin of human language or the reasons for the human species’ unique possession of language faculty on the path of evolution. Any theoretical approach in cognitive science and linguistics eventually faces an impasse in its quest for the origin of language when reaching the realm of consciousness and mind which requires an accessibility beyond the physical inquiry. This article introduces Mohammad Ali Taheri’s theory of consciousness, T-Consciousness, as the gateway to the origin of language in the human mind. T-Consciousness stands for the non-material and non-energetic constituent of the universe, the third fundamental element which generates both matter and energy. Taheri theorizes that human beings have detected language rather than inventing it, following the Language Software’s primary activation in the human mind through an inter-T-Consciousness-level connection that extracts Fara-lingual information and adapts it into language. This study investigates Taheri’s language theory in relation to Chomsky’s UG theory, and offers a diversifying approach to UG theory, biolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The article introduces the Word’s Unity of Existence/ Vahdat-e Vojood-e Kalameh and conceptualizes the Unified Body of Languages, initiating an interdisciplinary discourse to revisit cognitive science, phenomenology, hermeneutics, and intertextuality.
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Przigoda, Nils, Robert Wille, and Rolf Drechsler. "Analyzing Inconsistencies in UML/OCL Models." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 03 (December 28, 2015): 1640021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616400211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modeling languages such as the unified modeling language (UML) or the systems modeling language (SysML) in combination with constraint languages such as the object constraint language (OCL) allows for an abstract description of a system prior to its implementation. But the resulting system models can be highly non-trivial and, hence, errors in the descriptions can easily arise. In particular, too strong restrictions leading to an inconsistent model are common. Motivated by this, researchers and engineers developed methods for the validation and verification of given formal models. However, while these methods are efficient to detect the existence of an inconsistency, the designer is usually left alone to identify the reasons for it. In this contribution, we propose an automatic method which efficiently determines reasons explaining the contradiction in an inconsistent UML/OCL model. For this purpose, all constraints causing the contradiction are comprehensibly analyzed. By this, the designer is aided during the debugging of his/her model.
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Miličević, Maja, and Nikola Ljubešić. "Tviterasi, tviteraši or twitteraši? Producing and analysing a normalised dataset of Croatian and Serbian tweets." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 4, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2016.2.156-188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper we discuss the parallel manual normalisation of samples extracted from Croatian and Serbian Twitter corpora. We describe the datasets, outline the unified guidelines provided to annotators, and present a series of analyses of standard-to-non-standard transformations found in the Twitter data. The results show that closed part-of-speech classes are transformed more frequently than the open classes, that the most frequently transformed lemmas are auxiliary and modal verbs, interjections, particles and pronouns, that character deletions are more frequent than insertions and replacements, and that more transformations occur at the word end than in other positions. Croatian and Serbian are found to share many, but not all transformation patterns; while some of the discrepancies can be ascribed to the structural differences between the two languages, others appear to be better explained by looking at extralinguistic factors. The produced datasets and their initial analyses can be used for studying the properties of non-standard language, as well as for developing language technologies for non-standard data.
Дисертації з теми "Non-Unified language"
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Runyan, Joshua David. "A comparison of academic success in high school Spanish One classes between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic surname students." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study attemps to discover whether there is a difference in the academic performance of Spanish surname students in high school Spanish 1 language classrooms over their non-Spanish surname counterparts.
Книги з теми "Non-Unified language"
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Cohen, Ted. Metaphor. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Metaphor is one of a variety of uses of language in which what is communicated is not what the words mean literally. It is, therefore, so to speak, a way of speaking of something by talking about something else. Thus, one has said (or written) X and thereby communicated Y. This characteristic of ‘indirectness’ is not alone sufficient to distinguish metaphors from other non-standard uses of language, but there is also a question as to whether metaphors in general are sufficiently similar to one another to permit a single, unified description of them. On one hand, metaphor has been a feature of poetry for centuries, conspicuous in the work of Homer and Shakespeare and countless other poets. But on the other hand, metaphor is pervasive in ordinary language, both in speech and in writing. It is not obvious that a single account of metaphor could be adequate to both poetic and more prosaic uses of figurative language.
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Ben-Haim, Yakov. Uncertainty, Ignorance, Surprise—The Endless Frontier. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822233.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some things happen by chance. Chance has diverse interpretations, but probability theory is relevant if there is some regularity of events. Probability also has limitations, especially when considering very rare events that we can only vaguely imagine. There are endless unknown possibilities, and the totality of rare events is massive. Hence it is hard to estimate probabilities of events that are individually rare but collectively not so rare. The rareness illusion is the impression of rareness arising from ignorance of the unknown. The rareness illusion results from our inability to assess probabilities of rare events. Non-probabilistic Knightian uncertainty extends our understanding of the unknown, and Shackle–Popper indeterminism provides a logical foundation. We illustrate these ideas by discussing the vagueness of human language, the impossibility of one unified theory of uncertainty, and the paradox that science is possible because science could someday come to an end.
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Khoo, Justin. The Meaning of If. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190096700.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conditional sentences remain a puzzling source of philosophical speculation in large part because there seems to be nothing they could possibly mean that would vindicate the roles they play in language and thought. Bringing together work from philosophy and linguistics, Justin Khoo articulates a theory of what conditionals mean that captures their varied and complex behavior. According to the theory, conditionals form a unified class of expressions that share a common semantic core that encodes inferential dispositions. Thus, rather than represent the world, conditionals are devices used to communicate how we are disposed to infer. Khoo shows that this core theory can be extended to predict the correct probabilities of conditionals, as well as the semantic and pragmatic between different kinds of conditionals. The resulting theory has broad implications beyond debates about the meaning of conditionals, including upshots about the nature of metaphysical and epistemic possibility, the cognitive roles of non-factual contents, and the relationship between counterfactuals and causation.
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Lehmann, Robert, ed. Philosophische Dimensionen des Impersonalen. Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956507687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This volume presents, for the first time, an assemblage of contributions on the philosophical dimensions of the impersonal, the multiplicity of its linguistic, social, scientific, religious and artistic perspectives, as well as initial approaches to its unified definition. Linguistic and logical impersonality The “It" in K. Kraus “Impersonality” in the subject and in events The impersonal ontology of H. Rombach Levinas on the “Il y a” Organisation in non-egological consciousness The witness of consciousness in the Vedānta traditions Anonymous self-consciousness G. Deleuzes figures of the impersonal The impersonal in G. Agamben's Philosophy Formal and collective thought in Spinoza Cusanus and the person as stake in the game of life Impersonal subjectivity and the comedy of solipsism Dimensions of the impersonal in T. Nagel, E. Husserl and H. Plessner On the figure of the impersonal in the Anthropocene Language and mask in F. Nietzsche Theodoros Terzopoulos on impersonality and theatre With contributions by Michael Astroh, Eric Ebner, Eric Eggert, Rolf Elberfeld, Katrin Felgenhauer, Ralf Gisinger, Annika Hand, Stefan Lang, Robert Lehmann, Enrico Müller, Daniel Neumann, Frank Raddatz, Christian Rößner, Thomas Schmaus, Fabian Strobel and Theodoros Terzopoulos.
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Zimmermann, Eva. Morphological Length and Prosodically Defective Morphemes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book investigates the phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation: processes of segment lengthening, shortening, deletion, and insertion that cannot be explained by phonological means but crucially rely on morpho-syntactic information. A unified theoretical account of these phenomena is presented and it is argued that Morphological Length-Manipulation is best analysed inside the framework termed ‘Prosodically Defective Morphemes’: if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects for the resulting surface structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The argumentation in this book is hence in line with the general claim that all morphology results from combination and that non-concatenative exponents are epiphenomenal and arise from affixation of autosegmental elements. Although this position has been defended various times for specific phenomena, it has rarely been discussed against the background of a broad typological survey. In contrast to most existing claims, the argumentation in this book is based on a representative data set for attested morphological length-manipulating patterns in the languages of the world that serves as basis for the theoretical arguments. It is argued that alternative accounts suffer from severe under- and overgeneration problems if they are tested against the full range of attested phenomena.
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Alqassas, Ahmad. A Unified Theory of Polarity Sensitivity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554883.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book examines polarity sensitivity—a ubiquitous phenomenon involving expressions such as anybody, nobody, ever, never, and somebody and their counterparts in other languages, with particular focus on Arabic. These expressions belong to different classes such as negative and positive polarity, negative concord, and negative indefinites, which led to examining their syntax and semantics separately. In this book, Ahmad Alqassas pursues a unified approach that relies on examining the interaction between the various types of polarity sensitivity. Treating this interaction is fundamental for scrutinizing their licensing conditions. Alqassas draws on data from Standard Arabic and the major regional dialects represented by Jordanian, Egyptian, Moroccan, and Qatari. The book provides a new perspective on the syntax–semantic interface and develops a unified syntactic analysis for polarity sensitivity. Through the (micro)comparative approach, Alqassas explains the distributional contrasts with a minimal set of universal syntactic operations such as Merge, Move, and Agree, and a fine-grained inventory of negative formal features for polarity items and their licensors. The features are simple invisibles that paint a complex landscape of polarity. The results suggest that syntactic computation of Arabic polarity (externally merged in the left periphery) is subservient to the conceptual–intentional interface. Alqassas argues for last resort insertion of covert negation operators in the CP layer to interpret non-strict NCIs, which is an extra mechanism that serves the semantic interface but adds to the complexity of syntactic computation. Likewise, head NPIs in the left periphery require licensing by operators higher than the tense phrase, adding more constraints on the syntactic licensing.
Частини книг з теми "Non-Unified language"
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Szabolcsi, Anna. "Strict and Non-strict Negative Concord in Hungarian: A Unified Analysis." In Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 227–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90710-9_15.
Повний текст джерела
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Gündoğdu, Songül, and Betul Erbasi. "Chapter 6. Ezafe as a linking feature within DP." In Advances in Iranian Linguistics II, 154–79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.361.06gun.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies on Ezafe demonstrate that it displays considerable cross-linguistic variation, making it difficult to propose a unified analysis. Our goal is to achieve such unification by investigating the properties of Ezafe in two typologically different languages; Northern Kurdish/Kurmanji Kurdish (Iranian) and Turkish (Turkic). Taking Ezafe as a linking feature that marks dependency between the head and the non-head elements within the nominal domain, we propose that the variation can be explained with the head directionality of the language and the phase domain where the head noun lands in/remains. This allows us to account for data that were problematic for previous accounts and to extend the range of data to languages (specifically, Turkish) that have not been analyzed as Ezafe languages before.
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Röttger, Simone, and Steffen Zschaler. "Model-Driven Development for Non-functional Properties: Refinement Through Model Transformation." In < > 2004 - The Unified Modeling Language. Modelling Languages and Applications, 275–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30187-5_20.
Повний текст джерела
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Shah, Devang, and Sandra Slaughter. "Data Modeling and UML." In Unified Modeling Language, 43–60. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-05-1.ch003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past two decades, the Entity-Relationship (ER) method has become the most popular and widely used method for conceptual database design. On the other hand, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is widely used in the object-oriented analysis and design world. Despite the dominance of object-oriented techniques during the software development design and development phase, object-oriented databases are still not in widespread use. Software designers and developers often turn to the relational databases to make their application objects persistent. This adds one more task in the ‘to-do’ list of the designer: to map objects into entities. Considering the fundamental differences between the two methods, this task could be a non-trivial task. The purpose of this chapter is to describe a process that can be used to map a class diagram into an ER diagram, and to discuss the potential of using the UML notation to draw the ER diagrams. An example of an actual systems design is used throughout to illustrate the mapping process, the associated problems encountered and how they could be resolved.
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Trotzke, Andreas. "Non-canonical questions, expressivity, and the model of communication." In Non-Canonical Questions, 162–93. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192872289.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Chapter 10 ends the book with a new proposal for how to account for the phenomenon of non-canonical questions at the level of fundamental functions of human language. It first elaborates on different notions of expressivity of language and proposes a distinction between two fundamental types of expressivity, allowing us to think of discourse phenomena like information structure, on the one hand, and emotional aspects of meaning, on the other hand, in a new and unified way. Given this new account of the expressive function of language, Chapter 10 then turns to the addressee-oriented function of language, where language is viewed within the context of a model of communication. The chapter explores to what extent this view allows us to account for non-canonical as well as indirect speech acts more generally.
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Salazar-Zarate, Guadalupe, and Pere Botella. "Non-Functional Requirements and UML Stereotypes." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition, 2135–40. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Nuseibeh and Easterbrook (2000), an overview of the field of software and systems requirements engineering is presented. Therein is highlighted some key open-research issues for the future of the Requirements Engineering (RE). Some of the major challenges mentioned there, are related with the necessity of richer models for capturing and analyzing non-functional requirements. This paper draws some possible extensions of Unified Modeling Language (UML) (Booch, G., Jacobson, I. and Rumbaugh, J., 1998) in order to include non-functional requirements.
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Caponigro, Ivano, and Anamaria Fălăuş. "‘Why’ without asking in Romanian." In Non-Interrogative Subordinate Wh-Clauses, 410–37. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844620.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter offers the first description and semantic analysis for a previously unexplored kind of non-interrogative wh-clause, namely free relative clauses introduced by de ce ‘why’ in Romanian (why-FRs). We argue that the semantic contribution of the adjunct wh-expression de ce is identical to that of complex reason-PPs (‘for the reason’ …) and provide the corresponding compositional semantics as well as its implications for the meaning switch from de ce in interrogative clauses to de ce in a why-FR in Romanian. We also briefly discuss the behaviour of de ce in other non-interrogative wh-constructions in Romanian and consider the challenges raised by the attempt to develop a unified analysis of de ce across wh-clauses. These findings in Romanian show that the unacceptability of why-FRs in most other Indo-European languages cannot be an absolute ban, suggesting that the syntax/semantic interface must allow for language variation in this area.
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Dobing, Brian, and Jeffrey Parsons. "Use Cases and the UML." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, First Edition, 2949–53. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-553-5.ch525.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Unified Modeling Language, or the UML (Booch, Jacobson & Rumbaugh, 1999), has rapidly emerged as a standard language and notation for object-oriented modeling in systems development, while the accompanying Unified Software Development Process (Jacobson, Booch & Rumbaugh, 1999) has been developed to provide methodological support for application of the UML in software development. The UML is a non-proprietary modeling language managed by the Object Management Group, a not-for-profit consortium, which also manages several related modeling specifications. The UML has evolved from its initial version, with UML 2.0 formally adopted by the OMG in June 2003. This article is based on the UML 1.5 specifications (OMG, 2003), as those for UML 2.0 have not been finalized. However, the role of use cases appears to be essentially unaffected by the changes proposed for UML 2.0.
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Fries, Terrence P. "Reengineering Structured Legacy System Documentation to UML Object-Oriented Artifacts." In Software Design and Development, 749–71. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4301-7.ch036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need for reengineering of software systems has dramatically increased as legacy systems are migrated to new platforms and rewritten in modern object-oriented languages. Although the de facto standard for describing object-oriented systems is the Unified Modeling Language (UML), many legacy systems have been documented using non-object-oriented structured analysis and design methods. Problems arise in the migration because non-object-oriented documentation is inherently not conducive to the development of object-oriented systems. This chapter presents a set of rules to automate the conversion of systems which were originally modeled using structured techniques to UML. The newly created UML documentation can then be used in developing an object-oriented equivalent system. The UML model may also be used by computer aided software engineering tools to implement a new system. The reengineering rules are tested on an example structured system to demonstrate their viability.
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Fries, Terrence P. "Reengineering Structured Legacy System Documentation to UML Object-Oriented Artifacts." In Information Systems Reengineering for Modern Business Systems, 30–53. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0155-0.ch002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need for reengineering of software systems has dramatically increased as legacy systems are migrated to new platforms and rewritten in modern object-oriented languages. Although the de facto standard for describing object-oriented systems is the Unified Modeling Language (UML), many legacy systems have been documented using non-object-oriented structured analysis and design methods. Problems arise in the migration because non-object-oriented documentation is inherently not conducive to the development of object-oriented systems. This chapter presents a set of rules to automate the conversion of systems which were originally modeled using structured techniques to UML. The newly created UML documentation can then be used in developing an object-oriented equivalent system. The UML model may also be used by computer aided software engineering tools to implement a new system. The reengineering rules are tested on an example structured system to demonstrate their viability.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Non-Unified language"
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Bin, Yi, Mengqun Han, Wenhao Shi, Lei Wang, Yang Yang, See-Kiong Ng, and Heng Shen. "Non-Autoregressive Math Word Problem Solver with Unified Tree Structure." In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.199.
Повний текст джерела
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Krima, Sylvere, Roch Bertucat, Joshua Lubell, Sudarsan Rachuri, and Sebti Foufou. "DEXML: A First Step Toward a UML Based Implementation Framework for PLCS." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48600.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data exchange specifications not only must be broad and general to achieve acceptance, but also must be customizable in a controlled and interoperable manner to be useful. The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) suite of data exchange specifications (known as DEXs) uses templates to enable controlled customizability without sacrificing breadth or interoperability. DEXs are business context-specific subsets of ISO 10303 Application Protocol (AP) 239, subject to additional constraints imposed by the templates. A PLCS template defines how AP239 entities and their attributes will be instantiated using an externally-defined controlled vocabulary defined in a Reference Data Library. Template instantiations are defined using an Instantiation Path (IP) specified using an arcane syntax that must be manually written by the template developer. The PLCS information model is formally defined in the ISO 10303 EXPRESS language, but there is no formalism used at the template level. A challenge for newcomers to PLCS is to dive into and understand all the bespoken, non-standardized and PLCS-specific technologies (domain-specific languages and software) used to develop and implement the templates. DEXML presents an approach based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) enabling the use of mainstream software and technologies to develop and implement DEXs, reducing the need for nonstandard and unfamiliar languages and tools.
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Gupta, Aman, and Yadul Raghav. "Deep Learning Roles based Approach to Link Prediction in Networks." In 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101416.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problem of predicting links has gained much attention in recent years due to its vast application in various domains such as sociology, network analysis, information science, etc. Many methods have been proposed for link prediction such as RA, AA, CCLP, etc. These methods required hand-crafted structural features to calculate the similarity scores between a pair of nodes in a network. Some methods use local structural information while others use global information of a graph. These methods do not tell which properties are better than others. With an in-depth analysis of these methods, we understand that one way to overcome this problem is to consider network structure and node attribute information to capture the discriminative features for link prediction tasks. We proposed a deep learning Autoencoder based Link Prediction (ALP) architecture for the latent representation of a graph, unified with non-negative matrix factorization to automatically determine the underlying roles in a network, after that assigning a mixed-membership of these roles to each node in the network. The idea is to transfer these roles as a feature vector for the link prediction task in the network. Further, cosine similarity is applied after getting the required features to compute the pairwise similarity score between the nodes. We present the performance of the algorithm on the real-world datasets, where it gives the competitive result compared to other algorithms.
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do Carmo, Paulo Viviurka, and Ricardo Marcacini. "Embedding Propagation over Heterogeneous Information Networks." In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2023.233762.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heterogeneous Information Networks (HINs) play a crucial role in modeling and analyzing multimedia systems and heterogeneous data. They provide a comprehensive understanding of entities and relationships within complex data structures. However, integrating HINs with machine learning tasks poses challenges that require specific models or vector space representation. This paper proposes an innovative embedding propagation graph method for HINs with textual data. By leveraging language models like BERT, our method propagates contextual text embeddings, combining the network’s topological information and the semantic information of textual objects, which are then propagated to non-textual objects within the network. The method facilitates the integration of machine learning techniques with various modeling approaches, enhancing analysis capabilities in multimedia and heterogeneous data domains. Through robust experimental evaluations on different datasets and in three application domains, our method demonstrates competitive performance, enabling direct comparison of entities and relationships within a unified latent space. This research highlights the potential of HINs for intelligent analysis and information retrieval in multimedia systems and heterogeneous data contexts.
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Antonova, Olga V. "SOME ACCENTUATION OPTIONS FOR NON-DERIVATIVE FEMININE NOUNS WITH STEM ENDING WITH -А (-YA)". У 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the unstable links in the field of nominal stress is accentuation of non-derivative feminine nouns with a stem ending with -а (-ya). It is well-known that during the development of the literary language, the place of stress in these lexemes gradually changed. In particular, there is a transition in subparadigm of the plural from flexion stress to root stress, as a result an additional opposition of numerical subparadigms is formed. Such changes are associated with the tendency of grammaticalization marked by V. N. Sidorov: singular and plural nouns strive for opposition on the basis of accent (old accent paradigms unite, and the stress in them is unified in singular and plural forms). To clarify the features of modern accent processes and clarify orthoepic recommendations we conducted an experiment. The results of the experiment, on the one hand, confirmed the tendency noted by V. N. Sidorov, and on the other hand, have shown nouns that do not follow this pattern and keep the old stress, as well as word forms, the stress in which changes differently. Accentuation dynamics are not always adequately reflected in modern spelling dictionaries: the results of the experiment clearly demonstrate that for a number of names, codification decisions should be adjusted. It is obvious that it is not the class of words that requires close attention, but each individual word (and sometimes even a word form). Refs 20.
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Li, Dachang, Corneliu-Liviu Ionescu, Ivbade Thaddeus Ehighebolo, Byron Haynes Jr., Ainur Zhazbayeva, Bakyt Yergaliyeva, and Luigi Francia. "Modeling and Simulation of Non-Darcy or Turbulent Flow for Oil Wells." In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212067-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Modeling and simulation of non-Darcy or turbulent flow are well documented in the literature and available in commercial reservoir simulators (E300, Intersect) only for gas wells rather than oil wells. There is a need to model non-Darcy or turbulent flow in reservoir simulation for oil wells in the carbonate reservoirs with highly connected and densely distributed fractures and karst. This paper proposes a new non-Darcy or turbulent flow modeling and simulation method for oil wells. Unlike the industry's existing methods for non-Darcy or turbulent flow that focus on the non-Darcy coefficient only, this paper presents a new method that models the ratio between non-Darcy and Darcy flows such that a unified model for a field or a region can be created, which significantly simplifies the non-Darcy or turbulent flow modeling process for multiple wells, especially for future wells. The ratio-based method is simple and comprehensive. It can be easily calibrated with MRT (multiple-rate test) data and implemented into in-house or commercial reservoir simulators using a simulator supported scripting language, e.g., Python etc. Kashagan is the world's largest oil reservoir discovered in the last 30 years that contains highly connected and densely distributed fractures and karst in its rim. The oil production rate for a well in the rim can be higher than several tens KSTB/D if it is not constrained by the facility. The current MRT data in all tested wells clearly show non-Darcy flow phenomenon and confirm that modeling non-Darcy flow is necessary to the field. Kashagan had experienced difficulties to match BHP (bottom hole pressure) and large errors in the blind test due to the OPEC's production curtailment and high-rate tests. Build-up pressure curves were miss-matched and HM (history match) of the crossflows (10 KSTB/D with less than 10 psi) in the bottomhole of a PLT (production logging tool) well during shut-in was challenging. Since modeling non-Darcy flow for oil wells in the commercial simulators, e.g., E300 and Intersect, is unavailable, the simulation team in NCOC has created a new method for the needs of non-Darcy modeling and simulation. The applications of the new method have resulted in the excellent results and solved the issues of history matching BHP, high/low-rate tests, build-up pressure trends, and bottomhole crossflows.
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Kelly, Jesse. "GPU-Accelerated Simulation of Two-Phase Incompressible Fluid Flow Using a Level-Set Method for Interface Capturing." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Computational fluid dynamics has seen a surge of popularity as a tool for visual effects animators over the past decade since Stam’s seminal Stable Fluids paper [1]. Complex fluid dynamics simulations can often be prohibitive to run due to the time it takes to perform all of the necessary computations. This project proposes an accelerated two-phase incompressible fluid flow solver implemented on programmable graphics hardware. Modern graphics-processing units (GPUs) are highly parallel computing devices, and in problems with a large potential for parallel computation the GPU may vastly out-perform the CPU. This project will use the potential parallelism in the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in writing a GPU-accelerated flow solver. NVIDIA’s Compute-Unified-Device-Architecture (CUDA) language will be used to program the parallel portions of the solver. CUDA is a C-like language introduced by the NVIDIA Corporation with the goal of simplifying general-purpose computing on the GPU. CUDA takes advantage of data-parallelism by executing the same or near-same code on different data streams simultaneously, so the algorithms used in the flow solver will be designed to be highly data-parallel. Most finite difference-based fluid solvers for computer graphics applications have used the traditional staggered marker-and-cell (MAC) grid, introduced by Harlow and Welsh [2]. The proposed approach improves upon the programmability of solvers such as these by using a non-staggered (collocated) grid. An efficient technique is implemented to smooth the pressure oscillations that often result from the use of a collocated grid in the simulation of incompressible flows. To be appropriate for visual effects use, a fluid solver must have some means of tracking fluid interfaces in order to have a renderable fluid surface. This project uses the level-set method [3] for interface tracking. The level set is treated as a scalar property, and so its propagation in time is computed using the same transport algorithm used in the main fluid flow solver.
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Amaral, Larissa Mangolim, Anarosa Alves Franco Brandão, and Fábio Levy Siqueira. "Using Metamodel Composition to Unify User Story and Use Case Metamodels." In Congresso Ibero-Americano em Engenharia de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cibse.2023.24706.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Requirements languages are often defined as metamodels for the standardization of a system’s requirements specification. The unification of these metamodels benefits general analysis and interoperability between requirements models. Even tough some authors already discuss systematic composition approaches, this application for requirements languages’ metamodels is still little explored. Therefore, we applied non-domain-specific composition frameworks to create a unified metamodel for User Story and Use Case diagram by assessing common points in related work. This application enabled reducing the subjectivity of the requirements languages composition process but still strongly depended on human curation.
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Sun, Xin, Tao Ge, Shuming Ma, Jingjing Li, Furu Wei, and Houfeng Wang. "A Unified Strategy for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction with Pre-trained Cross-Lingual Language Model." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/606.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Synthetic data construction of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) for non-English languages relies heavily on human-designed and language-specific rules, which produce limited error-corrected patterns. In this paper, we propose a generic and language-independent strategy for multilingual GEC, which can train a GEC system effectively for a new non-English language with only two easy-to-access resources: 1) a pre-trained cross-lingual language model (PXLM) and 2) parallel translation data between English and the language. Our approach creates diverse parallel GEC data without any language-specific operations by taking the non-autoregressive translation generated by PXLM and the gold translation as error-corrected sentence pairs. Then, we reuse PXLM to initialize the GEC model and pre-train it with the synthetic data generated by itself, which yields further improvement. We evaluate our approach on three public benchmarks of GEC in different languages. It achieves the state-of-the-art results on the NLPCC 2018 Task 2 dataset (Chinese) and obtains competitive performance on Falko-Merlin (German) and RULEC-GEC (Russian). Further analysis demonstrates that our data construction method is complementary to rule-based approaches.
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Nadkarni, Prajit, and Narendra Varma Dasararaju. "Visually Similar Products Retrieval for Shopsy." In International Conference on Signal Processing and Vision. Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.122203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Visual search is of great assistance in reseller commerce, especially for non-tech savvy users with affinity towards regional languages. Product attributes available in e-commerce have potential for building better visual search systems [2, 20, 29]. We design a visual search system for reseller commerce using a multi-task learning approach and address challenges like image compression, cropping, etc, faced in reseller commerce. Our model consists of three tasks: attribute classification, triplet ranking and variational autoencoder (VAE). We introduce an offline triplet mining technique which utilizes information from multiple attributes to capture relative order within data. This technique displays better performance compared to traditional triplet mining [27] baseline. We compare and report incremental gain achieved by our unified multi-task model over each individual task separately. The efsfectiveness of our method is demonstrated using in-house dataset of images from the Lifestyle business-unit of Flipkart. To efficiently retrieve images in production, we use Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) index.
Звіти організацій з теми "Non-Unified language"
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Estrada-Miller, Jeimee, Leni Wolf, Elvira Armas, and Magaly Lavadenz. Uplifting the Perspectives and Preferences of the Families of English Learners in Los Angeles Unified School District and Charter Schools: Findings from a Representative Poll. Loyola Marymount University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.policy.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research and policy brief uplifts findings from a 2021 poll of 129 LAUSD and affiliate charter school English Learner families. The poll covers a broad range of topics including families’ pandemic experiences in and outside of school, communication with schools, levels of engagement and representation in school-based decisions, and expectations of schools for the future. Findings indicate that: (1) a majority of EL families are engaged and report that they attend school activities; (2) EL families report feeling heard at their school sites and would like more personalized communication like home visits and calls; (3) EL families want more information about their child’s academic and English language development; and (4) EL Families want schools to rethink how they educate students, including more one-on-one academic support and wrap-around services. Based on these findings, the authors make both short- and long-term recommendations for policy and practice. This brief is intended to be used as a supplement to the full report—a joint effort by Great Public Schools Now, Loyola Marymount University’s Center for Equity for English Learners, and Families in Schools which captures perspectives of 500 English learner and non-English learner families.