Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Non-traditional water sources"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Non-traditional water sources".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Non-traditional water sources"
1
Anderson-Coughlin, Brienna L., and Kalmia E. Kniel. "Recovery and Detection of Enteric Viruses from Non-Traditional Irrigation Water Sources." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2030055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The variability of environmental water samples impacts the allowance of one method to be universally ideal for all water types and volumes. Surface and reclaimed waters can be used for crop irrigation and may be referred to as non-traditional irrigation waters as these water types may be associated with a higher risk of microbial contamination compared to groundwater. These waters are typically more microbially and chemically complex than groundwater and have a higher risk of viral contamination. To detect viruses in these water types, an infinite number of variations can be made to traditional recovery methods. This protocol was developed based on a commonly used virus adsorption and elution (VIRADEL) method. Additional steps were included to simplify and efficiently reduce particulates in the viral concentrate and remove DNA from eluted nucleic acids prior to detection. Method alterations allow for volumes up to 40 liters to be processed with consistent recovery of enteric viruses including Aichi virus, hepatitis A virus, and noroviruses belonging to genogroups GI and GII. No inhibition was observed among either surface or reclaimed water samples. This protocol could be utilized in the monitoring of a wide array of irrigation water sources throughout irrigation processes.
2
Horak, Helena M., Joshua S. Chynoweth, Ward P. Myers, Jennifer Davis, Scott Fendorf, and Alexandria B. Boehm. "Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.233.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source. The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).
3
Kelly, Caitlin. "The Thirst Quenchers." Mechanical Engineering 142, no. 07 (July 1, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2020-jul2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Scientists are developing a wide variety of technologies to solve the urgent problem of water shortages across the world. In fact, many have been working for decades on finding better and more economical ways to turn non-traditional sources of water into potable water for drinking and cooking. This article focus on early-stage research and development of energy-efficient and cost-competitive technologies to tap nontraditional water sources for a variety of uses.
4
Pei, Liang. "Features of Metallic Ion Distribution in Non-Traditional Water Agricultural Applications in Sandy Loam in an Arid Area." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sandy loam is the main soil in the arid area of North China, which leads to serious water shortage. Therefore, the utilization of non-traditional water is necessary. However, there are many metal mining areas in the northern arid area. The mining process of these metal mines causes the pollution of surrounding water sources. It is important to study the distribution of pollutants in the process of unconventional water utilization around metal mines. In view of the above problems, a field test area was established near a mining area in a northern province to carry out research on non-traditional agricultural water applications. The influence of non-traditional agricultural water on pollutant distribution in balsam pear and sandy loam irrigation areas around a loam metal mine was analyzed. By discussing the influence of non-traditional water output after secondary treatment on the content and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in balsam pear in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine, the distribution rules of heavy metals in the soil crop system under different non-traditional hydroponics conditions in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine were analyzed. The results show that under different non-traditional agricultural water consumption conditions, there is no significant difference in terms of the content of heavy metals in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine. The non-traditional water used for short-term agricultural application does not cause pollution of the loam environment and crops, nor does it cause heavy metal accumulation in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine. The input and output have a minimal impact on the balance of heavy metals in the sandy loam irrigation area around the metal mine. The presented research results provide a scientific basis for agricultural utilization of non-traditional water around mining areas in arid areas.
5
Paton, F. L., G. C. Dandy, and H. R. Maier. "Integrated framework for assessing urban water supply security of systems with non-traditional sources under climate change." Environmental Modelling & Software 60 (October 2014): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.06.018.
Повний текст джерела
6
Zhang, Lei, and Zi Yang Li. "Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Construction System Brittleness Evaluation Based on Choquest Integral." Advanced Materials Research 459 (January 2012): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.459.638.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction system is a typical multi-level complex system and its swarm identity is apparent to brittleness cumulative effect. The brittle sources are interlinked and associated, thus there are topological forms of different brittle sources, which make the relationship of brittleness evaluation cumulative function to be non-linear. In traditional evaluation methods, indicators are usually assumed to be independent, which does not satisfy the non-linear characteristics of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction system brittleness. Thus, in this paper, weak monotonic of fuzzy measure is used to replace the addition function, brittleness evaluation model of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction system based on Choquest integral is built.
7
Konshina, Lidia G. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH DUE TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES OF THE NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY OF EKATERINBURG." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-9-997-1003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. In recent years, the risk assessment methodology has become the leading tool for assessing the health of various groups of the population, allowing identifying priority negative environmental factors. Material and methods. There were explored 212 wells, including 150 in collective gardens and 62 in cottage settlements. The priority oral route of chemical intake into the body was studied. Results. Nitrates and arsenic compounds create the main non-carcinogenic risk in the sources of non-centralized water supply in the territory of the Municipal Settlement of the city of ekaterinburg. When using water from wells in cottage settlements levels of non-carcinogenic risks are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships. Acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk for children under 6 years are related with 17.4% of water sources in collective gardens and 25% of wells in cottage settlements; for adults - 60.8% and 93.8% respectively. The detected nitrate concentrations in individual wells of horticultural associations can create a high non-carcinogenic risk. The total individual lifetime carcinogenic risk, both in the water of collective gardens and in the water wells of cottage settlements ranges from 10-5 to 10-4 and, therefore, is at a low level, the greatest contribution is made by arsenic compounds. Discussion. In contrast to the earlier traditional assessment of drinking water quality, when the main substances for which the discrepancy was found to hygienic standards were manganese, nitrates, iron and silicon, in the assessment of water danger using the methodology of risk assessment, nitrates and arsenic come to the first place, with a much smaller role of manganese. The calculation of carcinogenic risks using age correction factors (ADAF) has increased the risk values calculated by the traditional method by almost 2 times. Summary Levels of non-carcinogenic risks when using water from wells in cottage settlements are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships.
8
Jahanzaib, Sardar. "INDO-PAK HYDROPOLITICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISPUTED JAMMU AND KASHMIR." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i02.199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India and Pakistan have been fighting over Kashmir, a contested region that is claimed by both the countries. Competition over waterways and dependence over water assets of Kashmir remains a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. This Research paper discusses the dependence of India and Pakistan over water sources originating from Kashmir. Kashmir, besides emotional attachment also has strategic, economic and political benefits for India and Pakistan. In the twenty first century, traditional concepts of state security have been changed. We have moved from traditional security aspects to non-traditional security aspects. Water is included in one of the non-traditional security aspects. India having all cards in hands is showing its’ hegemonic by choking the loose points of Pakistan. Though Indus Water treaty was signed in 1960’s to resolve the water issues between the two countries, but still we have not found any direct solution that will resolve the water crisis and provide permanent peace in the region. There is no way forward which will provide a win win situation for India, Pakistan and Kashmir in Indus water treaty. The researcher accounted that Indus Water Treaty has proved successful as far as its’ theoretical approach is concerned, but has failed in implementation and practicality. The researcher has used Hourglass model to analyze the Indus Water Treaty and to suggest the way forward that will lead towards a conflict resolution. Mixed methods have been used in the research from secondary sources to analyze water dependence. The research also seeks to analyze Indus water treaty and to explore the prospects for equal division of water resources. The subject matter of the research is Indo-Pak water dependency over water of Kashmir with a focus on how it will contribute towards the socio-economic status of India and Pakistan in the region and also how much dependence on water would affect the regional peace and stability in Kashmir conflict. Keywords: Conflict resolution, Hourglass glass model, Kashmir conflict, India-Pakistan water dependency, Indus water Treaty, Composite Dialogue process.
9
Page, Declan, and Simon Toze. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for water re-use via aquifers." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 1 (2009): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Worldwide, there is an increasing interest in the recharge of aquifers as a method for augmenting urban water supplies. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can utilise a variety of non-traditional source waters including urban stormwater and reclaimed water from sewage effluent. However, these alternate water sources may contain a wide range of pathogenic hazards that pose risks to human health. Hence the safe use of recycling water via aquifers requires potential risks to be reduced to acceptable levels. This article outlines the approach recommended by the draft Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (AGWR) (Phase 2C Managed Aquifer Recharge) to quantify the aquifer treatment using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach.
10
Dodi, Rossella, Letizia Bresciani, Beatrice Biasini, Marta Cossu, Francesca Scazzina, Federica Taddei, Maria Grazia D’Egidio, Margherita Dall’Asta, and Daniela Martini. "Traditional and Non-Conventional Pasta-Making Processes: Effect on In Vitro Starch Digestibility." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050921.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pasta is a carbohydrate-rich food with a low glycemic index (GI) and is one of the main sources of slowly digestible starch (SDS). The presence of bran fractions (BFs) in pasta may enhance its health potential, owing to the content of fiber, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds; however, at the same time, BF may affect starch digestibility. In this study, the bioaccessibility of starch in pasta made with BF-enriched semolina (BF pasta), or only with micronized debranned kernel (DK pasta), and a control pasta made with traditional semolina was evaluated by applying two different in vitro models. The control pasta showed a percentage of SDS about four-fold higher than that of the BF pasta and 1.5-fold higher than that of the DK pasta (p < 0.05). The amount of starch released during simulated gastrointestinal digestion was slightly lower, but not significantly different, for the control pasta than for both the BF and DK pasta. These results suggest that the presence of a higher amount of dietary fiber in BF pasta can affect the structure of the food matrix, interfering with the formation of the gluten network, water absorption, and starch granule accessibility, while micronization could enhance starch digestibility due to starch gelatinization. These findings emphasize the need to optimize the process for producing fiber-rich pasta without affecting its low starch digestibility and, consequently, its GI.
Дисертації з теми "Non-traditional water sources"
1
Paton, Fiona Laura. "Frameworks for assessing and improving urban water supply security planning under climate change." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/99033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There exist large uncertainties in projecting future climate and understanding how climate change projections relate to water supply. Non-traditional water sources (e.g., stormwater harvesting), which are emerging as adaptation options to augment stressed water supply systems, further complicate the simulation of these systems. However, in assessing a city’s water supply security, there is no framework explicitly acknowledging and accounting for both the additional complexities and uncertainties associated with non-traditional water sources and climate change impacts. Furthermore, mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change should be considered. However, minimising GHG emissions (and thus considering mitigation) is likely to conflict with other objectives of water supply system planning. Hence, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) approach is necessary to balance multiple objectives, as well as to efficiently search many feasible alternatives to find Pareto-optimal solutions. However, for cities, MOEA studies incorporating GHG emissions and thus focussing on both mitigating and adapting to climate change do not exist. The main aim of this thesis is to develop methods for assessing and improving urban water supply security planning under climate change to better understand: (1) the relative magnitudes of uncertainty sources in assessing climate change impacts; (2) enhanced simulation complexity of non-traditional water sources and increased uncertainty of climate change impacts; and (3) adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change. Consequently, major contributions of this research include: (1) developing a scenario-based sensitivity analysis to understand the relative magnitudes of uncertainty sources in assessing the impacts of climate change on water supply systems; (2) developing a generalised framework for a city's water supply system that outlines the additional complexities due to the incorporation of non-traditional water sources and the additional uncertainties due to climate change impacts; and (3) incorporating GHG emissions as an objective function within a MOEA framework to take into consideration both adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change. Furthermore, while these frameworks could readily be applied to any city, Adelaide’s southern water supply system is used as a real-life case study to illustrate the practical management implications. The methods developed in the thesis were found to be effective when applied to Adelaide’s southern water supply system. Results indicate that studies analysing the impact of climate change on water supply security should consider uncertainties other than those associated with climate change and hydrological modelling, as these could have as great, if not greater, impacts on water supply security projections. Furthermore, trade-offs exist between cost and supply security for solutions that use desalination and harvested stormwater to augment water supply; however, use of rainwater tanks is undesirable, as they are an expensive source. In terms of the trade-off between economic cost and GHG emissions, the main drivers are the presence of rainwater tanks and the desalination plant – rainwater tanks are an expensive option, while desalination is a GHG emission intensive option. Consequently, while desalination may be a good adaptation option, other water sources may be better mitigation measures. Accounting for GHG emissions is thus important to ensure mitigation measures are considered.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2014
Частини книг з теми "Non-traditional water sources"
1
Paolo, Malanima, Astrid Kander, and Paul Warde. "Traditional Sources." In Power to the People. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691143620.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter focuses on traditional energy sources in Europe. It first provides an overview of energy sources and energy consumption in premodern Europe before discussing organic energy sources and agricultures, looking in particular at food demand, a global perspective on the European agriculture, intensification and population, working animals, animal power, forests, firewood consumption, and coal and peat as fuels. The chapter proceeds by considering three non-organic energy sources, namely: gunpowder, water, and wind. Finally, it describes seven long-run propositions regarding Europe's energy system in an economic context: predominance of reproducible sources; energy supply and demand are closely related to climate; transport costs are a major barrier to growth; the economy is limited by low power; high energy intensity and low energy productivity; a diffuse geography of energy; and higher European than non-European consumption of energy.
2
Nelson, Rebecca L. "Allocations and legal trends in the 21st century." In Water Resources Allocation and Agriculture, 25–36. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062786_0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Around the world, allocating water is a major task of national and sub-national water laws. Although each jurisdiction develops its laws uniquely in response to local conditions, common trends emerge across multiple jurisdictions. The 21st century has seen a geographic broadening of administrative planning and permitting or licensing arrangements for allocating traditional water sources. Allocation regimes also increasingly cover non-traditional water sources that previously fell outside their bounds, including brackish groundwater, rainwater and recycled water. Recognizing interactions between sources is of increasing concern to allocation regimes. Legal developments also provide for an increasing array of water users and other participants in allocation processes. Traditionally, allocation arrangements have centered on significant agricultural, municipal, industrial and other commercial uses. More recently, water law increasingly contemplates granting allocations to, or controlling, uses for environmental purposes and cultural purposes, and broadening access beyond current water rights holders under water market rules. Both constitutional and water laws increasingly recognize a human right to water, and increasingly inclusive processes apply to formulating water plans that guide or influence allocation regimes. These developments are not uniformly present, or present to the same degree, in all jurisdictions. However, encouragingly, they demonstrate increased recognition of the need to respond to water scarcity and give greater attention to equity and inclusion among water users and participants in allocation regimes.
3
El-Meligi, Amin A. "Nanotechnology and Water." In The Art of Nanomaterials, 47–73. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681089706122010006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The environment is one of the hot issues nowadays because of pollution, global warming, and other issues. The main sources of energy are still non-renewable resources. Therefore, there is a need to solve environmental problems before it is too late to solve them. All living things on earth suffer because of environmental problems. The United Nation works with all countries to control environmental problems to protect the earth. Researchers pay great attention to help solve environmental problems. In addition to traditional methods of research, researchers use advanced technologies such as nanomaterials and nanotechnology. For example, in the near future, researchers will be able to use nanomaterials to extract energy from the air. Recently, attention has been paid to the relationship between nanoparticles and the environment, especially the impact of nanoparticle emission into the atmosphere on human health. There are a number of factors that can cause nanomaterials to adversely affect the ecosystem, for example, nanoparticles’ concentration, size, morphology and interaction of nanomaterials.
4
Hudzari Haji Razali, Mohd, Abdul Qudus Puteh, Alawi Haji Sulaiman, and Mohamad Hakim Mohamad Yatim. "Smart Rainwater Harvesting System for Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage System." In Irrigation and Drainage - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104442.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays the world population increases, so the demand for clean water is rising. Rain is the faster resource that can recharge compared to ground water. Rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) is one of the traditional and easiest ways of rising fresh water supplies. This system already implements by many countries in the world as a viable decentralized water source. Malaysia can be classified as a country with high annual rainfall and high consumption of domestic water. Malaysia is well and strategically positioned to harvest rainwater for both potable and non-potable uses. This research describes the collaborative and development affordable technology for capturing and retaining runoff starting from rooftop gutter until the tank storage using as a valuable source of water and recharge the percolation well and increase ground water level. The developed system consists of soil sensor, integrated water pump, Arduino controller and water tank harvesting with dynamic mechanical flushing technique which improving filtration method. The results show that the system can be efficiently used for small-scale drip irrigation especially in urbanization farming as nowadays scenario of agriculture demand. Hopefully, this can be helpful as a valuable water source in future.
5
Cassim, Shaakirah, and Shehzaad Kauchali. "Minimising CO2 Emissions from Coal Gasification." In Recent Advances in Gasification Technologies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional coal-to-liquid processes use gasification with excess steam to obtain hydrogen-rich syngas for downstream manufacturing of methanol or Fischer-Tropsch liquids. Such processes are shown to produce very large amounts of CO2 directly by the Water-Gas-Shift (WGS) reaction or, indirectly, by combustion in raising steam. It is shown how any coal gasifier can operate under auto-thermal conditions with methane as source of hydrogen instead of steam. This co-gasification system produces syngas for a poly-generation facility while minimising the formation of process CO2. It is shown that minimal steam is required for the process and a limit on the maximum amount of H2:CO can be obtained. Co-gasification of coal is shown to have a major advantage in that a separate WGS reactor is not required, less CO2 is formed and methane is reformed non-catalytically within the gasification unit. Furthermore, regions of thermally balanced operations were identified that enabled a targeting approach for the design of co-gasification systems. The method will guide gasification practitioners to incorporate fossil fuels and renewable-H2 into coal-to-liquids processes that require syngas with H2:CO ratio of 2. An important result shows that low-grade coals can be co-gasified with methane to obtain CO2-free syngas ideal for power generation.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Non-traditional water sources"
1
Khan, Imran, Daniel White, and Jenelle Mieux. "A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF COASTAL FACILITIES THROUGH THE INCORPORATION OF BEACH SAND & BRACKISH WATER IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/ohyp1809.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advances in reinforcement technology has facilitated the transition from traditional steel rebar to non-metallic rebar in reinforced concretes. Consequently, chloride content can be dramatically increased without worry for the deterioration of the encased reinforcement in reinforced concretes that utilizes composite rebar and polymeric/ceramic fibres. The production of one tonne of concrete releases 900 kg of CO2 emissions. Reductions in CO2 emissions from concrete production can be achieved through the production of ‘greener’ cements, and utilization of localized aggregate sources. Construction of structures along the coastline provides a unique opportunity for the utilization of beach-sand and brackish water that together can improve the sustainability prospects for construction in these environments. The incorporation into concrete of beach-sand that has been previously excavated is a simple means of reducing reliance on traditional sources of fine aggregate for concrete production. Additionally, the use of brackish water from a nearby estuary has the added benefit of reducing the requirement for potable water. Compressive strength tests were conducted on twenty-two (22) groups of specimens at 7-days, 28-days and 42-days. Water-to-cement ratios (w:c) of 0.37, 0.39, 0.43 and 0.45 were employed. Analysis showed that at 0.37 w:c, batches that utilized beach-sand and brackish water, beach-sand and potable water, concreting-sand and brackish water were comparable to those produced with concreting-sand and potable water at about 40MPa.
2
Schumerth, Dennis J. "Gray and Impaired Water Cooling in Surface Condensers and Heat Exchangers." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, concern over the continued use of limited fresh water supplies or similarly, cooling towers and their essential makeup, high maintenance and associated chemical treatment requirements has spawned a clever, yet dramatic change in powerplant surface condenser and heat exchanger cooling. The paradigm shift away from the established and typical toward the unconventional has produced an innovative and non-traditional cooling water source for surface condensers and heat exchangers. Pundits suggest water shortages will increase the amount of water reuse (Chart 1) in the US from a current estimated 1.7 billion gallons to an estimated 12 billion gallons by the year 20152. Given this dramatic prediction, water reuse, or the reclamation and treatment of impaired or gray water will be driven by and emerge as market incentives joined at the hip by emerging or mandated effluent discharge standards. Without a clear understanding of the legislative and political landscape, regulative complexities that deal with this type of cooling water could conceivably lead to an unattractive environmental legacy. Having duly noted the “trend or aberration” dilemma, this paper will further identify efforts by the municipal wastewater treatment plants to economically process a usable product. We will investigate the impact of ancillary add-on costs absorbed by the electric utility such as secondary filtration and examine an actual case study involving the extensive use of gray water. Finally, the paper will evaluate new operational conditions, emerging new corrosion issues with suggested abatement, metallurgical changes, pollution considerations, maintenance issues and other mechanisms which have forced utilities to develop innovative solutions when employing impaired cooling water sources for the main surface condenser and other heat exchangers.
3
Mohanty, Subhasish, Thomas W. Elmer, Sasan Bakhtiari, and Richard B. Vilim. "A Review of SQL vs NoSQL Database for Nuclear Reactor Digital Twin Applications: With Example MongoDB Based NoSQL Database for Digital Twin Model of a Pressurized-Water-Reactor Steam-Generator." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this paper a summary of the differences between structured query language (SQL) based traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS) and recently popular NoSQL based database are presented. The importance of selecting a NoSQL database for the implementation of digital Twin (DT) framework for nuclear reactor predictive maintenance has been discussed. Example of commercially available MongoDB based NoSQL database implementation with storing data from various sources: such as from virtual time-series temperature measurements (based on finite element-based heat transfer models) at thousands of nodal locations and from real sensor measurements (from continuous online monitoring based active ultrasonic sensors and from non-continuous nondestructive testing (NDT) based eddy current measurements is demonstrated.
4
Zhang, Jianguo, Alan Rodgerson, and Stephen Edwards. "Optimize Internal Phase Salinity to Improve Wellbore Stability and Mitigate Lost Circulation." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204347-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Wellbore instability and lost circulation are two major sources of non-productive time (NPT) in drilling operations worldwide. Non-aqueous fluid (NAF) is often chosen to mitigate this and minimize the chemical effect on wellbore instability in reactive shales. However, it may inadvertently increase the risk of losses. A simple method to optimize internal phase salinity (IPS) of NAF is presented to improve wellbore stability and mitigate the increased possibility of losses. Field cases are used to demonstrate the effects of salinity on wellbore instability and losses, and the application of the proposed method. IPS is optimized by managing bidirectional water movement between the NAF and shale formation via semi-permeable membrane. Typically, higher shale dehydration is designed for shallow reactive shale formation with high water content. Whereas, low or no dehydration is desired for deep naturally fractured or faulted formation by balancing osmotic pressure with hydrostatic pressure difference between mud pressure and pore pressure. The simple approach to managing this is as follows: The water activity profile for the shale formation (aw,shale) is developed based on geomechanical and geothermal information The water activity of drilling fluid (aw,mud) is defined through considering IPS and thermal effects The IPS of NAF is manipulated to manage whether shale dehydration is a requirement or should be avoided If the main challenge is wellbore instability in a chemically reactive shale, then the IPS should be higher than the equivalent salinity of shale formation (or aw,shale > aw, mud) If the main challenge is losses into non-reactive, competent but naturally fractured or faulted shale, then IPS should be at near balance with the formation equivalent salinity (or aw, shale ≈ aw, mud) It is important that salt (e.g. calcium chloride – CaCl2) addition during drilling operations is done judiciously. The real time monitoring of salinity variations, CaCl2 addition, water evaporation, electric stability (ES), cuttings/cavings etc. will help determine if extra salt is required. The myth of the negative effects of IPS on wellbore instability and lost circulation is dispelled by analyzing the field data. The traditional Chinese philosophy: "following Nature is the only criteria to judge if something is right" can be applied in this instance of IPS optimization. A simple and intuitive method to manage IPS is proposed to improve drilling performance.
5
Emara, Ahmed. "Effect of Chemical Fuel Additives on Liquid Fuel Saving, and Emissions for Heavy Fuel Oil." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65717.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As fossil fuel resources are considered non-renewable sources of fuel, they will be totally consumed in the near or far future. Due to the intensive and extensive consumption of these fossil fuels in all life sectors such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, and residential consumption, it is important to find other new methods to cover this fuel demand. Fuel additives are chemicals used to enhance fuel combustion performance, save fuel amounts required for combustion, and correct deficiencies in power and efficiency during consumption. The fuel additives are blended with the traditional fuel even by parts per million range for controlling chemical contaminants and emission reduction. In the present work, the experimental measurements were done, to evaluate the effect of fuel additive blending with the raw heavy fuel oil (Mazut) on fuel saving which is of a great significance, emissions control, and combustion characteristics as well as the combustion efficiency. These measurements are as follows: initial temperature of Mazut, exhaust gas temperature at the end of combustor, air and fuel mass flow rates to determine the heat load, inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water, mass flow rate of water, concentration of different exhaust gases, acoustic (noise level) measurements, smoke number, and flame length. These measurements are performed using swirled vanes, co-axial, and double heavy fuel nozzle (1.5 gal/hr for each one) burner with maximum heating load of 550 kW. GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis was performed by using Hewlett Packard model 5890 equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) to identify the fuel additives substances within the tested samples. The results reveal that the use of fuel additives improves the combustion characteristics and play an important role in fuel saving as well as emission and combustion process.
6
Eskin, Leo D., Michael S. Klassen, Richard J. Roby, Richard G. Joklik, and Maclain M. Holton. "Low-Emissions Renewable Power Generation Using Liquid Fuels." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A Lean, Premixed, Prevaporized (LPP) combustion technology has been developed that converts liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel or ethanol, into a substitute for natural gas. This fuel can then be burned with low emissions in virtually any combustion device in place of natural gas, providing users substantial fuel flexibility. A gas turbine utilizing the LPP combustion technology to burn biofuels creates a “dispatchable” (on-demand) renewable power generator with low criteria pollutant emissions and no net carbon emissions. Natural gas, petroleum based fuel oil #1 and #2, biodiesel and ethanol were tested in an atmospheric pressure test rig using actual gas turbine combustor hardware (designed for natural gas) and achieved natural gas level emissions. Both biodiesel and ethanol achieved natural gas level emissions for NOx, CO, SOx and particulate matter (PM). Extended lean operation was observed for all liquid fuels tested due to the wider lean flammability range for these fuels compared to natural gas. Autoignition of the fuels was controlled by the level of diluent (inerting) gas used in the vaporization process. This technology has successfully demonstrated the clean generation of green, dispatchable, renewable power on a 30kW Capstone C30 microturbine. Emissions on the vaporized derived from bio-ethanol are 3 ppm NO(x) and 18 ppm CO, improving on the baseline natural gas emissions of 3 ppm NO(x), 30 ppm CO. Performance calculations have shown that for a typical combined cycle power plant, one can expect to achieve a two percent (2%) improvement in the overall net plant heat rate when burning liquid fuel as LPP Gas™ as compared to burning the same liquid fuel in traditional spray-flame diffusion combustors. This level of heat rate improvement is quite substantial, and represents an annual fuel savings of over five million dollars for base load operation of a GE Frame 7EA combined cycle plant (126 MW). This technology provides a clean and reliable form of renewable energy using liquid biofuels that can be a primary source for power generation or be a back-up source for non-dispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The LPP technology allows for the clean use of biofuels in combustion devices without water injection or the use of post-combustion pollution control equipment and can easily be incorporated into both new and existing gas turbine power plants. No changes are required to the DLE gas turbine combustor hardware.
7
Swearingen, Jerry, and Yani Araujo De Itriago. "Advanced Analytical Tools for Fingerprinting, Production Allocation, & Improved/Enhanced Oil Recovery Monitoring." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210060-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Demands are being placed on service companies to provide non-evasive analytical solutions that measure the contribution of individual hydrocarbon streams in a commingled system. This often involves being able to differentiate fluids which have similar compositions. An advanced analytical workflow has been developed which includes chromatographic techniques along with a suite of stable isotope ratio analyses that look at unique Natural Tracers/Markers in individual hydrocarbon or brine streams. This paper will look at how the Natural Tracer methodology can be applied to fingerprinting, production allocation and IOR/EOR projects. A variety of laboratory-based techniques were used to evaluate end member fluids, commingled fluids, and various synthetic blends. Gaseous streams were analyzed using compound specific stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry systems (CS-IRMS) looking at carbon and hydrogen isotopes of the carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, etc. present. Aqueous streams were analyzed using a combination of conventional physiochemical (complete water) and water oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope analysis. Liquid hydrocarbon systems were assessed using conventional high-resolution gas chromatography and 2-dimentional gas chromatography (GCxGC). Analysis of the data includes simple plots to visualize differences between fluid sources and a linear regression analysis to look at the mixing relationships between synthetic blends and commingled field samples. The advanced analytical workflow allowed for the allocation determination of hydrocarbon systems with both similar and contrasting compositions. The GCxGC method, for hydrocarbon liquids, allows for a higher resolution separation where a single peak using conventional gas chromatography can be composed of multiple types of compounds. In this instance the conventional GC and GCxGC yielded comparable allocation results. For gas phase allocation, using carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ2H) of methane and ethane yielded linear mixing relationships in the two-production systems that were analyzed. Allocation values were successfully calculated for these binary systems with an outlying datapoint resulting in the client initiating an investigation to confirm flow meter readings. For an IOR/EOR application, the δ13C of methane show sufficient contrast between injected and produced gases that were sampled from a variety of wells. In this instance the gas molar compositions were similar so the only means to identify injection gas breakthrough in producing wells was by the CS-IRMS analysis technique. Complete physiochemical and water isotope ratio (δ18O and δ2H) analysis also show contrasting signatures between injection and produced water. An advanced analytic workflow was developed to incorporate commercially available, non-evasive techniques to production allocation and IOR/EOR projects. For production allocation, this technique will not replace traditional metering but can be used as a tool to identify problems with the metering/monitoring systems in the field.
8
Hill, Donald G., and E. R. Crain. "RAPID CROSS-PLOT DISCRIMINATION OF COMMERCIAL POTASH MINERALIZATION – CASE HISTORIES." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Potash minerals are a source of potassium, which is used for the manufacture of gunpowder and fertilizer. Commercial potash mineralization is often discovered when petroleum wells are drilled through evaporite sequences and the Gamma Ray log “goes off scale”. This is because potassium is one of the naturally occurring radioactive elements, emitting gamma rays from the 40K isotope, in its decay to 40Ar. However, not all potash minerals may be commercial sources of potassium via underground mechanical or solution mining techniques and Potassium is not the only radioactive element. For example, the mineralogy of the McNutt “Potash” member of the Salado Formation in SE New Mexico, is extremely complex, consisting of multiple thin (i.e., less than 10 ft thick) beds of six low-grade (radioactive) potash minerals, only two of which are commercial. There are also four non-radioactive evaporite minerals, one of which interferes with potash milling chemistry, and numerous claystones and Marker Beds (shales), with GR count rates comparable to the low-grade potash. Because of this complexity, traditional wireline and Logging While Drilling Potash Assay techniques, such as Gamma Ray log-to-core assay transforms, may not be sufficient to identify potentially commercial potash mineralization, for underground mining. Crain and Anderson (1966) and Hill (2019) developed linear programming, and multi-mineral analyses, respectively, to estimate Potash mineralogy and grades. However, both of these approaches require complete sets of multiple log measurements. In SE New Mexico, petroleum wells are drilled through the McNutt “Potash” member of the Salado Formation, with air, cased and drilled out to TD in the underlying sediments, with water based mud. Complete log suites are then run from TD to the casing shoe, with only the GR and neutron logs recorded through the cased evaporite sequence for stratigraphic and structural correlation. As a result, numerous oil and gas wells, in SE New Mexico, have cased hole gamma ray and neutron logs, through the Salado Evaporite. Logs, from these wells could provide a rapid Potash screening database, if used properly. A simple screening cross-plot technique, the Potash Identification (PID) plot, utilizing only Gamma Ray and Neutron Porosity, is proposed and successfully demonstrated, as a potential screening tool. This technique can be used with both open and cased-hole petroleum well logs, as well as core hole wire-line logs, and provides discrimination of commercial potash mineralization from non-commercial (potash and non-potash) radioactive mineralization. Case histories of the use of PID cross plots in the evaporite basins of Michigan, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, and SE New Mexico are described. The technique may also be useful in screening potential potash deposits in China, Europe, North Africa, and South America.
9
Ginger, Bradley. "Advanced Pollution Control for Gasification of Varied Opportunity Fuels." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5432.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advances in gasification technology have opened up a number of commercial opportunities to generate energy from a wide range of non-traditional feed stocks. Gasification technology platforms from a number of providers are in development with the goal of creating modular solutions for supplying the energy needs of local communities, often in solutions as small as 10 to 20 MW increments. Such technologies offer potential project developers the ability to explore local opportunities for fuel supply from a number of sources. These opportunity fuels cover a wide range of potential energy sources as far reaching as recovered plastic, recovered tires, poultry litter, and a wide variety of woody biomass. The syn-gas produced from the gasification of such varied opportunity fuels contains a number of undesired trace components. These components will need to either be removed via gas conditioning, or alternatively be combusted with the syn-gas in an oxidation step which will produce a flue gas requiring air pollution control. Gas conditioning requirements vary depending on the desired end use of the syn-gas whether as a utility quality fuel or as an intermediate to a further chemical pathway. Flue gas target levels are defined by current environmental legislation. The potential pollutants produced in the flue gas pathway include Particulate Matter, Hydrogen Chloride, Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfuric Acid Mist, and Oxides of Nitrogen. To ensure operational compliance of the system stack emissions both now and in the future, proper pollution control technology is paramount. This presentation will address an emerging air pollution control technology that embodies all of these removal steps in a single device specifically designed to meet current and expected future environmental needs. EISENMANN’s recently patented multi-pollutant control system, the Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Dual Field or WESP-2F, includes the use of a pre-scrubbing chamber for large PM, SO2, and water soluble NO2 removal. Following the quench and pre-scrubbing region, a specially tuned downflow wet ESP field is responsible for finer PM and Sulfuric Acid aerosol removal, as well as an important Ozone producing stage that oxidizes non-water soluble forms of NOx. As the gas continues to travel through the system, a secondary scrubbing chamber is used to further reduce NOx by scrubbing the newly formed NO2 that has been formed from the oxidation of other forms of NOx through the use of Ozone produced by the electrostatic precipitator. The final polishing stage of the system includes an upflow wet electrostatic precipitator field for the removal of newly oxidized material as well as any heavy metals present. Research and testing on the aforementioned system took place using a pilot sized unit operating a slipstream off a 20 MW commercial sized gasifier testing a number of opportunity fuels. Expected performance was validated proving high removal efficiencies for pollutants specifically addressed earlier. Results from a wide variety of opportunity fuels will be discussed. Current implementation of the technology in gasification projects following the flue gas pathway is underway and is currently viewed as an acceptable solution to the environmental regulations associated with the plant requirements.
10
Gaidau, Carmen, Maria Stanca, Demetra Simion, Olga Niculescu, Cosmin-Andrei Alexe, Concepcio Casas, Anna Bacardit, Stoica Tonea, and Gabriela Paun. "Olipo-wet olive pomace, a new renewable source for leather retanning." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.ii.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of OLIPO project is to find suitable extraction methods for an important waste of olive oil production, wet olive pomace, in view of reclaiming it as tanning and retanning material, alternative to petroleum origin materials. The total volume of wet olive pomace in Mediterranean countries where olive crops are traditional is about 80% of processed olives and is the result of a two-phase continuous extraction process. Wet olive pomace is rich in polyphenolic compounds, fats, tannins, non-tannins, possible to be extracted, concentrated, chemical processed in view of developing a new tanning product. The use of new renewable materials from oil industry as biobased tanning material for leather industry represents an important step in lowering carbon footprint of both sectors and complies with circular economy principles. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of olive oil pomace can be exploited in view of increasing the efficiency of the new product. The paper presents the characterisation of four kinds of wet olive pomace wastes, water and water-organic solvent extracts as tanning materials in order to select the methods for a new tanning material elaboration and testing on leathers in retanning processes.
Звіти організацій з теми "Non-traditional water sources"
1
J. Daniel Arthur. Internet Based, GIS Catalog of Non-Traditional Sources of Cooling Water for Use at America's Coal-Fired Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1043681.
Повний текст джерела