Статті в журналах з теми "Non- technological discrimination"

With rapid scientific and technological advances, a new genetic era is emerging. However, these advances raise ethical and legal issues, particularly genetic discrimination, that may threaten advancing science in the absence of appropriate regulation. There is currently no concrete legislative position in this area at eu level, but rather a patchwork of diverging legislative approaches amongst Member States. Genetic discrimination has been singled out as an area of reform in Europe as evidenced, for example in eu Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 21.1 prohibiting discrimination based on ‘genetic features.’ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also informs this debate and may spur legislative action. From a transatlantic perspective, the United States’ federal legislation (Genetic Information Non Discrimination Act) is noteworthy. Considering scientific and technological developments, the rights at stake and the various regulatory benchmarks, this paper explores the regulation of genetic information in the eu.

Technological innovation in the area of personalised genetic data poses novel regulatory concerns for state governance. Since personalised genetic data reveals highly sensitive and private information about a person’s susceptibility to illness, it may lead to stigmatisation, discrimination, and breach of privacy. Although legal arrangements for personal or medical data have always been governmental and legal concerns, the introduction of genetic technologies over the past two decades has breathed new life into the idea of privacy and non-discrimination protection for individuals and communities, leading to possible new types of social relationships that circulate in a global biomedical arena. Thus, our analysis of genetic information regulation is based on a comparative analysis of policy instruments by examining the appropriateness of various policy instrument choices made in the United States and in the United Kingdom for securing the rights for privacy, non-discrimination, and access to research benefits for individuals and communities.

Artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making causes new (technological) challenges for the normative environment around the globe. Fundamental legal principles (such as non-discrimination, human rights, transparency) need to be strengthened by regulatory interventions. The contribution pleads for a combination of regulatory models (hard law and soft law); based on this assessment, the recent European legislative initiatives are analyzed.

Standards are of fundamental importance in our economy and competition law has an important role to play in ensuring that standard setting procedures are not distorted so as to result in negative effects on technological progress and social welfare. This article examines the practice of level discrimination, which occurs when the holder of a standard essential patent (SEP), having made a commitment to license the SEP on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, decides to license only undertakings at a given level of the supply chain, typically, the end-product manufacturers, rather than the component manufacturers. Level discrimination is significant in practice and raises novel questions in the interpretation and application of Article 102. This article examines the economic and policy arguments for and against level discrimination and discusses whether the practice may amount to an abuse of a dominant position under Article 102 TFEU, distinguishing the position of practising and non-practising entities.

The author has repeatedly addressed international military and political tensions in his works and linked them to changes in technological and world economic patterns. The author used his own methodological apparatus to analyse the new technological, managerial and social structures, including the author’s terms of such as technological and world economic structures. Considering the global crisis as a process of change in technological and world economic structures, the author concludes that a new cycle of capital accumulation has emerged in the Asian century. The new world economic order, according to the author, is based on the principles of non-discrimination, which enables developing countries to establish equitable and mutually beneficial relations with other states. In identifying three scenarios for the transition to Noonomy, the author assumes that the option of forming a world government is the least likely to occur.

The author has repeatedly addressed international military and political tensions in his works and linked them to changes in technological and world economic patterns. The author used his own methodological apparatus to analyse the new technological, managerial and social structures, including the author’s terms of such as technological and world economic structures. Considering the global crisis as a process of change in technological and world economic structures, the author concludes that a new cycle of capital accumulation has emerged in the Asian century. The new world economic order, according to the author, is based on the principles of non-discrimination, which enables developing countries to establish equitable and mutually beneficial relations with other states. In identifying three scenarios for the transition to Noonomy, the author assumes that the option of forming a world government is the least likely to occur.

The author has repeatedly addressed international military and political tensions in his works and linked them to changes in technological and world economic patterns. The author used his own methodological apparatus to analyse the new technological, managerial and social structures, including the author’s terms of such as technological and world economic structures. Considering the global crisis as a process of change in technological and world economic structures, the author concludes that a new cycle of capital accumulation has emerged in the Asian century. The new world economic order, according to the author, is based on the principles of non-discrimination, which enables developing countries to establish equitable and mutually beneficial relations with other states. In identifying three scenarios for the transition to Noonomy, the author assumes that the option of forming a world government is the least likely to occur.

The World Bank estimates that over one billion people currently lack official identity documents. To tackle this crucial issue, the United Nations included the aim to provide legal identity for all by 2030 among the Sustainable Development Goals. Technology can be a powerful tool to reach this target. In the digital age, new technologies increasingly mediate identity verification and identification of individuals. Currently, State-led and public–private initiatives use technology to provide official identification, to control and secure external borders, and to distribute humanitarian aid to populations in need. All of these initiatives have profound implications for the protection of human rights of those affected by them. Digital identity technologies may render individuals without legal documentation more visible and therefore less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. However, they also present risks for the protection of individuals' human rights. As they build on personal data for identification and identity verification, data protection and privacy rights are most clearly affected. The prohibition of discrimination in the digital space is also of concern as these technological advances' societal impact is not yet fully understood. Accordingly, the article argues that emerging digital identity platforms will only contribute to the protection of human rights if the providers adequately mitigate any risks of potential discrimination and promote high standards of privacy and data protection.

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) establishes, in its Chapter 17, the most extensive ‘behind the border’ regulation of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) among the bilateral and multilateral treaties. Prima facie, its rationality can be explained by the original purpose of the United States (former drafter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)) to discipline the state capitalism policies employed by some Asian signatories. Considering this context, this article examines the meaning of the key normative concepts contained in Article 17.4 of the treaty (i.e., ‘commercial activities’, ‘non-discrimination’ and especially ‘commercial considerations’) and discusses to what extent such concepts recognize or restrict the freedom of the Parties to create and manage SOEs committed to promote national industrial and technological development, using as benchmark for this assessment Article XVII of the GATT and the interpretations made by the WTO adjudicators. It concludes that the wording of Article 17.4 is compatible both with an interpretation that allows the existence of such types of entities and with an interpretation that does not. State-owned enterprises, non-discrimination, commercial considerations, differential treatment, industrial development, competition, trade, mission

This article contains an analysis of international, national and labor legislation, respectively, in the field of discrimination on the grounds of age. Recommendations for improving legal regulation and application of practical innovations in this area are analyzed and introduced. Given these trends, the prevalence of discrimination in employment and not only on the basis of age, but also on many other factors, such as gender, social status or mental skills, which for many people this provision seems to some extent natural and correct, has allowed and has become a motivating factor in order to carefully study and pay attention to the factors that have increased the effectiveness of this fight against discrimination, the creation of a separate law enforcement act or regulation that will separately regulate discrimination in employment, as well as the development of certain thematic programs to form ideas and attitudes of people in the working team for different age groups, where additional attention will be paid to youth employment. The study also examines international experience in the attitude and methods of solving problems in the field of age discrimination, not only in the field of labor, but in general. The complexity and prevalence of the phenomenon has caused different views on the issue from both scientists and ours, so the paper defines the general concept of discrimination in the field of labor, assigned personal characteristics and separated by special characteristics from related legal categories, clarified methodological inequalities and imperfections that cause a cause-and-effect relationship with a negative indicator of combating this issue. A comparative research method on discrimination in employment on the basis of age, based on the experience of predecessors, namely the comparison of the then society in the modern technological society, where the problem of technological processes and new information resources is absent. In order to achieve a qualitative analysis of the issue, as the purpose of the work as a whole, special attention was paid to criticism and analysis of innovations in international standards of methodological prohibitions and rules to combat the above topic. The classification of types of non-discrimination in the field of labor, the analysis of the legal regulation of the mechanism of improvement of this problem, the special attention was paid to the detection and prevention of discriminatory manifestations in the field of labor in general.

Infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been a public health problem in recent decades and contribute significantly to the clinical and economic burden globally. The diagnosis of infections is difficult and time-consuming and, in addition, the conventional diagnostics tests do not have sufficient discrimination power in species identification due to cross-reactions and not fully specific probes. However, technological advances have been made and the whole genome sequencing (WGS) method has been shown to be an essential part of routine diagnostics in clinical mycobacteriology laboratories. The use of this technology has contributed to the characterization of new species of mycobacteria, as well as the identification of gene mutations encoding resistance and virulence factors. Sequencing data also allowed to track global outbreaks of nosocomial NTM infections caused by M. abscessus complex and M. chimaera. To highlight the utility of WGS, we summarize recent scientific studies on WGS as a tool suitable for the management of NTM-induced infections in clinical practice.

Ground-breaking genetic discoveries and technological advances have introduced a new world of genetic exploration, and technological advances have facilitated the discovery of the genetic basis of a myriad of diseases. Genetic testing promises to potentially revolutionise health care and offer the potential of personalised medicine. Genetic technology may also offer the means to detect potential future disabilities. In light of rapid advances in genetic science and technology, questions arise as to whether an appropriate framework exists to protect the interests of individuals, prevent the misuse of genetic information by interested third parties, and also to encourage further advances in genetic science. In consideration of rapidly advancing genetic technologies and the ethical and legal concerns that arise, this article examines the regulation of genetic information, primarily from a theoretical perspective. It explores the preferable mode of regulation and choice of regulatory frameworks in legal theory, including non-discrimination, privacy and property.

Contemporary military conflicts are frequently referred to as ‘new’, ‘irregular’, or ‘asymmetric’, labels that are meant to distinguish contemporary conflict formations from previous ones. Yet the language of asymmetry is not just a conveniently vague gloss for a variety of conflicts; it also introduces a normative schema that moralizes and depoliticizes the difference between states and non-state actors. The description of contemporary conflicts as asymmetric allows states to be portrayed as victims of non-state actors, as vulnerable to strategic constellations they ostensibly cannot win. ‘Asymmetry’ is today's idiom to distinguish between civilized and uncivilized warfare, an idiom that converts ostensibly technological or strategic differences between state and non-state actors into moral and civilizational hierarchies. Furthermore, the claim that these types of conflicts are new is used to justify attempts to revisit and rewrite the international laws of armed conflicts. While such attempts are unlikely to succeed in the formal arena, informally, a transformation of the international normative order is already underway. At the heart of this transformation is how states interpret a key cornerstone of international humanitarian law: the principle of discrimination between combatants and civilians.

The nutritional and sensory properties of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are well known and appreciated by consumers. Despite this, few studies about their basic sensory characteristics or about the effect of agronomic and technological factors on them have been carried out. In this study six different types of walnut were sensorially described, using expert and non-expert assessors, in order to obtain a simple sensory profile which would enable discrimination between the samples studied. The final sensory profile was made up of 18 descriptors. This profile was useful for differentiating and describing samples from several varieties of fruit, two different geographical origins and two different post-harvest treatments. Using only 10 of these descriptors and through discriminant analysis it was possible to classify correctly 100% of the samples into their respective groups. The use of non-expert assessors in the generation of descriptors pointed out the simplicity of the profile, probably allowing for interpretation by non-technical individuals. Selection and interpretation of descriptors was easier and faster than usual as a result of asking the assessors, especially the consumers, to add their own description of the attributes chosen. This also seemed to have affected, in an important way, the number of attributes generated by non-expert assessors.

The milk freezing point (MFP) is used for the control of milk food chain quality especially for possible adulteration with water. A crucial issue is the acceptance of the legislative discrimination limit (RLDL) of MFP for standard quality. The aim was to explain the relations between MFP and spectrum of milk indicators (MI) and possible impacts of MFP on technological milk properties. 76 bulk milk samples (BMS) from Holstein (1, <I>n</I> = 36) and Czech Fleckvieh (2, <I>n</I> = 40) cattle were analyzed for 48 MIs. The dairy cows were relatively healthy as for the occurrence of production disorders. BMSs were taken from February to June. Extraneous water was excluded. 44 MIs were correlated with the MFP. The relations were not regularly consistent between breeds. Milk yield was connected with MFP (<I>r</I> = 0.40; <I>P</I> < 0.05). It shows the necessity of modification of RLDL of MFP in dependence on dairy cow breeding. Further relations (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) were among MFP and: total milk solids (<I>r</I> = –0.50); solids-non-fat (–0.33); crude protein (–0.32); true protein (–0.43); whey protein (–0.47); milk fat (–0.46); electrical conductivity (–0.35); lactose (–0.35); somatic cell count (–0.36); fat/protein ratio (–0.36); milk citric acid (0.47); Na (–0.34). The poor relations (<I>P</I> > 0.05) were among MFP and casein, milk urea and acetone. The cheese-making indicators were not affected by MFP. The MFP was related to milk fermentation indicators (<I>r</I> = from –0.34 to –0.39, <I>P</I> < 0.05). It is important for the control of milk food chain quality by MFP and for the estimation of its RLDL.

AbstractThe sequencing of the human genome and advances in gene therapy and genomic editing, coupled with embryo selection techniques and a potential gerontological intervention, are some examples of the rapid technological advances of the “genetic revolution.” This article addresses the methodological issue of how we should theorize about justice in the genomic era. Invoking the methodology of non-ideal theory, I argue that theorizing about justice in the genomic era entails theorizing about (1) the new inequalities that the genetic revolution could exacerbate (e.g., genetic discrimination, disability-related injustices, and gender inequality), and (2) those inequalities that the genetic revolution could help us mitigate (e.g., the risks of disease in early and late life). By doing so, normative theorists can ensure that we develop an account of justice that takes seriously not only individual rights, equality of opportunity, the cultural and sociopolitical aspects of disability, and equality between the sexes, but also the potential health benefits (to both individuals and populations) of attending to the evolutionary causes of morbidity and disability.

AbstractUrachal adenocarcinomas (UrC) are rare but aggressive. Despite being of profound therapeutic relevance, UrC cannot be differentiated by histomorphology alone from other adenocarcinomas of differential diagnostic importance. As no reliable tissue-based diagnostic biomarkers are available, we aimed to detect such by integrating mass-spectrometry imaging-based metabolomics and digital pathology, thus allowing for a multimodal approach on the basis of spatial information. To achieve this, a cohort of UrC (n = 19) and colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRC, n = 27) as the differential diagnosis of highest therapeutic relevance was created, tissue micro-arrays (TMAs) were constructed, and pathological data was recorded. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections were scanned and annotated, enabling an automized discrimination of tumor and non-tumor areas after training of an adequate algorithm. Spectral information within tumor regions, obtained via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), were subsequently extracted in an automated workflow. On this basis, metabolic differences between UrC and CRC were revealed using machine learning algorithms. As a result, the study demonstrated the feasibility of MALDI-MSI for the evaluation of FFPE tissue in UrC and CRC with the potential to combine spatial metabolomics data with annotated histopathological data from digitalized H&E slides. The detected Area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 in general and 0.77 for the analyte taurine alone (diagnostic accuracy for taurine: 74%) makes the technology a promising tool in this differential diagnostic dilemma situation. Although the data has to be considered as a proof-of-concept study, it presents a new adoption of this technology that has not been used in this scenario in which reliable diagnostic biomarkers (such as immunohistochemical markers) are currently not available.

This article explores the importance of protecting children’s rights in the context of the rapid development of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence has the potential to change many aspects of a child’s life, and while it can have positive effects, its negative impact also needs due consideration.The article focuses on four key aspects: privacy, security, discrimination and ethics. It analyzes the risks associated with the collection and processing of children’s personal data by artificial intelligence and requires the establishment of effective privacy protection mechanisms. In addition, it considers the safety of children, especially in the context of the use of autonomous robots and toys, and safety standards that are required to be taken into account in the development of such systems.The article also focuses on the problem of discrimination that may arise from the systematic use of artificial intelligence. It demands developers to ensure the fairness of algorithms and avoid discrimination against children. Finally, the article considers the ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence, namely the question of the responsibility of developers and the need for ethical principles in all aspects of its use.In conclusion, the article emphasizes the need for constant monitoring and regulation of the development of artificial intelligence in order to protect the rights of the child. It recommends the implementation of an effective legislative framework that defines standards for the protection of children’s rights in the context of artificial intelligence. In addition, the article puts forward the idea of developing ethical directives and codes of conduct for developers, researchers and users of artificial intelligence from the perspective of children’s rights.In general, this scientific article emphasizes the importance of protecting the rights of the child in the context of the development of artificial intelligence. It calls for action at the level of legislation, technological standards and ethical principles, ensuring safety, privacy, non-discrimination and ethical responsibility in all aspects of the use of artificial intelligence to ensure the healthy development and protection of children’s rights in the digital age.Also, the article is devoted to the analysis of the controversial issue of the relationship between child rights and artificial intelligence. The article examines the consequences of the use of artificial intelligence in the context of children’s rights, the main issues related to the legal protection of children in the field of artificial intelligence, and suggests possible solutions for these problems.

Over the past few decades, the employment of persons with disabilities in the Asia region has been the subject of the spotlight of several studies from various government and non-government organizations. A proper and thorough look at the employment status of persons with disabilities is a crucial aspect in the overall improvement of their rights in society, especially in terms of being free from discrimination by having equal access to decent work along with other members of society. Several transformations have occurred in the employment status of persons with disabilities. With growing potential being seen in the current world work atmosphere, persons with disabilities, with the help of technological advances, the popularity of the so-called Gig Economy, and expanding entrepreneurial spirit of the populace, the door seems to be opening wider for persons with disabilities. Given this current picture of what is happening in Asia, this paper will look at the growth of employment of persons with disabilities and its causes; the current realities and challenges, as well as possible directions that this trend is taking; and the effective strategies to further develop and promote employment of persons with disabilities.

Topicality. The immigration attractiveness of the developed world is forcing governments to resort to new digital security and control systems based on artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive analytics and automated decision-making systems to help destination and countries of origin prevent a storm of global migration imbalances and high levels of migration. migratory pressure. Migration policy in many countries, including the EU, is increasingly based on artificial intelligence systems, such as face recognition, the use of algorithms to create immigrant profiles, or as a forecasting tool in migration management processes, including forced deportation planning. Experts on migration issues around international migration policy are divided into two camps: supporters and opponents of the use of new technologies. Proponents are of the opinion that artificial intelligence technology can innovate, reduce costs and build more effective systems for managing international migration by deepening existing asymmetries between states at the international level, modernization of traditional practices of states and international organizations, strengthening current calls for more effective migration management and border security. Opponents of technological innovations in international migration policy hold somewhat different positions, expressing skepticism about new initiatives. Considering that such use of technology may violate the right to data protection, confidentiality, the right to non-discrimination and several principles of international migration law, including the right to apply for asylum. However, the mission of using artificial intelligence is to improve the work of migration services and to protect recipient countries from excess unwanted labor. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to review foreign initiatives, identify the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence in international migration policy. Research results. Optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the use of "smart applications" are substantiated and the experience of advanced countries in the introduction of technological experiments in international migration policy is considered. The main prospects and negative aspects of innovation implementation are identified. The importance of further research on this issue is proved. Conclusion. The research results show the positive experience of the world's leading countries, which have successfully implemented technological innovations in their migration policies, thus consolidating leading positions in the international arena, which will be at the forefront of global efforts to manage migration in the coming years. At the same time, the analysis showed that countries with less advanced technological means can be further separated from the global migration race.

Ochre-based pigments have been employed since the first artistic expressions of mankind, with widespread diffusion during the Roman civilization. Such prominent use influenced their technological development, focused on functional and aesthetic optimization through complex manufacturing procedures. Furthermore, their appearance is also influenced by degradation processes, sometimes driven by natural disasters such as the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, in which yellow ochres of Vesuvian sites were sometimes converted to red by thermal alteration. In this contribution, a multi-analytical approach was adopted based on preliminary non-invasive investigations complemented by laboratory analyses to characterize the painted surfaces of the tablinum of the House of the Bicentenary (Herculaneum) with a particular focus on the ochre-based monochrome backgrounds. The study was aimed at (a) reconstructing the original color scheme of the walls and (b) deciphering the complex decorative techniques adopted by Roman craftsmen. The analytical results allowed testing and defining analytical procedures for the discrimination between the original and converted red pigments. Furthermore, these studies indicated that specific decorative technologies were adopted according to aesthetic, functional, and economic purposes, including the utilization of various qualities of ochre with different compositional and textural properties, and the mixture of ochre pigments with other compounds.

Ochre-based pigments have been employed since the first artistic expressions of mankind, with widespread diffusion during the Roman civilization. Such prominent use influenced their technological development, focused on functional and aesthetic optimization through complex manufacturing procedures. Furthermore, their appearance is also influenced by degradation processes, sometimes driven by natural disasters such as the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, in which yellow ochres of Vesuvian sites were sometimes converted to red by thermal alteration. In this contribution, a multi-analytical approach was adopted based on preliminary non-invasive investigations complemented by laboratory analyses to characterize the painted surfaces of the tablinum of the House of the Bicentenary (Herculaneum) with a particular focus on the ochre-based monochrome backgrounds. The study was aimed at (a) reconstructing the original color scheme of the walls and (b) deciphering the complex decorative techniques adopted by Roman craftsmen. The analytical results allowed testing and defining analytical procedures for the discrimination between the original and converted red pigments. Furthermore, these studies indicated that specific decorative technologies were adopted according to aesthetic, functional, and economic purposes, including the utilization of various qualities of ochre with different compositional and textural properties, and the mixture of ochre pigments with other compounds.

This paper evaluates the use of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) technology for the discrimination of genetic differences in the 16S rRNA and alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhA) genes among bacterial species based on its efficiency and sensitivity to enable the detection and discrimination of different genetic sequences. In order to optimize DHPLC protocols for the analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from bacteria, DNA isolated from 22 different strains representing main bacterial groups of interest in food microbiology was analyzed. While the use of 16S rRNA gene did not allow to difference two wild strains of <em>Acetobacter malorum</em>, this region revealed as useful to differentiate them from some pathogenic bacteria as <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em>, <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, <em>Listeria innocua</em>, <em>Clostridium perfringens </em>or <em>Sthapylococcus aureus</em>, from spoilage microorganisms as <em>Xantomonas vesicatoria</em> and <em>Alicyclobacillus</em> spp., and also from lactic acid bacteria as <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em>, <em>Lactobacillus casei</em>, <em>Lactobacillus sakei</em>, <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em>, <em>Streptococcus thermophilus </em>and <em>Lactococcus lactis</em> that may suppose technological risk during vinegar production. The results demonstrate that 16S rRNA gene region is not adequate for the discrimination of the acetic acid bacteria (AAB) strains, so AdhA gene was selected to identify the two wild strains of <em>Acetobacter malorum</em>. Also 6 different reference strains of AAB were separated based on differences in AdhA gene region. DHPLC technology is able to discriminate between these two wild strains of <em>A. malorum</em> based on differences existing in the AdhA gene region. The data obtained indicate that the technique is capable of identifying most bacteria at species level and even at strain level with optimization of the protocols. This is of particular relevance in the case of AAB due to their poor recovery on culture media and difficulties in detection of viable but non cultivable cells.

Introduction. Validity checks and psychometric indicators of the final form of the questionnaire «Prognoz-3» for pilot simulator training (its corrected form) are used in professional selection for flight positions of pilots, which demonstrated sufficient discrimination on key and non-key answers when implementing the study in practical activities. The purpose of the study: to develop a specific questionnaire and confirm the main hypothesis that the analysis of the value system allows to create questionnaires that have higher psychometric indicators than traditional ones. The task: to check the psychometric indicators and validity of the measuring construct developed on the basis of the reconstruction of the semantic space, which confirmthe expected result: higher characteristics than the questionnaire measuring the same construct, but created without special analysis of meanings. Research methods and design and technological solutions: the psychometric indicators of the questionnaire and the validity of the measuring construct developed on the basis of the reconstruction of its semantic space were studied and higher characteristics were confirmed in comparison with the questionnaire measuring the same construct without using a special analysis of meanings. The results and conclusions: the development of a specific questionnaire achieved the goal of the study and confirmed the main hypothesis that the analysis of the system of values allows creating questionnaires that have higher psychometric indicators compared to traditional ones.

South Africans with albinism are among the most marginalised and vulnerable citizens yet very little attention is paid to protecting them from human rights violations. There have been several calls by people with albinism in South Africa to be classified as disabled. The question of whether albinism is classified as a disability or not is a controversial legal one, which does not always have a straightforward answer. A literature search indicates that in South Africa no comprehensive and analytical study has been carried out on the subject of albinism and disability, whereas this has already been addressed in court cases in the United States of America. This paper anticipates addressing this gap within a legal perspective. The objective of such an analysis is to understand the construction of disability under the Employment Equity Act in order to shed light on whether people with albinism qualify for the protection, which is afforded to people with disabilities in the work place. Foreign case law and international human rights law could shed new light on this longstanding grey area or stimulate the development of novel legal analytical strategies. This paper reviews the nature of disability claims in the workplace on grounds of albinism in the United States context, including factors contributing to disability claims; assessing the degree of impairment and the guidelines in assessing albinism related disability. Prior to this discussion, the paper explores the current working definition of disability in South Africa, which stems from the IMATU case, which relied significantly on a foreign precedent; the Sutton v United Airlines case as there was no indigenous precedent in South Africa to fall back on. It will be argued that the Sutton v United Airlines decision, referred to in the IMATU case is based on an insufficiently inclusive definition of disability. Specific cases that relied on the Sutton v United Airlines decision as a persuasive authority in determining whether albinism is a disability or not, will also be examined. While the United States of America has struck down the decision in the Sutton v United Airlines and amended its legislation to include a broader and less restrictive definition of disability, which includes present as well as past conditions and a subjective component of perceived disability, the South African definition of disability still remains narrow and less inclusive. The United States of America's amended legislation does not contain an exhaustive definition of disability; rather, an equality-based framework was chosen which considers changing biomedical, social and technological developments. This new definition highlights the fact that the emphasis must be on whether discrimination occurred rather than adherence to a strict definition of disability. Such a framework of disability includes a socio-political aspect, which places emphasis on human dignity, respect and the right to equality. Against this background, the comparative analysis raises specific issues that deserve attention, in particular that the unique disadvantages and negative stereotyping suffered by people with albinism should be recognised as unlawful conduct against people with disabilities as defined by legislation. Put differently, the discussion calls for a broader approach to viewing disability, which includes both a social and a human rights perspective. In taking the position that albinism related discrimination is socially constructed, the article also explores the mandate of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in as far as it relates to the social construction of disability. The paper argues that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities affords a direction for an analysis of the discrimination faced by persons with albinism.

Motivation. Immunoglobulin proteins (IGP) (also called antibodies) are glycoproteins that act as B-cell receptors against external or internal antigens like viruses and bacteria. IGPs play a significant role in diverse cellular processes ranging from adhesion to cell recognition. IGP identifications via the in-silico approach are faster and more cost-effective than wet-lab technological methods. Methods. In this study, we developed an intelligent theoretical deep learning framework, “IGPred-HDnet” for the discrimination of IGPs and non-IGPs. Three types of promising descriptors are feature extraction based on graphical and statistical features (FEGS), amphiphilic pseudo-amino acid composition (Amp-PseAAC), and dipeptide composition (DPC) to extract the graphical, physicochemical, and sequential features. Next, the extracted attributes are evaluated through machine learning, i.e., decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbour (KNN), and hierarchical deep network (HDnet) classifiers. The proposed predictor IGPred-HDnet was trained and tested using a 10-fold cross-validation and independent test. Results and Conclusion. The success rates in terms of accuracy (ACC) and Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of IGPred-HDnet on training and independent dataset (Dtrain Dtest) are ACC = 98.00%, 99.10%, and MCC = 0.958, and 0.980 points, respectively. The empirical outcomes demonstrate that the IGPred-HDnet model efficacy on both datasets using the novel FEGS feature and HDnet algorithm achieved superior predictions to other existing computational models. We hope this research will provide great insights into the large-scale identification of IGPs and pharmaceutical companies in new drug design.

This paper analyzes the form of transactions made with the use of electronic and other technical means (electronic form). The research aims to determine the essential features and develop an optimal model of regulation of electronic transactions form, considering foreign experience, theoretical advances, and judicial practice. The relevance of the study is explained by the increasing number of e-transactions which require adequate legal regulation and law enforcement practice. The author consecutively describes internationally recognized regulatory principles of electronic transactions form (non-discrimination, technological neutrality, functional equivalence) and their implementation in Russian and foreign law. In addition, the author analyzes the issue of the correlation between the written and electronic forms, considers and rejects arguments in favor of singling out electronic methods of will formation as an independent (sui generis) form of transactions. Considering the current Russian judicial practice and foreign experience, the study determines the criteria and methods of reliable determination of a person effecting an electronic transaction. On the grounds of dogmatic and political arguments, the overly formalistic idea that the use of a qualified electronic signature is the only way of such identification is rejected. The author also formulates an optimal interpretation of the Russian Civil Code requirement on the reproducibility of the electronic transaction content on a tangible medium unchanged. Based on the results of the study, practical recommendations are described to help judges make fair and reasoned decisions in specific situations interpreting the provisions of the Russian Civil Code on the electronic form of transactions.

A characteristic feature of the last century was humanity’s desire to ensure economic and technological development, which was considered the basis for achieving well-being and improving the standard of living. However, this progress was accompanied by using natural resources and environmental pollution, and the economy, environment, and social institutions functioned in isolation from each other. Global environmental problems, hunger, impoverishment of a large part of the population, moral degradation, and other challenges that the world faced at the beginning of the 21st century prompted the progressive international community and non-governmental organizations to start a new approach – the concept of sustainable development. This concept, which arose as a continuation of V. Vernadskyi’s concept of the noosphere, envisages the coordinated development of the economy, ecology, and social sphere to ensure the quality of people’s lives, the preservation of the environment, and social progress. The purpose of the article is to discuss the process of forming the sustainable development of the national economy based on inclusiveness. The words “sustainable” and “inclusive” have been combined into the term “sustainable, inclusive development”, which reflects an attempt to combine two essential aspects of development: environmental sustainability and social inclusion. It has been determined that sustainable development is defined as development that meets the current needs of people without impairing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Accordingly, it is designed to balance economic, social, and ecological aspects of development, ensuring the preservation of natural resources and environmental protection. An assessment of Ukraine’s sustainable, inclusive development was carried out, during which it was determined that the term “sustainable inclusive development” reflects an attempt to combine two essential aspects of development: environmental sustainability and social inclusion. Such development reflects the importance of ensuring the harmonious development of society, which considers both the needs of current generations and the needs of future generations, as well as the inclusion of all members of society. The main principles of sustainable, inclusive development are defined: as non-discrimination, equal opportunities, and access to education, health care, and social services.

The paper is an attempt at contributing to the on-going debate on feminization of poverty by discussing the concept of feminization poverty in Nigeria. Women in Nigeria cannot be seen as a minority group and anything (as poverty is the case here) that is a challenges to them as a group should not be neglected as it has and will continue to have tremendous negative effects on the development of the country. Prior to this time, many poverty alleviation programs which are highlighted in the work have been initiated by several governments and they achieved some successes although to a larger extent due to poor implementation and corruption they failed as is evident in the level of poverty in Nigeria. The research elucidates the causes, effects and consequences of women's poverty in Nigeria. Some of the causes discussed include limited access to resources that help women escape from poverty; low income and work discrimination; lack of access to good health care services and socio-cultural exclusions. While some of the effects include poor health and health care access; inadequate food and poor nutrition; lack or poor quality of education; limited access to information and technological development. Several remedies such as increasing the productive capacity of women through access to Economic resources, information and technical assistance, which will increase their income and improve nutrition, education, health care and status within the household were also brought into perspective. Recommendations were made to all concerned groups - the women, men and government agencies and apparatuses, one of which includes: the availability of skill acquisition programs, which should be free and accessible for women especially those in the rural area should be organised, by the government, non-governmental agencies, and well-meaning philanthropists. It was concluded that the structure of the Nigeria society gives room for female poverty.

En el presente trabajo analizamos cómo el avance la denominada inteligencia artificial ha supuesto el desarrollo de una serie de nuevas tecnologías que están incidiendo de manera directa en nuestro Sistema de Justicia. Partiendo de esta base, examinamos los diferentes sistemas de inteligencia artificial que operan en la actualidad en el mundo jurídico. Nos referimos a la predicción judicial y al uso de herramientas como Ross Intelligence –utilizada en los despachos de abogados–, Compas –capaz de predecir el posible nivel de reincidencia de un sujeto– o Prometea –utilizada para la resolución de casos de cierta complejidad–. El uso de estas tecnologías trae consigo la necesidad de adoptar un sistema compatible con los Derechos Fundamentales de los ciudadanos afectados, incluyendo aspectos como la protección de datos, la protección de la privacidad y la no discriminación. Por otro lado, nos ocupamos de la revolución que ha supuesto en el proceso penal la aplicación de medidas de investigación tecnológica como la intervención de las comunicaciones telemáticas, la videovigilancia o la grabación de comunicaciones, así como el aumento de las fuentes de prueba de naturaleza digital –mediante la aplicación Whatsapp– y el uso de la videoconferencia. The present study analyses how the advance of the so-called artificial intelligence has meant the development of a series of new technologies that are having a direct impact on our Justice System. On this basis, we examine the various artificial intelligence systems currently operating in the legal world. We refer to judicial prediction and the use of tools such as Ross Intelligence -used in law firms-, Compas -capable of predicting the possible level of recidivism of a subject- or Prometea -used for the resolution of cases that have a certain complexity. The use of these technologies brings with it the need to adopt a system compatible with the Fundamental Rights of the citizens concerned, including aspects such as data protection, privacy protection and non-discrimination. On the other hand, we deal with the revolution that the application of technological research measures such as the intervention of telematic communications has brought about in the criminal process, video surveillance or communication recording, as well as the increase of test sources of a digital nature -through Whatsapp- and the use of viodeconferencing.

In public administration, digital technologies are considered a necessary direction of technical modernisation, improving the work of government agencies and the quality of their interaction with stakeholders. However, along with the benefits, several ethical concerns exist about using digital technologies. The purpose of the article is to analyse the state of the implementation of digital innovations in the field of public administration, as well as to systemise and analyse the main groups of ethical concerns arising in connection with the use of digital technologies in public administration. The article uses methods of bibliometric, comparative, and statistical analysis. The Google trends toolkit was used to study global trends in interest in e-governance, e-government, digital government, and related terms. Digital government and e-government were identified as the most common terms to define the use of digital technologies in public administration. The bibliographic analysis was carried out using VOSviewer v.1.6.18 based on Scopus articles for 2001-2022 and made it possible to identify four clusters of scientific research on e-government / digital government and ethics. The analysis used the criterion of at least five times the co-occurrence of all keywords in publications. Based on data from the World Bank, an analysis of the level of maturity of government technologies in European countries, particularly Ukraine, was carried out. The analysis showed that most countries had reached a very high level of e-government development in the European region. In recent years, Ukraine has significantly increased the indicators of the level of e-government, especially regarding the provision of digital administrative services. The article systematises the main ethical issues of using digital technologies in public administration. Three ethical problems were formed, namely 1) privacy, security, and data protection; 2) transparency and accountability; 3) inclusion, accessibility, and non-discrimination. The third group is defined as the most relevant at the current moment. The growing digital divide in the world necessitates the search for effective mechanisms to increase digital inclusion and ensure equal access to e-government for all stakeholders. The results of the research can be useful for scientists, state, and local self-government bodies in managing their technological and digital modernisation.

The article considers the technologies of ensuring gender equality in the lessons of labor education. It is established that the content of gender education of students is oriented on the development of value orientations, the acquisition of the content of gender education, as well as the practical application of the acquired knowledge and values in everyday life. Overcoming stereotyped thinking from a gender issue in the lessons of labor training in Ukrainian schools is clearly in line with the strategy for introducing gender equality and non-discrimination in the field of education. Due to insufficient coverage of the problem under study in scientific literature, there is no single clear concept of gender education and the upbringing of students at the lessons of labor education and technology in the Ukrainian high school. Educational institutions have a major role in the gender education of children. Positive steps of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and The Institute for the Modernization of Education, carried out in relation to the updating of the curriculum, the examination of textbooks, aimed at overcoming the problem of gender inequality in the lessons of labor education. Teachers-practitioners, by overcoming the gender problem in the learning process, offer interesting technologies for the implementation of creative student’s workshops. Overcoming gender inequality in lessons will open up a wide range of types of work to children. Often, teachers have a problem with the lack of workshops for girls and boys, so they have to choose projects that are suitable for both sexes. During the survey, the following modules were proposed: matchmaking, gannut, kinussayga, string art, marquetry, applique, origami, paper modeling of clothing and architecture, paper plastics, weaving from newspaper tubes. Artistic modeling of small sculptural plastics of animate, floral, gastronomic, technological or anthropological character from polymer clay, plasticine, cold porcelain, salty dough may interest children of all ages and sexes. Making of relief gifts, body parts for creation of dolls, bouquets of flowers, volumetric abstract and thematic panels, magnets, which can then be painted with acrylic and varnish, will allow to show designer creativity of boys and girls not only in the classroom, but also in extra time. These techniques can be diversified, ranging from plane images to voluminous and vice versa, changing the texture and materials, combining technology.

In terms of economy, it is practically impossible to tackle separately the issues of unemployment and labor market, Only in the non-market economy environment that existed till the very end of the past century the issue of human resources employment was treated as a dominant ideological and political issue. That resulted in inherited high rate of hidden unemployment, low labour productivity, technological gap in relation to the countries with the developed market economy, imbalanced regional development, and the like. People's psychological fear from unemployment resisted the reestablishment of the labour market. Many of them have experienced stressful job losses. Regretfully, in the first years of the market reestablish men t, due to well-known circumstances, new jobs have been created much slower than the surplus jobs have been eliminated in the rationalization process. That additionally increased the fear from unemployment and resistance to necessary transformation of labour legislation which should free the labour market from inflexible administrative restrictions. High unemployment rate does not characterize only the less developed countries. We have highlighted the problem in the EU member states, as well. Although we have not conducted a detailed empirical analysis, we have concluded that the issue of labour market functioning and unemployment have been the major internal problem for EU for many years now. EU plans to reach full employment in the foreseeable future. To reach the set goal, the labour legislation is being changed in terms of further labour market liberalization and achievement of flexible employment; establishment of European institutions with the task to tackle unemployment problems; and allocation of significant resources to finance employment programmes through structuring funds, first of all the European Social Fund. The general conclusion and the message to be drawn out of this paper are in that that the government and its social partners should, each in their domain of responsibility, do their best to free still hidden potentials of the labour market. In order to keep his job or to return to the work environment, a worker should master new competences and skills, and his employer should feel free to make decisions regarding his employees as much as he is free to choose work technology or the product he is going to produce. Of course, the labour market, particularly in high unemployment rate environment, does not imply employer's unlimited self-will toward his employees. Humane attitude and the heritage of the democratic world, which include equality among people without any kind of discrimination, gender equality, free movement, health care, right to social welfare, education, and the like, should be the leading principles. After all, EU has in its Social Welfare Charter clearly expressed its attitude toward man and his rights.

For more than fifty years the place and role of women in Algeria have undergone profound changes. The political changes of the 1990s consolidated and strengthened the existing gains, in a new dynamic of women’s rights. All the institutional arrangements put in place and the action programs implemented since the beginning of the 2000s have resulted in significant changes in the situation of women, both in the field of education, health and living conditions and in participation in economic and public life. Aware that education favors the integration of women into active life, the enrolment of girls in school appears to be the main factor behind this progress and is the powerful means that has had a positive influence on the development of women’s advancement. It should also be noted that, since independence, women have gradually entered all fields of study, particularly scientific and technological ones. In higher education, the female student presence is globally dominant, with girls representing more than 60% of enrolments over several consecutive years. In addition, the labour code has enshrined non-discrimination and eliminated inequalities in all sectors since independence. The methodological tools of the research are the description by statistical tools, in order to describe and explain phenomena through historical data in the form of measurable variables. The results of the analysis show that this process of schooling and access to employment, for both boys and girls, is undoubtedly bringing about social change in Algerian society. The gap between male and female activity has been slowly narrowing in recent years. Moreover, these changes in female employment and in participation in economic activity have not kept pace with the rise in women’s level of education. Indeed, despite all these significant changes, the labour market still shows a strong gender division. Statistics on the gender and occupational distribution of the labour force show that women are concentrated in activities that are an extension of their status as mothers and wives, such as education, health, and services (administration). This article will highlight the main indicators of the evolution of Algerian women with regard to the public policies initiated by the state, which have allowed for a slow but present social change. This process of schooling and access to employment, for both boys and girls, is undoubtedly bringing about social change in Algerian society. The gap between male and female activity has been slowly narrowing in recent years. Moreover, these changes in female employment and in participation in economic activity have not kept pace with the rise in women’s level of education. Indeed, despite all these significant changes, the labour market still shows a strong gender division. Statistics on the gender and occupational distribution of the labour force show that women are concentrated in activities that are an extension of their status as mothers and wives, such as education, health, and services (administration). This article will highlight the main indicators of the evolution of Algerian women about the public policies initiated by the state, which have led to a social change that is certainly slow but very present.

The expansion of cities has altered urban mobility, which has become a challenge for policy makers. At the same time, technological developments and access to mobile applications have also grown, since they provide information in order to facilitate urban displacement. Thus, the eradication of obstacles aimed at e-inclusion contributions to the exercise of citizenship and social equity. The objective of the work is to investigate what are the determinants of e-inclusion and digital inequality to discriminate users and non-users of urban mobility applications. A mixed approach was carried out using a meta-analytical approach, associated with the discriminating statistical technique and hypothesis testing of the data collected through an electronic questionnaire applied to 205 respondents in Brazil. The results found showed four discriminating variables of users and non-users of urban mobility applications, namely: income, age, difficulty in using digital technology and learning to use digital technology. Among these, only the income variable showed significance in the hypothesis tests. The research reveals that income is an important variable in the process of e-inclusion and digital inequality and should be considered by the public managers.

The influence of growing-area and technological aspects on the Lebanese Soury variety is presented. The pedoclimatic conditions, quality parameters, and fatty acids of oil samples were examined using chemometric tools to demonstrate the typicality of Lebanese olive oil. Furthermore, the effect of several technological factors on olive oil quality was studied. Accordingly, olive oil samples were collected across Lebanon corresponding to two climatic zones (Zone A: Low-altitude regions; Zone B: High-altitude regions). Principal component analysis was capable of discriminating the two zones with distinct fatty acid profiles. Zone A exhibited a fatty acid profile mostly dominated by linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, and palmitoleic acid content. As for zone B, it showed a unique fatty acid profile distinguished by oleic acid. These results are mostly attributed to the climatic effect and the altitude of the growing area. Moreover, independent component analysis, coupled to one-way ANOVA, demonstrated that significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were found in quality indices (acidity and peroxide value) as well as fatty acid contents (oleic and linoleic acid) when comparing uncontrolled to controlled extraction methods. This study provides a baseline for future intensive characterization of Lebanese olive oil and detects the non-compliances attributed to the disqualification of olive oil virginity.

Problem setting. Digital platforms ensure the digital activity of state bodies and business. They are tools for the digital transformation of socio-economic systems at all levels that implement network management. The functioning of digital platforms is not limited by borders, they can work anywhere. Now the digital platform has become a separate object of legal regulation, which has its own peculiarities and needs to be regulated by law. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Digital platforms are studied in the scientific works of Sichkarenko K. O., Lyashenko V. I., Vyshnevsky O. S., Yarmolenko Yu. O. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to provide a definition of the term “digital platform”, to describe the models of legal regulation of digital platforms, to identify the main problems connected with digital platforms maintaining. Article’s main body. The definitions of «digital platform», that are available in the scientific literature, contain primarily technological characteristics of this phenomenon, while we are interested in the legal features of digital platforms. From the law point of view, a digital platform should be defined as software or software and hardware that provides third parties access to the digital environment, ensures interaction and other activities between participators in order to develop their software or sell their products, works or services. Depending on the type (private or public), digital platforms have differences in legal regulation. A commercial model of legal regulation characterizes private digital platforms. State digital platforms are regulated because of a centralized model of legal regulation. The commercial platform is established by a legal act of a private company. The founder independently solves the basic questions of functioning of a platform. The activity of the platform is carried out on the basis of the acts of the founder, which are joined by all other participants who intend to use the platform. The state bodies establish public (state) digital platforms. The functioning of such a platform is determined by the law regulations of the state of the appropriate level. An authorized state body (platform operator) manages the digital platform. The activity of state digital platforms is limited to the territory of the state. The state digital platform is not for profit, unlike private ones, as it is created in order to increase the efficiency of public services through digitizing the processes of interaction with their consumers. No full-fledged state digital platforms have been created in Ukraine. Legal regulation of digital platforms should be aimed at solving the following problems: collection, processing and storage of big data; storage of personal data of platform users, trade secrets of legal entities; providing user access to the digital platform and non-discrimination in this area; employment regulation through the use of digital platforms; problems of competitiveness and monopoly in the business environment; taxation of the activity of the digital platform operator and the activity of its participants who sell goods or provide services. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The complex nature of the relations that arise within the functioning of digital platforms determines the complexity of the legal regulation of this object, as the activities of digital platforms affect both public (financial, tax) and private law (civil, commercial, labor). This means that the development of the digital economy requires radical changes in the general approaches to the legal regulation of a new type of economic relations.

Objective:The author seeks to understand the content and legal guarantees of the right to sustainable, healthy and favorable environment in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The researcher seeks to list the case law of the ECtHR corresponding to environmental issues in order to define concrete aspects related to responsibility of the States for the climate change and global warming. The author analyzes new legal trends on the protection of the rights of individuals and groups to complain for violations of their rights to a healthy and favorable environment in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights. The article is focused on positive state obligations on a healthy and sustainable environment under the Convention provisions, Russian experience in eco-cases, admissibility criteria for complaints to the European Court of Human Rights in “environmental cases”. The writer gives an overview of the ECtHR’s legal positions on the right to a healthy and favorable (i.e. prosperous, clean, safe, quiet, calm, quality) environment by type of its pollution. The author considers the importance of facilitating the right to healthy environment according to the UN Sustainable Development Goals.Methodology: The research uses general scientific and special cognitive techniques wherein legal analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and dialectical methods are applied. The author applied a case study method to select the most recent and pilot cases of the ECtHR practice.Results: The author founds out that despite the fact of a non-exhaustive list of the legal positions of the ECtHR concerning the environment effect on human life and health, there is a certain trend in Council of Europe towards an extended interpretation of the human right to healthy ecological situation responding to new challenges to the realization that right, such as, the decarbonization of industrial processes, right to light, right to fresh air, clean water and clean atmosphere, etc. The study concludes with an idea that right to sustainable, healthy and favorable right is a collective right. From the practical perspective, potentially group of individuals should complain to the international judicial institutions to the violation of this right. The importance of the protection of that right is increasing within the technological progress. The right to healthy environment imposes to the European States a legal obligation to ensure right to life, prohibition of torture, right to privacy, right to a fair trial, right to an effective remedy and prohibition of discrimination. The researcher also point out that cases of environmental rights violations are complicated in terms of preparing a complaint and processing by the ECtHR. Due to this fact, it is hard to do so with regard to the causal link between the acts (omission) of state agencies, the violation of environmental rights and the consequences that occurred. It is not clear from the text of the Convention which article directly should be applied.Contributions: Following a review of the content, the author raised possible problems, strategies, suggestions and guidelines for the protection of the right to sustainable and healthy environment. The author concluded that near future new categories of legal cases related to the state responsibility for global warming and climate change will appear in international and national judicial system. The author encourages the complement to the international legal regulation of the protection of the right to healthy, sustainable and favorable ecology on universal and regional level.

INTRODUCTION. The world has many times faced cardinal changes triggered by technological development. Creation of the Internet and the emergence of the artificial intelligence have become the major trend of the ongoing changes with the signifi-cant potential to affect all spheres of live, including the military affairs and the geopolitical phenomena in general. In this paper, in particular, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of the rapid technological development in the defense sector in the context of globalization. The pace and the nature of changes in defense dictate the necessity to analyze the current and future challenges of our digitized age in search of adequate and timely legal and strategic practical solutions. Cyber means of warfare are the weapons of the present. Over the past decades, cyber means of warfare have been frequently used against states in the context of international and non-international armed conflicts, as well as outside of such context. Thus, the fundamental scientific questions that arise are the following: a) are the current legal regulations at international and national levels sufficient to address all the challenges caused by the spillover of armed conflicts into the virtual domain and by the future advancement of cyber weapons, and b) are the current cyber weapons or those of the future capable of changing the nature of “war” described by General Carl von Clausewitz yet in the 19th century as a violent method of forcing its political will by one party of the conflict to the other. We have analyzed the above-mentioned questions in the light of the cyber weapons, which already exist and are being used for military purposes, in the light of possible advancement of cyber weapons and integration of AI into them, as well as in the light of the Big Data management. We have reflected on the dangers, which the smart and entirely data driven world would face, from legal and geopolitical perspectives, through the several possible scenarios of development, emphasizing, in particular, the probable military (defense) aspect of data management. While most frequently the specific problems of application of International Law to the traditional cyber warfare situations become subject for academic debates and discussions, we stress the necessity to also analyze the legal and practical implications of further advancement of cyber weapons, as well as the necessity to consider the role of Big Data management in changing the nature of war and, consequently, also the applicable legal solutions.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The works of academics and international scholars in the field of international law and, specifically, international humanitarian law, and military theorists, as well as international treaties, commentaries to international treaties, and national cyber defense and cyber security strategies comprise the theoretical basis for the current paper. The research has been conducted via general and specific scientific methods of cognition, in particular the dialectical method, comparative legal method, method of interpretation, as well as methods of deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, and others.RESEARCH RESULTS. The ongoing changes taking place in the world have resulted in a situation, when cyber domain is considered one of the traditional war domains. In this context the international community is now debating more flexible interpretations of international legal regulations in order to most efficiently address the new reality. It is also important that states at national level undertake measures to timely and adequately address the challenges already created and those that potentially may take place as a result of the globalization along with the rapid evolution of the cyber technologies and their military use. In the current article we conclude that the categories of the present generation of cyber weapons are lawful. However, the future developments in cyber weapon technologies, as well as the possible quasi-military implications of Big Data management raise many theoretical and practical questions deserving attention. The efforts of the international community and individual states in the field of legal regulation of cyber technologies should be directed toward creating guarantees that the products of the technological development are used for the benefit of humankind. As one of such measures The Authors indicate national cyber security and cyber defense strategies, which according to the Authors, should be elaborated giving due consideration to the possible future developments.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In this paper we analyze the peculiar features of evolution of the world in the 21st century and argue that wars are not static and autonomous phenomena isolated from the global context and all the changes taking place in the world. In particular, we address one of the most popular debates among the scholars in the field of military affairs concerning the issue whether the nature of war has changed or will change overtime, referring to Carl von Clausewitz’s thoughts. With regard to the current generation of cyber weapons, we conclude that even if they might prima facie seem to be inherently indiscriminate (such as, for example, nuclear weapons) in reality cyber weapons are not per se indiscriminate, but rather are weapons with a very high potential of being used indiscriminately or in violation of the principle of discrimination. However, the high potential of indiscriminate use of cyber weapons does not outlaw the cyber weapons as such. We also agree with the widely accepted opinion that the cyber weapons, which are currently used, are sufficiently regulated by the International Law. At the same time, the future tendencies for advancement and improvement of military cyber technologies, inter alia, via integration of artificial intelligence, may seriously call into question the possibility of their application in compliance with the international legal regulations. Finally, the possible scenarios of advancement of Big Data management have led us to the conclusion that big data management per se has the potential of being used as a weapon with less lethal or even non-lethal consequences, however equally effective in enforcing one’s policy as the traditional weapons or potentially kinetic cyber-weapons. If big data analysis at its current stage of development does not produce very accurate predictions, the well-distributed and structured informational flow in the cyber domain is capable of influencing and manipulating behaviours. In such case if Big data monopoly (including both: hardware and soſtware) vests in one of several actor, it could drastically change the nature of war by making the element of violence redundant and consequently alter the geopolitical balance. One of the measures for early response to future challenges, in our opinion, could be through reflecting on lex ferenda in cyber security and cyber defence national strategies. From the analysis of the content of different strategies we could conclude that most states acknowledge cyberspace as a military domain like land, air or maritime, analyse the main specific characteristics of current generation of cyber weapons, and set state objectives and action plan for cyber offense, cyber defense and cyber deterrence respectively. While the future advancement of cyber means of warfare and the quasi-military dimension of the big data management seem to be overlooked by states in general.

Synchrotron X-ray µ- and nano-probes are increasingly affirming their relevance in cultural heritage applications, especially in material characterization of tiny and complex micro-samples which are typical from archaeological and artistic artifacts. For such purposes, synchrotron radiation facilities are tailoring and optimizing beamlines and set-ups for CH, taking also advantages from the challenges offered by the third-generation radiation sources. In ancient ceramics studies, relevant information for the identification of production centers and manufacture technology can be obtained in a non-invasive and non-destructive way at the micro-sample level by combining different SR based methods. However, the selection of appropriate beamlines, techniques and set-ups are critical for the success of the experiments. Fine and varnished wares (e.g., Attic and western-Greek colonial products) are an excellent case study for exploring challenges offered by synchrotron X-ray microprobes optimized to collect microchemical and phase-distribution maps. The determination of provenance and/or technological tracers is relevant in correctly classifying productions, often based only on ceramic paste, gloss macroscopic features or style. In addition, when these vessels are preserved in Museums as masterpieces or intact pieces the application of non-invasive approach at the micro sample is strictly required. Well-designed synchrotron µXRF and µXANES mapping experiments are able providing relevant clues for discriminating workshops and exploring technological aspects, which are fundamental in answering the current archaeological questions on varnished Greek or western-Greek colonial products.

AbstractMaterial analysis, specially surface analysis of materials, has been increasingly important. A wide range of surface analysis techniques is available. The techniques are, generally, complementary. There are nuclear and non-nuclear techniques, e.g. microscopy. Nuclear techniques, which are nondestructive, permit analysis for a few microns near the surface. They have been applied to areas such as scientific, technologic, industry, arts and medicine, using MeV ion beams. Nuclear reactions permit to achieve high sensitivities for detection of light elements in heavy substrates and also discrimination of isotopes. We use ion-ion nuclear reactions, elastic scattering and the energy analysis method, where an energy spectrum is obtained of ions from the target for a chosen energy of the incident ion beam. The target composition and concentration profile information contained in the spectrum is computationally obtained through a computer program that has been developed for predicting such energy spectra. Predicted spectra obtained for variations of target parameters are compared with experimental data, giving that information. SEM and TEM are also used.

Facial expressions can tell a lot about an individual’s emotional state. Recent technological advances opening avenues for automatic Facial Expression Recognition (FER) based on machine learning techniques. Many works have been done on FER for the classification of facial expressions. However, the applicability to more naturalistic facial expressions remains unclear. This paper intends to develop a machine learning approach based on the Delaunay triangulation to extract the relevant facial features allowing classifying facial expressions. Initially, from the given facial image, a set of discriminative landmarks are extracted. Along with this, a minimal landmark connected graph is also extracted. Thereby, from the connected graph, the expression is represented by a one-dimensional feature vector. Finally, the obtained vector is subject for classification by six well-known classifiers (KNN, NB, DT, QDA, RF and SVM). The experiments are conducted on four standard databases (CK+, KDEF, JAFFE and MUG) to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach and find out which classifier is better suited to our system. The QDA approach based on the Delaunay triangulation has a high accuracy of 96.94% since it only supports non-zero pixels, which increases the recognition rate.

The aim of this work is to characterize the R&D teams of sustainable companies and analyze how they perform in terms of patent quality. The study is based on 13,355 patents filed by leading companies in the IT hardware industry. Team of inventors are characterized in terms of size, mobility, experience and openness. Sustainability is measured in terms of its environmental dimension. Patent quality is defined using ex ante and post hoc indicators. Innovation and financial performances, together with some contextual features, are also considered. One-way ANOVA is performed using “sustainability” as a discriminating factor to analyze whether significant differences are found between sustainable and not sustainable companies. Correlations between team features and patent quality are calculated. Results show that the R&D teams of sustainable companies feature a higher degree of mobility but less experience than those of non-sustainable firms; moreover, a less receptive attitude toward open innovation is observed. Even if, on average, sustainable companies develop less patents, the quality is higher regarding most attributes: scope, architectural capability, scientific and technological value; moreover, superior financial performances are achieved. The features that have a more significant impact on patent quality are the size of the R&D team and the presence of inventors who have published on Scopus.

Light is a powerful investigational tool in biomedicine, at all levels of structural organization. Its multitude of features (intensity, wavelength, polarization, interference, coherence, timing, non-linear absorption, and even interactions with itself) able to create contrast, and thus images that detail the makeup and functioning of the living state can and should be combined for maximum effect, especially if one seeks simultaneously high spatiotemporal resolution and discrimination ability within a living organism. The resulting high relevance should be directed towards a better understanding, detection of abnormalities, and ultimately cogent, precise, and effective intervention. The new optical methods and their combinations needed to address modern surgery in the operating room of the future, and major diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration are reviewed here, with emphasis on our own work and highlighting selected applications focusing on quantitation, early detection, treatment assessment, and clinical relevance, and more generally matching the quality of the optical detection approach to the complexity of the disease. This should provide guidance for future advanced theranostics, emphasizing a tighter coupling—spatially and temporally—between detection, diagnosis, and treatment, in the hope that technologic sophistication such as that of a Mars rover can be translationally deployed in the clinic, for saving and improving lives.

Abstract Coronary computed tomography (CCT) is a non-invasive imaging method that allows visualization of the epicardial coronary arteries. The diagnostic and prognostic role of CCT has been demonstrated by various randomized trials to such an extent that it has been included as a Class I, level of evidence B recommendation in the latest European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the diagnosis of chronic coronary syndrome in patients at intermediate-low cardiovascular risk. In addition to the anatomical evaluation, the CCT allows to evaluate the presence of high-risk characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaque (napkin-ring sign, positive remodelling, spotty calcification, and low-attenuation plaque), thus discriminating the stability of the atheromatous pathology. Furthermore, among the potential of cardiac CT in the emergency department, the possibility of making a triple rule-out must be underlined, excluding three potential big killers as the cause of acute chest pain: acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and aortic dissection. Various randomized clinical studies have demonstrated that the prognosis of the patient with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) improves only if a haemodynamically significant stenosis is treated, generally investigated with invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR); CCT technological advances have made it possible to create an algorithm for calculating the FFR-CT, an index of haemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis, whose correlation with the invasive FFR data and, consequently, with the prognosis has been demonstrated of patients with CAD.

<p>Parenting the Minangkabau tribe's children often involved conflicts with prolonged peers; egoism is still high; they are accustomed to discriminating against friends; and their lack of respect for friends indicates that they have low-quality interpersonal communication. Technological developments that should be avoided negatively influence the relationship between social interaction and the quality of the transmission of the alpha generation. Even though the children who have a Minangkabau ethnic background have been taught good manners, both in speaking and in acting, through the teaching of "Kato Nan Ampek," Therefore, the purpose of conducting research was to analyze parental care toward children in interpersonal communication in terms of Minangkabau culture. The research analysis uses a qualitative approach with a case study type. The results of the study show that the parenting style in Minangkabau that teaches children good manners towards older people, the same person, younger people, and people who are visited has not been implemented. Minangkabau children have started to apply a way of speaking that shows language impoliteness. Minangkabau ethnic generation based on local wisdom in elementary schools. The results of the research show that there is a new theory, "Parenting of Kato nan Ampek" as a local wisdom developed in Minangkabau that has been able to form politeness in children's language since. Kato nan Ampek's parenting theory teaches that politeness can be applied in a local wisdom-based learning process that applies local cultural values in elementary schools. It is suggested that teachers can apply Kato nan Ampek's Parenting theory to teach and familiarize language politeness for elementary school children, especially teachers in West Sumatra.</p>

The conditions, prospects and consequences of using the mobilization management model (hereinafter MM) in science are considered. It is shown that the problem of mobilization arises when politics invades the economy in order to force it to switch to achieving goals that are beyond the current and prospective economic environment. To this end, the economic mechanisms that regulate economic activity are replaced by a system of priorities for the concentration of quality resources in the areas of their own reproduction, ensuring the highest possible growth rates of quality resources over a certain period. The change in the direction of resource flows is carried out by discriminating against non-priority industries, giving rise to technological imbalance and qualitative heterogeneity of the production apparatus. The gap between the priority sphere and the rest of the economy under conditions of mobilization can only grow, leading in time to its disorganization. The situation of mobilization creates extremely disastrous conditions for scientific and innovative activity. Within the framework of the administrative-command system, the scientific ethos is destroyed, and the scientist turns from a researcher and creator into an official-manager for access and interpretation of new knowledge, functionally merging with the state bureaucracy. The logic of events arising from the use of the mobilization management model leads to destructive and disorganizing results. Its limited application is possible only within the framework of individual projects, an indispensable condition for the implementation of which is the existence of an independent system of regulation and control and a strict time frame for its work.

The main reasons for climate change which are explained in this article are as follows: -Climate pollution by gases with CO2 emission and Greenhouse Effect; Climate contamination of viruses with viruses from nature by animals or glaciers when thawing or produced in Laboratories; Induced Climate Change due to meteorological weapons with high intensity radio waves to produce rains, hurricanes and possible induction of earthquakes; Climate pollution by radiation due wars with irreversible consequences in the climate and Nuclear Winter; Climate Change due the explosion of missiles and atomic weapons in the oceans; Climate Change due the natural cyclical phases of the Earth affected by the cyclical variations of the Earth's magnetic field lines which can be affected by the severe cyclical activity of the sun due storms and sunspot because of the combustion that occurs inside the Sun which is due to the gravitational instabilities produced by the planets of the solar system, asteroids or the Comet Planet; Climate Change due to the invading Comet Planet into the solar system that affects with its gravitational field to the sun with solar storms and the planets with variation of the magnetic field lines affecting the climate, earthquakes and activation of volcanoes and indeed with the entry of many meteors and asteroids to the Earth; Climate change due to the Arm of God Allah explaining all the above reasons being more evident in times of Tribulation. The specific methods and devices of the control and manipulation of the population (inclusive to induce to the concupiscence) in times of new world order (Universal Big Brother Program for the control of human in the Earth) and possible Tribulation are explained in this article: Surveillance programs with all technological devices and networks used by humans systematic methods of persuasive manipulation and indoctrination used by some zombie humans and dark; Through the subjugation of employees and humans (inclusive children teaching them how to manipulate in the same style of the zombies); By enterprises or dark groups so that employees make manipulation games with details (investing work time to play like children) receiving bribes, money or labor benefits or with possible retaliation if they do not obey; Surveillance programs in living and working places with covert technological cameras, coincidence games, activities, plans and events programmed in sequence (inclusive pyrotechnic sounds in sequence); Covert numbers and words (in identification documents, cards, car plates, devices used by humans); Encrypted, hidden codes or small phrases and numbers not visible to the naked eye concealed in objects; Covert words in the speech of zombie humans and from multimedia and channels of traditional technological devices through movies, programs and even newscasts and inclusive to speak in code with the humans who know the surveillance programs and worst using in those channels and programs derogatory words against the Nazarenes (in the style of Nazism with the Jews) in complicity of close acquaintances, zombies and dark who participate profiting from the system for the vile metal; By means of an epidemic and viruses produced in laboratories creating epidemics and chaos in the Earth for the reduction and control of the population; Through strict restrictions and reduction of freedoms; Confinement with subsequent compulsory vaccination to be able to access human rights such as the right to work and the right to travel (with the cover-up of the respective organizations responsibles for it: OIT OMT), without responsibility of the authorities in charge of vaccination worldwide (OMS) for the short or long term counterproductive effects of the vaccinated population due to the risk with the liquid of the vaccines by interfering with the DNA and RNA of the population; Possible marking and elimination of many humans (possibility of control of the pulmonary alveoly or induction controlled of diseases or pain due a virus by means of chips introduced in humans); Control of humans by the introduction of liquid and solid chips in humans (liquid crystals that crystallize in the organism and settle in neurons and receive ultrasonic waves of very low frequency) (possibly inserted from vaccines in global epidemiological programs for population control or invasive medical examination when this is not necessary as a figurative example of review of a patient with a sore in the mouth and introduction of the whole hand in the throat or prostate examination or specific injections to certain objective humans or Nazarenes who have opened the matrix of the darks and the elite that controls the humans in the Earth) in times of epidemic in medical examinations and treatments in hospitals (false medical negligence with breach of the medical oath of the use of Medicine for human good). The possible liquid and solid chips introduced into the human being can be used for mind reading (telepath) and thought induction (double direction: sending and receiving messages in the style of Stephen Hawking and the style of the technology already used in sending probes into space and to the moon) and possible human marking with surveillance program and the possible creation of zombie humans. Humans who have the mind reader chip installed can speak without speaking (the dumb speak playing like the miracles of Jesus Christ). It is possible to detect if the humans who have the mental reading chip installed have psychological alterations without going to a doctor. It is possible to know if humans are good or bad without seeing their actions and without going to a priest. In this way, human beings with the chip installed can be sanctioned before they do somewhat wrong (simply because it is known to be thinking). This can be used to know the fidelity to a political guideline or direction (this is known by the strong rumor in communist countries that already have the technology to detect the fidelity to the political party and possibly this is through this chip installed in the human being and mind reading). The inserted chip can also perform thought induction: this is possibly the apocalyptic mark mentioned in the apocalypse because many humans will perform sins or concupiscence induced and not naturally. Then, this will most probably activate the Wrath of God, the seals, and the trumpets of the apocalypse. It surprises me that actually the OMS wants to bring the vaccination program to Africa when in Africa there are not many dead by the epidemy (possibly for the control and reduction of the population will be in all the Earth). Afterward, the OMS mentioned that wants to insert a manufacturing center of vaccines in many countries and inclusive vigilance programs (possibly for the control and reduction of the population will be effective at the local level). But, what the OMS needs to mention is that it is necessary to eliminate the laboratories of virus creation and not create more vaccine laboratories. Humans do not want more vaccine and injections and laboratories for the creation of vaccines but the elimination of virus laboratories which are most probably used for for the control and reduction of the population: thus, the reason for spreading a virus created in a laboratoy across the Earth is evident: population reduction and control of humanity in preparation for a global elite program (new world order or program 2030 for the control of the dark and of the elite; Connection of covert surveillance cameras (in living and working places) with channels of traditional technological devices through movies, programs and even newscasts (including newscasts that usually make signs of dumb and deaf to those who have already discovered them) used by the dark with the respective programs and in addition, to monitor and tracing to verify the induction to concupiscence through mental reading (chips in humans) and surveillance cameras on line in the best style of James Bond espionage movies (including control of faces, pupils, irises, reflections, details and diseases); Games of judgments of sin against humans and Nazarenes (playing at being gods) and also profiting from the vile metal through the system and contributing to the persecution of the Nazarenes; Fake judgments of sin against humans and Nazarenes because many of these sins have been induced with technology due the possible induction of thoughts by the liquid cristal settle in neurons and have not been natural (dark inducing sin through technology and playing gods to induce evil and destruction of intimacy and privacy even in the mind of the human being); Retaliation to those who report the surveillance and manipulation programs and marking of humans for mind reading (telepathy) and thought induction (making them sick sending to the hospitals or removing them); Digital identification plan and digital money to do digital control and avoid conflict and protests of marked and Nazarenes in surveillance programs who discover that there is no privacy in their documents and inclusive in theirs mind (telepathy: mind reading and thought induction: artificial intelligence): it surprises that EU mention that has a digital plan for europeans for digital control on line. But, before the epidemy, Europe and the world advanced a lot in technology and the data of humans are digitally in hospitals and institutes that humans need. After, the EU mentions artificial intelligence for human beings. Then and in vaccination and epidemy time, it is possible that the digital control is a new digital control with artifitial intelligence and with possible chips installed in the human being (possibly already installed in many human beings); Games of events and coincidences to cause accidents or conflicts in the life of marked, target or Nazarenes (change games of victim to accused by companies that regulate the order with subsequent rectification of the game made by the same companies when the Nazarenes claim); Games of recognition of the identity of human beings (in the style of the movie Unknown) by enterprises and service stations which are necessary for the daily movement of human beings creating conflicts of manipulation and stress in the marked or Nazarenes Salary payment games (payment of wages with dinners and game of check payment) creating manipulation conflicts and stress in the life of marked, target or Nazarenes Programmed plans of theft and scams of enterprises and humans even knowing of the surveillance cameras for the control of the marked, target or Nazarenes. Then, there is severe control of human beings in their daily activities to verify the follow-up of the matrix and darks that plan situations of concupiscence in the human being. Besides, this is occurring in coincidence with an accelerated new world order program and possible tribulation times and possibly already with the installation of the apocalyptic mark (possible chips introduced in the human being for mind reading and thought induction to induce concupiscence) in humans mentioned in the apocalypse for dark control of humans. The global forms of the severe manipulation and population control in times of new world order and Tribulation are explained in this article are as follows: By increasing taxes; Through armed conflicts and wars create discord, wars and chaos between countries (often bordering countries with the same origins and with the same culture: Russia and Ukraine: war motivated by US OTAN EU): To later usurp its resources (oil energy resource: US Iraq Kuwait); To later control them politically and economically (US Iraq Kuwait) and when these power or developed countries cannot control or usurp their resources, they begin to block them economically (Russia in the war between Russia and Ukraine where besides developed countries influence in the war by printing additional money to use for the war causing imbalance and global economic crisis instead of looking for ways to avoid it) in order to cause chaos and economic crisis with the knowledge and complicity of the world organizations responsible (OEA ONU) and make the population believe that the cause of the economic crisis is the government in power. However, some countries have resisted these blockades (Cuba Venezuela Nicaragua Russia China) and managed to show that it is possible to have governments independent of the control of these powers or countries that believe they own the Earth; To put rulers (governing) of interest in the same countries in conflict; To control them using the pretext of placing military bases in the countries in conflict (NATO OTAN: military bases in some European countries, US military bases: in some South American countries and some countries of Europe). In addition, this is preferable to reduce military bases in other countries and reduction of nuclear weapons, and use the financial resources for the reduction of inequity and poverty on the Earth. Thus, the organizations responsible for the proliferation of nuclear weapons (OIEA) have played an ineffective and passive (cover-up) role, which has caused the risk of a third nuclear world war to be imminent); Through the war against terror: however and actually, this is a false speech used to point to countries that oppose the control or directive of the powers and that have a culture or political structure different from that of the powers and later make conflict and war to later control them or usurp their resources (some Arab and Muslim countries, for example, US, Irak, Lybia and blaming an entire country for terrorism and occupying for years (Afganistán)). In this way and actually, some countries have developed nuclear weapons (North Korea, Iran) to protect themselves in some way and thus, the same thing does not happen to them as to the countries mentioned above (Irak, Lybia) and that have been destroyed with the false discourse of the war against terror. In this way, the best thing is to have good relations with all the countries of the Earth which are again summed in the Bible [1] in a message: Love your brother (all human beings) as yourself! (Mt.22-39) (and not to go around the Earth pointing out terrorists to any country that opposes its guidelines). Therefore, it is possible to reduce the economic resources for the war against terror which can be used to reduce poverty and inequity in human beings; Through the war against drugs: there are many other substances and products consumed by humans that can be harmful to health and that are allowed and have not become a vice (when something is forbidden: this increases the interest in obtaining it explained from the beginning of creation in Genesis [1]: an apple from the tree of good and evil in the garden of Eden: Adam and Eve). In addition, many countries have allowed the use of certain types of drugs for medical purposes (Uruguay, Bolivia) where drug use has gone unnoticed in these countries; Through religión: with a structure of religion that tries to control the population through a guideline and speeches that obey the Vatican and the actual governments of each country (which is evident when there are countries such as Nicaragua that do not follow a guideline of the church and the elite and then, the religion surprisingly actively intervenes in politics): the conclusion is reached and to which many humans have reached, that religion is a power most actually used (along with political and economic power); Through political power by means of the false argument used by politicians to reduce inequity and poverty: where a large amount of resources and money have been allocated to the political powers and rulers of many countries for centuries by the respective organizations responsable (FMI BM) without any results and in many countries poverty and inequity have increased. Besides, the bureaucracy is a structure of order and rules of management and administration used within the governments of each country that contribute to the inefficiency and manipulation of the required procedures in human life that ultimately affect the life of each human being when they require formalities that end up being complicated and time-consuming. Then, this power structure in politics, economics, and religion for the control of the population is ineffective and obeys the interests of the dark who control humans on the Earth, and is used ineffectively by the rulers (governing) of the countries who come to power precisely with the false discourse of reducing poverty and inequity; Through the pretext of climate change: severe climate change due to the emission of CO2 and the greenhouse effect is a complete fallacy. The world organizations involved with the climate (ONU) try to make humanity believe that this is the reason for the severe climatic changes that the human being has experienced on the Earth to obtain economic resources and avoid mentioning God in control of the Earth and course the climate and to avoid mentioning the Omnipotence of God [1] in the control of the Earth and the climate: the severe climate change is frequently due to solar storms and variations in the magnetic field lines of the Earth because of gravitational variations in the solar system or due to the entry of an asteroid or Comet Planet what is controlled and all the Universe by God. Therefore, the climate change is controlled by the Eternal God (wich is explained in the Bibles with a lot of examples with Moses, Josue, Hezekiah) and thus, this is better to use the resources and money for so-called climate change to reduce poverty and inequity in the Earth and increase equity in humans: Human Beings must not believe everything said by the organizations and individuals that control the humans in the Earth and that obey the directions imposed within the matrix triangle of control of the Earth; Through the sport by means of the persuasive manipulation of observers or attendees at sporting events through commercials programs, commentators (hidden words and numbers in speech), players participating in the match: with gestures or sequence of plays, numbers, words or details in the players uniform, referees (make decisión of plays in favor of a team purposely: false bad arbitration) or leading organizers committing sports corruption not applying the rules or discriminating players (Serbian, Russian and Belarusian tennis players at tennis competitions due to some tennis organizations) or teams (Russian sports clubs and inclusive the Russian national team due FIFA decision) at convenience. Besides, when there are countries in conflict or war: instead of uniting the countries in conflict by means of the sport, the respective organizations (FIFA UEFA) discriminate and increase the conflict: discriminating and not allowing the participation of tennis players (including top tennis players), Football Countries and Sport Clubs in international competitions for reasons of restrictions due to the epidemic, conflict or war (including countries that organized previous World Cups: Russia) where the interest, quality and love for this sport has increased and that must be used to unite human beings and countries and not to not allow them to participate: which increases the division and conflict between countries or humans: This is important to highlight and value the position of the ATP for deciding that the ATP does not agree that athletes from certain countries (Russia and Belarus) cannot participate in international tournaments stating that this is against the principles of merit and non-discrimination: then, this is tremendously criticizable that the organization responsible of Football (FIFA UEFA) participates in armed conflicts or war with discriminatory decisions in Football, increasing the war by not allowing countries in conflict to participate in World Cup of Football: FIFA slogan of no to racism and some form of discrimination is a complete farce and used for convenience and interest (in the same style of all the other organizations (mainly ONU, OEA, FMI, BM, VATICAN) that control humans and that in 2000 years of the coming of the Envoy of God have not been able to solve iniquity and poverty), discrimination that has been evident in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine: Football is the main sport in the Earth and it is the one that can unite human beings the most and should be used as a source of union and not división; Through education: where this is used by many countries to induce and manipulate their inhabitants in a certain political direction through the dissemination of knowledge and even the textbooks of the students: many underdeveloped countries have increased illiteracy and degradation in education because this favors the politicians of the country's government: having an ignorant people who do not see what they do with the country's money and who cannot criticize them: the greatness of peoples depends on the education that gives the independence of individuals who are the ones that make the country advance; Through world organizations to control countries: ONU, OEA, Vatican, OTAN, UE: many countries have to obey the guidelines of these organizations, which often do not respond to the needs of the citizens of each country: many institutions in the countries must obey the organizations (the Vatican for the religion) in a rigid way, which is often not in accordance with the situation of the country's citizens, who often need new variants or guidelines (some organizations can cause chaos, conflict or war as for example the war of Russia with Ucrania where the possible annexation of Ucrania to the OTAN and UE is one of the reasons for the war between these two countries. Therefore, there would be no war between these two countries where without those organizations); Through world organizations of espionage (CIA, FBI, KGB, Gestapo, SS): employing persuasive interference in the countries and rulers of some undeveloped countries (some South America and Center America countries and some European, Asia and Africa countries) with the objective of the power countries of control, manipulate or destabilize countries and inclusive simple humans (using the personal data of thousands of people around the world). Through the control and intervention of the Creator God Allah which is necessary and essential in times of Tribulation at the time timely (Holy Bible: Apoc. 6 Apoc. 8:6 Apoc. 5 Apoc. 7 Apoc. 21) due to everything mentioned in this scientific research respect to the control and manipulation of the population (regarding the increase of inequity, discord, and evil among humans) which is not following the guideline given by the envoy of God 2000 years ago: Jesus Christ. Keywords: God, Allah, Jesuchrist, Bible, Creator, Education, Climate change, Population Control, Climate Pollution, Gases CO2, Greenhouse Effect, Epidemic, Viruses, Laboratory, Zombies, Dark, Elite, new world order, OMS, ONU, OEA, Vatican, OTAN, UE, FMI, BM, OIT, OMT, Meteorological weapons, Haarp, Sura, Wars, Sport, Religion, Radiation, Nuclear Winter, Sun, Magnetic field lines, Storms, Asteroids, Comet Planet, Volcanoes, Climate Catastrophies, Tribulation, Taxes, Terror, Drugs, Organizations, Inequity, Poverty, Manipulation, Indoctrination, Technological Devices, Covert technological devices, networks, Newscasts, Surveillance programs, Big Brother Program, Digital Identification Plan, Digital Money, Covert numbers and covert words, Encrypted, Hidden codes or small phrases not visible to the naked eye, Covert words in the speech of zombie humans in multimedia and traditional technological devices, Nazism, Jews, Coincidence games, Activities, Plans, Events Programmed in sequence, Pyrotechnic sounds in sequence, Games of events and coincidences to cause accidents or conflicts, Games of judgments of sin against humans and Nazarenes, Games of recognition of the identity of human beings, Unknown, Companies, Service stations, Salary payment games, Programmed plans of theft and scams of companies and enterprises, Retaliation, Marking, Reduction, False medical negligence, Medical oath, Medicine, Liquid and solid chips in humans, Liquid crystals, Neurons, Ultrasonic waves, Vaccines, Global epidemiological programs, Matrix, Dark, Elite, Mind Reading, Telepath, Thought induction, Apocalipse, Wrath of God.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Cartography in the under-law regulation for classification of fields and sciences in North Macedonia (page 49-93, annex 2, official gazette no.103 year 2010, http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/3F71A9F8CEFC884D813AD80158E3FBAD.pdf) in the same time is listed under the natural and technical sciences with two separate codes, namely: 10502 under the group of geography fields and 20606 under geodesy fields (official gazette no.103 year 2010, annex 2, pages 51 and 57). Based on this classification, non-cartographers, even official officers of the governmental institutions, gets wrong indicator as if they were two different type of science fields. This was the legal base for deliberately abuse by the officials in the State Inspectorate of Education in North Macedonia (http://dpi.mon.gov.mk) and University of Tetova (www.unite.edu.mk), which began on January 2016.</p><p>In the minutes and decision nr.09-38 from 18.01.2016, contrary to article 17 of the Law for educational inspection (http://mon.gov.mk/images/documents/zakoni/zakon_za_inspekcija_26-02-2016.pdf), the state educational inspector Gjorgji Ilievski, made artificial and crucial difference between cartography as science under technical sciences and cartography as other science under natural sciences, by deciding that those who has PhD on cartography in technical faculties such as geodesy are not eligible to be elected as cartography lecturer/professor in the faculties of natural sciences such as geography department. This is non-professional and non-real distinction, however in the law system of North Macedonia, the signed decision nr.09-38 has an inspectional executive legal status, which should be obligatory used by the others as a legal base for other decisions. This is very dangerous situation, because the official decision by the state institution (State Educational Inspectorate) have to be used by all other institutions as a legal base for other procedures/decisions, even though it contain totally incorrect and non-professional proof!</p><p>Based on the decision nr.09-38 from 18.01.2016 of the State Educational Inspectorate, on 22.06.2016 Vullnet Ameti as Rector of the University of Tetova has signed a decision nr.02-2094/1 for revocation of academic degrees in cartography under the natural sciences, with the same justification that “a PhD title on cartography that has been acquired in technical sciences is not eligible for getting academic position of cartography professor in geography department”. This is the second official document/decision which has direct negative impact to cartography and cartographers in North Macedonia.</p><p>Main proof which proves that both decisions are deliberately abuse by the officials in the State Inspectorate of Education in North Macedonia and the University of Tetova is classical falsification on my professional identity. In both documents, signer’s educational inspector Gjorgji Ilievski as well as rector Vullnet Ameti have used wrong profession for my education as civil engineer, even though I have never studied in my life the civil engineering. In both documents, the signers have written supposedly that my PhD diploma is on civil engineering with code 207 (based on official gazette nr.103, year 2010; page 57). Such kind of decisions in which the signers change your profession without any document, is a crime and violation of the human rights.</p><p>For the crime, falsification, non-real difference of scientific fields and non-professional actions, with the deliberately abuse by the officials in the State Inspectorate of Education in North Macedonia and the University of Tetova, all relevant institutions of North Macedonia have been informed, such as: Ministry of Education and Science, Academy of sciences, Ombudsman, Public prosecution, the Office of Prime Minister, the commission for anticorruption, the council of inspections, the administrative inspection, the administrative court, and the commission for discrimination, as well as some international organizations accredited in North Macedonia. However, until today, the end of February 2019, any concrete decision which will punish the signers of decisions with wrong proofs doesn’t reached to me!</p><p>In order to proof the opposite of those used in both decisions/minutes of State Inspectorate of Education in North Macedonia and the University of Tetova, the clarification has been asked to be given by the Sector for high education in the Ministry of Education and Sciences of North Macedonia (www.mon.gov.mk), and by the International Cartographic Association (www.icaci.org). Two documents with answers have been delivered from both institutions. Answer of the sector for high education nr. 14-9498/2 of 17.08.2017 prove that my PhD thesis defended in year 2007 in geodesy department at the Faculty for civil engineering of the University of “St. Cyril and Methodius” in Skopje is in the field of cartography, as well as prove that doesn’t exist any difference between cartography listed in the technical and natural sciences in the under-law regulation for classification of fields and sciences in North Macedonia (annex 2, official gazette no.103 year 2010). Non-existing difference between cartography listed under the technical (geodesy) and natural (geography) sciences is proved also in the “Letter of Clarification/Confirmation for Cartography as independent science and its relation to natural and technical sciences” issued by the International Cartographic Association on 02.10.2018. Both documents have been submitted by me to the State Inspectorate of Education in North Macedonia and the University of Tetova, as well to other relevant institutions in North Macedonia, however until today, this issue has not been solved by any institution in North Macedonia. Therefore, additional international input by the International Cartographic Association is needed, because the destiny of cartography, cartographers and the individuals who are dealing with cartography can-not be left in hands of irresponsible officers who misuse their official positions to sign such a kind of illegal decisions (nr.09-38 from 18.01.2016, and nr.02-2094/1 from 22.06.2016) in order to punish certain people, in this case punishing me!</p><p>The used codes 10502 for cartography under the group of geography fields and 20606 under geodesy fields (official gazette no.103, year 2010, annex 2, pages 51 and 57) are part of the under-law regulation known in North Macedonia as “International Frascati Classification of scientific fields”. However, this type of classification is not fully compatible with the Frascati classification, which means that usage of word “international” doesn’t reflect the reality. The proofing of this statement is very easy. In any country worldwide can not be recognized the same classification with same codes 10502 and 20606 for cartography, even all codes used in this regulation. These proofs clearly indicate that the classification in North Macedonia called “International Frascati Classification of scientific fields” is not an international classification, so it is just a classification in national level, and it is not internationally used.</p><p>The beginning of this kind of classification in North Macedonia was established in year 2001 within the Tempus project CME-03118-97 (http://ftu.uklo.edu.mk/FTU/html/soopstenija/naucni%20polinja.pdf), and is formalized in year 2010 as underlaw regulation for “International Frascati Classification” (official gazette no.103, year 2010, annex 2). The classification called “Класификација на Научни Полиња, Подрачја и Области (Дисциплини) на Истражување” is performed in year 2001 within the project “Developing a system for quality assessment of educational performance to be introduced in Macedonian universities” under the Tempus programme CME-03118-97, by defining 960 scientific fields in the third level of classification, based on CERIF 1998 (Common European Research Project Information Format), UNESCO 1998 and two levels of Frascati Manual 1993 by OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000101730). Nine year later, on year 2010, this project output (list of classification) has been used as a basic document for officialization of the classification of scientific fields in North Macedonia.</p><p> Even though classification from year 2010 (official gazette no.103, year 2010, annex 2) is based on documents from year 1993 (by OECD) and 2001 (by TEMPUS project), it is still in official use in North Macedonia for all official procedures in the high education sector, although it is more than 2 decades old and doesn’t fit the big technological changes happened in sciences during the last decades. Unfortunately, contrary to the reality, it is used as legal and professional base for illegal minutes and decision nr.09-38 signed by Gjorgji Ilievski on 18.01.2016 and decision nr.02- 2094/1 signed by Vullnet Ameti on 22.06.2016.</p><p>Since the state educational inspectors in State Educational Inspectorate are officers with bachelor or master education in pedagogy, history, geography, physical education etc., the supervision of high educational process in public and private universities in North Macedonia is in very critical point, because the officers with bachelor or master degree on education have to supervise university professors in specific scientific areas, which is impossible mission!</p><p>At the web site of the Ministry of education and sciences (http://www.mon.gov.mk/index.php/2014-07-24-06-34-40/pravilnici), in the page for regulations, as well as in the page regulation of the web site of the State Educational Inspectorate (http://dpi.mon.gov.mk/index.php/regulations/pravilnici), searched on February 2019, the “International Frascati Classification” from year 2010 (official gazette no.103, year 2010, annex 2) is missing.</p><p>In the latest Law for high education in North Macedonia (official gazette no. 82, year 2018, http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/e70eb6afb4a04960b76db298d126db17.pdf), Frascati Classification is kept as basic document for two levels of classification, defined in article 2 point 16, while the third level should be defined as national standard (article 43, point 18). However, until today a new classification is still not defined, so unfortunately the older one from year 2010 with data from years 1993 and 2001 is still in official use.</p><p>During the oral presentation within the upcoming ICA conference in Tokyo-Japan, many practical problems in cartography are coming from mentioned regulation and its misuse by the state educational inspectors in North Macedonia and the University of Tetova, authenticated with concrete official documents will be presented.</p>

Formulation of the problem. Institutional aspects of aviation industry development and its subjects should be re-thought under conditions of globalization. The aim of the research is to formulate a concept of institutional regulation of hi-tech industries within formation of their macroeconomic potential. Research methods. The research applies methods of system analysis, comparison, induction and financial-economic analysis. The hypothesis of the research is an assumption that the generalized concept of institutional regulation of hi-tech industries will allow to focus the attention on the support for the goals of sustainable development of the economy on the macro level. Statement of the main material. The financial and economic parameters of the sustainable development of the SE “Lviv Danylo Halytskiy International Airport” were analyzed for 2014-2018 time period. To accomplish the goals of sustainable development included into strategies of airport development we propose to apply the parameters of impact. Impact on investments: ratings, volume of investments, cut of grants, cut of budget financing, employment, demand for services, partnership with other regions. Impact on citizens: innovation activity, increase in quality of goods and services, cooperation with investors, cooperation with community, tourism. Impact on competitiveness potential: comfort and standardization, cooperation with stakeholders, industrial safety, ecological safety, energy efficiency, non-discrimination, impact on brand, social security digitalization. Additional external impact: development of institutions. Originality and practical significance of the research. The research results will be useful for developing institutional grounds of high-tech industries development policies and defining priorities of production and business activities. Moreover, the developed goals and parameters may be used by government officers and managers for decisions on micro and national level, as the proposed concept supports the development process synchronization. Conclusions. The article presents the concept for institutional regulation of strategic development with a case of aviation industry. The concept contains institutions of three types: productive-technologic, social-economic and ideologic. The formulation and application of parameters for assessing development of technology strategies, including digital ones, financial-economic parameters for sustainable development and impact measurement parameters for ideologic institutions.