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1
Main, Robert S. "Subsidizing Non-Polluting Goods vs. Taxing Polluting Goods for Pollution Reduction." Atlantic Economic Journal 41, no. 4 (June 14, 2013): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-013-9370-6.
2
Zhou, Zhibo, Weiguo Zhang, Xinxin Pan, Jiangfeng Hu, and Ganlin Pu. "Environmental Tax Reform and the “Double Dividend” Hypothesis in a Small Open Economy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010217.
Анотація:
In this paper, we build and analyze a general equilibrium model to evaluate the effects of environment tax reform on a small open economy in a “suboptimal environment” with existing tax distortions. We then use the macroeconomic data from the Chongqing Municipality in China to conduct simulations to empirically test our analytic results. Our main findings include the followings. First, an increase in environmental tax rate can effectively reduce the use of polluting consumer goods by households as well as investment in polluting factors by enterprises. Hence, an increase in environmental tax rate can improve environmental quality and obtain “environmental dividend”. Second, an increase in environmental tax rate can negatively impact employment, family income and economic growth. Hence, there is no “non-environmental dividend” effect. Third, an increased environmental tax rate has both substitution effect and income effect on household consumption. On the one hand, it motivates households to substitute polluting consumer goods with clean consumer goods. On the other hand, it lowers the total consumption level of households. Fourth, we show that the “double dividend” hypothesis on environmental tax is invalid. And the optimal environmental tax under the suboptimal environment is lower than the Pigouvian tax rate. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our results.
3
Soyege, O. O., G. O. Makinde, and B. H. Akinlabi. "Green Supply Chain Management and Organizational Performance of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Firms in Lagos Nigeria." International Journal of Entrepreneurship 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ije.1517.
Анотація:
Purpose: The fast-moving consumer goods firms plays a vital role in the microeconomic and macroeconomic sectored of every economy. However, these organisations are accused of polluting the environment and engaging in practices that are not sustainable. The firms have performed below expectations attributable to non-compliance with green supply management such as green procurement, green distribution, green warehousing, materials management and reverse logistics. This study therefore investigated the effect of green supply chain management on the performance of fast-moving consumer goods in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Methodology: The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 418 middle and top-level management staff from selected quoted fast-moving consumer goods firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted the total enumeration method. Data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.700 to 0.892. The response rate was 100%. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (Multiple regression analysis).
Findings: Findings revealed that green supply chain management had positive and significant effect on the performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria (Adj. R2 = 0.482, F (5, 407) = 77.600, p < 0.05). The study concluded that green supply chain management practices enhanced organisational performance of selected fast-moving consumer goods companies in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Recommendations: The study therefore recommended that management of fast-moving consumer goods firms in Nigeria should prioritise the implementation of green procurement, green warehousing, material management, and reverse logistics practices to enhance their overall performance. Also, the management of consumer goods firms in Lagos State should concentrate on optimising their material management processes, such as inventory control, demand forecasting, and supplier collaboration.
4
Urzúa-Morales, Juan Guillermo, Juan Pedro Sepulveda-Rojas, Miguel Alfaro, Guillermo Fuertes, Rodrigo Ternero, and Manuel Vargas. "Logistic Modeling of the Last Mile: Case Study Santiago, Chile." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020648.
Анотація:
This research proposes a new distribution system of goods in the historical center of the city of Santiago, Chile. For the design of the urban logistic system, the methodology city logistics and last mile are used. This design incorporates to the freight transport flexible solutions that improve the efficiency of the distribution process and trade supply, minimizing the environmental impact of the atmospheric pollution (AP). The proposal was made through the data collection, the characterization of the sector and the diagnosis of the urban logistics processes. The analysis of the factors allowed to evaluate the costs of the AP negative externalities. The causes were used as design criteria for the proposals, with the aim of improving the quality of life of the city users. The physical location selection of the Cross-Docking was made through an optimization model of maximum coverage. The optimization algorithm of the nearest neighbor was proposed for vehicle routing. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to generate a ranking of the best non-polluting vehicles to be used in the zone. Finally, the results obtained allowed a 53 ton decrease in carbon dioxide in the square kilometer and reduced 1103 h of interruptions per year in the vehicular congestion of the sector.
5
Meshram, Vaishali A., Anurag Kr Singh, and Sanyogita R. Verma. "Water's Vital Role: Challenges and Consequences of Pollution: A Review." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 14, no. 2 (February 24, 2024): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240243.
Анотація:
Most of the evolutionary theories suggest that life originated within the water. From origination to now, water has played an important role in living organisms. Earth’s 71% of the surface is covered with water. Of the total water present, 97% of the world’s water is salty or undrinkable. Water available for drinking is valuable. Freshwater can be reachable for use from rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Water availability per capita is dependent on the population of a country, and it reduces due to an increase in population. Nearly, 163 million Indians don’t have access to clean drinking water, and 21% of the communicable diseases are linked to unsafe drinking water. In India, 500 youngsters lose their lives to diarrhea every day. The average annual water availability of any land or country mostly depends on hydro-meteorological and geological aspects. The increasing population led to an increase in the demand for goods which caused rapid industrialization and is the reason for the production of industrial wastes. This hazardous waste discharge in water bodies without any treatment and management poses a harmful environment to living beings. Hospital waste water mainly contains infectious microbes and pharmaceutical drugs and it is released to municipal wastewater treatment plants without any pre-treatment further, this discharging of the wastewater into water bodies imposes a significant threat to the environment. These industrial wastes destroy the environment by polluting water, air, and soil. The quantity and quality of wastewater depends on the type of industry, it can contain biodegradable waste such as paper, wool, leather, etc., and non-biodegradable waste such as heavy metals, pesticides, and plastic. Hazardous such as reactive, carcinogenic, and ignitable also releases. Key words: environment; water source; census; population; hazardous chemical.
6
Surakasi, Raviteja, Ravi Ganivada, and Ramya Pakalapati. "Study Comparing the Tribological Behavior of Cottonseed and Castor Oil Biodiesel Blended Lubricant under varying Load Conditions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 4047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51178.
Анотація:
Abstract: We have an increasing global need for bio lubricants that are safe for human and environmental use, easily biodegradable, and non-polluting. The friction and wear qualities of cotton seed blended lubricant as well as castor blended lubricant are compared and contrasted in this research using a Pin on disc wear testing Tribometer. In this research, we will look at the study's results and analyse their significance. Blended lubricants were created by combining cotton seed & castor based biodiesel with the basic lubricant SAE20W40 at volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 15, & 20%. Cotton seed and castor blended bio lubricants were tested for friction and wear at sliding velocities of 2.5 metres per second while subjected to weights of 50 N, 100 N, and 150 N. Wear might be slowed by as much as 15 percent by mixing in cotton seed biodiesel with the base oil, as has been shown. When this threshold is passed, wear increases at an ever-increasing pace. Castor oil blended lubricant performed best in wear tests when coupled with a base lubricant at a 5 and 10 percent castor oil blended lubricant concentration. The wear rate was accelerated when 15 percent castor oil was added to the basic lubricant. It has been discovered that at lowest and maximum load, CBL 5 and CBL 10 may serve as an alternative lubricant to increase mechanical efficiency at a sliding velocity of 2.5 metres per second. Because of their efforts, less need has been seen to lessen dependence on petroleum-based goods.
7
Mocrei-Rebrean, Lucian. "The Lockean Proviso and Orbital Sustainability—An Anthropological View." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 3909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073909.
Анотація:
Over the last decades, we have witnessed the gradual commercialization of the Earth orbit. The exponential development of private space activities makes this distant natural field, with the overcoming of technological difficulties, more and more hospitable to free initiative and entrepreneurship. However, the orbital space is considered global commons. Through the imaginary case method, we intend to ponder on possible ways to legally regulate the exploitation of the orbital space, namely the application of Pigouvian taxes, on the sustainability of the orbital environment, through ethical considerations originating from the application of the Lockean proviso. Although they are designed to cover the damage caused by that particular polluting activity, which is difficult to estimate and, in our case, almost impossible to quantify in the long run, the Pigouvian taxes are the result of a proactive logic. The tension between civilization and nature turns the world outside the Earth into a wilderness destined for humanization, another area of exercise of the liberal self. Non-legal reasons for the sustainability of the orbital environment may arise from observing the Lockean principle of fair ownership. Between the prohibition of an unreasonable destruction of nature’s goods and the equitable access to extra-terrestrial resources, the human desire for appropriation updates the proviso destined for the colonization of America in the twenty-first century. Given that there are currently no plans to clean the technological waste in orbit, adopting the conservation of the orbital environment as an ethical principle could help to formulate a more environmentally responsible liberalism, as part of a long-term agenda of exploitation in the vicinity of our planet.
8
Boschee, Pam. "Comments: Carbon Tariffs - Fair Incentives for Change?" Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0008-jpt.
Анотація:
Carbon credits, carbon taxes, and emissions trading systems are familiar terms in discussions about limiting global warming, the Paris Agreement, and net-zero emissions goals. A more recent addition to the glossary of climate policy is “carbon tariff.” While the concept is not new, it recently surfaced in nascent policymaking in the EU. In 2019, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen proposed a “carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)” as part of a proposed green deal. In March, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on a World Trade Organization (WTO)-compatible CBAM. A carbon tariff, or the EU’s CBAM, is a tax applied to carbon-intensive imports. Countries that have pledged to be more ambitious in reducing emissions—and in some cases have implemented binding targets—may impose carbon costs on their own businesses. Being eyed now are cross-border or overseas businesses that make products in countries in which no costs are imposed for emissions, resulting in cheaper carbon-intensive goods. Those products are exported to the countries aiming for reduced emissions. The concern lies in the risk of locally made goods becoming unfairly disadvantaged against competitors that are not taking similar steps to deal with climate change. A carbon tariff is being considered to level the playing field: local businesses in countries applying a tariff can better compete as climate policies evolve and are adopted around the world. Complying with WTO rules to ensure fair treatment, the CBAM will be imposed only on high-emitting industries that compete directly with local industries paying a carbon price. In the short term, these are likely to be steel, chemicals, fertilizers, and cement. The Parliament’s statement introduced another term to the glossary of climate policy: carbon leakage. “To raise global climate ambition and prevent ‘carbon leakage,’ the EU must place a carbon price on imports from less climate-ambitious countries.” It refers to the situation that may occur if businesses were to transfer production to other countries with laxer emission constraints to avoid costs related to climate policies. This could lead to an increase in total emissions in the higher-emitting countries. “The resolution underlines that the EU’s increased ambition on climate change must not lead to carbon leakage as global climate efforts will not benefit if EU production is just moved to non-EU countries that have less ambitious emissions rules,” the Parliament said. It also emphasized the tariff “must not be misused to further protectionism.” A member of the environment committee, Yannick Jadot, said, “It is a major political and democratic test for the EU, which must stop being naïve and impose the same carbon price on products, whether they are produced in or outside the EU, to ensure the most polluting sectors also take part in fighting climate change and innovate towards zero carbon. This will give us the best chance of remaining below the 1.5°C warming limit, whilst also pushing our trading partners to be equally ambitious in order to enter the EU market.” The Commission is expected to present a legislative proposal on a CBAM in the second quarter of 2021 as part of the European Green Deal.
9
COPELAND, BRIAN R. "Trade and environment: policy linkages." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 4 (October 2000): 405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000255.
Анотація:
This paper develops a simple model to investigate linkages between trade and environmental policy. In the case of purely local pollution, trade liberalization without constraints on environmental policy induces a non-cooperative game between countries in pollution policy. Without any agreement on environmental policy, trade negotiations are unlikely to lead to a point on the Pareto frontier. When pollution is global, countries may be expected to disagree on linkages between trade agreements and environmental agreements. Countries importing pollution-intensive goods have an incentive to try to link trade agreements with environmental agreements, while countries exporting pollution-intensive goods have an incentive to try to obtain a binding commitment to free trade prior to negotiations over global pollution.
10
Tessum, Christopher W., Joshua S. Apte, Andrew L. Goodkind, Nicholas Z. Muller, Kimberley A. Mullins, David A. Paolella, Stephen Polasky, et al. "Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 6001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818859116.
Анотація:
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution exposure is the largest environmental health risk factor in the United States. Here, we link PM2.5exposure to the human activities responsible for PM2.5pollution. We use these results to explore “pollution inequity”: the difference between the environmental health damage caused by a racial–ethnic group and the damage that group experiences. We show that, in the United States, PM2.5exposure is disproportionately caused by consumption of goods and services mainly by the non-Hispanic white majority, but disproportionately inhaled by black and Hispanic minorities. On average, non-Hispanic whites experience a “pollution advantage”: They experience ∼17% less air pollution exposure than is caused by their consumption. Blacks and Hispanics on average bear a “pollution burden” of 56% and 63% excess exposure, respectively, relative to the exposure caused by their consumption. The total disparity is caused as much by how much people consume as by how much pollution they breathe. Differences in the types of goods and services consumed by each group are less important. PM2.5exposures declined ∼50% during 2002–2015 for all three racial–ethnic groups, but pollution inequity has remained high.
11
Zhao, H. Y., Q. Zhang, S. J. Davis, D. Guan, Z. Liu, H. Huo, J. T. Lin, W. D. Liu, and K. B. He. "Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by a consumption-based emission inventory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 18 (October 9, 2014): 25617–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-25617-2014.
Анотація:
Abstract. High anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and it has attracted considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated, however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutants were transferred through economic and trade activities remains challenge. In this work, we assessed China's virtual air pollutant transport embodied in trade, by using consumption-based accounting approach. We first constructed a consumption-based emission inventory for China's four key air pollutants (primary PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC)) in 2007, based on the bottom-up sectoral emission inventory concerning their production activities – a production-based inventory. We used a multiregional input-output (MRIO) model to integrate the sectoral production-based emissions and the associated economic and trade activities, and finally obtained consumption-based inventory. Unlike the production-based inventory, the consumption-based inventory tracked emissions throughout the supply chain related to the consumption of goods and services and hereby identified the emission flows followed the supply chains. From consumption-based perspective, emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces due to interprovincial trade. Large amount of emissions were embodied in the net imports of east regions from northern and central regions; these were determined by differences in the regional economic status and environmental policies. We also calculated the emissions embodied in exported and imported goods and services. It is found that 15–23% of China's pollutant emissions were related to exports for foreign consumption; that proportion was much higher for central and export-oriented coastal regions. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers in national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimizing consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutants emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to different economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.
12
Llop, Maria. "A Second-Best Analysis of Alternative Instruments for the Preservation of Natural Resources." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041562.
Анотація:
The literature on second-best environmental taxation provides us with a broad understanding of the welfare impacts of pollution regulation. However, most of the research undertaken to date has focused on environmental pollution, while other topics in environmental economics, such as the preservation of natural resources, have not warranted much attention in the optimal taxation literature. This paper uses a simple general-equilibrium model to analyze the welfare effects of taxes on final goods, taxes on natural resources, and extraction permits with a second-best approach based on the existence of initial distortionary taxes. This analysis not only takes into account the non-use utility of the mere existence of natural resources, but also captures the consequences of enjoying environmental goods on labor supply decisions, through the use-value attributed to natural resources. The comparison of the welfare impacts of a tax on final consumption and a tax on the use of natural resources is not conclusive. A consumption tax leads to a higher primary welfare effect than a resources tax, while taxing natural goods generates more revenue-recycling income than taxing consumption goods. In addition, as extraction permits do not generate new public revenues to reduce pre-existing distortionary taxes, this intervention entails the highest welfare costs.
13
Sanders, Shane. "Environmental Status Goods and Market-Based Conservation: An Arm of Ostrom’s Polycentric Approach?" Sustainability 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2023): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054167.
Анотація:
Ostrom suggests that collective action problems may present an obstacle to the reduction in (external costs from) global greenhouse gas emissions and that a polycentric approach is necessary to find a solution. A market-based prong of such a polycentric solution—alongside, e.g., governance-based prongs such as transferable pollution permits—may lie in the nature of certain salient “environmentally friendly” goods (e.g., Toyota Prius, Tesla cars, home solar panels). The present study analyzes the social welfare consequences of positional conservation (i.e., consumption of salient environmentally friendly goods for the purpose of status signaling) within a choice theoretic model. For example, the Toyota Prius and Tesla have been shown to be such a type of good. In a two-good model of strategic consumer choice, in which consumers choose between a positional, “conservation good” and an externally costly, “non-conservation good”, we find that positional conservation improves social welfare if the unit external cost of the non-conservation good consumption is sufficiently large. In such a case, positionality serves to (partly or fully) correct an under-consumption of the positional good. Fershtman and Weiss find, within a one-good (action) model, that positionality can be corrective of distortions from positive externalities but not of distortions from negative externalities (e.g., pollution). Within a two-good model of consumer choice, we find that “social rewards” can help to correct distortions generated by negative externalities and improve social welfare. The results of the present study suggest that the Paretian objective may not be to curb positional spending but to shift positional spending toward conspicuous goods that are otherwise under-consumed (e.g., conservation goods or education).
14
Elalouf, Amir. "The dilemma of growth: pollution and health impacts in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 43, no. 4 (2023): 955–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572023-3422.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT One of our era’s greatest menaces is pollution, particularly air pollution, on account of its negative impact on climate change which has greatly influenced morbidity, mortality, and has a devastating effect on health. Pollution and its impact on health is a major substratum of economic growth because it tends to have a crippling effect on the economy of countries that have overindulged in pollution-causing activities. Pollution-prone countries are countries that are known to dominate the manufacture and supply of goods, services, and raw materials and countries whose growth models are based on the availability of natural resources and their products. A perfect example of these types of countries is the group called the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). In this study, the mixed-method methodology was utilized in acquiring and analyzing secondary data on the economic growth and pollution in the BRICS countries, and case studies on the impact of pollution in certain parts of these countries were explored. The result of all the investigations showed that the creation of the NDB helped to preclude the “state of dependency” described by Andre Gunder Frank. We discovered that the high growth rate of the BRICS countries has had a negative impact on environmental quality over the years, industrialization and urbanization being the major factors influencing the growth rate.
15
Ria Armayani, Reni, Hilma Kholilah Lubis, and Novita Sari. "Hubungan Antara Ekonomi dengan Lingkungan Hidup: Suatu Kajian Literatur." SINOMIKA Journal: Publikasi Ilmiah Bidang Ekonomi dan Akuntansi 1, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/sinomika.v1i2.181.
Анотація:
Economic activities carried out by humans affect the surrounding environment. Economic activities by utilizing resources for production and consumption can have both positive and negative impacts on human life. The positive impact that can be directly felt is the fulfillment of the need for goods and services which are strived to continue to increase from year to year. More goods and services being produced and consumed indicates an increase in people's prosperity. Negative impacts are generally not felt directly, namely the emergence of pollution and environmental damage. As a result of environmental pollution reduces the quality of human life which can interfere with daily life. The research method used in this research is library research method. The results show that environmental sustainability is something that is non-negotiable to ensure the economic needs of the present generation without compromising the carrying capacity of the environment for future generations. Protecting the environment is not only needed to limit pollution, but also to ensure eco-efficiency in meeting the needs of the current generation. From the discussion in this research, it can be seen that polluters are not only limited to companies and other individuals, but also the government, for example.
16
Moussaoui, Imane, Younes Fakhradine El Bahi, Amine Lachheb, Rachid Saadani, and Miloud Rahmoune. "Analysis and management of risks related to TDG in Morocco using the FMEAC approach." E3S Web of Conferences 492 (2024): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449205001.
Анотація:
Road transport of dangerous goods is the most accidental mode of transport, which can have an impact on the environment, including air pollution, global climate issues of concern, noise pollution, water pollution, accidents, land use and habitat fragmentation. The objective of this study is to manage the risks associated with Moroccan road transport from an environmental point of view while taking into account the collaborative aspect at the level of a logistics chain. In this regard, the use of a problem-solving approach such as FMECA to identify anomalies and malfunctions that may lead to failure. It consists in analysing the failure modes, their effects and their criticality. This approach is based on four main criteria: severity, frequency, non-detection and criticality.
17
Paraschiv, Spiru. "Improving local air quality in cities by reducing nitrogen dioxide pollution from road traffic." E3S Web of Conferences 122 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912205002.
Анотація:
Trucks and buses play a major role in our lives, transporting goods and thousands of people to cities every day. But these vehicles, although in a much smaller number than the car generates a significant amount of air pollutants. The daily NO2 concentrations measured by a traffic monitoring station over a period of two years are used to identify the temporal variation of NO2 pollution as a result of measures to ban the circulation of trucks that do not meet the EURO 6 standard on Stresemannstrase Street in Hamburg. The data shows a decrease in NO2 concentration due to the measure taken so that in January 2017 the maximum daily NO2 concentration was 86 µg/m3 compared to 63 µg/m3 in 2019. There was also a difference between the daily minimum concentrations during the same period, being approximately 28 µg/m3 in 2017 and 10 µg/m3 in 2019. The daily NO2 observations show a significant decrease in concentration since May 2018 when the non-EURO 6 trucks were banned. The largest decrease in daily concentrations was recorded in March 2019 compared with levels in March 2018, with a lower concentration for 28 days. A different situation was observed in October 2018, when compared to October 2017, showed an increase in concentration for 23 days.
18
Lubal, Maruti J. "Evaluation of Importance of Birds from Non-Tidal Wetlands: A Review." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 15 (July 5, 2024): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i154217.
Анотація:
Wetlands are the lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems where the water is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. They are most productive, valuable, and provide a wide range of goods and services. Wetland birds rely on waterways for survival and each bird species has its own requirements for food, shelter and breeding sites. Monitoring of wetland birds is an engaging activity that provides researchers with an insight into the functioning and health of wetlands. Despite the high value of services derived from wetlands, they have been systematically drained and filled to support agriculture, urban expansion, and other developments. Agriculture, climate change, draining, dredging, introduced species, pollution, salinization, and urbanization are the major threats to wetlands. In light of these observations, the aim of this review is to update recent information from the available literature relating with the ecosystem services provided by birds from non-tidal wetlands.
19
Kayalica, M. Ozgur, and Olgay Kayalica. "Transboundary Pollution From Consumption In A Reciprocal Dumping Model." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 2 (June 6, 2005): 1850037. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1059.
Анотація:
We analyse transboundary pollution externalities caused by consumption of goods. The model is of a reciprocal dumping type in which there are two countries and two firms. Each firm produces a homogeneous good to be consumed in both markets. There are two policies available to the governments of the two countries: consumption taxes and import tariffs. We characterise the Nash optimal levels of the instruments in the two countries. Our results suggest that the conditions satisfying higher consumption taxes in one country satisfy lower tariffs in that country. It is found that starting from non-cooperative solutions, an infinitesimal uniform reduction is unambiguously Pareto improving for each country and for the global welfare. This is because the gain from an increase in consumer surplus due to reform is larger than the loss in the tax revenues of the governments. Moreover, a revenue neutral reform which increases consumption taxes and reduce tariffs, is strictly Pareto improving.
20
Morganti, Pierfrancesco, Gianluca Morganti, Maria Beatrice Coltelli, Wladimir E. Yudin, Hong-Duo Chen, and Alessandro Gagliardini. "Non-Woven Tissues as Novel Cosmetic Carriers for a Green Beauty." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, no. 2 (March 16, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202021.
Анотація:
Approximately 75% of textile waste is generated annually worldwide, as there is a dearth of viable recycling strategies. It has been estimated that textile industries can be responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution. As a consequence, if not properly managed, the cost of waste management of textile waste will be trillions of dollars annually. Moreover, the generated wastes are detrimental to the environment and public health. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the majority of the waste can be recycled to obtain, for example, natural polysaccharides that can be used to produce biodegradable tissues, films, and goods. These innovative tissues, constituted by chitin nanofibrils (CN) complexed with nanolignin (LG) bound to natural polysaccharide-based polymers, may be used as innovative cosmetic green carriers and novel biodegradable food packaging in line with the consumers requests. Consumers, in fact, are looking for biodegradable apparel, footwear, and natural cosmetics for the betterment of health and the environment, and thus, there is a demand for green cosmetics.
21
RAŢᾸ, Vasile, and Liliana RUSU. "BALLAST WATER POLLUTION RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE BLACK SEA." Mechanical Testing and Diagnosis 10, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mtd.2020.4.05.
Анотація:
Since the emergence of humanity, the marine environment has provided a safety net in many ways, has fostered socio-economic development, creating links between states, between continents. In the same time, it represents a priority source of food for a considerable percentage of the population. The same marine environment also creates solutions to current global problems, as a potential source of sustainable energy for the future. In recent decades, the stability of this ecosystem has been considerably shaken by the various types of pollution resulting from human activities. The Black Sea is not immune to these results from economic activities, such as the transport of goods by water, which creates the context for the migration of living organisms from one geographical region to another. The threat of ecosystems has been intensified by the process of globalization, by changing the natural food chains following the accidental introduction of non- indigenous marine life by discharging ballast water from ship tanks. Risk assessment to limit the effects of this biohazard problem is the first step in a normal regional chain of action..
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Nasir, Nur Nadia, and Siti Amira Othman. "Application of Bioplastic Packaging In Industry." Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science 74, no. 1 (November 28, 2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arms.74.1.1928.
Анотація:
Current conventional plastic is favored due to its affordable price and desirable properties however the major drawback is its non biodegradable properties which lead to environmental pollution. Taking into consideration the issues of non renewable resources, there is where bioplastic were introduce. According to European bioplastic, bioplastic is defined as material produced from biobased, biodegradable or both properties. Bioplastic is coming from renewable resources which can be used to reduce the plastic waste problem. Recently, the existence of bioplastic became one of the promising technologies in various industries especially in packaging industry. This review paper is highlight include the bioplastic packaging application (food and beverages, healthcare, cosmetic and personal care and consumer packaged goods) in industry for 4 types of bioplastic (PLA, PCL, Starch based and PHAs).
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Han, Hong Yun, and Lian Ge Zhao. "The Regulatory Policy Design of Nonpoint Pollution from Agricultural Activities: Issues and Challenges in China." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.291.
Анотація:
Non-point pollution (NPP) has become a major issue of environmental degradation in China. Uncertainty, moral hazard, and incomplete knowledge of NPPP make conventional policy instruments applied to point source pollution problems difficult addressing NPP problems. NPP regulatory policies should be designed to induce agricultural producers to change their production practices in ways that improve the environmental. The economic literature on NPP has not considered the possible use of both voluntary and mandatory approaches as complementary parts of a policy package. Factors influencing farmers’ cooperative action to conserve environmental public goods are critical in regulatory policy formation in transitional China with huge amount of small subsistence farmers. Under a changed political environment, a joint effort between government and farmers is the approach most favored to address NPP issues, under which relationships between environmental outcomes and agricultural production must be accounted for.
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SUMAILA, USSIF RASHID, ARIEL DINAR, and JOSE ALBIAC. "Game theoretic applications to environmental and natural resource problems." Environment and Development Economics 14, no. 1 (February 2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x08004609.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTGame theory has been useful as an analytical framework for assessing environmental and resource regulations and policies. The papers in this volume provide the latest methodological and applied works in game theory to a wide range of natural and environmental resource problems such as fishing, grazing, pollution, climate change, water allocation, and stochastic production processes. The findings in the papers suggest that game theory is an effective tool for the analysis of the efficient use of shared natural resources; it can be used to identify stable agreements between parties to a resource conflict, and show how non-cooperation over global public goods/bads has a high social cost tag.
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Lenk, Hans, and Matthias Maring. "Nichtverfügbare Gemeingüter." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 14 (January 1, 2001): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2001-011404.
Анотація:
Abstract Non-available common goods or: private non-availability of merit common goods The traditional emphasis on the individualistic concept of property stressed and analyzed by Locke and Kant led to a devaluation in philosophy and economy of traditionally usual forms of collective property, in particular of land, e. g., in form of the so-called "commons". Under the auspices of successful liberal and social market economy - though at times with the emphasis on "property obliges the owner" - private capitalism as the dominant economy and a certain kind of value-neutral conception - and thus free availability - of nature consequently implied that the merit character of collective goods pertaining to nature and natural landscapes etc. was not taken seriously anymore (including the common interest in avoiding depletion, deterioration, erosion, pollution etc.) New developments in jurisprudence and economy however show that even in principle a total private allocation of collective goods like the environment is neither possible nor meaningful, e. g. as regards the protection of the environment as an extremely important orientation at the common weal, in particular with respect to succeeding generations. In media coverage regarding environment problems, external effects and social traps should be taken into consideration regarding the aspect of a collective good including the necessary evaluation under common interests, i. e. the merit aspect should be more explicitly taken into account than hitherto. Das positive gesetzte Recht, in der Gesetzgebung festgelegt, ist weitgehend - zumindest was die Menschen- und Grundrechte angeht - von allgemeinen sittlichen Werten geprägt (Zweckmäßigkeitsüberlegungen sind eher bei der Spezialgesetzgebung einschlägig). So ist das Prinzip der Gerechtigkeit ethischer Maßstab des positiven Rechts und findet als Gebot der Gleichbehandlung Eingang in die Verfassung (z.B. Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Art. 3). Ethische Normen werden soziokulturell relativ sanktioniert; es sind soziokulturell relative Aussagen, die jedoch mit dem Anspruch auf allgemeine Geltung und Verbindlichkeit formuliert werden. Auch das Recht als Teil der Kultur ist sozial konventionalisiertes Menschenprodukt, obgleich doch jeder einzelne davon (mit)geprägt ist.
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Piscitelli, Prisco, Barbara Valenzano, Emanuele Rizzo, Giuseppe Maggiotto, Matteo Rivezzi, Felice Esposito Corcione, and Alessandro Miani. "Air Pollution and Estimated Health Costs Related to Road Transportations of Goods in Italy: A First Healthcare Burden Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162876.
Анотація:
Background: The Italian Society of Environmental Medicine has performed a preliminary assessment of the health impact attributable to road freight traffic in Italy. Methods: We estimated fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) generated by road transportation of goods in Italy considering the number of trucks, the emission factors and the average annual distance covered in the year 2016. Simulations on data concerning Years of Life Lost (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 (593,700) and nitrogen oxides NO2 (200,700) provided by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) were used as a proxy of healthcare burden. We set three different healthcare burden scenarios, varying from 1/5 to 1/10 of the proportion of the overall particulate matter attributable to road freight traffic in Italy (about 7% on a total of 2262 tons/year). Results: Road freight traffic in Italy produced about 189 tons of PM10, 147 tons of PM2.5 and 4125 tons of NOx in year 2016, resulting in annual healthcare costs varying from 400 million up to 1.2 billion EUR per year. Conclusion: Road freight traffic has a relevant impact on air pollution and healthcare costs, especially if considered over a 10-year period. Any solution able to significantly reduce the road transportation of goods could decrease avoidable mortality due to air pollution and related costs.
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DASGUPTA, PARTHA, PRIYA SHYAMSUNDAR, and KARL-GÖRAN MÄLER. "The economics of environmental change and pollution management – issues and approaches from South Asia." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2004): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03001049.
Анотація:
This special issue focuses on environmental problems related to poverty and economic growth in South Asia and seeks to illustrate the types of economic analyses that can be undertaken to address these problems. The idea for this issue emerged at the inauguration of the South Asian Network of Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE). The papers presented at SANDEE's inaugural conference demonstrated the need for a tighter connection between environmental and development economics. The study of environmental change in poor countries benefits a great deal from well-established theoretical and empirical investigations of externalities and valuation of non-market goods, the staple of environmental economics as taught in the West. However, it is also closely tied to questions about institutions and why they succeed or fail. The spatial nature of dependence of the poor on local resources also matters. Further, the study of environmental change and of institutions cannot be divorced from policies and economic reforms in poor countries. These are some of the topics discussed in this collection.
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Umar, Maryam Mohammed, Lateef Olumide Mustapha, and Onipe Adabenege Yahaya. "Sustainability Reporting and Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 7, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v7i3.939.
Анотація:
The non-compliance by firms on sustainable development gave rise to climate degradation and ozone layer depletion. The resultant consequences include pollution, habitat loss, and overexploitation of species and the spread of invasive genes. Yet, very few empirical studies have examined the effects of these on corporate performance. In view of this scenario, this study assesses the effects of sustainability reporting on the financial performance of 26 listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The correlational research design was adopted for the study, and secondary data were collected from the annual reports and accounts of the firms for a period of 10 years (2009-2018). Multiple regression techniques used to analyse the data and diagnostic checks and post estimation tests were carried out on the data. The results show that social performance has a significant positive effect on financial performance. Similarly, results show that environmental performance has a significant positive effect on financial performance. However, results show that economic performance has a significant negative effect on financial performance. The study concludes that sustainability reporting is important to corporate financial performance. The study, among others, recommends that management should disclose more social and environmental performance activities and less economic performance activities.
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Kedia, Ashu, Dana Abudayyeh, Diana Kusumastuti, and Alan Nicholson. "Modelling Consumers’ Preferences for Time-Slot Based Home Delivery of Goods Bought Online: An Empirical Study in Christchurch." Logistics 8, no. 2 (May 4, 2024): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics8020047.
Анотація:
Due to the remarkable growth in online retail sales in New Zealand, a large number of parcels are needed to be delivered to consumers’ doorsteps. Home deliveries in major New Zealand cities (e.g., Christchurch) typically occur between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m. on weekdays, when many home delivery attempts fail. This leads to adverse effects, such as vehicular traffic in residential areas and greater air pollution per parcel delivered. However, home deliveries outside of typical business hours (i.e., before 9 a.m. and after 5 p.m.) might be worthwhile to help subside the above issues. Therefore, this study investigated consumers’ preferences for receiving home deliveries during various times, such as early morning, morning, afternoon, late afternoon, and evening. The data used in this study were obtained via an online survey of 355 residents of Christchurch city. Non-parametric tests, namely the Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and ordinal logistic regression, were carried out to examine consumer preferences for the above time slots. The results showed that consumers preferred the late afternoon (3 p.m. to 6 p.m.) time slot the most for receiving home deliveries. It appeared that the off-peak delivery option is less likely to draw the desired consumer patronage and is thus less likely to assist in lowering the number of unsuccessful home deliveries, the transportation costs incurred by service providers, traffic congestion, and pollution in urban areas.
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Liu, Yan, Chuanyun Fu, and Wei Wang. "Modeling duration of overtaking between non-motorized vehicles: A nonparametric survival analysis based approach." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): e0244883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244883.
Анотація:
The use of non-motorized vehicles in urban city has improved the convenience of short-distance travel and reduced traffic pollution. However, the overtaking behaviour of non-motorized vehicles impacts traffic safety and efficiency significantly. The objective of this study is to model the durations of overtaking behaviour in the non-motorized vehicle exclusive lane. A total of 3010 overtaking events of non-motorized vehicles were extracted from two locations in Chengdu, China. The nonparametric survival analysis was conducted to model the overtaking duration of non-motorized vehicles. The categorical variables that significantly influence the overtaking duration were examined by the Log-rank test. The results show that the overtaking durations of female riders is longer than that of male riders. It takes longer for electrical bikes to complete overtaking than conventional bikes. When the non-motorized vehicle is under the load state (i.e. passengers or goods on the non-motorized vehicle), the overtaking behaviour takes more time than the un-load state. Moreover, it takes less time to overtake the non-motorized vehicle with load than to overtake the one without load. When there is a wrong-way driving phenomenon or under higher traffic volume, the duration is longer compared to the normal traffic and lower traffic volume conditions. The findings of this study attempt to provide a more profound understanding of non-motorized vehicles overtaking behaviour under different traffic conditions and give insights to the safety research of non-motorized vehicles.
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Kumalaningrum, Della, and Rinaldy Dalimi. "Estimation of Health Impacts and Externality Costs with the Robust Uniform World Model in the Muara Karang Generation Units." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2023): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jptk.v6i2.33423.
Анотація:
To encourage national economic growth, efforts are made to maintain electricity availability in Indonesia. Until now, the need for electrical energy in Indonesia is still supplied by fossil fuel power plants, especially Steam Power Plants and Gas Steam Power Plants. One of the negative impacts arising from electricity generation activities is air pollution. Air pollution is produced in the form of waste gases such as PM10, SO2, NO2, and these gases causes global warming and impact of human health. In this study, the magnitude of the negative impact calculated based on the impact on public health, which will then be limited to economic value (cost of externalities). Cost of externalities are conditions when the effect of the production of goods or services imposes costs or benefits on other parties, and these costs are not reflected in the price charged for the goods or services produced. The estimation of public health impacts and externality costs calculated in this study comes from power plants operating at the Muara Karang Generation Unit using Robust Uniform World Model (RUWM). The research results show that the amount of health and externality costs obtained for each power plant are different because each power plant has different operating conditions. In PLTGU Block 1, the resulting externality cost was 18,51 cents USD/kWh, PLTGU Block 2 was 3,05 cents USD/kWh, and PLTGU Block 3 was 1,75 cents USD/kWh. The two Unit of PLTU Muara Karang generate different externality costs, namely 1,52 cents USD/kWh for PLTU Unit 4 and PLTU Unit 5 of 1,10 cents USD/kWh.
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Nguyen, Trung Dung. "Review of postharvest rice straw use: change in use and the need for sustainable management policies in Vietnam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 11, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol11.no2.pp95-103.
Анотація:
Annually, about 40-60 million tons of postharvest straw are generated in Vietnam. Although considered as renewable resources and economic goods, straw is still burned in the field because there is no longer needed for cooking, roofing and fodder as before 1990s. The general economic development of the country and the rural area changed all the previous practices of using straw. This paper analyzes the socio-economic and technical causes of this phenomenon and summarizes the economic and environmentally friendly uses of rice straw in the future. In addition, it points out that policy failures in the management of straw currently exist and that policies for integrated straw management are needed to improve the value chain in the supply and consumption of straw products; to enhance the effectively use of this resource and minimize environmental pollution.
Hàng năm phát sinh khoảng 40-60 triệu tấn rơm sau thu hoạch ở Việt Nam. Mặc dù được coi là tài nguyên tái tạo và hàng hóa kinh tế, song rơm vẫn bị đốt bỏ ở ngoài ruộng do không còn nhu cầu nhiều cho đun nấu, lợp mái nhà và chăn nuôi như trước những năm 1990. Tình hình phát triển kinh tế chung của đất nước và khu vực nông thôn đã làm thay đổi tất cả thói quen dùng rơm rạ trước đây. Bài báo này phân tích một cảnh tổng quan những nguyên nhân kinh tế - xã hội và kỹ thuật dẫn đến hiện tượng này, tổng hợp những khả năng sử dụng kinh tế và thân thiện môi trường của rơm rạ trong tương lai. Ngoài ra chỉ ra những thất bại về chính sách trong quản lý rơm rạ hiện nay và cần có các chính sách quản lý tổng hợp rơm rạ để nâng cao chuỗi giá trị trong cung ứng và tiêu thụ các sản phẩm rơm rạ, tăng cường việc sử dụng có hiệu quả tài nguyên này và giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường.
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Gyimah, Justice, Ujunwa Angela Nwigwe, Deborah Rubuye Safi, Erica Odwira Opoku, and Xilong Yao. "Achieving carbon neutrality in West Africa: The impact of financial development and good governance." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): e0293235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293235.
Анотація:
Achieving a net zero carbon has been one of the main agendas for all state and non-state actors. The political system of developing countries sometimes makes both internal and external actors question their efforts toward the agenda. Therefore, this study contributes to previous literature in analyzing the empirical effect of financial development and governance quality on carbon emissions. The study covers sixteen West African countries with data from 1996 to 2021. The study employs the Generalized Method of Moments for the analysis. Financial development in all the models contributes to carbon emissions. However, the effect of governance quality indicators varies depending on the model and the indicator(s) used. Nevertheless, economic governance and political governance in most models contribute to environmental pollution, but institutional governance helps promote environmental quality. Renewable energy and economic growth promote environmental quality through carbon mitigation. However, trade openness promotes environmental pollution by encouraging the release of carbon emissions. Finally, relevant policy implications are proposed based on the empirical findings of the study.
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de Britto, E. R., S. A. S. Almeida, and F. B. Gonçalves. "An Example of How Bad Public Relations Can Defeat a Good Water Pollution Control Project." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0228.
Анотація:
Cedae, a Rio de Janeiro Government Agency, carefully planned and designed an ocean outfall to be built in Barra da Tijuca, one of the most valuable and beautiful dwelling regions of Rio de Janeiro. Due to the non-implementation of a public enlightening campaign, Cedae had to face radical community opposition to the outfall construction, fronted by very active persons, interested in personal promotion in a political elective period. The authors concluded that it is indispensable for any planned public work to put an action in enlightening public information program, based on fact and mutual understanding, to inform the community to be served about the various technical, economical and social questions involved and as to the facilities to be built.
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., Kailashpati, Prayank Sharma, Rubi Mishra, and Rohit Krishnani. "Rise in Consumerism and its Impact on Sustainable Development." ADHYAYAN: A JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES 13, no. 02 (February 1, 2024): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21567/adhyayan.v13i2.06.
Анотація:
Consumption is the function of disposable income. Consumption contributes a lot to the investment of any country. Consumption in a country depends on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), Veblen effect, Snob effect, Bandwagon effect, Short sight of the consumer, etc. Keeping this in mind, producers produce those goods and services which can provide satisfaction to the consumers. Advertisement and marketing has become the lifeline of today’s market structure which psychologically attracts the consumer so much that the consumer purchases goods and services without wanting them. Due to this ecological and social problems start in the society. This is where consumerism begins. America’s great economist Professor Thorstein Veblen first spoke on the subject of consumerism which was based on conspicuous consumption. The problem of rising consumerism today is resulting in the reckless use of limited resources bestowed to us by mothernature. Since resources are limited, the excessive use of resources will lead to the exhaustion of non-renewable resources very quickly. Even it will be difficult, if not impossible, to compensate for the loss of renewable resources so fast. Today our greed and irresponsible behavior is the basic reason for all environmental issues and problems be it global warming, deforestation, pollution, or the issue of sustainability. This paper will highlight in detail how rising consumerism has led to many environmental issues and how simple living and high thinking can be the answer to sustainability.
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Pham, Van Toan, Thi Phuong Le, and Thanh Giao Nguyen. "Indoor air quality and health risk assessment for workers in packaging production factory, Can Tho city, Viet Nam." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 10, no. 2 (August 13, 2018): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol10.no2.pp66-71.
Анотація:
The production of packaging goods for cement is one of the most important industries, contributing to income of many workers. Production activities, however, cause air pollution and health risk. The study was conducted to assess air quality and health risks of workers through air quality data and interviewing employees from 2016-2017 at a packaging production factory, Cantho city, Vietnam. The findings indicated that temperature and noise exceeded the national technical regulations (QCVN 22-26: 2016/TT-BYT) while the humidity, wind speed, light, respirable particles, toxic gases (benzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)) were in accordance with the national standards for occupational health and safety (Decision 3733/2002/QĐ-BYT). However, health risk assessment showed that long-term exposure in this factory would result in severe impact on health of workers due to indoor air pollution. The non-cancer risk caused by benzene, toluene and MEK for workers in the working sections such as printing, film coating, weaving, spinning and pasting was expected to cause serious impact on workers’ health. The cancer risk (benzene) index was in the range of 1.3 x 10-5 to 7.7 x 10-4 and averaged at 3.3 x 10-4. The study clearly showed that benzene greatly contributes to serious workers’ health effects. Appropriate protection measures such as treatment of air pollutants, regular health check, wearing protective clothes should be implemented to mitigate impact of indoor air pollution at the factory. More importantly, it is necessary to reconsider the standard values of benzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone to ensure health of workers.
Công nghiệp sản xuất bao bì xi măng thuộc lĩnh vực ngành xây dựng là một trong những ngành công nghiệp quan trọng, đã góp phần mang lại nguồn thu nhập cho nhiều người lao động. Tuy nhiên hoạt động sản xuất cũng gây ra những vấn đề về ô nhiễm môi trường không khí và rủi ro sức khỏe. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá mức độ ô nhiễm môi trường không khí và đánh giá rủi ro sức khỏe của công nhân thông qua số liệu chất lượng môi trường không khí và phỏng vấn trực tiếp người lao động trong khoảng thời gian từ 2016 - 2017. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy nhiệt độ, tiếng ồn vượt qui chuẩn cho phép (QCVN 22-26:2016/TT-BYT) trong khi độ ẩm, tốc độ gió, ánh sáng, bụi hô hấp, hơi khí độc (Benzen, toluen, methyl ethyl ketone) đạt chuẩn cho phép theo tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh an toàn lao động (QĐ 3733/2002/QĐ-BYT). Tuy nhiên, kết quả đánh giá rủi ro sức khỏe cho thấy công nhân làm việc lâu dài sẽ bị ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến sức khỏe do ô nhiễm không khí. Rủi ro không gây ung thư do benzene, toluene và MEK gây ra đối với công nhân ở từng khu vực có thể gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến sức khỏe công nhân làm việc ở các khu vực sản xuất như in, tráng màng, dệt, kéo sợi và dán. Benzene gây rủi ro ung thư với xác suất từ 1 đến 7 người trong 10.000 người trong quá trình làm việc lâu dài tại nhà máy. Nghiên cứu cho thấy benzene đóng góp rất lớn vào khả năng gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến sức khỏe công nhân. Môi trường không khí bên trong nhà máy cần được cải thiện hơn nữa đồng thời tuyên truyền nâng cao ý thức công nhân thực hiện nghiêm túc bảo hộ lao động, tổ chức khám sức khỏe định kỳ cho công nhân. Quan trọng hơn là cần điều chỉnh lại các giá trị qui chuẩn để đảm bảo an toàn sức khỏe cho công nhân đang làm việc tại những nơi có sự hiện diện của khí độc như benzene, toluen, methyl ethyl ketone.
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Wong, Eugene Yin Cheung, Danny Chi Kuen Ho, Stuart So, Chi-Wing Tsang, and Eve Man Hin Chan. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Using the GREET Model—A Comparative Study." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094872.
Анотація:
Facing global warming and recent bans on the use of diesel in vehicles, there is a growing need to develop vehicles powered by renewable energy sources to mitigate greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. Among the various forms of non-fossil energy for vehicles, hydrogen fuel is emerging as a promising way to combat global warming. To date, most studies on vehicle carbon emissions have focused on diesel and electric vehicles (EVs). Emission assessment methodologies are usually developed for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) which are non-durable household goods such as packaged foods, beverages, and toiletries instead of vehicle products. There is an increase in the number of articles addressing the product carbon footprint (PCF) of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the recent years, while relatively little research focuses on both vehicle PCF and fuel cycle. Zero-emission vehicles initiative has also brought the importance of investigating the emission throughout the fuel cycle of hydrogen fuel cell and its environmental impact. To address these gaps, this study uses the life-cycle assessment (LCA) process of GREET (greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation) to compare the PCF of an EV (Tesla Model 3) and a hydrogen fuel cell car (Toyota MIRAI). According to the GREET results, the fuel cycle contributes significantly to the PCF of both vehicles. The findings also reveal the need for greater transparency in the disclosure of relevant information on the PCF methodology adopted by vehicle manufacturers to enable comparison of their vehicles’ emissions. Future work will include examining the best practices of PCF reporting for vehicles powered by renewable energy sources as well as examining the carbon footprints of hydrogen production technologies based on different methodologies.
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Mamahit, Desi Albert, Heny K. Daryanto, Ujang Sumarwan, and Eva Zhoriva Yusuf. "Compliance Behavior Analysis of the Ship Crew to the International Safety Management (Ism) Code in Indonesia." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 2, no. 2 (April 13, 2013): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2013.2.2/11.2.14.27.
Анотація:
The purpose of this code is to provide international standards for the management and safe operation of ships and pollution prevention Furthermore, this study has the objective to identify the role of the ISM Code on maritime activities in Indonesia, knowing the perceptions and attitudes regarding the conduct of the crew boat ISM Code. Location research is conducted on the crew that was in the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. Data collection and processing is done for 3 months. The study was conducted using a survey approach by distributing questionnaires to the crew (respondents) from different hierarchy. Respondents were asked to fill out questionnaires about the intentions of the respondents in the implementation and compliance with the ISM Code safety rules for shipping. The primary data used in this study were obtained by a structured interview to the crew of passenger ships carrying commodities and goods in the country. Selection of boats done by purposive method, which is the selected ship types ship transporting passengers and goods in the domestic commodities. While the selection is done by the crew convenience method which is one form of non-random sampling methods or non-probabilistic unrestricted. The selection of the crew carried out when the ship was leaning / docked in the port of Tanjung Priok Jakarta and Merak port in Banten. Based on these results it can be concluded in general that the respondents are interested in the concept of the ISM Code as ineffectively to be more related to the supervision of the safety of shipping. It is turns out to be a featured subject of their compliance with the ISM Code as well as the application of this rule is also easy to understand. However, not all respondents are interested in the ISM Code, this is because the respondents consider that the ISM Code executed is just a formality and then it is not supported by the safety adequate equipment, non-compliance crew also based on the lack of socialization of the ISM Code.
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Xu, Ruzhi, Chenglong Yan, Chenlong Wang, and Huawei Zhao. "The Game Analysis among Governments, the Public and Green Smart Supply Chain Enterprises in Necessity Purchase and Supply during COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 7229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097229.
Анотація:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, panic buying, price inflation, and the pollution of production processes led to economic and social unrest. In response to the current situation, the current research takes less account of the subjective perception of public panic buying and the lack of reference to the reality of effective governance. First, this paper uses prospect theory to portray the public’s perceived value of goods in panic buying and non-panic buying situations. Then, drawing on the experience of effective governance in China, a tripartite evolutionary game model of local government, the public and green smart supply chain enterprises is constructed under the reward and punishment mechanism of the central government. Then, this paper analyzes the strategic choices of each game player and the stability of the system equilibrium. The structure of the study suggests the following. (1) Improving local government subsidies and penalties, the cost of positive response and the probability of response can lead to an evolutionary direction where the public chooses not to panic buy and green smart supply chain enterprises choose to ensure a balance between supply and demand and increase pollution control in the production process. (2) Our study yields three effective combinations of evolutionary strategies, of which an ideal combination of evolutionary strategies exists. Non-ideal evolutionary strategy combinations can occur due to improper incentives and penalties of local governments and misallocation of limited resources. However, we find four paths that can transform the non-ideal evolutionary strategy combination into an ideal evolutionary strategy combination. (3) The central government’s reward and punishment mechanism is an important tool to stabilize the tripartite strategy, but the central government cannot achieve effective governance by replacing incentives with punishment.
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Yaremova, Maryna, Liudmyla Tarasovych, Nataliia Kravchuk та Olena Kilnitska. "The evolution of Сircular Bioeconomy: a bibliometric review". E3S Web of Conferences 255 (2021): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125501051.
Анотація:
The aim of the article is a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the evolutionary preconditions for the formation and development of a circular bioeconomy on the basis of a bibliometric analysis of literature sources. Global problems of humanity regarding fossil fuels scarcity, environmental pollution and rapid climate change have initiated emerging a bioeconomy approach of society development focused on producing food and non-food goods based on renewable biological resources. Scientists and experts’ intensification during the last decades contributed to increase in scientific works dedicated to modelling circular bioeconomy, which promoted bibliometric analysis of literature sources in several areas, including type of publication, leading journals, field of study, author, country of origin. Special attention is paid to establishing keywords complementary interconnections of circular and bioeconomy concepts and their role towards integrative paradigm. The given study allowed to identify main periods of circular bioeconomy evolution in scientific field, in particular, its emergence, transformation and advanced evolution. Recently, the conception has been prospering, which is indicated by scientific publications proliferating, profound research and introduction of innovative developments in practice.
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Wikurendra, Edza Aria, Nour Salah Abdeljawad, and Imre Nagy. "A Review of Municipal Waste Management with Zero Waste Concept: Strategies, Potential and Challenge in Indonesia." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 14, no. 2 (2023): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2023.14.2.1427.
Анотація:
Municipal waste management is still a significant problem for solid waste issues in Indonesia. Only 60 to 70% of the waste generated is disposed of in landfills, the rest is dispersed in different areas. The potential for leachate pollution, greenhouse gases, and a waste of non-renewable natural resources can occur due to municipal waste management problems not being optimal. Municipal waste management needs a holistic concept that would include upstream to downstream stages. This paper comprehensively reviews municipal waste management with a zero waste concept based on management, development, measuring, implementations, strategies, potentials, and challenges in Indonesia. The zero waste concept offers waste management, starting with waste elimination, recycling, reduction, and recovery of used goods. Several municipalities around the globe, such as Canberra, Adelaide (Australia), Stockholm (Sweden), Nova-Scotia (Canada), and San Francisco (United States), have decided on targets for zero waste cities. Indonesia is still implementing waste management that accentuates disposal in landfills, so there needs to be a literature study related to the management, development, measuring, implementations, strategies, potentials, and challenges of Indonesia’s zero waste concept.
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Purba, Jhon Sufriadi, and Jandri Fan HT Saragi. "Kajian Saluran Sungai Akibat Gesekan Limbah pada Aliran Sungai di Bantaran Sungai Kelurahan Toba, Kec. Siantar Selatan." ABDI SABHA (Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat) 2, no. 3 (October 19, 2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53695/jas.v2i3.473.
Анотація:
River pollution is the entry of various substances and non-biodegradable objects that result in contaminated water and loss of function. Besides being a source of various diseases, water pollution also causes flooding. Protecting the river is the same as maintaining survival in the future. Rivers have been the most important part of human life since ancient times. In human evolution, rivers and lakes played an unimaginable role. Rivers are not only important for animals and birds to live, but are also a major source of drinking water. And their environmental value, economic value, and spiritual value touch everyone in the world. In India, people at one time even worshiped rivers as life-giving gods and goddesses. The reason is that every time we search for life, we look for a drop of water first. Rivers carry water and nutrients to areas around the earth. They play a very important role in the water cycle, acting as drainage channels for surface water. Rivers flow almost 75% of the earth's land surface.
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C.C., Asonye, Leslie T.A., Sodimu J., Fadipe O., and Kenai N.D. "Anthropogenically Induced Ecosystem Dysfunction and Human Health." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2021): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-w0lhry0n.
Анотація:
Health is the most basic human right and one of the most important indicators of sustainable development. Individuals, communities and societies depend on healthy ecosystems support to remain healthy. Well-functioning ecosystems provide goods and services essential for human health. These goods and services include nutrition and food security, clean air and fresh water, medicines, cultural and spiritual values, and contributions to local livelihoods and economic development. They can also help to limit disease and stabilize the climate. However, over the years human activities have been constantly placing pressure on earth’s natural resources to meet the demands of the economies and the needs of a rapidly growing global population, which has resulted in the transformation of basic natural processes such as weather/climate, biogeochemical cycling, and more so the biological diversity in which the evolutionary changes depend. It is projected that less than 25% of Earth’s surface remains free from substantial impacts of human activities and the proportion is set to fall to a mere 10% or less by 2050. Constant human activities are resulting in soil, water and air pollution, increased emissions of greenhouse gases, deforestation and land use change, expanded urban areas, introduction of non-native species, and inadequately planned development of water and land resources to meet food and energy needs. These changes are having both direct and indirect impacts on our climate, ecosystems and biological diversity and human health. Thus, the integrated course of action that involves both individual and the government efforts must be instituted to tackle both human-induced drivers of biodiversity loss, disease emergence and the loss of ecosystem services that support health and general human well-being.
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Batarlienė, Nijolė. "Risk and Damage Assessment for Transportation of Dangerous Freight." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0030.
Анотація:
Abstract The article provides information on transportation of dangerous freight. Legal acts regulating transportation of Dangerous freight are discussed. Major problems and non-compliances with The European Agreement concerning International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) are distinguished. The type of risk that one encounters is analysed, as well as who is to take responsibility for transportation of dangerous freight. Transport accidents of dangerous substances are increasingly frequent and can cause serious injuries in inhabited areas or pollution of the environment. For quantitative risk assessment and mitigation planning, consequence calculations are necessary. The aim of this article is to present methods of the first approach for calculating costs and overall expenses of an accident and to demonstrate the main recommendations for the next development stage in the area of transport accident modelling. By the means of risk assessment models, it is possible to calculate the extent of the consequences and reduce the risks during the process of transportation. Based on Technology of Dangerous Freight Transportation, the accident calculation principles are suggested, which enables to assess the costs and to find a generalized accident rate. The calculation results are provided.
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Zhang, Shun. "Is trade openness good for environment in South Korea? The role of non-fossil electricity consumption." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 10 (January 21, 2018): 9510–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1264-3.
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Ma, Ying, Mansoor Ahmed Koondhar, Shengke Liu, Huiling Wang, and Rong Kong. "Perceived Value Influencing the Household Waste Sorting Behaviors in Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 6093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176093.
Анотація:
Waste sorting is the cardinal measurement to solve the problem of low efficiency of rural environmental governance and to alleviate environmental pollution by reduction, recycling, and harmlessness in rural areas. However, non-excludable and non-rival features of public goods easily cause a wide free-rider problem, which results in a low frequency of participation in the waste sorting of rural people. Based on the theory of the utility maximization of the rational economic man, this paper investigates survey data of 688 farm households in three cities and three counties of Shaanxi Province to explore the effect of the perceived value on the household waste classification behavior based on cost-benefit analysis. The results show that perceived benefit and perceived cost are important perceived value factors affecting farmers’ participation in waste sorting. Specifically, the spiritual benefit of the perceived benefit has a significantly positive impact on classification behavior, while the time cost, physical cost, and material cost of the perceived cost have a negative impact on waste classification behavior. Further study of the heterogeneity of income impact shows that time cost only has a significant impact on the high-income group of farmers’ classification behavior, while spiritual benefit and learning cost only affect the low-income group of farmers’ waste classification behavior. Material cost has different influence directions on high- and low-income groups. In view of the aforementioned findings, this study highlights corresponding policy implications from the perspective of perceived benefit and perceived cost.
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Andrieu, Jimena, and Agostina Costantino. "La tierra como acervo de bienes comunes. Los conflictos sociales sobre bienes comunes ligados a la extranjerización de la tierra en la Argentina reciente/ Land as a stock of common goods. Social conflicts over common goods linked to land foreignization in recent Argentina." Eutopía - Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial, no. 11 (July 14, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/eutopia.11.2017.2617.
Анотація:
El tema del acaparamiento de tierras por parte de extranjeros ha sido ampliamente estudiado en distintas regiones del mundo, analizando las características de los inversores, las consecuencias sobre los campesinos que deben ser desplazados de sus tierras o los mecanismos por medio de los cuales los capitales extranjeros ocupan los territorios de la mano de los Estados locales. En este trabajo, queremos proponer un enfoque diferente: los efectos sobre los bienes comunes derivados de la extranjerización de la tierra, para el caso de Argentina. En su avance sobre los territorios, el capital produce una serie de conflictos sociales asociados a bienes comunes de los cuales las comunidades aledañas a las tierras dependen para la reproducción de su vida. En este sentido, la contaminación, los cercamientos de acceso públicos, los desplazamientos de las comunidades, y otros más, resultan ser claros indicadores de cómo el avance del capital sobre las tierras no sólo implica la concentración de este recurso sino también la apropiación de otros recursos naturales no privados previamente utilizados por distintos grupos sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los conflictos sociales en torno a los bienes comunes, derivados de la extranjerización de la tierra en la Argentina reciente. AbstractThe issue of land grabbing by foreigners has been extensively studied in different regions of the world, analyzing the characteristics of investors, the consequences on peasants who must be displaced from their lands or the mechanisms by which foreign capital occupy the territories with help of the local States. In this paper, we want to propose a different approach: the effects on the common goods derived from the foreignization of the land, in the case of Argentina. In its advance on the territories, capital produces a series of social conflicts associated with common goods of which the communities bordering the lands depend for the reproduction of their life. In this sense, pollution, public access enclosures, displacements of communities, and others, are clear indicators of how the advance of capital on land not only involves the concentration of this resource but also the appropriation of others Non-private natural resources previously used by different social groups. The objective of this work is to study the social conflicts around the common goods, derived from the alienation of the land in recent Argentina.
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Hagan, Rita, Emma Markey, Jerry Clancy, Mark Keating, Aoife Donnelly, David J. O’Connor, Liam Morrison, and Eoin J. McGillicuddy. "Non-Road Mobile Machinery Emissions and Regulations: A Review." Air 1, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/air1010002.
Анотація:
Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) incorporate a wide range of machinery, with or without bodywork and wheels, and are installed with a combustion engine and not intended for carrying passengers or goods on the road. These are used in many different sectors including construction, agriculture, forestry, mining, local authorities, airport and port ground operations, railways, inland waterways and within the household and gardening sector. This article presents a review of the state of knowledge with regard to non-road mobile machinery, particularly focusing on their regulation and the atmospheric emissions associated with them. This was undertaken as there is currently a lack of this information available in the literature, which is an oversight due to the potential for Non-Road Mobile Machinery to form a greater part of atmospheric emissions in the future, as other areas of emissions are tackled by regulations, as is outlined in the article. Emissions such as particulate matter (PM), carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx) from NRMM contribute considerably to total emissions released into the air. NRMM are diverse in application, engine type and fuel use, and are therefore difficult to categorise. This leads to numerous issues when it comes to the control and regulation of their emissions. The most recent European and international regulations are outlined in this article. Due to the divergent nature of NRMM, their emissions profiles are highly varied, and in-use emissions monitoring is challenging. This has led to a lack of data and inaccuracies in the estimation of total emissions and emission inventories. It was assumed in the past that emissions from non-road sources did not contribute as significantly to total emissions as those from on-road sources. This assumption was partly due to the difficulty in gathering relevant data, and it was disproven in the 1990s by studies in The Netherlands, Finland and Sweden. It is now understood that NRMM will eventually surpass on-road vehicles as the leading source of mobile pollution due to the continuing efforts to reduce emissions from other sources. Many states worldwide gather emissions data from NRMM, and EU member states are required to report their emissions. As of January 2017, a new European regulation establishing limits for gaseous and particulate pollutants from NRMM applies, and this regulation also defines administrative and technical requirements for EU approval. The exact number of NRMM and the total amount of fuel they use is currently not known. In Ireland, for example, their fuel use has been reported under stationary boilers and engines. However, this results in the underestimation of emissions of some pollutants (NOx in particular) because emissions of air pollutants tend to be higher in mobile than in stationary machinery.
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Jankowska, Emilia, Miranda R. Gorman, and Chad J. Frischmann. "Transforming the Plastic Production System Presents Opportunities to Tackle the Climate Crisis." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 6539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116539.
Анотація:
Due to the rapid growth in global plastic production, in short-term applications, and negative impacts on natural ecosystems, plastics have received much attention. Additionally, the entire plastic value chain generates a significant amount of GHGs, and plastic use reductions should be considered as interventions addressing the climate crisis. This work investigates the life cycle of plastics in non-durable goods holistically. It identifies interventions to improve the sustainability and circularity of the system of production and analyzes the potential benefit of these interventions as climate change solutions. A baseline global market for plastics is defined and forecast to 2050, to which four interventions are applied: (1) plastic reduction through elimination and reuse; (2) replacement with paper; (3) replacement with recycled feedstock, (4) replacement with bioplastics. The highest potential in GHG emissions reduction lies in plastic reduction, followed by replacement with recycled plastics, paper, and, finally, bioplastics. Together the integrated system can reduce between 9.5 and 14.9 Gt CO2-eq from 2020 to 2050. The environmental and social impact of applying all these interventions in parallel is significant, as plastics are at the intersection of many challenges, including waste production, energy use, ocean pollution, and land disruption from fossil extraction.
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Yang, Jian Li, Mei Li Du, Jing Liu, and Chun Xia Yu. "Study on Drainage Oil to Prepare Collectors of Coal Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.901.
Анотація:
At present, kerosene is one of the most widely used non-polar hydrocarbon oil collector agent in coal flotation in China, kerosene is difficult to dissolve in water, with good collector, but the dosage is comparatively large in the actual production.The drainage oil is from the dining recycled goods and the waste of animal flesh, can be used for preparation of fatty acid collector, which not only to reduce environmental pollution,but also to reduce the risk of food safety. At the same time, if drainage oil can replace the kerosene in coal collection, it will improve the coal preparation plant efficiency and solve the problem of shortage of national resources. In this study, we use Huangling coal as raw material for flotation experiment, use kerosene, diesel, drainage oil and emulsified drainage oil as collectors. Adding different collectors in the same flotation conditions to research the yield of clean coal, the clean coal ash and the yield of tailings by changing the dosage of collectors. The results show when adding to OP emulsifier and the proportion of water and oil is 6:4, flotation effects is the best, the yield of clean coal is 88.67%, the ash of clean coal is from 9.16% down to 8.63%, the yield of tailings is 11.32% .