Книги: "Non-Mandatory"

1

Veltri, Stefania. Mandatory Non-financial Risk-Related Disclosure. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47921-3.

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2

Housing, Ontario Ministry of, ed. Mandatory technical standards for non-profit housing. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of Housing, 1994.

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3

ha-petuḥah, Universiṭah, ред. Sherut ḥovah o ḥovah le-sharet?: Tarḥishim shel sherut ezraḥi ḥovah be-Yiśraʼel = Mandatory service or the duty to serve? : scenario analysis of mandatory civil service in Israel. Raʻananah: ha-Universiṭah ha-petuḥah, 2015.

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4

Fei qiang zhi xing zheng xing wei zhi du hua yan jiu: Xun qiu zheng fu rou xing zhi fa de zhi du gui yue = Study on Institutionalization of Non-mandatory Administrative Actions : Seeking Institutional Regulation on Governmental Soft Execution of Law. Beijing: Zhongguo zheng fa da xue chu ban she, 2012.

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5

Beloshistaya, Anna. Mathematics in primary school: teaching methods. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1070170.

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The textbook contains methodological information and recommendations for the course of mathematics, which is studied in elementary school. All types of tasks, computational techniques and computational actions, typical and non-typical tasks, and techniques for working with them are given. The content of the textbook is focused on the mandatory minimum of primary education, current programs and current textbooks. The article presents universal methodological information related to any of the modern systems of teaching mathematics in primary classes. Meets the requirements of the federal state standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. It is addressed to students of institutions of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Teaching in primary classes".

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6

Working with involuntary clients: A guide to practice. London: Sage, 1999.

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7

Duits, Hans. Added Value of Auditing in a Non-Mandatory Environment. Amsterdam University Press, 2012.

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8

Duits, Hans. Added Value of Auditing in a Non-Mandatory Environment. Amsterdam University Press, 2012.

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9

Duits, Hans. Added Value of Auditing in a Non-Mandatory Environment. Amsterdam University Press, 2012.

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10

Veltri, Stefania. Mandatory Non-Financial Risk-Related Disclosure: Measurement Problems and Usefulness for Investors. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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11

Veltri, Stefania. Mandatory Non-financial Risk-Related Disclosure: Measurement Problems and Usefulness for Investors. Springer, 2020.

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12

De Luca, Francesco. Mandatory and Discretional Non-financial Disclosure after the European Directive 2014/95/EU. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/9781839825040.

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13

Luca, Francesco De. Mandatory and Discretional Non-Financial Disclosure after the European Directive 2014/95/EU: An Empirical Analysis of Italian Listed Companies' Behavior. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020.

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14

Luca, Francesco De. Mandatory and Discretional Non-Financial Disclosure after the European Directive 2014/95/EU: An Empirical Analysis of Italian Listed Companies' Behavior. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020.

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15

Luca, Francesco De. Mandatory and Discretional Non-Financial Disclosure after the European Directive 2014/95/EU: An Empirical Analysis of Italian Listed Companies' Behavior. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020.

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16

Jerdan, Florence L. THE RELATIONSHIP OF ATTITUDE AND SUBJECTIVE NORMS TO INTENTION TO ATTEND NON-MANDATORY CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMS AMONG REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL STAFF NURSES. 1993.

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17

Szabo, Daniel Gergely. Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in the EU: Comprehensive Analysis of Various Corporate Reporting Instruments' Current Capacity and Future Potential to Convey Non-Financial Information. Eleven International Publishing, 2016.

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18

Dahl, Vegard, and Ulrich J. Spreng. Anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0010.

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Anaesthesia for non-obstetric reasons is performed in 1–2% of all pregnant women. Although the chances of complications like miscarriage, preterm labour, and abortion are higher when surgery is performed during gestation, careful evaluation, preparation, and a multidisciplinary approach will minimize these risks. There are no methods of anaesthesia that are preferable to others during pregnancy. The most important preventive measure is to maintain maternal haemodynamic stability and normoventilation in order to ensure fetal well-being. Extensive knowledge of the profound anatomical and physiological changes that a pregnancy induces is mandatory for the team when operating on a pregnant woman. Short time exposure to anaesthetic agents in clinically relevant doses during surgery has never been demonstrated to have teratogenic effects. Lately, focus has been made on the possible behavioural teratogenic properties of anaesthesia, especially on the use of NMDA receptor antagonists and GABA receptor agonists. Emergency diagnostic imaging during pregnancy is considered safe and should be performed if necessary. Electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of serious psychiatric disorders during pregnancy is a possibility that should be considered if necessary. Electric cardioversion seems safe for the fetus if life-threatening arrhythmias occur during pregnancy. Trauma is one of the leading non-obstetric causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. When treating a traumatized pregnant woman one should initially focus on the mother’s safety and haemodynamic stability.

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19

Himma, Kenneth Einar. Coercion and the Nature of Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854937.001.0001.

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COERCION AND THE NATURE OF LAW argues that it is a conceptually necessary condition for something to count as a system of law according to our conceptual practices that it authorizes the imposition of coercive sanctions for violations of some mandatory norms governing non-official behavior (the Coercion Thesis). The book begins with an explication of the modest approach to conceptual analysis that is deployed throughout. The remainder of the book is concerned to show that an institutional normative system is not reasonably contrived to do anything that law must be able to do for us to make sense of why we adopt systems of law to regulate non-official behavior unless we assume that mandatory norms governing that behavior are backed by the threat of a sovereign; an institutional normative system that satisfies every other plausible existence condition for law is not reasonably contrived to give rise to either objective or subjective first-order motivating reasons to comply with mandatory norms governing non-official behavior unless they are backed by the threat of a coercive sanction. Law’s presumed conceptual normativity can be explained only by the Coercion Thesis.

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20

Knudsen, Jette Steen. Government Regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805274.003.0013.

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Governments increasingly require that firms address a wide range of corporate social responsibility (CSR) stakeholder demands, rather than narrow shareholder needs. This chapter explores implications for corporate governance of mandatory CSR reporting requirements, focusing in particular on non-financial disclosure, and tax transparency in extractives. Non-financial disclosure requirements are overwhelmingly soft, while tax transparency reporting requirements are hard. Firms typically manage soft CSR programmes in non-core support functions such as communications or health, safety and environment. Soft CSR reporting criteria have limited impact on the internal governance of firms and top-level management decisions. In contrast, hard CSR reporting criteria constitute a key element of corporate governance. Firms manage tax transparency in core corporate functions such as the audit committee, and it is the responsibility of the chief financial officer, who usually sits on the executive board. Top-level management is more likely to take CSR programmes seriously that impose mandatory hard requirements.

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21

Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Training. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0027.

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This chapter sets out training frameworks and key skills and competencies that underpin comprehensive care in community outreach in mental health. A framework of core and advanced competencies for multidisciplinary teams is presented capable of supporting evidence-based clinical practice. Safe non-clinical operations are also supported by a schedule of mandatory staff training in areas such as equality, diversity, and information governance.

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22

Werdan, K., B. Patel, M. Girndt, H. Ebelt, J. Schröder, and S. Nuding. Monitoring of the kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0017.

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The prognosis of critically ill cardiac patients in the critical care unit and intensive cardiac care unit depends not only on the underlying cardiac disease, but also on the development of secondary organ complications and failures. Therefore, close monitoring of vital organs is mandatory in all critically ill cardiac patients to detect the development of non-cardiac organ failure as early as possible.

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23

Werdan, Karl, Brijesh Patel, Matthias Girndt, Henning Ebelt, Jochen Schröder, and Sebastian Nuding. Monitoring of the kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0017_update_001.

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The prognosis of critically ill cardiac patients in the critical care unit and intensive cardiac care unit depends not only on the underlying cardiac disease, but also on the development of secondary organ complications and failures. Therefore, close monitoring of vital organs is mandatory in all critically ill cardiac patients to detect the development of non-cardiac organ failure as early as possible.

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24

River Adventures : Nile: Nile. Hachette Children's Group, 2014.

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25

Maizel, Julien, and Michel Slama. Doppler echocardiography in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0141.

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The capacity of echocardiography to non-invasively identify the major causes of circulatory failure has made it increasingly popular in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Assessing cardiac performance in shocked patients is a key point in therapeutic support decision-making. Analysing left and right ventricular function and morphology should be mandatory in the training curriculum of ICU physicians. Haemodynamic evaluation relies on several parameters examining left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, left ventricular filling pressure, fluid responsiveness, and right ventricular function. To correctly interpret the echocardiographic findings and adapt patient management appropriately, physicians must be aware of the limits of these parameters.

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26

Naomi, Roht-Arriaza. Part I Combating Impunity: General Obligations, Principle 1 General Obligations of States to Take Effective Action to Combat Impunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0005.

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In general, Principle 1 is the introduction and cornerstone to the Principles. It defines state responsibility for the interrelated obligations spelled out in the Principles, emphasizing the mandatory, interrelated, non-hierarchical nature of these obligations in addition to responsibility for the underlying violations. Principle 1 is based on then-existing jurisprudence of the regional human rights courts and the United Nations human rights bodies, as well as from academic and non-governmental commentary. This chapter first provides a historical background and discusses the contemporary context in which Principle 1 is applied. It then describes the normative (legal/ethical) foundation of the Principle, focusing on how its interpretation is influenced by international law and how it relates to notions of transitional justice. It also analyzes the applications of the Principle in practice before concluding with an assessment of some of its ambiguities and weaknesses.

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27

Lei, Yuan. Mechanical Ventilation Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0008.

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‘Mechanical Ventilation Modes’ seeks to shed light on this hotly debated topic, one that is complicated by ventilator manufacturers’ non-standardized terminology. The chapter looks at conventional modes, adaptive modes, and biphasic modes, which it classifies based on the mechanical breath types in each mode. It includes a comparison chart of the terminology used for common modes on popular IPPV ventilators. Using their signature waveforms, the author describes the assist/control, SIMV, and pressure support ventilation or PSV modes. It defines the modes by their application of spontaneous breaths and mandatory breaths. It continues with a discussion of adaptive modes and biphasic modes. It ends by discussing how to select the appropriate ventilation mode.

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28

Lidström, Anders. Political Partisanship and Policy Feedback. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.21.

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Historically, the Social Democratic Party has been the dominant party in Swedish politics. But in 2006 a center-right coalition government came to power in Sweden and ruled until 2014. The chapter asks how this has affected the iconic Swedish welfare state. The center-right government’s legislative action to reform the welfare state was not very radical, but the effects of their non-decisions regarding unemployment benefit continued the long-term hollowing out of its earnings-related component. This triggered many unions to start mandatory group insurance schemes to provide income security for their members. However, the effect of the cash transfers becoming less earnings-related has—so far—not been to undermine the legitimacy of the public sector.

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29

Hilary, Putnam. On Content and Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the ways in which Travis’s ‘context-sensitive semantics’, and the non-reductionist picture of thinking developed in connection with that idea, have influenced some of the central debates in contemporary philosophies of language and mind. The author defends Travis’s occasion-sensitivity against two recent attempts to refute the position. One of these attempts is by Donaldson and Lepore, and the other by Fodor and Lepore. It is argued that semantic atomism and the key role assigned to speakers’ communicative intentions in interpreting utterances, both of which contradict occasion-sensitivity, are not mandatory. The author shows that Fodor and Lepore’s position is compatible with the idea that thought may be occasion-sensitive.

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30

Ristuccia, Nathan J. Christianization and Commonwealth in Early Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810209.001.0001.

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This book re-examines the alterations in Western European life that followed widespread conversion to Christianity—the phenomena traditionally termed “Christianization”; it re-centers scholarly paradigms for Christianization around the development of mandatory rituals. One prominent ritual—Rogationtide, a three-day penitential procession before Ascension Thursday—supplies an ideal case study demonstrating a new paradigm of “Christianization without religion.” Christianization in the Middle Ages was not a slow process through which a Christian system of religious beliefs and practices replaced an earlier pagan system. “Religion,” in the sense of a fixed system of belief bounded off from other spheres of life, did not exist in the Middle Ages. Rather, Christianization was primarily ritual performance. Being a Christian meant joining a local church community. After the fall of Rome, mandatory rituals such as Rogationtide arose to separate a Christian commonwealth from the pagans, heretics, and Jews outside it. A Latin West between the polis and the parish had its own institution—the Rogation procession—for organizing local communities. For medieval people, sectarian borders were flexible, except when they did not want those borders to be so. Rituals served to demarcate these borders. Rogationtide is an ideal case study of this demarcation, because it was an emotionally powerful feast that combined pageantry with doctrinal instruction, community formation, social ranking, devotional exercises, and bodily mortification. As a result, rival groups quarrelled over the holiday’s meaning and procedure, sometimes violently, in order to reshape the local order and ban people and practices as non-Christian.

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31

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.2: Third party rights, Art.5.2.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0099.

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This commentary focuses on Article 5.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the renunciation of a beneficiary's right. The rationale of Art 5.2.6 is to protect a person who is not a party to a contract against the unwanted conferral of a right by the contracting parties. It corresponds to the maxim that even benefits may not be imposed on another: beneficia non obtruduntur. As Art 5.2.6 is intended to protect third parties, the promisee and the promisor should not be permitted to exclude or derogate from it as they wish. Art 5.2.6 is therefore one of the provisions of the PICC in which the mandatory character is implicit. This commentary discusses the consequences of renunciation and the burden of proof relating to renunciation.

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32

Li Bassi, Gianluigi, and Carles Agusti. Toilet bronchoscopy in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0122.

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Critically-ill patients retain respiratory secretions. Toilet bronchoscopy is applied to aspirate retained secretions and revert lung atelectasis. Toilet bronchoscopy is particularly indicated when retained secretions are visible during the procedureand air-bronchograms are not present at the chest radiograph. Yet, toilet bronchoscopy should only be applied when other less invasive methods of secretion removal have failed. Ventilatory settings during the intervention, the inspiratory fraction of oxygen should be increased to 100%. In volume control ventilation, the pressure limit alarm needs to be increased; during pressure-controlled ventilation, the set inspiratory pressure should be increased. The external PEEP should be decreased to at least 50% of the baseline values, to prevent barotrauma. The use of sedatives, analgesics, and topical anaesthetics is mandatory to achieve favourable procedural condition. Toilet bronchoscopy is also feasible and safe in critically-ill patients undergoing non-invasive ventilation.

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33

Alexander, Trukhtanov. 14 National Report for the Russian Federation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0014.

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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Russia. Russia’s principal bankruptcy law is the Federal Insolvency (Bankruptcy) Law 2002. The law sets out a comprehensive regime of submission, priority, and ranking of claims. It is almost entirely mandatory and leaves very little to be governed by pre-insolvency contractual arrangements. Its policies are generally favourable to creditors and are aimed at achieving pari passu distribution, including restriction of administration claims and giving unsecured creditors access to part of the proceeds of sale of security assets. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.

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34

Sollberger, Michael. Can Synaesthesia Present the World as it Really Is? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0010.

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Can some synaesthetic experiences be treated as veridical perceptual experiences, i.e. as conscious mental states in which worldly objects and their features perceptually appear as they really are? Most empirical scientists and philosophers working on synaesthesia answer this question in the negative. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Mohan Matthen’s ‘When is Synaesthesia Perception?’ (Chapter 8, this volume) argues that such a dismissive approach to the epistemic properties of synaesthetic experiences is not mandatory. Matthen claims that there is conceptual room for a more tolerant approach according to which at least one variety of synaesthesia, which he calls ‘direct synaesthesia’, is epistemically on a par with everyday non-synaesthetic perception. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the idea of ‘direct synaesthesia’ and to assess whether the accepted dogma that synaesthesia is always prone to error has to go.

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35

Paul, Torremans. Part II Preliminary Topics, 8 Exclusion of Foreign Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199678983.003.0008.

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This chapter examines issues surrounding the exclusion, or non-enforcement, of foreign law. There are circumstances when the law of the forum must be preferred to the foreign law that would normally be applicable to the case. An outstanding example of this is the civil law doctrine of ordre public under which any domestic rule designed to protect the public welfare must prevail over an inconsistent foreign rule. This chapter discusses four cases in which foreign law will not be enforced, either directly or indirectly, by English courts: foreign revenue, penal and other public laws; foreign expropriatory legislation; foreign laws repugnant to English public policy; and the mandatory rules of the forum. It also describes the effect of European private international law on the rule against the enforcement of foreign revenue, penal and other public laws in England.

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36

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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37

Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Routledge, 2015.

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38

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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39

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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40

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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41

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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42

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Routledge, 2022.

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43

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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44

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. SAGE Publications, Limited, 2010.

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45

Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Sage Publications Ltd, 2006.

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46

Trotter, Chris. Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. Routledge, 2022.

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47

Loraine, Sievers, and Daws Sam. Ch.7 Decisions and Documents. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685295.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses the procedures for coming to a consensus within the Security Council and communicating the decision to the broader public. The term ‘decision’ within this context also carries multiple meanings, and when applied in its narrowest sense is used to denote only those decisions of the Council which are intended to be mandatory or binding, as opposed to recommendations, exhortations, or expressions of opinion. Communications also possesses multiple definitions under the Council, as it is a complex and politically sensitive area of the Security Council's practice. Written communications are a primary means by which UN Member States and non-Member States bring disputes or situations ‘to the attention of’ the Security Council or the General Assembly. Another category obligates Member States to report immediately to the Council on measures taken in the exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs.

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48

Holst, John. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Tubo-Ovarian Abscess. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0040.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) consists of inflammation in various parts of the upper genital tract and includes endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), and/or pelvic peritonitis. Overt acute PID patients typically present as ill-appearing with pain, fever, chills, purulent vaginal discharge, nausea, vomiting, and elevated white blood cells. “Silent” PID presents with dyspareunia, irregular bleeding, and urinary and gastrointestinal complaints. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and associated microorganisms are present in acute PID patients. PID coverage is focused on a polymicrobial infection. HIV patients typically have more severe symptoms and are more likely to have a TOA than an immunocompetent patient, but HIV alone does not mandate hospital admission nor does parenteral therapy improve outcomes compared to non-HIV patients. Gonorrhea and chlamydia cases must be reported to the local health department; it is not mandatory for PID patients to remove an intrauterine device at the time of diagnosis.

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49

Paul, Richard, and Susanna Price. Imaging the cardiovascular system in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0143.

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Cardiac imaging in the critically ill can be challenging. Interpretation requires a broad knowledge of cardiovascular pathophysiology, the range of available investigations, and their sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing individual conditions. Applying first principles and interpreting findings in the clinical context are mandatory. Useful non-invasive investigations include simple chest X-ray, thoracic ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT) to detect pulmonary and extrapulmonary pathology, whilst CT coronary angiography can evaluate stent and graft patency, and identify extramural plaques, undiagnosed with conventional angiography. Invasive left heart cardiac catheterization may be indicated in patients with cardiovascular instability and particularly in patients where cardiac surgery has involved manipulation of the coronary arteries, whilst right heart catheterization remains the gold standard for haemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography has many applications in the ICU, ranging from haemodynamic monitoring to aiding diagnosis of complex pathology and rapid diagnosis in cardiac arrest. Other investigation modalities less frequently used in the critical care population are also discussed within this chapter.

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50

Freeman, Samuel. Rawls on Distributive Justice and the Difference Principle. Edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.2.

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This chapter analyzes Rawls’s complex account of distributive justice. Rawls’s difference principle requires that economic systems be organized so that the least advantaged members of society are better off than they would be in any alternative economic arrangement. The following questions are addressed here: What constraints are imposed by equal basic liberties and fair equality of opportunity on inequalities allowed by the difference principle? What are the difference principle’s broad and narrow requirements? Is maximizing the least advantaged position mandatory regardless of the inequalities created, or is it optional so that a society can choose to limit inequalities permitted by the difference principle? In what respect is the difference principle a reciprocity principle and not prioritarian? What measures are required to realize the difference principle under ideal conditions of a well-ordered society versus non-ideal conditions of an unjust society? Why should property-owning democracy rather than welfare-state capitalism satisfy Rawls’s principles of justice?

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