Статті в журналах: "NON-LINEAR BLOCKS"

1

Кuznetsov, О. О., Yu І. Gorbenko, І. М. Bilozertsev, А. V. Аndrushkevych, and О. P. Narizhnyi. "ALGEBRAIC IMMUNITY OF NON-LINEAR BLOCKS OF SYMMETRIC CIPHERS." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 77, no. 4 (2018): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v77.i4.30.

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2

Artyushkov, E. V. "Accelerated non-linear destruction of the earth's crust." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 6, no. 4 (2001): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1026022601000322.

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The upper part of the Earth—the lithospheric layer,∼100 km thick, is rigid. Segments of this spherical shell–lithospheric plates are drifting over a ductile asthenosphere. On the continents, the lithosphere includes the Earth's crust,∼40 km thick, which is underlain by peridotitic rocks of the mantle. In most areas, at depths∼20–40 km the continental crust is composed of basalts with density∼2900kg m−3. At temperature and pressure typical for this depth, basalts are metastable and should transform into another assemblage of minerals which corresponds to garnet granulites and eclogites with higher densities 3300–3600 kgm−3. The rate of this transformation is extremely low in dry rocks, and the associated contraction of basalts evolves during the time≥108a. To restore the Archimede's equilibrium, the crust subsides with a formation of sedimentary basins, up to 10–15 km deep.Volumes of hot mantle with a water-containing fluid emerge sometimes from a deep mantle to the base of the lithosphere. Fluids infiltrate into the crust through the mantle part of the lithosphere. They catalyze the reaction in the lower crust which results in rock contraction with a formation of deep water basins at the surface during∼106a. The major hydrocarbon basins of the world were formed in this way. Infiltration of fluids strongly reduces the viscosity of the lithosphere, which is evidenced by narrow-wavelength deformations of this layer. At times of softening of the mantle part of the lithosphere, it becomes convectively replaced by a hotter and lighter asthenosphere. This process has resulted in the formation of many mountain ranges and high plateaus during the last several millions of years. Softening of the whole lithospheric layer which is rigid under normal conditions allows its strong compressive and tensile deformations. At the epochs of compression, a large portion of dense eclogites that were formed from basalts in the lower crust sink deeply into the mantle. In some cases they carry down lighter blocks of granites and sedimentary rocks of the upper crust which delaminate from eclogitic blocks and emerge back to the crust. Such blocks of upper crustal rocks include diamonds and other minerals which were formed at a depth of 100–150 km.

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3

Artyushenko, V. M., and V. I. Volovach. "The synthesis of the servo gauges are implemented using blocks of nonlinear transformation with quadrature generators." Informacionno-technologicheskij vestnik 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2409-1650-2017-4-16-29.

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Reviewed and analyzed issues related to the synthesis of algorithms for ADAP-tive non-linear processing of the servo gauges that are implemented with blocks of non-linear transformations of the quadrature generators. Analyzed the operation of the adaptive blocks nonlinear transformations with feedback from quadrature GE-neatorama when exposed to broadband noise and jamming with a band spectrum. Analyzed the restrictions imposed on the dynamic range of the adaptive blocks nonlinear transformation with quadrature oscillators.

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4

R, Prithiviraj, and Selvakumar J. "Non-Linear Mathematical Modelling for Phase Locked Loop." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.10 (October 2, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.10.20710.

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Design of Phase Locked Loop (PLL) plays a vital role in transceiver field. Phase Locked Loop comprises of three blocks, namely Phase and frequency detector, loop filter and voltage-controlled oscillator. The greater advancements in CMOS technology such as high frequency, high speed, low noise and phase error leads to low-cost PLL This work aims to develop higher order non-linear models of general Phase Locked Loop. The condition of stability and choice of loop filter is also determined. Based on the analysis, the transfer function for PLL is determined.

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5

Cheng, C. C., G. L. Su, and C. W. Chien. "Block backstepping controllers design for a class of perturbed non-linear systems with m blocks." IET Control Theory & Applications 6, no. 13 (September 6, 2012): 2021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2011.0431.

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6

Cirera, Jordi, Yuan Jiang, Lei Qin, Yan-Zhen Zheng, Guanghua Li, Gang Wu, and Eliseo Ruiz. "Ferromagnetism in polynuclear systems based on non-linear [MnII2MnIII] building blocks." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 3, no. 10 (2016): 1272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qi00189k.

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Design of new polynuclear transition metal complexes showing ferromagnetic interactions to achieve high spin values is an important challenge due to the scarcity of bridging ligands that provide such coupling.

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7

Turner, W. "Equivalent Blocks of Finite General Linear Groups in Non-describing Characteristic." Journal of Algebra 247, no. 1 (January 2002): 244–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jabr.2001.8988.

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8

Vörös, Jozef. "Recursive identification of time-varying non-linear cascade systems with static input and dynamic output non-linearities." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216670485.

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The paper deals with the recursive identification of time-varying non-linear dynamic systems using three-block cascade models with non-linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear dynamic blocks. These models are appropriate for systems with both actuator and sensor non-linearities. Multiple application of a decomposition technique provides special expressions for the corresponding non-linear model description that are linear in parameters. A modified recursive least-squares-based algorithm is used for estimation of the time-varying input polynomial and output backlash parameters. Simulation studies show the feasibility of proposed approach to estimate the model parameters and track their changes.

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9

Shariff, M. H. B. M. "An Analysis of Non-Linear Deformation of Bonded Rubber Mounts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Mechanical Engineering Science 203, no. 2 (March 1989): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_094_02.

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An approximate analysis is developed for non-linear (finite) plane and axisymmetric strain deformations of rubber blocks bonded to rigid end-plates. The analysis is partly based on the works of Klingbeil and Sheild(1) and Gent and Lindley(2). The solutions obtained are explicit and are comparable with published experimental results and expected behaviours. The solutions to the corresponding infinitesimal deformation are exactly the same as those obtained by Gent and Lindley(2) and Shariff(5) (when v = 0.5).

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10

Xu, Chenxing, Jiarula Yasenjiang, Pengfei Cui, Shengpeng Zhang, and Xin Zhang. "Comprehensive Monitoring of Complex Industrial Processes with Multiple Characteristics." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (August 18, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3054860.

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Traditional onefold data-driven methods for fault detection in complex process industrial systems with high-dimensional, linear, nonlinear, Gaussian, and non-Gaussian coexistence often have less than satisfactory monitoring performance because only a single distribution of process variables is considered. To address this problem, a hybrid fault detection model based on PCA-KPCA-ICA-KICA-BI (Bayesian inference) is proposed, taking into account the advantages of principal component analysis (PCA), kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), independent component analysis (ICA), and kernel independent component analysis (KICA) in terms of dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. Foremost, this paper proposed a nonlinear evaluation method and divided the feature variables into Gaussian linear blocks, Gaussian nonlinear blocks, non-Gaussian linear blocks, and non-Gaussian nonlinear blocks by using the Jarque–Bera (JB) test and nonlinear discrimination method. Each division was monitored by the PCA-KPCA-ICA-KICA model, and finally the Bayesian fusion strategy proposed in this study is used to synthesize the detection results for each block. The hybrid model helps in evaluating variable features and bettering detection performance. Ultimately, the superiority of this hybrid model was verified through the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process and the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) process, and the fault monitoring results showed an average accuracy of 85.91% for this hybrid model.

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11

Yang, Dachun, and Dongyong Yang. "Boundedness of linear operators via atoms on Hardy spaces with non-doubling measures." gmj 18, no. 2 (June 2011): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gmj.2011.0018.

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Abstract Let μ be a non-negative Radon measure on which satisfies only the polynomial growth condition. Let 𝒴 be a Banach space and H 1(μ) be the Hardy space of Tolsa. In this paper, the authors prove that a linear operator T is bounded from H 1(μ) to 𝒴 if and only if T maps all (p, γ)-atomic blocks into uniformly bounded elements of 𝒴; moreover, the authors prove that for a sublinear operator T bounded from L 1(μ) to L 1, ∞(μ), if T maps all (p, γ)-atomic blocks with p ∈ (1, ∞) and γ ∈ ℕ into uniformly bounded elements of L 1(μ), then T extends to a bounded sublinear operator from H 1(μ) to L 1(μ). For the localized atomic Hardy space h 1(μ), the corresponding results are also presented. Finally, these results are applied to Calderón–Zygmund operators, Riesz potentials and multilinear commutators generated by Calderón–Zygmund operators or fractional integral operators with Lipschitz functions to simplify the existing proofs in the related papers.

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12

Nasonov, A. V., O. S. Volodina, and A. S. Krylov. "NON-LINEAR MULTI-FRAME IMAGE DENOISING USING WEIGHTED NUCLEAR NORM MINIMIZATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-2/W1-2021 (April 15, 2021): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-2-w1-2021-167-2021.

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Abstract. We address the problem of constructing single low noise image from a sequence of multiple noisy images. We use the approach based on finding and averaging similar blocks in the image and extend it to multiple images. Unlike traditional multi-frame super-resolution algorithms, the block-matching approach does not require computationally expensive motion estimation for multi-frame image denoising. In this work, we use an algorithm based on weighted nuclear minimization for image denoising. The evaluation of the algorithm shows noticeable improvement of image quality when using multiple input images instead of single one. The improvement is the most noticeable in the areas with complex non-repeated structure.

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13

Busfield, J. J. C., and A. G. Thomas. "Indentation Tests on Elastomer Blocks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 876–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538839.

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Abstract The problem of indentation hardness for elastomer blocks has been examined at two levels. Initially an examination of the geometric non-linearity was undertaken. It was observed that the empirical equations adopted by the various standards organizations to predict the stiffness relationships were not always applicable. It appears that the classical Hertz solution to the problem gives a better representation of the general behavior. A finite element approach was also adopted here to tackle the large displacement problem and the limitations of this approach have been discussed. This geometric problem is further complicated in practice by the effect of the finite thickness of the elastomer sheet. This problem has also been analyzed and a suitable general relationship proposed to account for the finite thickness effects. The second problem examined is how the effects of the non-linear elasticity of the material can be tackled. It is shown that the form of the elastic stored energy function at small strains influences the indentation behavior.

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14

DEMIRBAŞ, KERIM. "Non-linear state smoothing and filtering in blocks for dynamic systems with missing observations." International Journal of Systems Science 21, no. 6 (June 1990): 1135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729008910437.

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15

Shinjo, Masato, Tan Wang, Masashi Iwasaki, and Yoshimasa Nakamura. "Roots of Characteristic Polynomial Sequences in Iterative Block Cyclic Reductions." Mathematics 9, no. 24 (December 12, 2021): 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9243213.

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The block cyclic reduction method is a finite-step direct method used for solving linear systems with block tridiagonal coefficient matrices. It iteratively uses transformations to reduce the number of non-zero blocks in coefficient matrices. With repeated block cyclic reductions, non-zero off-diagonal blocks in coefficient matrices incrementally leave the diagonal blocks and eventually vanish after a finite number of block cyclic reductions. In this paper, we focus on the roots of characteristic polynomials of coefficient matrices that are repeatedly transformed by block cyclic reductions. We regard each block cyclic reduction as a composition of two types of matrix transformations, and then attempt to examine changes in the existence range of roots. This is a block extension of the idea presented in our previous papers on simple cyclic reductions. The property that the roots are not very scattered is a key to accurately solve linear systems in floating-point arithmetic. We clarify that block cyclic reductions do not disperse roots, but rather narrow their distribution, if the original coefficient matrix is symmetric positive or negative definite.

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16

G, Sowmiya, and Malarvizhi G. "Fsm Driven NON-Linear Transistion Based Lfsr TPG for Improved Fault Coverage in BIST Application." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.1317ecst.

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The Test pattern generator (TPGs) is one of the computationally intensive and performance centric computational block in BIST applications and has been investigated in many existing works to maximize its contribution towards testing the digital circuits; however, design constraints associated to the system leads significant improvements in TPG model. This paper proposes energy efficient FSM state transition-based LFSR TPG to formulate test patterns with maximum length and randomness. Here LFSR generated test patterns generated from conventional LFSR reseeding model with fixed polynomial configuration is decomposed into smaller units and follows FSM encoding to convert into multiple independent test vector blocks. The concatenation of these encoded vector blocks offers improved test vectors which includes transitional and non- transitional encoded values to regulate the overall switching activity. According to the power constrains each binary positions of test vectors are weighted to control certain bit transitions which can significantly optimize the dynamic power consumption during testing process. Finally, FSM controller is used to control state transition in addition to the variable clock to maximize the randomness randomization characteristics of LFSR. Here both clock rate and number state in FSM machine can be dynamically changed to modify the LFSR statistics in accordance with BIST requirements.

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17

Jasim, Abbas, and Hiba Hakim. "Multilevel Permutation with Different Block Size/ Stream Cipher Image Encryption." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.11.1.5.

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In this work, a new image encryption method using a combined multilevel permutation with stream cipher is proposed. In the permutation algorithm, image is divided into blocks in each level and its blocks are rearranged by using pseudorandom permutation method. A new non linear stream cipher algorithm is also proposed that is based on combining several keys generated by Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). The results shown that the proposed algorithm has a high security feature and it is efficient for image encryption. Practical tests proved that the proposed encryption algorithm is robust, provides high level of security and gives perfect reconstruction of the decrypted image.

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18

Nievergelt, Yves. "Uniqueness of one-parameter exponential curves fitted by non-linear least-squares to non-negative data in monotone non-increasing blocks." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 49, no. 24 (June 16, 2019): 6129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2019.1628274.

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19

Masike, Lebogang, and Michael Njoroge Gitau. "A Modular Circuit Synthesis Oriented Modelling Approach for Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters in CCM." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031047.

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The continued commissioning of DC microgrids in an effort to achieve net-zero carbon levels in the atmosphere demands the large-scale deployment of converters to make the power from renewable energy sources, such as solar PV, usable. To control these inherently non-linear converters using classical linear control methods, averaged modelling techniques are employed. These methods are laborious and easily become intractable when applied to converters with increased energy storage elements. A modular modelling approach is proposed. This approach is based on the synthesis of converters using refined basic building blocks. The refined basic building blocks are independently modelled as two-port networks and used in a circuit synthesis-oriented manner to derive power stage models of commonly used DC-DC converters. It is found that most of the converters considered in the study can be described as a cascade combination of these basic building blocks. As such, transmission parameters are mainly used to model the two-port networks. Moreover, it is also found that using this modelling technique enables the computation of generalized expressions for all power stage models of interest. The use of two-port networks curtails the size of the matrices describing the basic building blocks to 2 × 2, and thus simplifies the entire modelling procedure. Additionally, two-port network analysis makes this modelling technique modular, thus making it more suited to be employed in DC microgrids. The independence of the two-port models on the circuit topology and functionality makes it possible to even model new converters containing the described basic building blocks solely based on circuit connection.

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20

Xie, Yihui, Nicolas Moreno, Victor M. Calo, Hong Cheng, Pei-Ying Hong, Rachid Sougrat, Ali R. Behzad, Russell Tayouo, and Suzana P. Nunes. "Synthesis of highly porous poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-b-polysulfone-b-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) asymmetric membranes." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 18 (2016): 3076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00215c.

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For the first time, self-assembly and non-solvent induced phase separation was applied to polysulfone-based linear block copolymers, reaching mechanical stability much higher than other block copolymer membranes used in this method, which were mainly based on polystyrene blocks.

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21

Li, Ran, Xiaomeng Duan, and Yongfeng Lv. "Adaptive compressive sensing of images using error between blocks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 155014771878175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718781751.

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Block compressive sensing of image results in blocking artifacts and blurs when reconstructing images. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive block compressive sensing framework using error between blocks. First, we divide image into several non-overlapped blocks and compute the errors between each block and its adjacent blocks. Then, the error between blocks is used to measure the structure complexity of each block, and the measurement rate of each block is adaptively determined based on the distribution of these errors. Finally, we reconstruct each block using a linear model. Experimental results show that the proposed adaptive block compressive sensing system improves the qualities of reconstructed images from both subjective and objective points of view when compared with image block compressive sensing system.

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22

Szasz, John I., Tony C. Bryant, Lonty K. Bryant, Marshall N. Streeter, John P. Hutcheson, and David G. Renter. "Health and performance outcomes from a randomized clinical trial of post-metaphylactic intervals following tildipirosin metaphylaxis for control of naturally occurring BRD in commingled lightweight yearling steers in a commercial feedlot." Bovine Practitioner 56, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p38-46.

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This study’s objectives were to assess health and performance outcomes in yearling steers randomized to pens with 4-day, 7-day, 10-day, or 13-day postmetaphylaxis intervals (PMI) following arrival administration of tildipirosin (ZuprevoR). The primary objective was to assess linear or non-linear responses to different PMI. Crossbred beef steers (N = 8,160), 648 lb overall mean body weight, were allocated to 40 pens, in 10 blocks, over a 3-week period. Study blocks were defined by arrival and processing date. Data were analyzed using mixed models for a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Across all pens and blocks, the incidence of BRD first pulls, morbidity (temperature > 103.5°F), mortality, and removals were: 11.67%, 9.20%, 0.89% and 0.92%, respectively. During the first 45 days, there were linear relationships between PMI and BRD morbidity (P = 0.006) and BRD first pulls (P = 0.003) indicating that apparent incidence decreased linearly as PMI increased. Over the entire feeding period (mean = 217 days), apparent BRD morbidity also decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as PMI increased; however, there was a quadratic (non-linear) relationship between BRD first pulls and PMI (group means 12.0%, 12.9%, 11.08% and 9.49%, respectively). There were no significant associations (P values > 0.10) between PMI and BRD relapses, first treatment success, case fatality, mortality or any live and carcass performance measures. In this study, longer PMI (fewer days eligible for treatment) led to reduced BRD first treatments, with no evidence for negative impacts on mortality or performance.

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23

Turuntaev, Sergey B., and Vasily Y. Riga. "Non-linear effects of pore pressure increase on seismic event generation in a multi-degree-of-freedom rate-and-state model of tectonic fault sliding." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 24, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-215-2017.

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Abstract. The influence of fluid injection on tectonic fault sliding and seismic event generations was studied by a multi-degree-of-freedom rate-and-state friction model with a two-parametric friction law. A system of blocks (up to 25 blocks) elastically connected to each other and connected by elastic springs to a constant-velocity moving driver was considered. Variation of the pore pressure due to fluid injection led to variation of effective stress between the first block and the substrate. Initially the block system was in a steady-sliding state; then, its state was changed by the pore pressure increase. The influence of the model parameters (number of blocks, spring stiffness, velocity weakening parameter) on the seismicity variations was considered. Various slip patterns were obtained and analysed.

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24

Jiang, Wen, Tao Feng, and Harry JP Timmermans. "Non-linear asymmetric gap models of residential satisfaction: Formulation and empirical evidence." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 569–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318790251.

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This paper proposes non-linear asymmetric gap–satisfaction models to assess the influence of the gap between aspirations and perceived residential attributes on residential satisfaction. Two variants of the residential gap are specified based on the difference and ratio between aspiration and reality. Besides the influence of residential gap, the interactions with social-demographics are incorporated in three specifications of gap–satisfaction relationship. Using empirical data collected from eight renovated historical blocks in two Chinese cities, the relative performances of the proposed gap models are compared with truncated linear symmetric gap models and traditional linear (absolute) difference models for housing, living environmental and neighbourhood attributes. The estimation results indicate that overall the non-linear asymmetric gap models outperform the linear gap models. The model fit for housing and living environmental attributes are very good. Satisfaction for housing attributes is predicted best with non-linear asymmetric gap ratio models, while the environmental attributes are best represented by non-linear asymmetric difference models. In case of the neighbourhood dimension, non-linear asymmetric gap ratio models show the best performance, while these models yield a good fit only for two attributes. The interaction effect of social-demographics is found to vary between residential attributes.

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25

Liu, Wenlian, Hanhua Xu, Sugang Sui, Ze Li, Xiaoyan Zhang, and Pu Peng. "Lower Bound Limit Analysis of Non-Persistent Jointed Rock Masses Using Mixed Numerical Discretization." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 12945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412945.

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The bearing capacity of a non-persistent jointed rock mass containing a rock bridge is investigated by combining the lower bound limit analysis theory, a mixed numerical discrete method, and linear mathematical programming. A mixed numerical discrete method is proposed to divide non-persistent jointed rock masses in which rigid block elements are used to simulate the rock blocks, whereas the finite element method is used to simulate the intact rock bridges. A linear mathematical programming model for the ultimate bearing capacity is constructed and solved using the interior point algorithm. The proposed formulation is validated by application to three rock slopes.

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26

Vandersteen, Gerd, Yves Rolain, and Johan Schoukens. "Non-Parametric Estimation of the Frequency Response Functions of the Linear Blocks of a Wienerhammerstein Model." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, no. 1 (June 1996): 4386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)58371-8.

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27

Gao, Huan, Yingyi Li, and Haibin Zhang. "The Analysis of Alternating Minimization Method for Double Sparsity Constrained Optimization Problem." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 37, no. 04 (May 19, 2020): 2040002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920400023.

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This work analyzes the alternating minimization (AM) method for solving double sparsity constrained minimization problem, where the decision variable vector is split into two blocks. The objective function is a separable smooth function in terms of the two blocks. We analyze the convergence of the method for the non-convex objective function and prove a rate of convergence of the norms of the partial gradient mappings. Then, we establish a non-asymptotic sub-linear rate of convergence under the assumption of convexity and the Lipschitz continuity of the gradient of the objective function. To solve the sub-problems of the AM method, we adopt the so-called iterative thresholding method and study their analytical properties. Finally, some future works are discussed.

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28

Pringkasemchai, A., J. Wongsaroj, and K. Mongkolsuttirat. "Determination of probe non-linearity and error due to measurement position for direct measurement type of gauge block comparator and its measurement uncertainty." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2145, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2145/1/012060.

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Abstract The non-linearity of probes is one of the important components in gauge block calibration by the mechanical comparative method of two gauges blocks at the same nominal length. However, an advanced method for gauge block calibration is a mechanical direct measurement method of two gauge blocks showing the greatest difference in nominal length of 25 mm. This method uses a special probe based on the interferential scanning principle to produce the signals to measure the displacement. In this paper, non-linearity and error due to measurement position were investigated as they related to the accuracy of measurement results. The differences in central length of pairs of standard gauge blocks made of steel were measured by optical interferometry with the measurement uncertainty (k=2) 23 nm. Length in the range of 5 μm to 25 mm was used in the experiment. Non-linearity of the probe was evaluated by the simple linear regression model. Various factors such as origin setting point, temperature, and vibration have been analysed. In the preliminary experiment, the non-linearity, position error, repeatability and retrace error over the measuring range 25 mm are 13 nm, -18 nm, 15 nm, and 10 nm respectively. The standard uncertainty of direct measurement type caused by non-linearity is 4 nm.

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29

Ferreira, Débora Macanjo, Eduarda Luso, Maria Lurdes Cruz, Luís MR Mesquita, and Guilherme Gontijo. "Fire behaviour of ecological soil–cement blocks with waste incorporation: Experimental and numerical analysis." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 2 (March 2020): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119893921.

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The main goal of this study is to assess the behaviour of soil–cement blocks with incorporation of organic wastes. The problem of waste accumulation exists worldwide and has become a concern in today’s society, leading to enormous environmental damage. One of the possibilities for reducing their environmental impact is the reuse of these wastes in new materials. However, incorporating waste changes the mechanical, physical and thermal properties of the new material. In order to evaluate the potential use of waste in blocks composition, laboratory tests were conducted and the results were analysed. This article presents the fire behaviour of ecological soil–cement blocks with waste incorporation. Therefore, an experimental programme was performed using samples of wall panel with soil–cement blocks. The wall specimen under fire conditions was also analysed by a non-linear transient finite element numerical model, in time and temperature domains, and the numerical and experimental temperature fields were compared.

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Anshari, Buan, and Zhong Wei Guan. "Numerical Modelling of the Initial Stress and Upward Deflection of Glulam Beams Pre-Stresseed by Compressed Wood." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.408.

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A new approach to reinforce glulam timber beams has been developed by using compressed wood (CW) which is made of a lower grade wood through densification processes. In the reinforcing practice, compressed wood blocks are inserted into pre-cut holes on the top of glulam beams to produce pre-camber and to generate initial tensile and compressive stresses on the top and the bottom extreme fibre of the glulam beam. In order to optimize the size, the number and the location of CW blocks, 3-D finite element models have been developed. 3D non-linear finite element models have been developed to simulate the pre-camber of Glulam beams locally reinforced by compressed wood blocks. The models developed have also produced the initial tensile and compressive stresses at the top and bottom extreme fibres with building-up moisture-dependent swelling on the CW blocks. With the pre-camber and the initial stress state that cancel out proportions of working deflection and stresses.

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Rovinskyi, V. A., and O. V. Yevchuk. "REVERSE ENGINEERING OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS USING ANALYTICAL NETWORKS." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(45) (December 28, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2020-2(45)-109-118.

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A method for the synthesis of numerical models based on analytical networks for nonlinear systems ofincreased complexity using their known input and output signals taken synchronously is proposed. The functioning of the proposed analytical networks is based on the use of a modified genetic algorithm and a library of blocks of constant functionality. Genotype structure and mutation algorithms are proposed for describing an analyticalnetwork. In addition, methods for modeling complex non-linear systems using the Volterra, Wiener-Hammerstein series, adaptive filters, non-linear model of an autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs, neural networks and genetic algorithms are considered, and the main problems that arise when using these models are identified. Apractical example of the possibility of using the analytical network is shown on the example of the resynthesis of asound synthesizer. A typical diagram of such a synthesizer is described. A possible scheme of a re-synthesized system based on an analytical network that is functionally as similar as possible to desired system is considered. The possibility of automatically constructing a numerical model of the reaction of a nonlinear mechanical system to inputdisturbances using known input and output signals recorded synchronously is shown. The main difficulties of theresynthesis of complex systems for sound reproduction are considered - the influence of psychoacoustic phenomena on the perception of synthesis results and the need to ensure high fidelity for obtaining adequate results are shown.The structure of typical blocks of the analytical network is proposed, which should include typical conversions used in digital signal processing, arithmetic and logical operations, correlation and comparison blocks, hysteresis components, and in addition, typical possible standard blocks of a system that undergoes resynthesis.

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Santos, Aladir Horacio, Eduardo Bearzoti, Daniel Furtado Ferreira, and João Luís da Silva Filho. "Simulation of mixed models in augmented block design." Scientia Agricola 59, no. 3 (September 2002): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000300012.

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The augmented block design is widely used in breeding programs, with non-replicated treatments generally being selection units, and replicated treatments being standard cultivars. Originally, an intrablock analysis (fixed model) was proposed. Although non-replicated treatments and/or blocks can be considered of random nature, mixed linear models could be used instead. This work evaluated such an approach, using computer simulation. Populations consisted of sets of randomly generated inbred lines. Molecular marker data were also simulated to allow the estimation of the genetic covariance matrix. Different conditions were considered, varying heritability and the coefficient b of Smith of soil heterogeneity. For each condition 100 simulations were performed, considering four linear models, varying respectively the nature of the effects of blocks and non-replicated treatments (fixed - F, or random - R): FF, FR, RF and RR. In relation to FF, the mixed models were more efficient under low to intermediate heritability and high b. Mixed models could improve inference in breeding programs using the augmented block design and the choice of the model should rely on the kind of selection. If this is truncated, the RF model should be preferred; if it is not, then the RR model would be more suitable.

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33

Wu, Zhen, and Huiwen Zhang. "Numerical Study on the Influence of Block Physical Characteristics on Landslide Migration Using Three-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043463.

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The physical characteristics of blocks have an important impact on the migration and deposition in landslides, so the damage of landslides to the surrounding environment often has great uncertainty. To explore how the physical properties of blocks affect the landslide movement, we used Compaq Visual Fortran software with a DDA program to simulate the movement of a block landslide in our study. The velocity and location changes of two types of blocks (triangular and square blocks) were simulated by comparison. The contents of the simulation included the following points: (1) the influence of block density and weight on migration, (2) the influence of the elastic-slip characteristics and spring penalty coefficient on velocity, and (3) interaction between block vertices and the sliding surface. The results showed how the shape and physical properties of the blocks affect the migration of those blocks. Although the triangular blocks appeared to be more stable than the square blocks, they only exhibited greater stability on the gentle slope. The weight and elastic modulus of the blocks could improve the velocity and destructive force, whereas the spring penalty coefficient between the blocks and the contact surface had an obscure effect on the velocity. However, the changes of the above three parameters all led to non-linear changes of velocity. The simulation results indicated that the blocks with different numbers of edges and surfaces had complex trajectories because of contact frequency and mobility. The results show that the physical properties of the blocks could be one of the factors that could ultimately change the displacement of landslides.

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SAILAJA, B., M. V. MURHEKAR, Y. J. HUTIN, S. KURUVA, S. P. MURTHY, K. S. JOWAHER REDDY, G. MASTAN RAO, and M. D. GUPTE. "Outbreak of waterborne hepatitis E in Hyderabad, India, 2005." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 2 (July 7, 2008): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808000952.

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SUMMARYA large outbreak of hepatitis E occurred in 2005 in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 1611 cases were reported between 1 March and 31 December 2005 (attack rate 40/100 000). The epidemic curve suggested a continuing common source outbreak. Cases were centred around open sewage drains that crossed the old city. The attack rate was significantly higher in neighbourhood blocks supplied by water supply lines that crossed open drains (203/100 000) than in blocks supplied by non-crossing water pipes with a linear trend (38/100 000, P<0·00001). Crossing water pipelines were repaired and the attack rates declined.

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35

Chakraborti, Avik, Nilanjan Datta, and Mridul Nandi. "On the optimality of non-linear computations for symmetric key primitives." Journal of Mathematical Cryptology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmc-2017-0011.

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Abstract A block is an n-bit string, and a (possibly keyed) block-function is a non-linear mapping that maps one block to another, e.g., a block-cipher. In this paper, we consider various symmetric key primitives with {\ell} block inputs and raise the following question: what is the minimum number of block-function invocations required for a mode to be secure? We begin with encryption modes that generate {\ell^{\prime}} block outputs and show that at least {(\ell+\ell^{\prime}-1)} block-function invocations are necessary to achieve the PRF security. In presence of a nonce, the requirement of block-functions reduces to {\ell^{\prime}} blocks only. If {\ell=\ell^{\prime}} , in order to achieve SPRP security, the mode requires at least {2\ell} many block-function invocations. We next consider length preserving r-block (called chunk) online encryption modes and show that, to achieve online PRP security, each chunk should have at least {2r-1} many and overall at least {2r\ell-1} many block-functions for {\ell} many chunks. Moreover, we show that it can achieve online SPRP security if each chunk contains at least {2r} non-linear block-functions. We next analyze affine MAC modes and show that an integrity-secure affine MAC mode requires at least {\ell} many block-function invocations to process an {\ell} block message. Finally, we consider affine mode authenticated encryption and show that in order to achieve INT-RUP security or integrity security under a nonce-misuse scenario, either (i) the number of non-linear block-functions required to generate the ciphertext is more than {\ell} or (ii) the number of extra non-linear block-functions required to generate the tag depends on {\ell} .

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Spanos, Konstantinos, Nikolaos Anifantis, and Panayiotis Kakavas. "Finite element prediction of seismic response modification of monumental structures utilizing base isolation." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 24, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2015-0007.

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AbstractThe analysis of the mechanical behavior of ancient structures is an essential engineering task concerning the preservation of architectural heritage. As many monuments of classical antiquity are located in regions of earthquake activity, the safety assessment of these structures, as well as the selection of possible restoration interventions, requires numerical models capable of correctly representing their seismic response. The work presented herein was part of a research project in which a better understanding of the dynamics of classical column-architrave structures was sought by means of numerical techniques. In this paper, the seismic behavior of ancient monumental structures with multi-drum classical columns is investigated. In particular, the column-architrave classical structure under strong ground excitations was represented by a finite element method. This approach simulates the individual rock blocks as distinct rigid blocks interconnected with slidelines and incorporates seismic isolation dampers under the basement of the structure. Sliding and rocking motions of individual stone blocks and drums are modeled utilizing non-linear frictional contact conditions. The seismic isolation is modeled through the application of pad bearings under the basement of the structure. These pads are interpreted by appropriate rubber and steel layers. Time domain analyses were performed, considering the geometric and material non-linear behavior at the joints and the characteristics of pad bearings. The deformation and failure modes of drum columns subject to seismic excitations of various types and intensities were analyzed. The adverse influence of drum imperfections on structural safety was also examined.

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37

Karaer, Oğuzcan, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Yutaro Nakase, Chunwoo Lee, and Satoshi Imazato. "In silico non-linear dynamic analysis reflecting in vitro physical properties of CAD/CAM resin composite blocks." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 104 (April 2020): 103697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103697.

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38

Koshitani, Shigeo, and Hyoue Miyachi. "The Principal 3-Blocks of Four- and Five-Dimensional Projective Special Linear Groups in Non-defining Characteristic." Journal of Algebra 226, no. 2 (April 2000): 788–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jabr.1999.8167.

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39

Fific, Mario. "Dynamics of serial position change in probe-recognition task." Psihologija 35, no. 3-4 (2002): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0203261f.

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Relationship between practice and serial position effects was investigated, in order to obtain more evidence for underlying short-term memory processes. The investigated relationship is termed the dynamics of serial position change. To address this issue, the present study investigated mean latency, errors, and performed Ex-Gaussian convolution analysis. In six-block trials the probe-recognition task was used in the so-called fast experimental procedure. The serial position effect was significant in all six blocks. Both primacy and recency effects were detected, with primacy located in the first two blocks, producing a non-linear serial position effect. Although the serial position function became linear from the third block on, the convolution analysis revealed a non-linear change of the normal distribution parameter, suggesting special status of the last two serial positions. Further, separation of convolution parameters for serial position and practice was observed, suggesting different underlying mechanisms. In order to account for these findings, a strategy shift mechanism is suggested, rather then a mechanism based on changing the manner of memory scanning. Its influence is primarily located at the very beginning of the experimental session. The pattern of results of errors regarding the dynamics of serial position change closely paralleled those on reaction times. Several models of short-term memory were evaluated in order to account for these findings.

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40

Husain, Arshi, and Virendra P. Vishvakarma. "Optimized deterministic multikernel extreme learning machine for classification of COVID-19 chest Xray images." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 44, no. 4 (2023): 771–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jios-1319.

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In this paper, a novel technique has been proposed to exploit the capability of residual network (ResNet) deep learning model to extract the features. It is utilized neither in pretrained form nor as a transfer learning model. ResNet uses shortcut connections to create shortcut blocks in order to skip blocks of convolutional layers (residual blocks). These stacked residual blocks significantly increase training effectiveness and address the degradation issue. For the purpose of classification, a multiple kernel learning based deterministic extreme learning machine (MKD-ELM) which uses a linear combination of different base kernels as target kernel function is designed to classify chest Xray images. Multiple kernels are used here to exploit their non-linear mapping capability on heterogeneous data. MKD-ELM is an enhanced classifier, which does not require iterative training of its parameters. The proposed technique has better feature extraction along with non-iterative training, thus it is having very fast training and very good generalization performance. The kernel and regularization parameters that influence how accurate MKD-ELM is at classifying data, are tuned through experimentation. So, an optimization technique called the genetic algorithm (GA) has been utilized to determine the ideal combination of these parameters for improved performance. The performance of the proposed technique is analysed for COVID-19 detection problem using chest Xray (ChXR) images by changing the training set, types of kernels and coefficients used for combining base kernels. The proposed algorithm achieves a 97.27% recognition rate on first dataset which comprises 5,856 images and 99.06% on the second dataset which consists of 13,808 images. A higher recognition rate is attained for these ChXR image datasets, in respect to modern techniques demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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41

Braides, Andrea, and Nicola A. Nodargi. "Homogenization of cohesive fracture in masonry structures." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 25, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519870222.

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We derive a homogenized mechanical model of a masonry-type structure constituted by a periodic assemblage of blocks with interposed mortar joints. The energy functionals in the model under investigation consist of (i) a linear elastic contribution within the blocks, (ii) a Barenblatt’s cohesive contribution at contact surfaces between blocks, and (iii) a suitable unilateral condition on the strain across contact surfaces, and are governed by a small parameter representing the typical ratio between the length of the blocks and the dimension of the structure. Using the terminology of [Formula: see text]-convergence and within the functional setting supplied by the functions of bounded deformation, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of such energy functionals when the parameter tends to zero, and derive a simple homogenization formula for the limit energy. Furthermore, we highlight the main mathematical and mechanical properties of the homogenized energy, including its non-standard growth conditions under tension or compression. The key point in the limit process is the definition of macroscopic tensile and compressive stresses, which are determined by the unilateral conditions on contact surfaces and the geometry of the blocks.

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42

Fu, Bangsheng, Hui Qi, Jiangtao Xu, Ya Yang, Shaobo Wang, and Quanxi Gao. "Attitude Control in Ascent Phase of Missile Considering Actuator Non-Linearity and Wind Disturbance." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235113.

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During the ascent phase of a missile, a challenging problem occurs that blocks the construction of a high-precision attitude control scheme, which directly affects accurate modeling including disturbances: non-linearities of an actuator, rapidly time-varying parameters, un-modeled dynamics, etc. In order to improve the control performance, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) scheme, considering non-linear dynamics of the actuator and wind disturbance during the ascent phase, is proposed in this paper. An expand state observer (ESO) is planned to estimate and compensate the actuator’s non-linear dynamics, flight model uncertainties, and wind disturbance. Therefore, the complex non-linear time-varying control problem is simplified into a linear time-invariant control problem. The pitch attitude control system is controlled by the cascade method and ADRC controllers are designed for actuator close loop and attitude control loop, respectively. The simulation results show that ADRC has strong robustness under different dead-zones and external disturbances of the actuator. On the other hand, ADRC can effectively suppress the external atmospheric disturbance. Compared with the traditional gain-scheduling control scheme, the ADRC scheme can significantly reduce the overloading of the system and shows remarkable performance for tracking as well as wind resistance.

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43

Kartal, M. E. "Three-dimensional earthquake analysis of roller-compacted concrete dams." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 7 (July 24, 2012): 2369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2369-2012.

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Abstract. Ground motion effect on a roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams in the earthquake zone should be taken into account for the most critical conditions. This study presents three-dimensional earthquake response of a RCC dam considering geometrical non-linearity. Besides, material and connection non-linearity are also taken into consideration in the time-history analyses. Bilinear and multilinear kinematic hardening material models are utilized in the materially non-linear analyses for concrete and foundation rock respectively. The contraction joints inside the dam blocks and dam–foundation–reservoir interaction are modeled by the contact elements. The hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures of the reservoir water are modeled with the fluid finite elements based on the Lagrangian approach. The gravity and hydrostatic pressure effects are employed as initial condition before the strong ground motion. In the earthquake analyses, viscous dampers are defined in the finite element model to represent infinite boundary conditions. According to numerical solutions, horizontal displacements increase under hydrodynamic pressure. Besides, those also increase in the materially non-linear analyses of the dam. In addition, while the principle stress components by the hydrodynamic pressure effect the reservoir water, those decrease in the materially non-linear time-history analyses.

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44

Alam, Taufan, Priyono Suryanto, Nanang Susyanto, Budiastuti Kurniasih, Panjisakti Basunanda, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, Dody Kastono, et al. "Performance of 45 Non-Linear Models for Determining Critical Period of Weed Control and Acceptable Yield Loss in Soybean Agroforestry Systems." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 7636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137636.

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A family of Sigmoidal non-linear models is commonly used to determine the critical period of weed control (CPWC) and acceptable yield loss (AYL) in annual crops. We tried to prove another non-linear model to determine CPWC and AYL in a soybean agroforestry system with kayu putih. The three-year experiment (from 2019–2021) was conducted using a randomised complete block design factorial with five blocks as replications. The treatments comprised weedy and weed-free periods. Non-linear models comprised 45 functions. The results show that the Sigmoidal and Dose-Response Curve (DRC) families were the most suitable for estimating CPWC and AYL. The best fitted non-linear model for weedy and weed-free periods in the dry season used the Sigmoidal family consisting of the Weibull and Richards models, while in the wet season the best fit was obtained using the DRC and Sigmoidal families consisting of the DR-Hill and Richards models, respectively. The CPWC of soybean in the dry season for AYL was 5, 10, and 15%, beginning at 20, 22, and 24 days after emergence (DAE) and ended at 56, 54, and 52 DAE. The AYL in the wet season started at 20, 23, and 26 DAE and ended at 59, 53, and 49 DAE.

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45

Lalin, Vladimir, and Huu Ngo. "THE LOOP RESULTANT METHOD FOR STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2021-18-1-72-81.

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This work deals with the loop resultant method applied to linear static response of statically indeterminate rod-systems. The method uses the representation of this system in the form of a union of statically indeterminate loops. An algorithm for construction the flexibility matrix of the system is proposed. The unknowns of a system are the loop resultants. This method is based on the use of compatibility equations of deformations, the general solution of homogeneous equations of equilibrium is obtained by transposition of the compatibility matrix. The advantages of this method are the number and location of zero blocks and non-zero blocks of the system flexibility matrix depend only on the numbering of loops. Application of this method is considered for analysis of structural frame.

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46

Liu, Yan, Jun Cai, Huimin Zhao, Shunzheng Yu, JianLiang Ruan, and Hua Lu. "Efficient Coded-Block Delivery and Caching in Information-Centric Networking." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (June 10, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3838547.

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Information-centric networking (ICN) provides request aggregation and caching strategies that can improve network performance by reducing content server loads and network traffic. Incorporating network coding into ICN can offer several benefits, but a consumer may receive the same coded block from multiple content routers since the coded block may be cached by any of the content routers on its forwarding path. In this paper, we introduce a request-specific coded-block scheme to avoid linear dependency of blocks that are utilizing in-network caching. Additionally, a non-cooperative coded caching and replacement strategy is designed to guarantee that the cached blocks can be reused. Our experimental results show that the proposed scheme has superior performance to conventional CCN and two network coding-based ICN schemes.

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47

Skandalis, Athanasios, Theodore Sentoukas, Despoina Giaouzi, Martha Kafetzi, and Stergios Pispas. "Latest Advances on the Synthesis of Linear ABC-Type Triblock Terpolymers and Star-Shaped Polymers by RAFT Polymerization." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111698.

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This review article aims to cover the most recent advances regarding the synthesis of linear ABC-type triblock terpolymers and star-shaped polymers by RAFT polymerization, as well as their self-assembly properties in aqueous solutions. RAFT polymerization has received extensive attention, as it is a versatile technique, compatible with a great variety of functional monomers and reaction conditions, while providing exceptional and precise control over the final structure, with well-defined side-groups and post-polymerization engineering potential. Linear triblock terpolymers synthesis can lead to very interesting novel ideas, since there are countless combinations of stimuli/non-stimuli and hydrophilic/hydrophobic monomers that someone can use. One of their most interesting features is their ubiquitous ability to self-assemble in different nanostructures depending on their degree of polymerization (DP), block composition, solubilization protocol, internal and external stimuli. On the other hand, star-shaped polymers exhibit a more stable nanostructure, with a distinct crosslinked core and arm blocks that can also incorporate stimuli-responsive blocks for “smart” applications.

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48

Lee, Min-Gi. "Asymptotic Stability of Non-Autonomous Systems and a Generalization of Levinson’s Theorem." Mathematics 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7121213.

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We study the asymptotic stability of non-autonomous linear systems with time dependent coefficient matrices { A ( t ) } t ∈ R . The classical theorem of Levinson has been an indispensable tool for the study of the asymptotic stability of non-autonomous linear systems. Contrary to constant coefficient system, having all eigenvalues in the left half complex plane does not imply asymptotic stability of the zero solution. Levinson’s theorem assumes that the coefficient matrix is a suitable perturbation of the diagonal matrix. Our objective is to prove a theorem similar to Levinson’s Theorem when the family of matrices merely admits an upper triangular factorization. In fact, in the presence of defective eigenvalues, Levinson’s Theorem does not apply. In our paper, we first investigate the asymptotic behavior of upper triangular systems and use the fixed point theory to draw a few conclusions. Unless stated otherwise, we aim to understand asymptotic behavior dimension by dimension, working with upper triangular with internal blocks adds flexibility to the analysis.

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49

Baraccani, Simonetta, Giorgio Dan, Angelo Di Tommaso, and Tomaso Trombetti. "Reducing Seismic out of Plane Vulnerability of Masonry Church Façades through Optimization of Capacity Spectrum by Tie Rods." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.325.

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The analyses of the structural damages detected on the Italian churches after the recent earthquakes (Emilia 2012, Umbria-Marche 2016) highlighted the high vulnerability to the overturning of the façades. The façades collapse mechanisms are strongly dependent on the connection details between orthogonal masonry walls, the windows, the construction techniques and the possible restraining horizontal elements, such as tie-beams, bi-lateral connected roof, etc. Several studies focus on the evaluation of vulnerability of the church façades using different approaches, from global analyses (FEM and /or Discrete Element Methods) of the entire building, to local analyses (linear and non-linear kinematic approaches). The aims of the present paper is to use the method based on capacity spectra to evaluate the vulnerability of the church facades and the optimization of specific devices as tie-rods to improve their seismic behavior. The non-linear approach is now accepted by several standards regarding the evaluation of risks of collapse mechanisms for masonry walls of the facades. Appropriate devices have been considered in order to calibrate the capacity curve and to optimize the interventions. The out of plane rotation of blocks can be modified with various elasto-perfect-plastic tendons with appropriate retentions (while composite materials could be used to preserve integrity of blocks). The tendons can be allocated in proper location and the length of each calibrated to best determine their stiffness. This procedure have been here applied to the study of the façade of Aula Magna S. Lucia of the Bologna University, considering also the problem of the interaction with the structure of the roof.

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50

Hebart, M. L., W. S. Pitchford, P. F. Arthur, J. A. Archer, R. M. Herd, and C. D. K. Bottema. "Effect of missing data on the estimate of average daily feed intake in beef cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 5 (2004): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02109.

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The effect of missing feed intake records on the estimate of feed intake in cattle over a 70-day test period was studied. Two datasets, containing several cattle breeds at different ages, were analysed. The first dataset comprised 300-day-old Angus cattle, while the second dataset consisted of 900-day-old Limousin and Jersey crossbred cattle. A first-, second- and third-order polynomial and a non-linear function were fitted to the intake data. The 3 polynomial functions showed minimal differences in their goodness of fit to the data, with the non-linear function explaining the least variation in intake. Both datasets were analysed over a 70-day test period and shortened tests were compared to the full 70-day test. Tests were shortened by randomly deleting intake records or periodically deleting data on a daily or weekly basis. The effect of missing data on feed intake estimates was evaluated using Pearsons correlation and t-tests. The results suggest that a greater proportion of data can be removed randomly and daily, compared with missing data in weekly blocks. However, when data are removed in weekly blocks, removal in the middle of the test period gives a more accurate estimate of feed intake. It appears that in young growing animals, estimation of daily feed intake is more sensitive to missing feed intake records than for older cattle.

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