Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Non-funeral deposit"

The article is aimed at clarifying the essence of the heirs' obligation to reimburse the funeral expenses of the testator and the specifics of its fulfilment. It has been noted that the specified obligation is not an element of the inheritance, and therefore the provisions of Articles 1281 and 1282 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, that define the claims of the testator's creditor against the heirs and the obligation of the heirs to satisfy the creditor's claims, are not applied in its fulfilment. It has been concluded that payment for the funeral of the testator gives rise to a non-contractual binding legal relationship in which the creditor is the person who incurred the relevant expenses, and the debtor is the heir, provided that he or she accepts the inheritance. Such an obligation arises only if the creditor has paid his or her own funds for the funeral of the deceased and if these costs are reasonable. Payment of funeral expenses by one of the heirs is not a ground for increasing the size of the inheritance share of that heir. They can only raise the issue of partial reimbursement of the expenses. It has been noted that the amount of reimbursement to cover the funeral expenses of the testator depends on the legal status of the creditor. If the costs were incurred by a person who is not one of the heirs, including the executor of the will, the funds paid are reimbursed to him or her in full. Heirs, on the other hand, bear these costs in the amount equal to their share in the inheritance. In addition, the heirs must reimburse the funeral expenses of the testator, regardless of the share value of the inherited property. The legislation contains an evaluative category of “reasonable expenses”, which is determined by two criteria: the amount and the necessity of the expenses. The costs for a funeral reception held after the burial should be attributed to the burial costs, the obligation to reimburse which is imposed on the heirs under Article 1232 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. An obligation relationship arises only if the creditor has paid his or her own funds for the funeral of the person who died. In this regard, a person is not entitled to reimbursement for the state financial assistance received for the funeral, as well as for the funds spent on the funeral, which are due to the testator. It has been emphasised that there is a need to improve the procedure for issuing a notary's permission to receive a part of the testator's deposit in a bank (financial institution), primarily for reimbursement of the expenses incurred by a person for the testator's burial.

After excavation of the Aleksandropolsky kurgan in 1852—1856 there was variety of questions on the kurgan design, lo-age structure buried in it, on possible presence in the kurgan of unknown tombs and funeral feasts. The special attention was deserved by a question on kurgan dating at modern level. According to excavation 1852—1856 and 2004—2009 the Aleksandropolsky kurgan looks as follows. Proceeding from volume of the remained sailings from excavation of the kurgan about 130000 m3, most probable height of Aleksandropolsky kurgan made 23—24 m, at diameter of the revetment about 80 m and diameter of a ditch of 110 m. The kurgan surface has been covered by a stone armour. At top of Aleksandropolsky kurgan there was Scythian or Polovcian a stone statue with which finds of a series of medieval products in 1852 and 2009 are connected. The kurgan surrounded an eartwork in height of 0.9—1.1 m, wich has passes from the western and east parties in width of 3.6—4.1 m. The eartwork had width from 6,5 m to 18—20 m. The eartwork has been built after carrying out of funeral feasts and blocked the layer of funeral feasts. Between eartwork and kurgan there was a ring ditch in diameter of 110 m, in the width 4.0—5.7 m and depth of 2.2—3.3 m. Stone revetment of Aleksandropolsky kurgan represented a vertical wall in height more than 4 m and diameter about 80 m, combined of huge stone plates. For building of the revetment 11 breeds of a stone have been used from the various deposits located 40—80 km from the kurgan on a straight line or from 80 to 160 km of real distances on roads. After end of funeral of royal persons, building of the embankment of Aleksandropolsky kurgan, building of the revetment around of it and the stone armour which has covered all surface of the kurgan, funeral feast near West side of the kurgan has been spent. On the area nearby 120 Ч 15 m (nearby 1800 м2) are found fragments of 457 Ancient Greek amphoras with 52 stamps, made in Gerakleja, Ikos, Chersonese, Fasos, Chios, Sinop, Menda and seven others for the present non-local Greek centers dated of 340—330 BC. Also bones of 99 animals eaten during funeral feast (bulls, horses, sheep, goats, dogs, pigs, a hare and a deer), fragments of Scythian modelled vessels, subjects of arms, a horse bridle, personal ornaments etc. are found. Some fragments of human bones that can testify to existence ritual cannibalism at Scythians. Among the funeral feast rests 11 burials of men, the woman and children of different age, which have been killed during funeral feast have been opened. Repeated excavation of Central tomb of the kurgan has allowed to specify its sizes and details of a design which had a bit different sizes and a configuration. Absence of lateral extortionate courses along longitudinal walls of the catacomb of Central tomb is reliably established. Also two more niches within the precincts of chamber, except one, opened in 1855 have been found. Modest enough sizes of the catacomb of Central tomb of Aleksandropolsky kurgan, structure of the things found here, defines possibility of funeral in the catacomb of the Central tomb of the man and the woman only. According to the newest anthropological definitions of skulls from the Central tomb belong to the woman of 20—35 years and the man at the age of more than 50 years. Proofs of full synchronism of all tombs and other objects of Aleksandropolsky kurgan (embankment, the revetment, ditch, nearkurgan funeral feast, subways) are received. Mysterious subways of Aleksandropolsky kurgan had ritual appointment. The kurgan has been plundered through a vertical well from kurgan top in an entrance hole of the Central tomb. At this robbery robbers used also subways.

Abstract Usage patterns are one of the leading research issues in archaeological pottery studies. Non-cinerary vessels deposited in burials of the Lusatian Urnfield are particularly intriguing since they did not typically undergo detailed functional analysis. Their function has usually been determined based on the shape and surface treatment. Thus, grave pottery is widely regarded to have been explicitly fashioned for mortuary practices and not used for other purposes. It applies particularly to ceramic items other than containers, such as zoomorphic vessels, figurines, and rattles, which must have played a significant role in funeral ceremonies. The paper presents the outcome of morphological, stylistic and chromatographic analyses of vessels deposited in the Lusatian Urnfield cremation graves found at site 2 in Czernikowice, Legnica district, Poland. The ceramic items come from well-investigated grave contexts dated to Montelius’ periods IV and V. The results indicate that most of the analysed vessels had contact with substances of vegetal and faunal origin.

La Haute-Auvergne, qui correspond au département du Cantal, et la Montagne limousine, à cheval sur le nord de la Corrèze, le sud de la Creuse et l’extrême est de la Haute-Vienne, constituent la zone d’étude de cette recherche. Il s’agit de territoires de moyenne montagne qui se présentent comme de réels conservatoires pour les aménagements de toutes époques, et notamment de la Protohistoire. Cette zone d’étude est donc un véritable laboratoire permettant des approches statistiques et spatiales. De plus, ces territoires offrent aussi de nombreuses zones humides et tourbières grâce auxquelles des données paléo environnementales sont accessibles. Elles viennent ainsi compléter les informations fournies par le mobilier métallique issu de dépôt non funéraire ou de découverte isolée, par l’habitat, notamment les sites de hauteur, mais aussi par le domaine funéraire, particulièrement bien représenté grâce à la bonne conservation des nécropoles tumulaires. Cette recherche aborde de manière thématique ces différentes données, pour l’âge du Bronze mais aussi les âges du Fer, afin d’approcher la question de l’occupation de ces contextes topographiques particuliers, sur le long terme, ainsi que de l’interaction Homme/milieu et des liens entre hautes terres et zones plus basses. Nous proposons ainsi un essai de géographie protohistorique qui amène discussions et nouvelles perspectives de recherche
The Haute Auvergne, located in Cantal, and Limousin Mountains across North of Corrèze, South of Creuse and far east of Haute Vienne, represent the study area on which this research was conducted. These are medium sized mountain territories, which represent real conservatories for all period installations, notably for Protohistory. This study area is therefore a real laboratory allowing statistic and spatial approaches. Furthermore, these territories offer numerous wetlands and bogs by which paleo-environmental data are made available. Thus, these supplements the information provided by the metallic artefacts originated from non-funeral depositories or isolated discoveries, by the settlements, notably by the hillforts, but also by the funeral domain, well represented through the good conservation of barrows cemeteries. This research has a thematic approach on these many data, for the Bronze Age but also for the Iron Ages, to apprehend the question of the occupation of these special topographic contexts on the long term, the Man/environment Interaction, and the connections between high grounds and lower areas. We here offer an essay on protohistoric geography that will lead to discussions and new research perspectives

Le travail mené dans le cadre de cette thèse porte sur la pratique des dépôts non funéraires de l’âge du Bronze (2200-800 av. J.-C.) en Europe. Ces ensembles d’objets métalliques présentent une très grande variabilité temporelle et spatiale, en termes de contenu et de fréquence, ce qui soulève de nombreuses questions. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de montrer que ces dépôts sont des offrandes déposées pour solliciter les divinités, notamment pour stabiliser une reproduction sociale menacée. Pour cela, la réflexion se développe autour de deux axes majeurs, l’un portant sur la composition de ces ensembles (approche statistique) et l’autre sur leur implantation dans le paysage (approche spatiale). La mise en place d’un système d’information (base de données relationnelles couplée à un SIG) forme le noyau de ce travail. Les divers résultats obtenus pour chacune des cinq zones-échantillons choisies sont confrontés puis replacés dans leur contexte régional, afin d’aborder la signification sociale de ces dépôts. Une hiérarchie au sein de ces ensembles a ainsi pu être mise en évidence, de même qu’une diffusion de la pratique d’Est en Ouest. Pour conclure l’étude, une ouverture sur la question des réseaux d’échanges est proposée
This PhD thesis is mainly concerned with the European Bronze Age hoards (2200-800 BC). These hoards of metal objects have a high variability in space and time, as far as their content and frequency are concerned, which leads to several questions. The primary aim of this study is to show that these hoards are offerings for the deities and made to strengthen an unstable social reproduction. My argument is developed following two research axes, the first one focusing on the content of the hoards (statistical analysis) and the second one on their repartition in the landscape (spatial analysis). The use of an information system (a RDBMS related to a GIS) is at the core of this thesis. The main results of the five chosen regions are compared and then repositioned within their regional context, in order to tackle the social meanings of the hoards. A hierarchy of the hoards is highlighted and a diffusion of the practice from east to west is shown. To conclude the study, a window is open on the exchange networks

Archaeological excavations carried out at site 37 in Mirosław since 2016 have revealed a barrow cemetery of the Wielbark culture. An enormous amount of data hitherto collected has greatly facilitated better understandings of the settlement patterns of the population represented by this cultural group in the northern part of Greater Poland. This information provides a truly compelling and valuable contribution into the study of the burial customs of communities inhabiting northern Greater Poland during the Roman Iron Age period. As a result of this work, two of seven preserved mounds were examined. These contained two female burials: an inhumation burial, dated to phase B2/C1 deposited in Barrow 7 and a cremation burial dated to phase C1a deposited in Barrow 1. Also, other objects were recorded in the area of the mounds, in particular traces that are evidence of metallurgical production. What is more, a fragment of the plane part of the site was identified using non-invasive research methods – magnetometer prospection. A part of this area was examined by means of excavation, which confirmed the occurrence of both burial goods (a burial that was first exhumed in antiquity, was possibly made from another, leveled burial mound) as well as other objects, present in the cemetery and related to the funeral activities. Additionally, the zone between Barrows 6 and 7 yielded the burial of a small child. The excavations have stimulated numerous research questions which have not yet been satisfactorily answered and are vital for describing the structure of the cemetery and providing its full chronology.