Дисертації з теми "Non-financial performance indicators"

Almost two decades after the burst of the Dot-com bubble, investors are opinionated as to whether a new technology bubble has formed in the equities market. Similar to the late 1990's and early 2000's, many Internet firms today go through initial public offering without yet turning over a dollar of earnings, but boast certain revenue-associated performance metrics to investors promising of future success. However, investors are known to hold sentiments sensitive to earnings announcements (Seok, Cho & Ryu, 2019) and reward firms which meet or beat earnings with higher stock returns (Bartov, Givoly & Hayn, 2002). That raises a question on the content of earnings announcements: Besides earnings and cash flow, are there other factors that may influence investor decisions to trade some Internet stocks? My primary hypothesis is that the voluntary disclosure of specific non-financial key performance indicators (NFKPI) during earnings announcement by Internet firms influences the investors' investing/trading decisions. My motivation for this research is to understand better whether there is a strategic element in the voluntary disclosure of NFKPI in Internet companies and how it may impact investors' decisions. The results could be useful to firms in their evaluations of whether to release NFKPI or similar information and to equity research analysts as well as investors in measuring their expectations and valuations of the firms' stocks. The intention of the study is not to generalize the findings to the full market, as the number of companies with the practice of voluntary disclosure of NFKPI is comparatively few compared to those without the practice. Instead, this study examines the effects of NFKPI on the stock returns of those companies which choose to disclose it. I use event study methodology to test the statistical significance of disclosure of NFKPIs during earnings announcements. By controlling for earnings surprise and other meaningful financial ratios, I also examine how the signaling effect of NFKPI could be distinguished from the signaling effects of important information concurrently released during earnings announcements. I focus on two types of NFKPI within the Internet industry: Gross Bookings for online booking agency services and Daily Active Users for social media. As earnings reports and quarterly filings often do not necessarily come together on the same date, I hand-collected data to estimate the surprise effect of NFKPI per earnings announcement, by using available broker forecasts of the respective NFKPI as a proxy for the investor's NFKPI expectation. The results show that while revenue surprise remains consistently the most influential variable to investors, NFKPI Surprise has a positive, statistically significant relationship with the firm's abnormal returns. Additionally, despite being insignificant when expected earnings is beat or in line with consensus, NFKPI Surprise is found statistically significant with a positive relationship to abnormal returns when expected earnings is missed. In line with existing research on management's motivation to prevent negative earnings surprises (Matsumoto, 2002), these findings imply that if firms could employ the voluntary disclosure of NFKPI to manipulate investors' impression and to cushion their stock prices against potential negative market reactions when earnings is missed.

The study examines the level of quantity and quality of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) reporting for a sample of FTSE 350 UK listed companies over the period (2006-2010). Furthermore, it identifies the determinants of KPIs reporting and investigates its impact upon firm value. Based upon the guidance of the best practice recommended by the Accounting Standard Board (2006), the study develops a measure of disclosure quality by considering the main qualitative attributes of information which, arguably, makes KPIs information more useful to stakeholders. The distinction between disclosure quantity and quality in the study enables the researcher to get greater insights into the drivers and implications of KPIs reporting quantity and quality. The study finds a variation between UK firms in the number of KPIs disclosed with a notable low level of reporting quality, especially for non-financial KPIs. It also finds that corporate governance mechanisms play an important role in improving KPIs reporting. In particular, it shows that directors’ compensations affect the quantity and quality of KPIs disclosure. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that quantity and quality of KPIs disclosure are not derived by the same factors, and both have different impacts on firm value. Whereas, the study finds a negative association between the numbers of KPIs disclosed and firm value, a non-significant relationship is reported between KPIs reporting quality and firm valuation. Overall, this study provides evidence that disclosure quantity is not a good proxy for disclosure quality.

Bakgrund: Ideella föreningar har inte som mål att maximera sin vinst, därmed går varje intjänad krona tillbaka till verksamheten och dess medlemmar. Trots det kan de ideella föreningarna inte gå med förlust och de måste generera intäkter för att förbättra verksamheten och för att säkerställa sin framtida ställning. Nyckeltal används som hjälpmedel för att få en överskådlig bild av en organisations hälsa och utveckling. Nyckeltalen fokuserar på de aspekter som är mest kritiska för en organisations nuvarande och framtida framgång. Dessa syftar till att underrätta gällande vilka handlingar som behöver genomföras för att öka prestationen inom en verksamhet.Syfte: Studien syftar till att utöka förståelsen för nyckeltal inom ideella föreningar. Vi har valt att studera fallet Friskis&Svettis.Design/metod: I studien används ett abduktivt synsätt, vilket innebär att en induktiv och deduktiv ansats har kombinerats. Undersökningen baseras på en kvalitativ metod, där vi har intervjuat informanter från sex olika Friskis&Svettis föreningar. Empirin analyseras mot tidigare forskning inom det studerade området för att skapa bättre förståelse för resultatet.Resultat: Studiens resultat visar att Friskis&Svettis mission är att bedriva och erbjuda lustfylld och lättillgänglig träning för alla. Det kan urskiljas att missionen är densamma både på central som lokal nivå. Utifrån studien framkom det att de nyckeltal som fastställs centralt är inpasseringsstatistik och medlemsstatistik. Inpasseringsstatistik hjälper till att anpassa utbudet och därmed uppnå målet med att få fler i rörelse. Medlemsstatisk visar vidare hurvida man lyckas med målet och kan användas som ett verktyg för att utvärdera och följa upp verksamheten. De nyckeltal som används lokalt är inpasseringsstatistik, medlemsstatistik, kortförsäljning, likviditet, intäkt per medlem, medlemsnöjdhet samt soliditet. Dessa varierar i mängd och användning mellan de lokala enheterna.Nyckeltal används som ett verktyg för att mäta huruvida målen uppnås. Vidare får uppfattningen att finansiella nyckeltal inte fyller en lika viktig roll för Friskis&Svettis då det inom verksamheten inte finns ett avkastningsmål. Finansiella nyckeltal inom Friskis&Svettis används därför främst för att säkerställa överlevnad. Det framgår även tydligt att dessa nyckeltal möjliggör åstadkommandet av de icke finansiella målen eftersom en god ekonomi hjälper till att förbättra verksamheten och öka medlemmarnas nöjdhet.Originalitet/Värde: Forskning som behandlar nyckeltal inom ideella föreningar är idag begränsad. Studiens resultat adderar mer kunskap inom ämnet som i framtiden kan användas för att utforska området ytterligare.
Background: The goal for Non-profit organizations is not to maximize the profit, therefore every earned Krone goes back to the organization and their members. In spite of that the non-profit organizations cannot run at a loss and they have to generate revenues to be able to improve the organization and secure their future position. A key performance indicator is used as a tool to get a perspicuous picture of the health and development of the organization. The key performance indicators focus on the aspects that are most critical to an organization's current and future success. The purpose with these is to inform which actions that needs to be implemented to enhance the performance within an organization.Purpose: The aim of the study is to increase the understanding of key performance indicators in Non-profit organizations. We have chosen to study Friskis&Svettis, a Swedish Non-profit organization.Design/methodology/approach: This study uses an abductive approach, which means that we have combined an inductive and a deductive perspective. Research is based on a qualitative method where we have interviewed informants from six different Friskis&Svettis organizations. The empirical data is analyzed against the existing research in the field of study to increase the understanding of the findings.Findings: The results of the study indicate that the mission of Friskis&Svettis is to offer pleasurable and accessible training for everybody. The mission is the same both on central and local level. The study revealed that the KPIs, membership- and presence statistics, are the same and are set centrally. The presences statistics helps to adapt the supply and thereby achieve the goal to get more people in motion. Membership statistics shows whether you succeed with the goal (or not) and can be used as a tool to follow-up and evaluate the organization. The KPIs that are used locally are membership statistics, presence statistic, card sales, liquidity, revenue per member, member satisfaction and solidity. These KPIs vary in number and use in the local units.KPIs are used as a tool to measure how the goals are achieved. Furthermore, the notion is that the financial indicators do not fill an equally important role in Friskis&Svettis when the organization does not have return of investment targets. Financial indicators in Friskis&Svettis are therefore used mainly to ensure survival. It is also clear that these figures enable the realization of the non-financial targets because a good economy helps to improve operations and increase member satisfaction.IIIOriginality/value: The knowledge about key performance indicators in Non-profit organizations is today limited. The findings of the study add knowledge about the subject that can be used in the future for further research.

In this paper, we present the ban on progressive depreciation of housing associations in connection with the change to K-regulatory frameworks. Bokföringsnämnden (2014) stated that progressive depreciation was no longer allowed, and this study explores what kind of implications it had for the housing associations' income statements. Additional problems have been addressed by examining what effects it could have on the perception of that accounting must be based on giving a fair view (Artsberg, 2005), and whether stakeholders can access and interpret this financial information (Burks, 2015). Based on theories that consider that a similar framework is not appropriate for housing associations and non-profit organizations, as for profit driven companies, we have used this criticism on the matter (Burks, 2014; Torres and Pina, 2003). We have also taken into consideration why Bokföringsnämnden decided to prohibit the depreciation method. The empirical study focuses on examining twenty newly constructed housing associations annual reports from 2012 to 2014 to see whether they have had to change their depreciation method, and if this in turn has had an influence on their results, and if this has led to changes in their annual report. The end result of this study is based on a quantitative research which shows that a change has occurred in housing associations' income statements. 95 percent of the sample reported a loss in 2014, while in 2012 only 5 percent showed negative results. In a combined analysis of the use of literature and empirical data, there are clear indications that there is a requirement for new regulatory alternative templates for housing associations to report financial information if they are to present a fair view and enable comparison between associations.

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Esta dissertação busca analisar a relação existente na avaliação de desempenho medida por meio de indicadores não financeiros e indicadores financeiros de empresas do setor aéreo brasileiro. A pesquisa realizada é do tipo aplicada, com abordagem quantitativa com análise documental. Para atender aos objetivos, foram realizadas a correlação de Pearson e a regressão dinâmica. A pesquisa teve como amostra as empresas TAM, GOL e AZUL que juntas atenderam mais de 90% do mercado doméstico de aviação civil em 2013. O período pesquisado é de 2002 até 2013 para TAM e GOL. A AZUL, fundada em 2008, teve os dados pesquisados do ano de sua fundação até 2013. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos sites da ANAC e da CVM. Os resultados das correlações sugerem haver uma relação entre os indicadores não financeiros com a imobilização e o endividamento da GOL. Porém, há uma relação negativa de todos os indicadores não financeiros com os indicadores de margem e rentabilidade para TAM e GOL, ao contrário do que foi encontrado para a AZUL. Os resultados da regressão dinâmica mostram que não foi possível explicar a relação entre os indicadores não financeiros com os indicadores de rentabilidade. Contudo, foi encontrada relação com baixo poder de explicação de todos os indicadores não financeiros com os indicadores de participação de capital de terceiros da TAM e GOL e de endividamento bancário para esta última companhia. Portanto, o desempenho operacional (não financeiro) das companhias aéreas brasileiras TAM e GOL cresceu substancialmente no período pesquisado, mas não foi suficiente para melhorar o desempenho dos indicadores de rentabilidade e, além disso, ampliou o endividamento das empresas. Alguns dos fatores que contribuíram para o baixo desempenho da rentabilidade são: as variações cambiais do dólar americano em relação à moeda brasileira, os custos elevados com combustíveis, a diminuição das receitas por ASK maior que as reduções dos custos operacionais e a elevação de despesas financeiras. Além disso, há a dificuldade em repassar o aumento de custos no preço de comercialização dos bilhetes.
This research seeks to analyze the relationship in the performance evaluation measured by non-financial indicators and financial indicators of companies in the Brazilian airline industry. The survey is the kind applied with a quantitative approach with document analysis. To meet the objectives, we conducted Pearson's correlation and dynamic regression. The research’s sample are the TAM, GOL and AZUL companies that together treated more than 90% of the domestic civil aviation market in 2013. The studied period is from 2002 to 2013 for TAM and GOL. Founded in 2008, AZUL had researched the data of the year of its foundation until 2013. Data collection was carried out on the sites of ANAC and the CVM. The results of the correlations suggest the existence of a relationship between non-financial indicators with the immobilization and the indebtedness of GOL. But there is a negative relationship of all non-financial indicators with margin and profitability indicators for TAM and GOL, contrary to what was found for AZUL. The results of dynamic regression show that it was not possible to explain the relationship between the non-financial indicators with profitability indicators. However, it was found a relationship with low explanatory power of all non-financial indicators with non-capital participation indicators of TAM and GOL and bank debt to the latter company. Therefore, the (non-financial) operating performance of the Brazilian airlines TAM and GOL grew substantially in the period surveyed, but it was not enough to improve the performance of profitability indicators and additionally increased the indebtedness of companies. Some of the factors that contributed to the poor performance of profitability are: the exchange variation of the US dollar against the Brazilian currency, high fuel costs, the decrease in revenues per ASK greater than the reductions in operating costs, and higher financial expenses. Furthermore, there is a difficulty in passing the cost increase to the sales price of the tickets.

Bakgrund: Prestationsmätning utgör ett grundfundament i ekonomistyrning och avser styra i riktning mot långsiktiga mål. Vidare bör prestationsmätningen vara sprungen ur såväl långsiktiga mål som strategier där det på koncernnivå är av vikt att kongruens råder mellan moder- och dotterbolag. Vid utformning av en standardiserad modell för prestationsmätning måste hänsyn tas till rådande organisationsstruktur och företagsunika förutsättningar. Representerade mätetal avser påvisa kritiska områden med förhoppning att vidareutveckla verksamheten. Problemdiskussion: Koncernen Emballator Plastics & Innovations utgör tillsammans med underliggande dotterbolag ett konglomerat med koncerngemensam lean-strategi. Koncernen erhåller på månadsbasis rapporter över dotterbolagens prestationsmätning vilka upprättats utan direktiv ifrån koncernen och därmed är av särskiljande karaktär. Ett behov har uppkommit att låta standardisera en modell för prestationsmätning som samtliga dotterbolag kan nyttja för att enklare kunna skapa en övergripande bild över dotterbolagens prestationer. Prestationsmätningsmodellen skall vara standardiserad men samtidigt inte förbise företagsspecifika förutsättningar detta för att tillföra nytta på såväl koncern- som dotterbolagsnivå. Syfte: Denna studie syftar att utveckla en standardiserad prestationsmätningsmodell till Emballator Plastics & Innovations, vilken tar hänsyn till koncernens konglomerat och lean-strategi. Utvecklad prestationsmätningsmodell ämnar skapa en övergripande bild samt tillföra nytta på såväl moder- som dotterbolagsnivå. Metod: Detta är en fallstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Tillvägagångssätt för analys har varit av deduktiv karaktär där den teoretiska grunden i huvudsak baseras på vetenskapliga artiklar. Insamling av empiriskt material har erhållits via dokument samt intervjuer av övervägande semistrukturerad karaktär. Respondenter innefattar verkställande direktörer på koncern- liksom dotterbolagsnivå. Slutsats: Kongruens mellan långsiktiga mål och strategier på Emballator Plastics & Innovations och underliggande dotterbolag har identifierats. Med anledning av identifierad kongruens har förutsättningar funnits att utforma en standardiserad prestationsmätningsmodell. Väsentliga mätetal har utkristalliseras i avseende att skapa en övergripande bild över dotterbolagens prestationer. Modellens utformning främjar konglomeratet.
Background: Performance measurement is a basic foundation in financial management and control, where the intention is to fulfill long-term objectives. Performance measurement should therefore be developed with consideration to long-term objectives and strategies. Consequently, there is a need of congruence between the parent- and subsidiary level. When developing a standardized model for performance measurement, the current organizational structure and conglomerate needs to be considered. Represented key performance measurement aim to demonstrate the critical areas with the intention to influence improvements within the corporation. Problematization: Emballator Plastics & Innovations, is a composition of underlying subsidiaries, characterized of conglomerate and lean-strategy. The corporation receives monthly reports of the subsidiaries’ performance measurement, which have been constructed without directives from the corporation and this resulted in reports of distinctive character. Consequently, the need of a standardized model of performance measurement with the aim to easier receive a comprehensive picture of the subsidiaries' overall performance has arisen. However, the remaining problem is how to develop a standardized performance measurement model, which is beneficial for both parent- and subsidiary level, without ignoring the conglomerate. Purpose: This study aims to develop a standardized performance measurement model to Emballator Plastics & Innovations, where the corporations conglomerate and lean- strategy is taken into account. The developed performance measurement model intends to create an overall picture and bring benefits to both parent- and subsidiary level. Methodology: This is a case study with a qualitative approach. Procedure for analysis has been of deductive character where the theory is mainly based on scientific articles. Collection of empirical data has been obtained through documents and interviews with semi-structured character. Respondents include chief executives at parent- and subsidiary level. Conclusion: Congruence between long-term objectives and strategies at Emballator Plastics & Innovations and subsidiaries has been identified. Regarding to the identified congruence, potentials to develop a standardized performance measurement model have been secured. Significant key performance measurements have been detected, this with aim to receive an overall picture of the subsidiaries' performance. Finally, the design of the model has been designed in consideration of the conglomerate.

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Lean Manufacturing (LM) is a concept originated from the introduction of Toyota Production System (TPS), when the Japanese manufacturer, since the 1980s, became a global reference in the application of IPM due to the success of the adopted production model. Successfully applied to companies in various areas, the LM is studied by researchers worldwide, but in Brazil studies are required on the subject. This form of management discussion brings to the quest for simplicity, ie, elimination of waste, establishment of flow processes and proximity to customer and market. On this basis, the aim was to provide input to clarify the answer to question: the use of the LM system has direct relationship with business performance? This research also sought help to expand knowledge about the LM and find subsidies in the corporate environment so they can better understand the impacts of this management system in business performance. Accordingly, the aim is also to verify the need for non-financial variables as intermediate between the use of LM and business performance. To this end, we carried out a research project in two stages. The first step was an exploratory nature, where we seek, through interviews with professionals, to determine elements that characterize the LM and also validate the non-financial indicators and business performance that would be used in the study. In the second step a field survey was applied to managers involved with management and implementation of LM elements. The data collected in the first stage were treated by the content analysis and contributed to the formation of the elements that characterize the LM and validate the constructs. The data coming from the second stage went through factor analysis and development of structural equation to study the relationships between the constructs LM, non-financial indicators and business performance. Results show a valid relationship between elements of LM and non-financial indicators and business performance. Also found that the non-financial indicators exert relevant intermediary between the elements of LM and business performance. It was also noted the high importance that factors such as waste elimination and the establishment of flow have in LM. Among the findings, beyond the positive aspects, there is, in our sample, lack of awareness of the effect of managers actions in business performance due to the distance between their actions with guidelines to business arising from the focus on short term and the gap on training of managers.
Manufatura Enxuta (ME) é um conceito que nasceu com a implantação do Toyota Production System (TPS), quando a montadora japonesa, a partir da década de 1980, tornou-se referência mundial na aplicação desse tipo de gestão em razão do sucesso do modelo de produção adotado. Aplicada com sucesso em empresas de diversas áreas, a ME é estudada por pesquisadores no mundo todo, mas no Brasil ainda há necessidade de pesquisa sobre o assunto. Essa forma de gestão traz à discussão a busca da simplicidade, isto é, eliminação de desperdício, estabelecimento de fluxo nos processos e proximidade com cliente e mercado. Com base nesses elementos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar contribuições para elucidar a resposta à pergunta: o emprego do sistema de ME tem relação direta e positiva com o desempenho de negócio? Esta investigação buscou também contribuir para alargar o conhecimento sobre a ME e encontrar subsídios no ambiente corporativo para que se possam conhecer os possíveis impactos desse sistema de gestão no desempenho de negócio. Nesse sentido, pretendeu-se também verificar a necessidade de variáveis não-financeiras como intermediárias entre emprego de ME e desempenho de negócio. Para tanto, realizou-se um trabalho de pesquisa em duas etapas. A primeira etapa teve natureza exploratória, onde se buscou, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com profissionais, determinar elementos para caracterizar a ME e também validar os indicadores não-financeiros e de desempenho de negócio utilizados no estudo. Na segunda etapa foi aplicada pesquisa de campo com questionários enviados a gestores envolvidos na gestão e implantação de elementos de ME. Os dados coletados na primeira etapa foram tratados pela análise de conteúdo e contribuíram para a constituição dos elementos caracterizadores da ME e para validar os constructos. Os dados procedentes da segunda etapa passaram por análise fatorial e desenvolvimento de equações estruturais para estudar as relações entre os constructos ME, indicadores não-financeiros e desempenho de negócio. Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se relação válida entre elementos de gestão de ME e indicadores não-financeiros e desempenho de negócio. Também se observou que os indicadores não-financeiros exercem relevante intermediação entre os elementos de ME e desempenho de negócio, constatando-se a elevada relevância que fatores como eliminação de desperdício e estabelecimento de fluxo têm na ME. Entre as conclusões, além dos aspectos positivos, destacou-se, na amostra estudada, a falta de percepção do efeito das ações dos gestores no desempenho de negócio em razão do distanciamento entre as ações destes profissionais com as diretrizes de negócio decorrentes do foco no curto termo e deficiências na formação desses gestores.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Com o intuito de garantir uma otimização dos recursos associados à tomada de decisões por parte da gestão, é crucial que as organizações adotem sistemas que traduzam uma correta avaliação daquele que é o seu desempenho. De acordo com a teoria contingencial, a seleção do sistema de avaliação de desempenho mais adequado resulta de um ajustamento da organização a um conjunto de fatores contingenciais. Tendo por base uma perspetiva contingencial, o presente estudo pretende analisar a relação existente entre a conceção dos sistemas de avaliação de desempenho estratégico e as características contingenciais da organização. Mais concretamente, pretende-se identificar de que forma, três variáveis, incerteza ambiental, customização e descentralização, influenciam a adoção de indicadores de gestão não financeiros nas empresas nacionais. Vários estudos têm sido desenvolvidos no âmbito dos Sistemas de Avaliação de Desempenho Estratégicos, maioritariamente, centrados no Balanced Scorecard enquanto ferramenta de formulação da estratégia. Contudo, poucos são os estudos que relacionem, especificamente, indicadores não financeiros e fatores contingenciais. Os resultados dos questionários realizados a 124 empresas portuguesas, sugerem que a descentralização e a incerteza ambiental têm uma relação positiva e negativa, respetivamente, com a adoção de indicadores não financeiros por parte das empresas portuguesas.
In order to ensure an optimization of the resources associated with management decisions, it is crucial that organizations adopt systems that translate a correct evaluation of their performance. According to contingency theory, the selection of the most suitable performance measurement system is a result of a fit between the organization and a group of contingency factors. Based on a contingency perspective, this research aims to analyze the relation between the design of strategic performance measurement systems and firm?s contingency characteristics. More precisely, the purpose is to identify how three variables, uncertain environment, customization and decentralization, influence the adoption of non financial indicators in national companies. Several studies have been developed in the scope of Strategic Performance Measurement Systems, mostly, centered on Balanced Scorecard as an instrument for strategy formulation. However, there are few studies that establish a relation between non financial indicators and contingency factors. The results suggest that decentralization and uncertain environment have a positive and negation effect, respectively, on the adoption of non financial indicators by Portuguese companies.

The paper deals with the verification of method Vitality of company evaluation, designed by Harry Pollak. The aim of this paper was to verify based on case studies the accuracy of how the method works and modify it for use in the Czech conditions. Qualitative research in the form of a guided interview was due to the effectiveness of the method verification focused on the 22 companies that have gone through crisis management. Research has shown that the method is fully functional and correctly diagnoses the health of the company, regardless of size, industry, history or location. Through revision of the method in the form of adjustment weights, changes and additions of the characteristics and their parameters was developed a new method of Vitality of company evaluation, which better reflects the conditions of Czech companies, emphasis the importance of key business elements and easier evaluates extreme situations of the company. This diagnostic method is generally applicable, simple, quickly and easily interpretable and applicable, which responds to the imperfection of previous methods. The experience of crisis management case studies show that the crisis caused by over-indebtedness or decline in demand due to external reasons are those that can be solved. The basic elements of these solutions are quality products, satisfied customers and reliable staff.

На сегодняшний день отрицательное влияние на окружающую среду ощущается наиболее остро и принимает мировой характер, что может послужить причиной экологического кризиса. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена тем, что реализация программ корпоративной социальной ответственности компаний нефтегазовой отрасли оказывает ощутимое воздействие на устойчивое развитие общества в разных странах мира. Целью магистерской диссертации является оценка экологической ответственности предприятий нефтегазового сектора. В этой работе использованы следующие методы исследования: теоретический и эмпирический анализ, а также корреляционный анализ. Информационную базу исследования составили нефинансовая отчетность компании ПАО «Газпром-нефть» за 2015-2018 гг., которая опубликована на официальном сайте предприятия и статистические материалы ассоциации Российского союза промышленников и предпринимателей. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана методика оценки экологической ответственности предприятий, базирующаяся на использовании базовых индикаторов корпоративной социальной ответственности и отличающаяся введением индикаторов, учитывающих специфику деятельности нефтегазовых компаний в области охраны окружающей среды, что позволит разработать адекватную политику инвестирования в природоохранные объекты и обеспечить сопоставимость информации, как в российской, так и зарубежной практике нефинансовой отчетности. Такая информация может представлять существенный интерес и для потребителей продукции нефтегазовых компаний, и для инвесторов и кредитных организаций. Оценка экологической ответственности компаний нефтегазового сектора позволит оценить эффективность защиты окружающей среды, оценить эффективность ведения социально ответственного бизнеса в России и выявить наиболее важные экологические аспекты в деятельности компаний. Разработанная методика позволит получить объективную и сопоставимую информацию об уровне экологической ответственности компаний нефтегазового сектора, действующих в России, и масштаба воздействия их деятельности на окружающую среду.
Today, the negative impact on the environment is felt most acutely and takes on a global character, which may be the cause of the environmental crisis. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that the implementation of corporate social responsibility programs for companies in the oil and gas industry has a tangible impact on the sustainable development of society in different countries of the world. The purpose of the master's thesis is to assess the environmental responsibility of enterprises in the oil and gas sector. In this work, the following research methods were used: theoretical and empirical analysis, as well as correlation analysis. The information base of the study was compiled by non-financial reports of PJSC Gazprom Neft for 2015-2018, which is published on the official website of the company and statistical materials of the association of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. During the writing of the master's thesis, a methodology for assessing the environmental responsibility of enterprises was developed, based on the use of basic indicators of corporate social responsibility and characterized by the introduction of indicators that take into account the specifics of the activities of oil and gas companies in the field of environmental protection, which will develop an adequate policy for investing in environmental objects and ensure comparability of information as in the Russian and foreign practice non-financial reporting. Such information may be of significant interest to consumers of oil and gas companies, and investors and credit organizations. Assessing the environmental responsibility of companies in the oil and gas sector will assess the effectiveness of environmental protection, assess the effectiveness of conducting socially responsible business in Russia and identify the most important environmental aspects in the activities of companies. The developed methodology will provide objective and comparable information on the level of environmental responsibility of oil and gas companies operating in Russia and the scale of the impact of their activities on the environment.

Esta investigación ha identificado los instrumentos de contabilidad de gestión que los gestores de las organizaciones no lucrativas, y más concretamente de los colegios de economistas de España, utilizan y pueden utilizar como sistemas de información para el control de la gestión y para la mejora de su eficiencia, eficacia y economía.
Se han realizado tres estudios empíricos:
1. A los gestores de los colegios de economistas, para conocer situación y nivel de implantación de instrumentos de control de gestión .
2. Se ha centrado en el análisis de la situación a nivel también de instrumentos de contabilidad de gestión de determinadas asociaciones inglesas que están destinadas a profesionales que ejercen en especialidades que en España pueden realizar los economistas.
3. A usuarios de los colegios, par ver nivel de calidad de los servicios y actividades que los colegios realizan y los efectos de la profesionalidad múltiple que los caracteriza.
It presents the results of a study about management control in non-profit organizations, focusing on the particular case of the Associations of Economists in Spain. In order to do it, a revision of literature and empirical studies have taken place to find out the implementation and level development of the instruments of management accounting in non-profit organizations. The study has been completed with three empirical studies, first directed to Associations of Economists in Spain, the second to associations from the UK related to the economy and the company, and, third directed to users from an Economists'Professional Association. Moreover, interviews of managers of different Associations from the UK have been made.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
財務金融研究所
94
Investing in mainland China through holding company become more and more appealing since the international trade between Taiwan and Mainland China boosts in the recent years. To provide the useful guidelines to investors for their decision making, it is not enough to capture the performance of firms when we use the financial performance indicators only. Therefore, this study utilizes the traditional financial performance indicators, including net income and other indicators which were taken seriously by the information electronics industry, and non-financial indicators which are integrated by balance scorecard framework and intellectual capital to explain the true value for the firms. We also divide our samples into six categories by different international trade models between Taiwan and Mainland China from year 2000 to 2004.Based on field studies and literature review, this study outlines 13 variables which are essential to the firms of information and electronics industry in Taiwan. Then use factor analysis to apply Varian rotation on the 13 variables using principle component analysis. After reliability test, 8 factors are concluded. We discuss whether the 8 factors provide the explanatory power among different international trade models between Taiwan and Mainland China. The main findings of the empirical study are as follows； 1.When all non-financial performance indicators are added, the regression model provides significant incremental explanatory power. 2.Factor “Innovation” and “Research and development” provide more explanatory power than other factors among different international trade models between Taiwan and Mainland China. 3.The human resource perspective has become more and more significant since year 2002.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
財務金融研究所
93
With the arrival of the knowledge economy age, the difference between market value and book value for many firms has been increasing in recent years. In this situation, it is not enough to capture the performance of firms when we use the financial performance indicators only. Therefore, this study utilizes the traditional financial performance indicators, including net income and other indicators which were taken seriously by the information electronics and financial services industries, and non-financial indicators which are integrated by balance scorecard framework and intellectual capital to explain the difference between market value and book value for their firms. We also divided our samples into two categories by whether the firm had strategic alliance during observation period to discuss whether the external cooperation influenced the firm’s corporate value. Furthermore, we discuss whether firms locating in different industries with their own value-creating process display different incremental explanation power in customer, internal, and human resource perspectives. And the main findings of the empirical study are as follows: 1. The item “net income” in financial statement does not provide sufficient information in terms of the difference between market value and book value of the firm. However, after the net income is decomposed, the explanatory power is significantly enhanced. 2. Other traditional financial indicators which were taken seriously by their industries do not provide significant incremental explanatory power in relation to corporate value. 3. When all non-financial performance indictors are added, the regression model provides significant incremental explanatory power. 4. In the empirical analysis of the information electronics industry, the internal perspective of creative activities provides more incremental explanatory power than all other perspectives. 5. In the empirical analysis of the banking industry, customer, internal, and human resource perspectives all provide significant incremental explanatory power. The internal perspective provides the highest incremental explanatory power while the human resource and customer perspective provides the second and the third highest incremental explanatory power. 6. In the empirical analysis of the securities industry, the human resource perspective provides the highest incremental explanatory power. 7. In the empirical analysis of the financial holding company, the internal perspective provides the highest incremental explanatory power while the human resource perspective provides the second highest incremental explanatory power. 8. The dummy variable of strategic alliance in the information electronics, banking, and securities industries are not significant.

碩士
淡江大學
財務金融學系碩士班
100
Using a sample set of fourteen listed commercial banks in China from 2006 to 2010, this study investigates the non-linear relationship between bank performance and financial indicators in different levels of capital adequacy ratio. Results showed that there is a structural change on the effect of financial indicators on return on assets and return on equity when capital adequacy is equal to the transition value 10.2172% and 10.3383%, respectively. The empirical results also indicate that the impact of liquidity ratios, efficiency ratios and total assets on return on equity and return on assets are positively correlated regardless of the capital adequacy ratio level; while the impact of non-performing loans and net interest margins on return on assets and return on equity depends on the level of the bank’s capital adequacy ratio. The research can be considered as a reference point for regulators seeking to identify the optimal level of capital adequacy ratio for banks, especially for the Chinese banking sector.

Transparency and disclosure are crucial to out corporate reporting system and in recent years there have been calls for more of both. This dissertation has two primary aims in addressing this issue. The first aim is to ascertain whether non-financial performance indicators impact users’ judgements and decision-making when assessing company performance. The second and associated aim is to assess the impact of assurance services in these non-financial performance indicators. This dissertation addresses these aims through the performance of two studies. Study One used the verbal protocol methodology to examine the information processing strategies and types of information utilised by financial analysts in valuing a company. Study Two drew on the results and case study materials from Study One and was a behavioural experiment performed on several participant groups, which examined the impact of the provision of non-financial performance indicator and assurance on users’ share price estimates and earnings forecasts. Study One found, as expected, that financial statements were the main source of information utilised in performing a company valuation. However, significant utilisation of non-financial performance indicators and assurance report was also observed from the verbal protocols. The experimental case material in Study One included a between-subjects manipulation relating to whether the financial information was positive or negative trending. It was found that participants in the negative trending group focussed significantly more on the financial statements, performed more algebraic calculations, and brought less information from memory to the task. This is consistent with the psychology literature that suggests negative information tends to be more diagnostic and elicits more cognitive analysis. Study Two was a behavioural experiment that used a 2 (positive and negative non-financial performance indicators) x 2 (assurance and no assurance) + 1 (base case) between-subjects design. Participants were asked to assess whether the company’s share price and earnings would increase, decrease or stay the same based on the information provided. The main participant group in the study was accountants, as they were expected to have expertise in financial statement and security valuation concepts. It was found that the non-financial performance indicators had a very significant effect in the expected directions on share price estimates and earnings forecasts. Assurance also had a significant effect on share rice estimates but only when the non-financial information was positive, consistent with attribution theory. The other two groups in Study Two were commerce students and Australian Shareholders’ Association members. The main significant finding fro these two groups was that negative non-financial performance indicators decreased their earnings forecasts. However, the order effects observed for these other two groups suggested that they may not have had the appropriate level of expertise as the main group to perform a task like this. In summary, for users with higher levels of expertise, non-financial performance indicators and assurance affect their judgments and decision-making. This should be of interest to managers in companies considering enhanced disclosure policies, regulators considering mandating disclosure of this type of information, and analysts and other financial statement users in deciding how to use this information.

碩士
南華大學
旅遊管理學系旅遊管理碩士班
104
This research utilizes charts to present how financial indicators and non-financial indicators influence Tsec-Listed and OTC Companies. In terms of financial indicators, the trend analysis is utilized to probe into operating revenues, gross profit margin, production-sale-quantity-value analyses, operating profit margin (personnel expenses and rental expenses included), net profit ratio (interest expenses and dividend yield analyses included), and return on investment (the DuPont Formula analysis included). On the other hand, in terms of non-financial indicators, the correlation analysis is utilized to probe into the number of outbound travelers, the number of visitors to major tourist sites, and the total number of domestic travel agencies. This research draws the following conclusions: 1.When the unearned tour fees of the travel agencies in Taiwan are more than their prepaid tour fees, there is strong possibility of higher debt ratios, which is typical to this industry. However, if the prepaid tour fees are more than the unearned tour fees, it is suggested that both the investors and the consumers be on the alert not only for the potential risk of the returns on investment for the prepaid tour fees, but also for potential insufficient cashflow among these businesses. 2.It is found that there is little difference among the travel agencies’ operating profit margin, net profit ratio, and dividend yield of a year; as a result, it is suggested that investors observe travel agencies’ seasonal reports on operating profit margin and net profit ratio as a means to predict to what extent will these travel agencies pay their cash dividends, which in turn serves as a reference for investment decision making. 3.On the whole, the financial indicators of listed travel agencies are more robust than those of OTC companies; investors can carefully choose their investment subject matters depending on how much risk they can bear when making investments. 4.The regulating authorities need to understand why the net profit ratios of these travel agencies are close to or even below zero percent with a view to finding out the major causes and to providing these industries with guidance and consultation, which better protect both the investors and consumers. 5.Charts enhance the readability of research; it is suggested that future researchers utilize chart analyses as supplementary research devices when they conduct qualitative or quantitative researches.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
風險管理與保險系碩士班
105
In this research, 24 life insurance companies in Taiwan from 2011 to 2015 are analyzed for exploring the effect of operational performance on net asset value per share. Empirical results consist of 3 parts. First, factor analysis is conducted to classify 23 financial variables of life insurance companies into 4 ability indicators, Operation, Profitability, Financial Structure and Debt-Paying. Second, cluster analysis is implemented to classify 5-year performance of all life insurance companies into 5 groups. The result shows that 4 ability indicators are significantly different in these groups. It also shows all yearly performances within the defined period of the study. TransGlobe Life and CTBC Life Insurance both have outstanding performance in the early period of the study and grow stably in the later years. The pursuit of market share may cause them declining performance, but they still have stable growth. Third, using regression analysis explores the effect of 4 ability indicators for financial and non-financial holding companies on net asset value per share and builds a regression model of financial and non-financial holding companies for comparison. The result reveals that financial and non-financial holding companies can use the same regression model and ability indicators including Operation, Profitability, and Financial Structure produce the same effect on net asset value per share.