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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Non-exhaust Emissions"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Non-exhaust Emissions"

Guo, Dongdong, Hongyuan Wei, Yong Guo, Chuanqi Wang, and Zenghui Yin. "Non-exhaust particulate matter emission from vehicles: A review." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801015.

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According to the source, particulate matter produced during vehicle driving can be divided into exhaust emission and non-exhaust emission. Exhaust emission includes exhaust pipe emission and crankcase emission, while non-exhaust emission includes brake wear, tire wear, road wear and road dust. For a long time, it has been considered that the particulate matter pollution of motor vehicles mainly comes from exhaust emissions, and the control of particulate matter pollution in various countries is mainly concentrated in the tail gas. However, with the continuous tightening of emission standards, the emission of particulate matter has been reduced, but also makes the environmental pollution of non-exhaust particulate matter increasingly prominent. This paper summarizes the research on vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter emissions, aiming to emphasize the importance of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions and the necessity of legislation, so as to reduce their contribution to environmental particulate matter concentration.

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Charron, Aurélie, Lucie Polo-Rehn, Jean-Luc Besombes, Benjamin Golly, Christine Buisson, Hervé Chanut, Nicolas Marchand, Géraldine Guillaud, and Jean-Luc Jaffrezo. "Identification and quantification of particulate tracers of exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 17, 2019): 5187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5187-2019.

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Abstract. In order to identify and quantify key species associated with non-exhaust emissions and exhaust vehicular emissions, a large comprehensive dataset of particulate species has been obtained thanks to simultaneous near-road and urban background measurements coupled with detailed traffic counts and chassis dynamometer measurements of exhaust emissions of a few in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet. Elemental carbon, brake-wear metals (Cu, Fe, Sb, Sn, Mn), n-alkanes (C19-C26), light-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; pyrene, fluoranthene, anthracene) and two hopanes (17α21βnorhopane and 17α21βhopane) are strongly associated with the road traffic. Traffic-fleet emission factors have been determined for all of them and are consistent with most recent published equivalent data. When possible, light-duty- and heavy-duty-traffic emission factors are also determined. In the absence of significant non-combustion emissions, light-duty-traffic emissions are in good agreement with emissions from chassis dynamometer measurements. Since recent measurements in Europe including those from this study are consistent, ratios involving copper (Cu∕Fe and Cu∕Sn) could be used as brake-wear emissions tracers as long as brakes with Cu remain in use. Near the Grenoble ring road, where the traffic was largely dominated by diesel vehicles in 2011 (70 %), the OC∕EC ratio estimated for traffic emissions was around 0.4. Although the use of quantitative data for source apportionment studies is not straightforward for the identified organic molecular markers, their presence seems to well-characterize fresh traffic emissions.

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Lijewski, Piotr, Jerzy Merkisz, Pawel Fuc, Miloslaw Kozak, and Lukasz Rymaniak. "Air Pollution by the Exhaust Emissions from Construction Machinery under Actual Operating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.313.

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The paper discusses the problem of exhaust emissions from non-road vehicles. In many cities there are low emission zones for vehicles. Unfortunately non-road engines are excluded from this restriction e.g. construction machinery operates on construction sites, including those located in the said zones. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the exhaust emission tests from an excavator under actual operating conditions. For the tests the authors used a portable exhaust emissions analyzer SEMTECH DS by Sensors for the measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions and SEMTECH LAM for the measurement of the emission of Particulate Matter. The analyzers provide an on-line measurement of the concentrations of the exhaust components under actual operating conditions. The tests performed under actual traffic conditions provide invaluable information regarding the emission during actual operating conditions. In the paper the authors analyzed the relations between the engine operating parameters, vehicle parameters, road conditions (traffic congestion) and the exhaust emissions. The authors, despite differences in the methodology, also presented a comparison of the obtained results with the currently applicable exhaust emission limits in order to draw attention to this issue in urban areas.

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Bondorf, Linda, Lennart Köhler, Tobias Grein, Fabius Epple, Franz Philipps, Manfred Aigner, and Tobias Schripp. "Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030488.

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Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.

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Timmers, Victor R. J. H., and Peter A. J. Achten. "Non-exhaust PM emissions from electric vehicles." Atmospheric Environment 134 (June 2016): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.017.

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Hicks, William, Sean Beevers, Anja H. Tremper, Gregor Stewart, Max Priestman, Frank J. Kelly, Mathias Lanoisellé, Dave Lowry, and David C. Green. "Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Traffic Emissions and the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown at London Marylebone Road." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020190.

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This research quantifies current sources of non-exhaust particulate matter traffic emissions in London using simultaneous, highly time-resolved, atmospheric particulate matter mass and chemical composition measurements. The measurement campaign ran at Marylebone Road (roadside) and Honor Oak Park (background) urban monitoring sites over a 12-month period between 1 September 2019 and 31 August 2020. The measurement data were used to determine the traffic increment (roadside–background) and covered a range of meteorological conditions, seasons, and driving styles, as well as the influence of the COVID-19 “lockdown” on non-exhaust concentrations. Non-exhaust particulate matter (PM)10 concentrations were calculated using chemical tracer scaling factors for brake wear (barium), tyre wear (zinc), and resuspension (silicon) and as average vehicle fleet non-exhaust emission factors, using a CO2 “dilution approach”. The effect of lockdown, which saw a 32% reduction in traffic volume and a 15% increase in average speed on Marylebone Road, resulted in lower PM10 and PM2.5 traffic increments and brake wear concentrations but similar tyre and resuspension concentrations, confirming that factors that determine non-exhaust emissions are complex. Brake wear was found to be the highest average non-exhaust emission source. In addition, results indicate that non-exhaust emission factors were dependent upon speed and road surface wetness conditions. Further statistical analysis incorporating a wider variability in vehicle mix, speeds, and meteorological conditions, as well as advanced source apportionment of the PM measurement data, were undertaken to enhance our understanding of these important vehicle sources.

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MERKISZ, Jerzy. "On-road exhaust emission testing." Combustion Engines 146, no. 3 (November 1, 2011): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117086.

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The paper presents the reasons behind on-road vehicle exhaust emission testing. The latest legislation has been presented in the paper applicable in the EU as well as the research potential of the Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport of Poznan University of Technology. The presentation of the results of the on-road tests pertains to passenger vehicles, buses and non-road machinery (construction machinery, tractors) and aircraft. The comparison of the exhaust emissions from different means of transport under real traffic conditions constitutes an important trend included in the normative legislation related to exhaust emissions

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Grechkin, A. V., and A. V. Kotlyarenko. "Review and analysis of modern methods to estimate particulate matter emissions from tire and road wear." Trudy NAMI, no. 3 (October 4, 2022): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2022-3-74-84.

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Introduction (problem statement and relevance). In operating wheeled vehicles, air pollution occurs that affects human health. The emissions of non-exhaust origin particulate matter are particularly harmful. But the problem is that there does not exist a generally accepted methodology for estimating emissions caused by tire and road wear.The purpose of the study was to review modern methods for estimating wheeled vehicles non-exhaust emissions, to analyze the problematic issues of estimating particulate emissions resulting from tire and road wear.Methodology and research methods. The domestic and foreign studies of non-exhaust origin particulate matter emissions of wheeled vehicles were analyzed during the work with the help of systematic analysis method, as well as the analysis of regulatory legal acts in this area was made.Scientific novelty and results. The article summarizes the recent studies results of environmental emissions of non-exhaust origin produced by wheeled vehicles and raises problematic issues to create a methodology for estimating particulate emissions caused by tire and road wear.Practical signifi cance. The article identifies problematic issues in the study of non-exhaust emissions origin, the solution of which will help to determine the main directions for reducing emissions of particulate matter from tire and road wear made in the wheeled vehicles operation.

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Siedlecki, Maciej, Natalia Szymlet, Paweł Fuć, and Beata Kurc. "Analysis of the Possibilities of Reduction of Exhaust Emissions from a Farm Tractor by Retrofitting Exhaust Aftertreatment." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 7963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217963.

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The paper evaluates particulate matter emissions and exhaust gas components from retrofitted engines of non-road vehicles measured under actual operating conditions. The content is divided into three main parts: formation of guidelines, production of the filter and emission tests. The obtained results clearly indicate excess PM and PN emissions from the engine under actual operating conditions when compared to the limits outlined in the type approval standards. Moreover, it was observed that the actual conditions are reflected to a very small extent at the points included in the stationary homologation test cycle. Based on these observations, the authors decided to modify the stationary test cycle. The measured exhaust gas compositions and their mass flow rates were used to create the geometry of the newly developed filter. The paper contains detailed results of the relative specific exhaust emissions of particulate matter and gaseous components at individual engine operating points. The exhaust emissions analysis made it possible to draw conclusions regarding the operation of the newly designed system. One of them is that fitting a metal-support particulate filter in the exhaust system significantly contributes to reducing the exhaust emissions.

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Vogt, M., E. D. Nilsson, L. Ahlm, E. M. Mårtensson та C. Johansson. "The relationship between 0.25–2.5 μm aerosol and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions over a city". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, № 9 (9 вересня 2010): 21521–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-21521-2010.

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Abstract. Unlike exhaust emissions, non-exhaust traffic emissions are completely unregulated and there are large uncertainties in the non-exhaust emission factors required to estimate the emissions of these aerosols. This study provides the first published results of direct measurements of size resolved emission factors for particles in the size range 0.25–2.5 μm using a new approach deriving aerosol emission factors from the CO2 emission fluxes. Because the aerosol and CO2 emissions have a common source and because the CO2 emission per fuel or traffic amount are much less uncertain than the aerosol emissions, this approach has obvious advantages. Therefore aerosol fluxes were measured during one year using the eddy covariance method at the top of a 118 m high communication tower over Stockholm, Sweden. Maximum CO2 and particle fluxes coincides with the wind direction with densest traffic within the footprint area. Negative fluxes (uptake of CO2 and deposition of particles) coincides with an urban forest area. The fluxes of CO2 were used to obtain emission factors for particles by assuming that the CO2 fluxes could converted to amounts of fuel burnt. The estimated emission factors for the fleet mix in the measurement area are, in number 1.4×1011 [particle veh−1 km−1]. Assuming spherical particles of density 1600 kg/m3 this corresponds to 27.5 mg veh−1 km−1. Wind speed influence the emission factor indicating that wind induced turbulence may be important.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Non-exhaust Emissions"

Babaie, Meisam. "Reduction of diesel engine exhaust emissions using non-thermal plasma technology." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81593/1/Meisam_Babaie_Thesis.pdf.

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Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising candidate for controlling engine exhaust emissions. Plasma is known as the fourth state of matter, where both electrons and positive ions co-exist. Both gaseous and particle emissions of diesel exhaust undergo chemical changes when they are exposed to plasma. In this project diesel particulate matter (DPM) mitigation from the actual diesel exhaust by using NTP technology has been studied. The effect of plasma, not only on PM mass but also on PM size distribution, physico-chemical structure of PM and PM removal mechanisms, has been investigated. It was found that NTP technology can significantly reduce both PM mass and number. However, under some circumstances particles can be formed by nucleation. Energy required to create the plasma with the current technology is higher than the benchmark set by the commonly used by the automotive industry. Further research will enable the mechanism of particle creation and energy consumption to be optimised.

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Nagendran, Vinay. "Characterization of exhaust emissions from catalyzed trap-equipped non-road heavy-duty diesel engines." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3166.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 143 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-129).

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Lindgren, Magnus. "Engine exhaust gas emissions from non-road mobile machinery : effects of transient load conditions /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a481.pdf.

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Lundberg, Joacim. "Non-Exhaust PM10 and Road Dust." Licentiate thesis, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222155.

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Non-exhaust PM10 is an issue in the urban environment linked to health issues. Emissions of non-exhaust PM10 is relatable to pavement properties. Also of importance is resuspension of road dust stored from surfaces. This depends on the traffic and metrological conditions. Given this, the purpose of the thesis was to give an overview limited to Sweden and the Nordic countries regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust. The overview includes how particles are related to human health. Also included is the principle of how particles are emitted from road surface and tyre interaction, both directly and through resuspension of road dust. This thesis also includes an overview of how the use of studded tyres impact on asphalt surfacings and how the properties of the materials used impact on the abrasion wear. This is then linked to the emissions of non-exhaust particles. Further described is how measurements can be done of ambient particles and road dust, followed on two major models for road abrasion wear and non-exhaust PM prediction. Also included is how road operation, e.g. traction sanding and dust binding, influence the particle emissions together with other options to reduce the emissions through, e.g. limiting the use of studded tyres. One special issue discussed in this thesis is the lack of holistic view regarding the environmental problems in the urban environment with focus on particle emissions and road noise emissions, both from the road surface and tyre interaction. Currently the most problematic issue is prioritized and the resulting solution to that specific problem might increase other problems. This thesis shows that much knowledge is available regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust, but also that several knowledge gaps exists. Several suggestions on further studies is given together with a brief overview on the continued work forward from this thesis.
Icke-avgasemissioner av PM10 är ett problem i urbana miljöer länkat till flera hälsoaspekter. Dessa emissioner kan relateras till beläggningars egenskaper. Även resuspension av vägdamm från ytor är av betydelse och beror på både trafiken och meterologin. Baserat på detta är syftet med denna avhandling att ge en översikt kring icke-avgas PM10 emissioner och vägdamm, begränsat till Sverige och de övriga nordiska länderna. Denna översikt inkluderar hur partiklar relaterar till människans hälsa. Annat som inkluderas är hur partiklarna emitteras från vägyta-däckinteraktionen, både direkt och genom resuspension av vägdamm. Avhandlingen inkluderar även en översikt kring hur användandet av dubbdäck inverkar på vägbeläggningar och hur dess egenskaper inverkar på nötningsslitage. Detta länkas därefter till partikelemissioner. Vidare beskrivs även hur mätningar kan genomföras av partiklar samt vägdamm vilket följs upp av beskrivningar kring två större modeller kring prediktion av nötningsslitage och prediktion av icke-avgasemissioner. Även hur driftåtgärder inverkar på emissionerna tillsammans med alternativ för att minska emissionerna tas upp. Ett särskilt problem som tas upp i avhandlingen är bristen på helhetssyn beträffande miljöproblem i den urbana miljön med fokus på partikel- och bulleremissioner från vägyta-däckinteraktionen. För närvarande brukar det värsta problemet prioriteras och lösningen till det detta problem kan i sin tur medföra att andra miljöproblem istället förvärras. Denna avhandling visar på att mycket kunskap existerar kring icke-avgasemissioner av PM10 och kring vägdamm, men även att flertalet kunskapsluckor existerar. Flertalet förslag på vidare studier ges tillsammans med en överblick kring det fortsatta arbetet.

QC 20180202

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MANCINI, ALESSANDRO. "Physico-Chemical Characterization of Emissions from Braking Operation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/402444.

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La tesi esplora le correlazioni fra composizione chimica del particolato emesso in frenata e alcuni fattori quali: i) le combinazioni di materiali che compongono l'interfaccia tribologica; ii) le condizioni di guida; iii) le frazioni dimensionali in cui vengono prodotti i particolati
This thesis reports on the correlations between the compositional features of the particulates produced by brakes and several determining or modulating factors, such as: i) The starting material composing the friction couple; ii) the driving conditions; and iii) the dimensional fractions in which the particulates are generated and emitted.

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Mathissen, Marcel [Verfasser]. "Development of experimental methods to investigate non-exhaust particle emissions from a light duty vehicle / Marcel Mathissen." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029857660/34.

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Clairotte, Michaël. "Impact of fuels and exhaust aftertreatment systems on the unregulated emissions from mopeds, light and heavy-duty vehicles non réglementées des scooters, voitures et camions." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20164/document.

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Le secteur du transport joue un rôle majeur dans le changement climatique et la pollution atmosphérique. Parmi les secteurs d'origine anthropique, le transport routier est considéré comme le premier contributeur au réchauffement climatique, due notamment aux émissions de CO2, de précurseurs d'ozone, et d'aérosols carbonés (carbone noir). De plus, les émissions liées au transport routier telles que les oxydes d'azote (NOx), l'ammoniac (NH3), les carbonyles volatiles, les hydrocarbures gazeux, et les aérosols, contribuent à la dégradation de la qualité de l'air.Le but de cette étude était d'approfondir l'état des connaissances en termes de facteurs d'émissions associés au transport, pour les polluants en phases gazeuse et solide. Un intérêt particulier a été apporté sur l'influence des systèmes de post-traitement des gaz d'échappement, et de la qualité du carburant, sur les émissions d'espèces réglementées et non-réglementées. Des campagnes de mesure ont été menées sur différentes catégories de véhicules dans le laboratoire d'étude des émissions (VELA) du centre commun de recherche de la commission Européenne (JRC-EC) à Ispra, en Italie. La flotte de véhicules choisie comprenait des camions (moyens et poids lourds), des voitures et des deux-roues formant un ensemble représentatif des véhicules circulant en Europe. En plus des carburants classiques, essence et diesel, les véhicules ont été alimentés avec des carburants alternatifs tels que le bioéthanol, et le gaz de pétrole liquéfié. Les émissions en phase gazeuse ont été mesurées par spectroscopie infra-rouge à transformé de Fourier (FT-IR; pour les composés azotés, les carbonyles volatiles et les petits hydrocarbures), par spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol après ionisation multi-photonique résonnante (REMPI-ToF-MS; pour les hydrocarbures aromatiques mono et polycycliques), par spectromètrie de masse haute résolution à temps de vol dédié à l'analyse des aérosols atmosphériques (HR-TOF-AMS; pour les aérosols organiques), et par photométrie d'absorption multi-angle (MAAP; pour le carbone élémentaire).Parmi les véhicules étudiés, les scooters ont été les plus gros émetteurs d'aérosols organiques primaires et d'hydrocarbures mono et polycycliques. De plus, le système de post-traitement des gaz d'échappement étudié pour le scooter le plus récent (conforme à la réglementation Euro 2) pourrait être responsable d'émissions importantes d'aérosols organiques. Concernant les voitures, et en particulier celles équipées de moteurs à allumage par étincelle, la plupart de leurs émissions intervenaient en début de cycle, avant que la température d'amorçage du pot catalytique soit atteinte. Ces émissions liées au démarrage à froid du véhicule pouvaient masquer les effets bénéfiques des carburants alternatifs en terme d'émissions de précurseurs d'ozone. Finalement, les camions étaient les plus gros émetteurs de suie (carbone élémentaire) et de NOx. Malgré le fait que plusieurs systèmes de retrofit se sont montrés particulièrement efficaces pour réduire les émissions des polluants réglementés (particules et NOx) de ces véhicules, certains d'entre eux produisaient des quantités significatives de NH3. Ce projet a permis de collecter des informations précieuses pour l'élaboration de la législation relative au développement d'un transport durable en Europe
Transport sector plays a key role in global warming and air pollution. Among the anthropogenic sectors, on-road transport is recognized as the first contributor to global warming, mainly due to its emission of carbon dioxide, ozone precursors and carbonaceous aerosols. In addition, on-road transport contributes to the deterioration of air quality by releasing nitrogen oxides, ammonia, carbonyls, hydrocarbons and aerosols. However, the current European legislation of vehicles emissions focusses on a limited number of pollutants, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.The aim of this work was to improve the knowledge about the emission factors of gas phase and particle-associated emissions from vehicle exhaust. The impacts of aftertreatment devices and fuel quality on regulated and unregulated species were studied. Several sampling campaigns with different types of vehicles were conducted in the vehicle emission laboratory (VELA) at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) Ispra, Italy. The vehicles chosen were representative of some categories circulating in Europe (heavy duty vehicles, light duty vehicles, two-stroke mopeds), and either standard fuel or some alternative fuels (ethanol and liquefied petroleum gas) were used. The gas phase was monitored by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (carbonyls, nitrogen-containing species, small hydrocarbons), and a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). The particulate phase was analyzed by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (organic aerosol, chloride, nitrate), and a multiangle absorption photometer (black carbon). The mopeds were found to have the higher emission factors of primary organic aerosol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While efficient to reduce the regulated emissions, the after-treatment used to comply with the moped Euro 2 emission standard might be responsible of large emission of unregulated organic aerosols. Most of the emission linked to the gasoline light duty vehicles were released before the light-off of the catalyst. Whereas alternative fuels studied helped to reduce ozone precursor emissions, the emissions associated to the cold start of the vehicle reduced this beneficial effect. Finally, the heavy duty diesel vehicle featured the highest NOx and black carbon emissions. Despite efficient retrofit and after-treatment systems (for particles and NOx), these vehicles could release significant amount of NH3. These results provided valuable insights for the drafting of legislation related to the achievement of sustainable transport in Europe

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Dumrongsak, Janthanee. "Numerical study of helicopter combustor and exhaust emissions using large eddy simulation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8505.

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Although Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has demonstrated its potential for modelling the reaction in simple academic combustors, it is more computationally expensive than Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) which has been used widely for industrial cases. The aim of this research is to employ LES at minimal grid resolution and computational resource requirements to capture the main characteristics of the reacting flows in a helicopter combustor and exhaust plume with the focus on NOx emissions. Test cases have been carried out to validate the current LES code for non- reacting jet, non-premixed combustion and unstructured grids. Despite the moderate grid refinement and simple chemistry models employed, the findings from these test cases have demonstrated good capabilities of the current LES to capture the mixing, flame and flow characteristics. In a farther test case, a key gas-phase chemical reaction selected for the helicopter exhaust plume modelling has also been tested. The validated LES code is then employed in the numerical study of the reaction in the helicopter combustor. The LES predictions in terms of the temperature and EINOx agree generally well with the combustor design, analytical solutions, previous LES and test measurements. Subsequently, the potential application of LES for the calibration of simpler models has been assessed for the generic and helicopter combustors. The results obtained from LES are compared with those from a one-dimensional combustor performance and emissions code, HEPHAESTUS, developed within the Cranfield University Power and Propulsion Department. The discrepancies between the results are found to be primarily due to specific simplification and assumptions established in the HEPHAESTUS model which can be addressed. Finally, LES has been employed to model the transformation of NO to NO2 in the helicopter exhaust plume. The findings from this research have demonstrated that, even without the implementation of highly dense mesh or advanced reaction model, LES is able to provide results with an acceptable level of fidelity at relatively low computational costs. These advantages make it a powerful predictive tool for future design and emissions optimisation investigations, and calibration of other simpler modelling approaches.

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SU, NAI-WEN, and 蘇廼文. "The Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission of The Internal Combustion Engine by Using Non-Thermal Plasma on The Dissociation of Water Molecules." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bp43h6.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
工業工程與管理系
107
This project is discussing with air-assisted combustion device including an non-thermal plasma (NTP) system and water vapor injection system to get a cooling effect by way of thermoelectric module. Using NTP reactor to dissociate hydrogen and oxygen ions from gaseous water molecules making the engine produces to get a combustion-supporting effect, and other gaseous water molecules can also absorb the high heat of the engine. This experiment provides three gaseous water molecular models including water vapor (25 oC), water vapor (25 oC) + NTP, and water vapor (5 oC) + NTP to compare with the original system exploring the effects of engine and exhaust emission of the engine. From the results of this paper , the effect of gaseous water molecules on this experiment is as follows: 1. High rpm (7000 rpm) can improve engine performance at any air-fuel ratio. 2. The gaseous water molecules may cause engine knocking and cause no significant changes in engine performance 3. The combustion-supporting effect makes the gasoline in the engine more burning that the hydrocarbon emissions in exhaust emissions can be effectively reduced. 4. The gaseous water molecules increase engine combustion efficiency and cause combustion temperature increasing that the nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust emissions increase. 5. At different air-fuel ratios, it can be known that the water vapor (25 °C) + NTP can help the engine performance, the HC emissions are also relatively reduced, and the combustion-supporting effect causes the NOX emissions increasing.The effect of gaseous water molecules from the results of this paper on this experiment is as follows: 1.High rpm (7000 rpm) can improve engine performance at any air-fuel ratio. 2.The gaseous water molecules may cause engine knocking and cause no significant changes in engine performance 3.The combustion-supporting effect makes the gasoline in the engine to more burn that the hydrocarbon emissions in exhaust emissions can be effectively reduced. 4.The gaseous water molecules increase engine combustion efficiency and cause combustion temperature increasing that the nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust emissions increase. 5.At different air-fuel ratios, it can be known that the water vapor (25 °C) + NTP can help the engine performance, the HC emissions are also relatively reduced, and the combustion-supporting effect causes the NOX emissions increasing.

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Книги з теми "Non-exhaust Emissions"

Dabill, D. W. Controlling and monitoring exposure to diesel engine exhaust emissions in non-coal mines. London: HSE Books, 2004.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and International Fall Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition (1999 : Toronto, Ont.), eds. Non-thermal plasma for exhaust emission control--NOx, HC, and particulates. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1999.

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Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport. OECD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en.

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Amato, Fulvio. Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2018.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Non-Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2020.

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Amato, Fulvio. Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health; Impact and Mitigation Measures. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2018.

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Non-Thermal Plasma for Exhaust Emission Control: Nox, Hc, and Particulates (S P (Society of Automotive Engineers)). Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Non-exhaust Emissions"

Danner, Christof, and Andreas Pein. "Preview on Future Developments of Non-exhaust Emissions." In Proceedings, 497–513. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64550-5_29.

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Danner, Christof, and Andreas Pein. "Preview on Future Developments of Non-exhaust Emissions." In Proceedings, 31–41. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33466-6_3.

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Vouitsis, Ilias, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Christos Samaras, and Zissis Samaras. "Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport." In Energy and Environment, 385–99. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119307761.ch25.

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Belkacem, Ines, Ali Helali, Salah Khardi, and Khalifa Slimi. "Predicting of Particle Non-exhaust Emissions Based on Real-Time Measurements." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 527–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14615-2_59.

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Kupiainen, Kaarle, Ana Stojiljkovic, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Niko Karvosenoja, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Leena Kangas, Mari Kauhaniemi, Bruce Denby, and Otto Hänninen. "Characteristics and Mitigation of Vehicular Non-exhaust Particle Emissions in Nordic Conditions." In Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 211–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_33.

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Aitouche, Abdel, Raouf Mobasheri, Xiang Li, Jun Peng, Chris Barnett, Uwe Bernheiden, Peter Dooley, Klaus Bieker, Ahmed El Hajjaji, and Robin Pote. "River Project, An Innovative Way to Reduce Pollution on Riverboats." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 906–15. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_80.

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AbstractConsidering the EU environmental standards for non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), reducing pollutant emissions from inland waterway vessels is becoming increasingly important. The RIVER research project aims to find solutions to achieve nitrogen-free combustion in waterways transportation systems while also emitting zero CO2 emission. RIVER addresses these issues using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology and Oxy-fuel combustion (OFC). The project is co-financed by the European Union, as part of the Interreg North-West Europe program. There are ten partners involved in this project (FR, UK, GE, NL, LU). In OFC technology, pure oxygen is used instead of air. Due to the absence of N2 in the intake charge, NOx emissions will be eliminated. Consequently, the only products of combustion are CO2 and water vapor. To have a stable combustion process and avoid overheating problems caused by using pure oxygen, some part of the exhaust CO2 will be recirculated to the engine to create an oxygen-CO2 mixture for being fed into the engine. A detailed CFD simulation carried out in this project has revealed that 21% oxygen and 79% carbon dioxide is the ideal mixture for the engine to run at maximum efficiency. The remaining CO2 from the exhaust is collected. It is then condensed, compressed, and stored in a tank to be valorized later. It will be transformed into cosmetics, skincare products, and formic acid. These types of acids are used by the medical sector as an anti-rheumatic product. River's final demonstration will take place in Crewe, UK in July 2022.

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Sivalingam, Sivakumar, Anbarasan Baluchamy, Vignesh Asokan, and Yogesh Vaidhyanathan. "An Experimental Assessment of Brake Thermal Efficiency and Exhaust Emissions of a Non-road Genset Diesel Engine Fueled with Aloevera Emulsified Diesel Fuel." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 205–23. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0244-4_21.

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Shin, Hyesop, and Mike Bithell. "Exposure to Non-exhaust Emission in Central Seoul Using an Agent-based Framework." In Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 343–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92843-8_26.

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Hopke, Philip K., Roy M. Harrison, Frank de Leeuw, and Xavier Querol. "Current State of Particulate Air Quality." In Non-Exhaust Emissions, 1–19. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811770-5.00001-7.

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Padoan, Elio, and Fulvio Amato. "Vehicle Non-Exhaust Emissions." In Non-Exhaust Emissions, 21–65. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811770-5.00002-9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Non-exhaust Emissions"

Praticò, Filippo G., and Paolo G. Briante. "Particulate Matter from Non-exhaust Sources." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.622.

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Air pollution is an important issue worldwide. Solid components in air (particulate matter, PM) originate from a variety of natural or anthropogenic sources and have different morphological, physical, and chemical properties. Their presence in the air also depends on meteorological conditions, such as humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. PM pollution has adverse effects on environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important to address sources and processes involved in PM generation. Among the existing sources, a special attention must be paid to PM emissions from road traffic, i.e., exhaust sources (e.g., fuel combustion) and non-exhaust sources (e.g., road, tyre, brakes). These traffic-related sources contribute to PM concentrations in cities, and this calls for research into new possible systems and/or mitigation measures. In light of the facts above, the objectives of this study are 1) To evaluate the contribution to PM emission from traffic-related sources. 2) To evaluate existing mitigation measures and to identify new ones to reduce PM production. First results show that: 1) Non-exhaust sources have a different role in PM generation and they differently affect PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1. 2) Even if emissions-related regulations have led to reductions in exhaust emissions from road traffic, other mitigation measures could reduce the non-exhaust part of emissions (e.g., brakes wear, road wear, and tyre wear). 3) New technologies could be developed to reduce PM from non-exhaust sources.

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Hilton, Moira, Alan H. Lettington, and Chris W. Wilson. "Gas Turbine Exhaust Emissions Monitoring Using Non-Intrusive Infrared Spectroscopy." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-180.

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Infrared (IR) spectra of the exhaust emissions from a static gas turbine engine have been studied using Fourier Transform (FT) spectroscopic techniques. Passive detection of the infrared emission from remote (range ∼ 3 m) hot exhaust gases was obtained non-intrusively using a high spectral resolution (0.25 cm−1) FTIR spectrometer. Remote gas temperatures were determined from their emission spectra using the total radiant flux method or by analysis of rotational line structure. The HITRAN database of atmospheric species was used to model the emission from gas mixtures at the relevant temperatures. The spatial distribution of molecular species across a section transverse to the exhaust plume −10 cm downstream of the jet pipe nozzle was studied using a tomographic reconstruction procedure. Spectra of the infrared emission from the plume were taken along a number of transverse lines of sight from the centreline of the engine outwards. A mathematical matrix inversion technique was applied to reconstruct the molecular concentrations of CO and CO2 in concentric regions about the centreline. Quantitative measurements of the molecular species concentrations determined non-intrusively were compared with results from conventional extractive sampling techniques.

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Vojtisek-Lom, Michal. "Inference of Steady-state Non-road Engine Exhaust Emissions Values from Non-stabilized Data." In SAE 2012 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1673.

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Feißel, Toni, David Hesse, Klaus Augsburg, and Sebastian Gramstat. "Measurement of Vehicle Related Non-exhaust Particle Emissions Under Real Driving Conditions." In EuroBrake 2020. Stansted, UK: FISITA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2020-stp-039.

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Suryawanshi, J. G. "Emissions and Performance on a Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester Fueled Diesel Engine With Retarded Injection Timing." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64302.

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Injection timing variations have a strong effect on NOx emissions for direct injection diesel engines. Retarded injection is commonly used to control NOx emissions. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of jatropha oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. In the present investigation neat jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) as well as the blends of varying proportions of jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) and diesel were used to run a CI engine with standard injection timing and retarded injection timing. Significant improvements in engine performance and emission characteristics were observed for JME fuel. The addition of JME to diesel fuel has significantly reduced HC, CO, and smoke emissions but it increases the NOx emission slightly with standard injection timing. The NOX emission was decreased with retarded injection timing with negligible effect on fuel consumption rate. Similar trend in brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature was observed with retarded injection timing while maximum cylinder gas pressure and ignition delay was decreased.

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Honc, Randell L., Steven G. Fritz, Michael B. Schell, Andrew Tarnow, and Adam Bennett. "Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a 1,125 kW Multiple Genset Switcher Locomotive." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1515.

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Conventional switcher or shunting locomotives in North America are powered by a single Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) 12 or 16 cylinder 645E engine which operate at eight distinct power levels, plus idle, at engine speeds ranging from 250 to 900 rpm, and power ratings of 1125 to 1500 kW. The individual power (notch) settings are weighted according to an established duty cycle to obtain overall fuel consumption and exhaust emission rates. Recently introduced locomotive power systems utilize multiple smaller displacement non-road diesel engines packaged as individual generator sets to obtain a cleaner and more efficient locomotive. This paper compares exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a conventional switcher locomotive with a single large displacement engine to that of a repowered locomotive utilizing three 345 kW generators.

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Langhorst, Thorsten, Olaf Toedter, Thomas Koch, and Patrick Gonner. "Impact of Non-Thermal Plasma on Particulate Emissions in Application in a Diesel Engine Exhaust Duct." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-5100.

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Cosseron, Anne-Flore, Valerie Tschamber, Lucie Coniglio, and T. Jean DAOU. "Study of Non-Regulated Exhaust Emissions Using Biodiesels and Impact on a 4 Way Catalyst Efficiency." In 10th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-24-0194.

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Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade, and Carsten Schilde. "Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester." In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.

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The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer

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Harris, Harold L., and Walter R. Taber. "Control of Industrial Engine and Gas Turbine Exhaust Emissions to Meet Present and Future Clean Air Regulations." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1939.

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Increasingly stringent regulations by the EPA and state air quality agencies in the U.S., as well as new regulations by Environment Canada, are making the reduction of exhaust emissions from industrial engines and gas turbines ever more important far their operators. Not only are these regulations getting increasingly strict with time, but there will be both substantial fines and possible criminal penalties for non-compliance in the future. This presentation describes how harmful exhaust emissions are formed during the combustion process, what the current regulations are in various areas of North America and where they are probably headed in the foreseeable future. It then discusses possible emission reduction strategies in two broad categories, combustion modification and post-combustion treatment, using catalytic converters. The three types of catalyst substrates are discussed, with the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as the relative advantages and disadvantages of the four possible catalyst locations.

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