Дисертації з теми "Non equilibium"
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Staniscia, Fabio. "Out-of-equilibrium behavior of many-body Hamiltonian systems with different interaction ranges." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/4972.
Повний текст джерелаIn this Thesis we describe the theoretical-computational study performed on the behavior of isolated systems, far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Analyzing models well-known in literature we follow a path bringing to the classification of different behaviors in function of the interaction range of the systems' particles. In the case of systems with long-range interaction we studied the "Quasi-Stationary states" (QSSs) which emerge at short times when the system evolves with Hamiltonian dynamics. Their interest is in the fact that in many physical systems, such as self-gravitating systems, plasmas and systems characterized by wave-particle interaction, QSSs are the only experimentally accessible regime. QSS are defined as stable solutions of the Vlasov equation and, as their duration diverges with the system size, for large systems' size they can be seen as the true equilibria. They do not follow the Boltzmann statistics, and it does not exists a general theory which describes them. Anyway it is possible to give an approximate description using Lynden-Bell theory. One part of the thesis is devoted to shed light on the characteristics of the phase diagram of the "Hamiltonian mean field" model (HMF), during the QSS, calculated with the Lynden-Bell theory. The results of our work allowed to confirm numerically the presence of a phase re-entrance. In the Thesis is present also a detailed description on the system's caloric curves and on the metastability. Still in this context we show an analysis of the equivalence of the statistical ensembles, confirmed in almost the totality of the phase diagram (except for a small region), although the presence of negative specific heat in the microcanonical ensemble, which in Boltzmannian systems implies the non-equivalence of statistical ensembles. This result allowed us to arrive to a surprising conclusion: the presence of negative specific heat in the canonical ensemble. Still in the context of long-range interacting systems we analyze the linear stability of the non-homogeneous QSSs with respect to the Vlasov equation. Since the study of QSS find an application in the Free-electron laser (FEL) and other light sources, which are characterized by wave-particle interaction, we analyze, in the last chapter, the experimental perspectives of our work in this context. The other class of systems we studied are short-range interacting systems. Here the behavior of the components of the system is strongly influenced by the neighbors, and if one takes a system in a disordered state (a zero magnetization state for magnetic systems), which relaxes towards an ordered equilibrium state, one sees that the ordering process first develops locally and then extends to the whole system forming domains of opposed magnetization which grow in size. This process is called "coarsening". Our work in this field consisted in investigating numerically the laws of scale, and in the Thesis we characterize the temporal dependence of the domain sizes for different interaction ranges and we show a comparison between Hamiltonian and Langevin dynamics. This work inserts in the open debate on the equivalence of different dynamics where we found that, at least for times not too large, the two dynamics give different scaling laws.
In questa Tesi è stato fatto uno studio di natura teorico-computazionale sul comportamento dei sistemi isolati lontani dall'equilibrio termodinamico. Analizzando modelli noti in letteratura è stato seguito un percorso che ha portato alla classificazione di differenti comportamenti in funzione del range di interazione delle particelle del sistema. Nel caso di sistemi con interazione a lungo raggio sono stati studiati gli "stati quasi-stazionari" (QSS) che emergono a tempi brevi quando il sistema evolve con dinamica hamiltoniana. Il loro interesse risiede nel fatto che in molti sistemi fisici, come i sistemi auto-gravitanti, plasmi e sistemi caratterizzati da interazione onda-particella, i QSS risultano essere gli unici regimi accessibili sperimentalmente. I QSS sono definiti come soluzioni stabili dell'equazione di Vlasov, e visto che la loro durata diverge con la taglia del sistema, per sistemi di grandi dimensioni possono essere visti come i veri stati di equilibrio. Questi non seguono la statistica di Bolzmann, e non esiste una teoria generale che li descriva. E' tuttavia possibile fare una descrizione approssimata utilizzando la teoria di Lynden-Bell. Una parte della tesi è dedicata alla comprensione delle caratteristiche del diagramma di fase del modello "Hamiltonian mean field" (HMF) durante il QSS, calcolato con la teoria di Lynden-Bell. Il risultato del nostro lavoro ha permesso di confermare numericamente la presenza di fasi rientrati. E' inoltre presente un'analisi dettagliata sulle curve caloriche del sistema e sulla metastabilità. Sempre in questo contesto è stata fatto uno studio sull'equivalenza degli ensemble statistici, confermata nella quasi totalità del diagramma di fase (tranne in una piccola regione), nonostante la presenza di calore specifico negativo nell'insieme microcanonico, che in sistemi Boltzmanniani è sinonimo di non-equivalenza degli ensemble statistici. Questo risultato ci ha permesso di arrivare ad una sorprendente conclusione: la presenza di calore specifico negativo nell'insieme canonico. Sempre nel contesto dei sistemi con interazione a lungo range, è stata analizzata la stabilità lineare rispetto all'equazione di Vlasov degli stati quasi-stazionari non-omogenei. Poiché lo studio dei QSS trova applicazione nel Free-electron laser (FEL) e in altre sorgenti di luce, caratterizzate dall'interazione onda-particella, abbiamo analizzato anche le prospettive sperimentali del nostro lavoro in questo contesto. L'altra classe di sistemi che è stata studiata sono i sistemi con interazione a corto raggio. Qui il comportamento dei componenti del sistema è fortemente influenzato dai vicini, e se si prende un sistema in uno stato disordinato (a magnetizzazione nulla nei sistemi magnetici) che rilassa verso l'equilibrio ordinato, si vede che il processo di ordinamento si sviluppa prima localmente e poi si estende a tutto il sistema formando dei domini di magnetizzazione opposta che crescono in taglia. Questo processo si chiama "coarsening". Il nostro lavoro in questo contesto è consistito in una investigazione numerica delle leggi di scala, e nella tesi è stata caratterizzata la dipendenza temporale della taglia dei domini per differenti range di interazione ed è stato fatto un confronto fra dinamica hamiltoniana e dinamica di Langevin. Questi risultati si inseriscono nel dibattito aperto sull'equivalenza di differenti dinamiche, e si è mostrato che, almeno per tempi non troppo grandi, le due dinamiche portano a leggi di scala differenti.
XXIII Ciclo
1982
Benitez, Federico. "Non Perturbative Renormalization Group : from equilibrium to non-equilibrium." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066009.
Повний текст джерелаMany of the most important open problems in statistical mechanics are related with systems out of thermal equilibrium. In this work we use field theory methods to study some of these systems. To do so, we first introduce a field theory representation for the systems of interest, as well as the specific formalism to be used throughout, the so-called non perturbative renormalization group (NPRG). This formalism has emerged in the last years as a very efficient way to deal with strongly correlated systems, and has been applied with success to problems both in and out of equilibrium. Before treating the actual systems of interest, we develop some new tools and methods within the NPRG context, and test them in a simple scalar field theory, belonging to the Ising universality class. We are able to obtain results for the momentum-dependent scaling function of the d=3 Ising model, without having to fix any free parameter. Also, in order to tackle in an efficient way the physics of out of equilibrium systems, we study in detail some formal aspects of their passage to a field theory representation, as well as the equivalences between different possible ways to perform this passage. After these preliminaries, we concentrate in out of equilibrium active-to-absorbing phase transitions in reaction-diffusion systems, and in particular in the subclass known as branching and annihilating random walks (BARW). Among other results, we use the NPRG to find an exact solution to any vertex in a simple system, known as pure annihilation. With this, we analyze some properties of BARW at low branching rates, by means of an expansion in the branching rate around pure annihilation. This perturbative expansion, which is performed around a nontrivial model, allows us to find some striking exact results for some of the most important universality classes in these systems
Pop, Cristina-Maria. "Non-equilibrium relaxation." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-151719.
Повний текст джерелаJizba, Petr. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium quantum field theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624406.
Повний текст джерелаDegawa, Masashi. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of finite-volume crystallites." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3377.
Повний текст джерелаThesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Solbraa, Even. "Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Natural Gas Processing." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-96.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work has been to study equilibrium and non equilibrium situations during high pressure gas processing operations with emphasis on utilization of the high reservoir pressure. The well stream pressures of some of the condensate and gas fields in the North Sea are well above 200 bar. Currently the gas is expanded to a specified processing condition, typically 40-70 bar, before it is recompressed to the transportation conditions. It would be a considerable environmental and economic advantage to be able to process the natural gas at the well stream pressure. Knowledge of thermodynamic- and kinetic properties of natural gas systems at high pressures is needed to be able to design new high pressure process equipment.
Nowadays, reactive absorption into a methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)solution in a packed bed is a frequently used method to perform acid gas treating. The carbon dioxide removal process on the Sleipner field in the North Sea uses an aqueous MDEA solution and the operation pressure is about 100 bar. The planed carbon dioxide removal process for the Snøhvit field in the Barents Sea is the use of an activated MDEA solution.
The aim of this work has been to study high-pressure effects related to the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas. Both modelling and experimental work on high-pressure non-equilibrium situations in gas processing operations have been done.
Few experimental measurements of mass transfer in high pressure fluid systems have been published. In this work a wetted wall column that can operate at pressures up to 200 bar was designed and constructed. The wetted wall column is a pipe made of stainless steel where the liquid is distributed as a thin liquid film on the inner pipewall while the gas flows co- or concurrent in the centre of the pipe. The experiments can be carried out with a well-defined interphase area and with relatively simple fluid mechanics. In this way we are able to isolate the effects we want to study in a simple and effective way.
Experiments where carbon dioxide was absorbed into water and MDEA solutions were performed at pressures up to 150 bar and at temperatures 25 and 40°C. Nitrogen was used as an inert gas in all experiments.
A general non-equilibrium simulation program (NeqSim) has been developed. The simulation program was implemented in the object-oriented programming language Java. Effort was taken to find an optimal object-oriented design. Despite the increasing popularity of object-oriented programming languages such as Java and C++, few publications have discussed how to implement thermodynamic and fluid mechanic models. A design for implementation of thermodynamic, mass transfer and fluid mechanic calculations in an object-oriented framework is presented in this work.
NeqSim is based on rigorous thermodynamic and fluid mechanic models. Parameter fitting routines are implemented in the simulation tool and thermodynamic-, mass transfer- and fluid mechanic models were fitted to public available experimental data. Two electrolyte equations of state were developed and implemented in the computer code. The electrolyte equations of state were used to model the thermodynamic properties of the fluid systems considered in this work (non-electrolyte, electrolyte and weak-electrolyte systems).
The first electrolyte equation of state (electrolyte ScRK-EOS) was based on a model previously developed by Furst and Renon (1993). The molecular part of the equation was based on a cubic equation of state (Scwarzentruber et.al. (1989)’s modification of the Redlich-Kwong EOS) with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Three ionic terms were added to this equation – a short-range ionic term, a long-range ionic term (MSA) and a Born term. The thermodynamic model has the advantage that it reduces to a standard cubic equation of state if no ions are present in the solution, and that public available interaction parameters used in the Huron-Vidal mixing rule could be utilized. The originality of this electrolyte equation of state is the use of the Huron-Vidal mixing rule and the addition of a Born term. Compared to electrolyte models based on equations for the gibbs excess energy, the electrolyte equation of state has the advantage that the extrapolation to higher pressures and solubility calculations of supercritical components is less cumbersome. The electrolyte equation of state was able to correlate and predict equilibrium properties of CO2-MDEA-water solutions with a good precision. It was also able to correlate high pressure data of systems of methane-CO2-MDEA and water.
The second thermodynamic model (electrolyte CPA-EOS) evaluated in this work is a model where the molecular interactions are modelled with the CPA (cubic plus association) equation of state (Kontogeorgios et.al., 1999) with a classical one-parameter Van der Walls mixing rule. This model has the advantage that few binary interaction parameters have to be used (even for non-ideal solutions), and that its extrapolation capability to higher pressures is expected to be good. In the CPA model the same ionic terms are used as in the electrolyte ScRK-EOS.
A general non-equilibrium two-fluid model was implemented in the simulation program developed in this work. The heat- and mass-transfer calculations were done using an advanced multicomponent mass transfer model based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The mass transfer model is flexible and able to simulate many types of non-equilibrium processes we find in the petroleum industry. A model for reactive mass transfer using enhancement factors was implemented for the calculation of mass transfer of CO2 into amine solutions. The mass transfer model was fitted to the available mass transfer data found in the open literature.
The simulation program was used to analyse and perform parameter fitting to the high pressure experimental data obtained during this work. The mathematical models used in NeqSim were capable of representing the experimental data of this work with a good precision. From the experimental and modelling work done, we could conclude that the mass transfer model regressed to pure low-pressure data also was able to represent the high-pressure mass transfer data with an acceptable precision. Thus the extrapolation capability of the model to high pressures was good.
For a given partial pressure of CO2 in the natural gas, calculations show a decreased CO2 capturing capacity of aqueous MDEA solutions at increased natural gas system pressure. A reduction up to 40% (at 200 bar) compared to low pressure capacity is estimated. The pressure effects can be modelled correctly by using suitable thermodynamic models for the liquid and gas. In a practical situation, the partial pressure of CO2 in the natural gas will be proportional to the total pressure. In these situations, it is shown that the CO2 capturing capacity of the MDEA solution will be increased at rising total pressures up to 200 bar. However, the increased capacity is not as large as we would expect from the higher CO2 partial pressure in the gas.
The reaction kinetics of CO2 with MDEA is shown to be relatively unaffected by the total pressure when nitrogen is used as inert gas. It is however important that the effects of thermodynamic and kinetic non- ideality in the gas and liquid phase are modelled in a consistent way. Using the simulation program NeqSim – some selected high-pressure non-equilibrium processes (e.g. absorption, pipe flow) have been studied. It is demonstrated that the model is capable of simulating equilibrium- and non-equilibrium processes important to the process- and petroleum industry.
Willis, Gary. "On topics in equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/28952.
Повний текст джерелаHarris, Rosemary J. "Disorder in non-equilibrium models." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408687.
Повний текст джерелаDepken, Martin. "Models of non-equilibrium systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398044.
Повний текст джерелаHornett, Samuel Martyn. "Non-equilibrium phenomena in graphene." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13022.
Повний текст джерелаJohnson, Tomi Harry. "Non-equilibrium strongly-correlated dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:55d438cc-d9a1-4898-ac05-49299bad6806.
Повний текст джерелаWillmer, D. "Non-equilibrium polymeric complex fluids." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2011. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/247/.
Повний текст джерелаHader, J., I. Kilen, S. W. Koch, and J. V. Moloney. "Non-equilibrium effects in VECSELs." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625513.
Повний текст джерелаHarada, Takahiro. "Energetics of non-equilibrium fluctuations." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144602.
Повний текст джерела0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第11823号
理博第2944号
新制||理||1441(附属図書館)
23583
UT51-2005-K489
京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻
(主査)教授 吉川 研一, 教授 小貫 明, 教授 太田 隆夫
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Antunes, Nuno Dias. "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium aspects of early universe phase transitions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264553.
Повний текст джерелаBarkhudarov, Evgeny. "Renormalization group analysis of equilibrium and non-equilibrium charged systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11049.
Повний текст джерелаVoldsund, Mari. "Modelling distillation with non-equilibrium thermodynamics." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-6864.
Повний текст джерелаRossokhaty, Oleksandr. "Non-equilibrium transport in electron solids." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60199.
Повний текст джерелаScience, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
Wiener, Alexander David. "Non-equilibrium current fluctuations in graphene." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47737.
Повний текст джерелаKe, Youqi. "Theory of non-equilibrium vertex correction." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96987.
Повний текст джерелаDans le cas de nanostructures concrètes, un certain degré de désordre apparaît inévitable tel que la présence d'impuretés, de structures cristallines imparfaites, de surfaces rugueuses, etc. Dans les situations où le désordre se matérialise aléatoirement dans la nanostructure, tout calcul de transport quantique devrait être réalisé en tant que moyenne sur plusieurs distributions désordonnées. Une approche par force brute consiste à générer plusieurs configurations désordonnées, calculer les propriétés d'intérêt pour chacune d'entre elles, et ensuite effectuer la moyenne des résultats. Dans le cas de la modélisation atomique à partir des principes premiers, une telle moyenne par force brute est prohibitive en terme de temps de calcul - sinon impossible. Il est ainsi très important et utile de développer un cadre théorique où la moyenne de désordre est faite analytiquement avant que l'analyse par les principes premiers ne soit effectuée. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé une telle théorie de transport quantique hors équilibre à partir des principes premiers et le logiciel de modélisation associé pour la prédiction de la diffusion par désordre dans des dispositifs nanoélectroniques. Notre formalisme théorique est basé sur l'utilisation de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de densité (DFT) dans le cadre de la fonction de Green hors équilibre de Keldysh(NEGF), et sur l'emploi d'une correction de sommet hors équilibre (NVC) pour le traitement des moyennes configurationnelles de désordre au niveau de la matrice de densité hors équilibre. Dans notre théorie, nous utilisons l'approximation du potentiel cohérent afin de calculer les moyennes de désordre de l'Hamiltonien du dispositif et les fonctions de Green à une particule, et nous utilisons la NVC pour calculer la diffusion par impuretés multiples corrélée au niveau de la matrice de densité hors équilibre. Après que le calcul auto-cohérent NEGF-DFT-NVC ait convergé, nous calculons les coefficients de transmission par le biais d'une seconde correction de sommet inévitable. La théorie NEGF-DFT-NVC nous permet de prédire les propriétés de transport quantique hors équilibre de dispositifs nanoélectroniques avec désordre au niveau atomique à partir des principes premiers sans aucun paramètre phénoménologique. La théorie et les détails d'implémentation sont présentés dans ce travail. Nous avons appliqué la méthode NEGF-DFT-NVC afin d'examiner plusieurs problèmes importants associés à la diffusion par désordre dans des systèmes de dispositif nanoélectronique. Cela inclut la diffusion par rugosité de surface dans des jonctions tunnel magnétiques Fe/vide/Fe; la diffusion due à des lacunes d'oxygène dans des jonctions tunnel magnétiques Fe/MgO/Fe; la diffusion par rugosité de surface qui décuple la resistivité de fils deconnexion en cuivre; et les effets des revêtements couche barrière pour des connexionsen Cu. Notre étude révèle le rôle très important joué par les défauts de niveau atomique et les impuretés vis-à-vis des propriétés de transport quantique à la fois en équilibre et hors équilibre, et les résultats se comparent favorablement aux données expérimentales correspondantes.
Evans, Allan Kenneth. "Foundations of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389831.
Повний текст джерелаHead, David Andrew. "Topics in non-equilibrium systems theory." Thesis, Brunel University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246169.
Повний текст джерелаBarroy, Pierre ReneÌ Jean. "Electron kinetics in non-equilibrium plasmas." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272394.
Повний текст джерелаCaio, Marcello Davide. "Non-equilibrium dynamics of Chern insulators." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nonequilibrium-dynamics-of-chern-insulators(32b36d8e-f927-4224-999c-3170f749f213).html.
Повний текст джерелаChou, Yen-Liang. "Relaxation phenomena during non-equilibrium growth." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28574.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Compton, Ryan Edward. "Nonlinear Optics in Non-Equilibrium Microplasmas." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/123146.
Повний текст джерелаPh.D.
This dissertation details the nature of subnanosecond laser-induced microplasma dynamics, particularly concerning the evolution of the electron temperature and concentration. Central to this development is the advent of a femtosecond four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopic method. FWM (in the form of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)) measurements are performed on the fundamental oxygen vibrational transition. An analytical expression is provided that accounts for the resonant and nonresonant contributions to the CARS signal generated from the interaction of broadband pump and Stokes pulses. The inherent phase mismatch is also accounted for, resulting in quantitative agreement between experiment and theory. FWM is then used to measure the early-time electron dynamics in the noble gas series from He to Xe following irradiation by an intense (10^14 Wcm-2) nonresonant 80 fs laser pulse. An electron impact ionization cooling model is presented to determine the evolution of electron kinetic energies following ionization. Kinetic energies are predicted to evolve from > 20 eV to < 1 eV in the first 1.5 ns. The initial degree of ionization is determined experimentally via measurement of the Bremsstrahlung background emission, and modeled with a modified ADK theory based on tunnel ionization. Combined, these two descriptions account for the evolution of both the electron temperature and concentration and provide quantitative agreement with the FWM measurements. The model is further tested with measurements of the gas pressure and pump laser intensity on the electron dynamics. The FWM experiments are concluded with a qualitative discussion of dissociative recombination dynamics occurring in molecular microplasmas. The microplasma environment is used as a source for the generation of two-level systems in the excited state manifold of atomic oxygen and argon. These two-level systems are coupled using moderately intense ~1 ps near-infrared (and near-resonant) pulses, resulting in Rabi sidebands with unprecedentedly large shifts in excess of 90 meV. A time-dependent generalized Rabi-cycling model is developed to account for the time-dependence of the laser electric field and subsequently the Rabi frequency. The Rabi radiation is determined to be coherent and tunable (up to 200 meV), providing a new method for ultrashort pulse generation. The dependence of the spectral positions of the Rabi sidebands on laser intensity affords the opportunity to simultaneously determine the ratios of transition dipole moments for the states accessed.
Temple University--Theses
Hamadani, Kambiz Moshfegh. "Non-equilibrium single-molecule protein folding." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1672117101&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерелаBusiello, Daniel Maria. "Entropy production in non-equilibrium systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422682.
Повний текст джерелаIn questa tesi studiamo la produzione di entropia in sistemi fuori dall'equilibrio. Nella prima parte ci concentriamo su sistemi con un numero finito di stati, vicini all'equilibrio termodinamico, che possono essere descritti da una Master Equation. Per sistemi di questo tipo è possibile mappare la dinamica in una rete di stati, rappresentati da nodi, collegati da rate di transizione, identificati da links. In questo contesto, analizziamo la produzione di entropia di ensemble di reti generate casualmente con vincoli specifici, ad esempio la taglia del sistema, e identifichiamo i parametri più importanti che ne determinano il valore. Questa analisi fornisce una stima per la produzione di entropia basata che può essere utilizzata come punto di partenza per il confronto con particolari sistemi di interesse. Nella seconda parte della tesi esaminiamo come il coarse-graining influenzi la nostra capacità di stimare alcune proprietà fisiche di un sistema. Per sistemi fuori dall’equilibrio descritti da una Master Equation, la produzione di entropia può essere stimata utilizzando la formula di Schnakenberg. D'altra parte, alcuni anni fa Seifert ha derivato una formula analoga per sistemi descritti da una Fokker-Planck Equation. In questa tesi miriamo a creare un ponte fra queste due formulazioni e, partendo da un sistema con un numero finito di stati calcoliamo come la produzione di entropia di Schnakenberg sia influenzata dalla procedura di coarse-graining. Mostriamo che tale valore può essere ridotto alla formula di Seifert per alcune scelte particolari della dinamica, ma che, abbastanza sorprendentemente, in generale i flussi microscopici presenti nel sistema danno un contributo macroscopico non negativo alla produzione di entropia. Di conseguenza, trascurare alcune informazioni porta a sottostimare la produzione di entropia, e solo un limite inferiore può essere fornito quando la dinamica è coarse-grained. Infine, nell’ultima sezione della tesi, studiamo somiglianze e differenze tra stati stazionari di non equilibrio e driving periodico in sistemi diffusivi. Un sistema che viola il bilancio dettagliato evolve asintoticamente in uno stato stazionario, che non è uno stato di equilibrio poiché presenta correnti non nulle. Analogamente, quando il bilancio dettagliato è presente in ogni istante di tempo, ma il sistema subisce variazioni periodiche dei parametri esterni, quest’ultimo evolve verso uno stato periodico in cui sono presenti correnti non nulle. In entrambi i casi il costo per produrre tali correnti in tutto il sistema è rappresentato dalla produzione di entropia. In questa tesi miriamo a confrontare questi due scenari per un sistema diffusivo continuo monodimensionale con condizioni al contorno periodiche, descritto da un'equazione di Fokker-Planck, che è il modo più naturale per analizzare le macchine molecolari. Innanzitutto, mostriamo che la produzione di entropia non è equivalente in questi due scenari: il rate di produzione di entropia in un sistema con driving periodico è sempre maggiore del rate di produzione di entropia in un sistema stazionario senza bilancio dettagliato, quando entrambi producono la stessa corrente e hanno la stessa distribuzione di probabilità (mediata nel tempo). Successivamente, mostriamo come costruire sia uno stato stazionario di non equilibrio sia un protocollo di variazione periodica dei parametri esterni che producano una data probabilità (mediata nel tempo) e una data corrente.
Gatti, Nicola. "Laser diagnostics of non-equilibrium plasmas." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/367593.
Повний текст джерелаCupani, Guido. "Non equilibrium dynamics of galaxy clusters." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3065.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis is focused on the dynamics of galaxies in the outskirts of galaxy clusters, where the matter is affected by an overall infall motion towards the cluster centre. Starting from the classical results of the spherical collapse model, we determined new theoretical constraints for the mass profile of clusters as a function of the cosmological parameters. We investigated the importance of the turnaround radius (i.e. the radius where the infall motion counterbalances the Hubble expansion motion) as well as the possibility of directly extracting the mass profile from the infall velocity pattern of member galaxies. The theoretical results were applied to a sample of simulated clusters (Borgani et al. 2004, Biviano et al. 2006) to keep the 3-dimensional dynamics under control. We demonstrated that: (1) most clusters are compatible with a single mass profile in the external region (provided their size and mass are normalized to the turnaround scale); (2) it is possible to extract the individual mass profiles of clusters using a selected subset of galaxies identified on their redshift-position distribution; (3) the Jeans equation and the virial theorem must be corrected in the outskirts of clusters to take into account the overall infall motion of matter. Taking advantage of these results, we developed a new technique for estimating the mass profile in cluster outskirts which only relies on the observational properties of member galaxies. This technique turns out to be simpler and more reliable than the current methods and is suitable to be applied to observations.
La tesi è incentrata sulla dinamica delle galassie nelle periferie degli ammassi di galassie, dove la materia è interessata da un moto complessivo di caduta verso il centro dell'ammasso. A partire dai risultati classici del modello di collasso sferico, abbiamo determinato dei nuovi vincoli teorici al profilo di massa degli ammassi in funzione dei parametri cosmologici. Abbiamo analizzato l'importanza del raggio di "turnaround" (ossia il raggio dove il moto di caduta è controblanciato dal moto di espansione di Hubble) e la possibilità di estrarre il profilo di massa direttamente dalla velocità di caduta delle galassie. Abbiamo poi applicato questi risultati teorici a un campione di ammassi simulati (Borgani et al. 2004, Biviano et al. 2006) per tenere sotto controllo la dinamica in tre dimensioni. Con quest'analisi, siamo stati in grado di dimostrare che: (1) la quasi totalità degli ammassi è compatibile con un unico profilo di massa nelle regioni esterne (purché le loro dimensioni e masse siano riscalate rispetto al raggio di turnaround); (2) è possibile estrarre il profilo individuale di un ammasso utilizzando un ristretto sottoinsieme di galassie, identificate dalla distribuzione dei loro redshift e delle loro posizioni; (3) l'equazione di Jeans e il teorema del viriale devono essere corretti nelle periferie degli ammassi in modo da tener conto del moto di caduta della materia. Grazie a questi risultati, abbiamo sviluppato una nuova tecnica per stimare il profilo di massa nelle zone esterne, basata unicamente sulle proprietà osservative delle galassie. Questa tecnica risulta essere più semplice e affidabile degli altri metodi attualmente utilizzati ed è adatta ad essere applicata alle osservazioni.
XXI Ciclo
1981
Pechenik, Leonid. "Pattern formation and non-linear dynamics of non-equilibrium systems /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9970653.
Повний текст джерелаEcker, Christof. "Conformations of single polymer chains on surfaces non-equilibrium, equilibrium and manipulation /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976610140.
Повний текст джерелаYoung, Michael J. (Michael Joseph). "Equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena in two- and three-dimensional correlated systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38386.
Повний текст джерелаMartinelli, Alessandro. "Density relaxations across the glass-transition under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/302591.
Повний текст джерелаMartinelli, Alessandro. "Density relaxations across the glass-transition under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/302591.
Повний текст джерелаDeSimone, Anthony Joseph Jr Gilmore Robert. "Symmetries and relaxations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/483.
Повний текст джерелаGustafsson, Alexander. "Modeling of non-equilibrium scanning probe microscopy." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46448.
Повний текст джерелаShvarchuck, Igor Yevgeniiovich. "Bose-Einstein condensation into non-equilibrium states." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/67440.
Повний текст джерелаSantos, Jaime Eduardo Moutinho. "Non-equilibrium dynamics of reaction-diffusion processes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361994.
Повний текст джерелаBarrett-Freeman, Conrad. "Effects of advection on non-equilibrium systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5846.
Повний текст джерелаFlynn, Harry. "The non-equilibrium dynamics of blocked systems." Thesis, University of Derby, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489957.
Повний текст джерелаPackwood, David. "Non-equilibrium dynamics of discrete time Boltzmann." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10941.
Повний текст джерелаRiesch, Christian. "Non-equilibrium dynamics in ordered modulated phases." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-172821.
Повний текст джерелаKitagawa, Takuya. "New phenomena in non-equilibrium quantum physics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10735.
Повний текст джерелаPhysics
Babadi, Mehrtash. "Non-equilibrium dynamics of artificial quantum matter." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11114.
Повний текст джерелаPhysics
Stewart, Andrew. "Non-equilibrium detectors for the mid-infrared." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/275.
Повний текст джерелаHoward, Martin. "Non-equilibrium dynamics of reaction-diffusion systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4485a178-6262-4487-b40f-7c7ec790d687.
Повний текст джерелаFaghfoor, M. Mohammad (Faghfoor Maghrebi). "Fluctuation-induced phenomena in non-equilibrium systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83826.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 128-134).
In this thesis, we investigate the implications of fluctuations in systems away, possibly even far, from equilibrium due to their motion either in or out of thermal equilibrium. This subject encompasses several topics in physics including the dynamical Casimir effect in the presence of moving boundaries, and non-contact friction between objects in relative motion. In both cases, photons are created due to the coupling of the motion and zero-point fluctuations in the vacuum, resulting in dissipation and radiative loss. We introduce a general formalism, equally applicable to lossy and ideal objects, to compute the quantum radiation and dissipation effects solely in terms of the classical scattering matrices. We obtain trace formulas which are general and independent of any approximation scheme where numerous examples, many novel, are discussed in great detail. Specifically, we give an exact treatment of quantum fluctuations in the context of a neutral rotating object, and show that it spontaneously emits photons and drags objects nearby, and compute the associated photon statistics and entropy generation. In the context of non-contact friction, we find a quantum analog of the classical Cherenkov effect for two neutral plates in relative motion, purely due to quantum fluctuations. We present a number of arguments and exact proofs, including a method introduced in the context of quantum field theory in curved space, as well as the scattering approach, to show that a friction force between two plates appears at a threshold velocity set by the speed of light in their medium.
by Mohammad F. Maghrebi.
Ph.D.
Shea, Joan-Emma. "Brownian motion in a non-equilibrium bath." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42646.
Повний текст джерелаSilva, Giancarlo Thales Camilo da. "Non-equilibrium aspects of the holographic duality." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-09032017-113154/.
Повний текст джерелаEsta tese designa-se ao estudo de sistemas quânticos fortemente acoplados e fora do equilíbrio utilizando como ferramenta a dualidade holográfica. A dualidade, originária da teoria de cordas e posteriormente generalizada a cenários mais abrangentes, relaciona certas teorias de calibre fortemente acopladas e teorias de gravidade clássica em dimensões mais altas. Nos últimos anos, ela tem se mostrado útil como uma ferramenta de cálculo para mapear questões complicadas na teoria de gauge em um problema \\q{dual} (isto é, equivalente) formulado na linguagem completamente diferente de gravidade em dimensões extras, onde obter uma solução pode ser viável. O interesse em teorias quânticas de campo fortemente acopladas, em particular teorias de calibre não-Abelianas, motiva-se por uma variedade de fenômenos das físicas nuclear e da matéria condensada que, reconhecidamente, ocorrem em um regime não-perturbativo, tais como o plasma de quarks e glúons da cromodinâmica quântica ou certos materiais supercondutores com temperatura crítica alta. Em geral, lidar com acoplamentos fortes é uma tarefa bastante complicada mesmo em configurações de equilíbrio, mas a situação se torna ainda mais dramática quando configurações longe do equilíbrio são tratadas, visto que a principal ferramenta não-perturbativa disponível atualmente (teoria de campos na rede) enfrenta sérios problemas em situações dinâmicas. Esta é a principal razão pela qual técnicas alternativas tais como as fornecidas pela dualidade holográfica são bem vindas. De particular interesse aqui são os problemas da termalização de plasmas fortemente acoplados bem como a dinâmica pós-\\emph{quench} de sistemas quânticos, ambos os quais admitem uma descrição gravitacional dual envolvendo soluções dependentes do tempo às correspondentes equações gravitacionais em espaços-tempo de Anti de Sitter (AdS), tais como soluções de colapso descrevendo a formação de buracos negros assintoticamente AdS. Especificamente, e sempre sob um ponto de vista holográfico, nesta tese lidamos com três tipos diferentes de problemas: a termalização de um plasma não-Abeliano carregado como resultado de uma injeção repentina de energia (tal como uma colisão de íons pesados); a dinâmica durante um processo de quebra da simetria relativística para uma simetria não-relativística do tipo Lifshitz com expoente dinâmico $z$; e, finalmente, uma nova abordagem analítica para tratar propriedades fora do equílibrio de plasmas conformes colocados em um fundo que se expande. Além de tais problemas específicos, este texto fornece também uma introdução sucinta e auto-contida à dualidade holográfica direcionada a um leitor com conhecimento elementar de relatividade geral e teoria quântica de campos.