Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Non-biological mothers"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Non-biological mothers".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Non-biological mothers"
1
Di Battista, Silvia, Marco Salvati, Irem Ertan, and Monica Pivetti. "Attitudes toward “Non-Traditional” Mothers: Examining the Antecedents of Mothers’ Competence Perceptions." Social Sciences 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110495.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mothers are the protagonists in a widespread narrative that emphasizes motherhood as prolonged and exclusive attention to children, accompanied by references to natural competence in child-rearing skills. The present research aimed to investigate the linking mechanisms and conditional processes underlying the perception of mothers’ competence. Cisgender heterosexual Italian participants (N = 230) read one of four vignettes describing a situation in which a mother (i.e., heterosexual biological mother, heterosexual stepmothers, lesbian stepmother, and lesbian biological mother) interacts with her two children who had misbehaved. After reading the vignette, the participants rated the depicted mother’s competence and to what extent the children’s misbehaviour was attributable to the mother. Moderated-mediation analyses indicated that all the non-traditional mothers were perceived as being less competent compared to the heterosexual biological mother, by giving them greater responsibility for their children’s misbehaviour, among participants with medium–high levels of traditional gender-role beliefs. Sexual orientation and biology relatedness were not cumulative variables, but intersecting categories creating a unique way to perceive mothers. As the number of non-traditional families grows, negative societal attitudes toward non-traditional parents and their children should be increasingly considered.
2
Sjöberg, Magdalena, and Hanna Bertilsdotter-Rosqvist. "Who is the mother? Exploring the meaning of grandparental support in young Swedish mothers’ narratives." Feminism & Psychology 27, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 318–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353516685343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within the western understanding of a nuclear family and the idea of good motherhood, the need for grandparental support is commonly viewed as an expression of deficient motherhood. Young mothers are often seen as incapable of maternal practices and as being in need of support from their extended family. An alternative view is that too much support might result in the grandmothers taking on the role of mother. This paper explores research around the ambivalent meanings of grandparental support in young Swedish mothers’ narratives. In this research, we identified three repertoires: inhibiting, being-there-no-matter-what and responsibility. Mothers who were following their expected life course achieved a subject position as a “real mother” within a functioning nuclear family. Mothers deviating from their expected life course achieved a subject position as either a “mother in becoming” with a functional and supportive extended family or as a “real mother” with a dysfunctional and non-supportive extended family. In the case of young mothers who are seen as insufficient, motherhood might become negotiable and fluid between the biological mother and the young mother’s own mother.
3
Swarnananda, K. G., and Thilina Indrajie Wickramaarachchi. "“What is to be a ‘Mother’?”—An Exposition of “Non-biological Mothers” in Literary Texts." English Language and Literature Studies 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n1p75.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This paper investigates the identity formation of “non-biological mothers” in a sample of texts which include primarily “The Caucasian Chalk Circle” by Bertolt Brecht, “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Brontë and “Eveline” by James Joyce. Three characters are selected from the works who perform the role of “mother” at different levels for children who are “biologically” not their own. In Brecht’s play, Grusha cares for the child that is left by his own mother. In Bronte’s novel, Nelly Dean looks after both Hareton and Junior Catherine, children who have lost their “biological” mother, as well as Heathcliff who is brought to the house as an orphan. In Joyce’s short story, Eveline performs the role of mother and remains in Dublin defying her boyfriend’s attempts to take her away to possible happiness in a faraway land. In the study, these three figures and their role as “mother” are the primary focus. However, characters such as the first wife of Okonkwo in “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achabe and Anna-Maria in “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen are also be examined to understand how women who have their own children, become committed towards children who are “biologically” not their own. The study elucidates the way this role of “non-biological mother” is constructed in various literary contexts and more specifically how these “non-biological mothers” are not recognized and their love regarded as subservient to the “love” of the “biological mother”. A textual analysis of texts is used to interpret these characters in their specific literary settings. In this manner, the study promotes a re-reading of the role of “non-biological mothers” and re-interprets the socio-political implications of the role of “mother” as well as the concept of “motherhood”.</p>
4
Sitorus, Riris, Grace Erlyn Damayanti` S, Diah Evawanna Anuhgerah, Nikmah Jalilah Ritonga, and Raisha Octavariny. "PEMBERIAN KOMPRES KENTANG TERHADAP MASTITIS NON INFEKSI PADA IBU MENYUSUI." JURNAL KEBIDANAN KESTRA (JKK) 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jkk.v3i2.595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
the baby and affects the biological health of both mother and baby. However, the breastfeeding process could be hampered due to problems, one of which was mastitis. Mastitis occured due to the narrowing of the lactiferous ducts in the breast and the mother may have flat, sunken or immersed nipples. So that the breasts become swollen, painful when pressed so that the mother feels breast discomfort. The impact of mastitis greatly affected the health of both mother and baby. The mother would felt pain during breastfeeding so that she could experience high fever. Whereas in infants the need for breast milk was not optimal from the content of the milk. One of the efforts that could be done to overcome the occurrence of mastitis in nursing mothers was by applying a potato compress. This study aimed to determined the effect of potato compresses on non-infectious mastitis in nursing mothers. The research method used was pre-experiment (quasi-experimental) using the one group pre-test-post test technique. The population of this study were breastfeeding mothers with non-infectious mastitis with a sample size of 10 people with a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that using the Paired Sample T-Test analysis test obtained a p-value of 0.000 <α = 0.05, it can be concluded that there was an effect of Potato Compress on Non-Infectious Mastitis in Breastfeeding Mothers. It is recommended that health workers provide information for breastfeeding mothers about potato compresses to treat non-infectious mastitis.
Keywords: Potato compress; non-infectious mastitis.
5
Duggan, Joan, Henry Okonta, and Joana Chakraborty. "Transmission of Moloney murine leukemia virus (ts-1) by breast milk." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82015-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A murine model has been developed to study maternal transmission of the temperature-sensitive Moloney murine leukemia virus (ts-1). The goal of this study was to confirm early and late mother-to-offspring transmission of the virus and demonstrate transmission via breast milk. A series of six experiments was performed using six groups of BALB/c mice. Group 1 consisted of pups born to ts-1-infected mothers removed at birth to suckle from surrogate uninfected mothers. Groups 2 and 5 consisted of pups born to ts-1-infected mothers that suckled from ts-1-infected mothers (surrogate and biological). Group 3 consisted of non-infected pups removed at birth to suckle from ts-1-infected mothers. Groups 4 and 6 consisted of non-infected pups suckled from non-infected mothers. The combined in utero, intrapartum and breast-milk infection rate was 100 % to the offspring (groups 2 and 5). The in utero to early post-partum group (group 1) had an infection rate of 78 %. Breast milk alone (group 3) resulted in a 97 % infection rate. Control groups (groups 4 and 6) had a 0 % infection rate. The relative frequency of maternal CD4+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was consistently lower in infected mothers, whilst offspring did not show a significant decrease in CD4+ frequency. Pups infected via breast milk had a lower CD4+ frequency (group 3) than those infected by the uterine and/or intrapartum route (group 1). Breast milk from ts-1-infected mothers appears to be highly infectious for neonatal BALB/c mice.
6
Koirala, P., R. Subba, and M. Lopchan. "Psychosocial problems among the school children of working and non- working mothers." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i3.16699.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adolescence is the period in human development during which several dramatic changes at biological, social, psychological and cognitive levels take place. The objective of this study was to find out psychosocial problems among school children of working and non-working mothers. A descriptive comparative research design and Probability Stratified Random sampling technique was applied in which 120 (60 working and 60 non working mothers’) school students of grade 9 and 10 selected from two Government Higher Secondary Schools of Bharatpur. Structured questionnaire and Youth Pediatric Symptoms Checklist-17 (YPSC-17) were administered. Data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS version 20 and Mean, Standard Deviation, t-test and chi-square test were applied. This study showed that school children of non working mothers’ (11.7%) had slightly more psychosocial problems than working mothers’ (8.3%). Male respondents of non working mothers experienced more psychosocial problems (29.4 %) than female (4.7%). Prevalence of psychosocial problems was found among school children of both working and non working mothers but there is no association between the psychosocial problems and employment status of mothers. Thus maternal employment status is not the exclusive reason behind the development of psychosocial problems among school children.
7
Meadows, Sarah O. "The Association Between Perceptions of Social Support and Maternal Mental Health: A Cumulative Perspective." Journal of Family Issues 32, no. 2 (July 12, 2010): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x10375064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The question of how to best measure family processes so that longitudinal experiences within the family are accurately captured has become an important issue for family scholars. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 2,158), this article focuses on the association between trajectories of perceived supportiveness from biological fathers and mothers’ mental health problems 5 years after a birth. The relationship status between mothers and biological fathers is significantly related to her perceptions of his supportiveness, with married mothers reporting the highest levels of supportiveness followed by mothers in cohabiting unions, romantic non-coresidential unions, and, finally, mothers not in a romantic relationship. Controlling for both time-varying and time-invariant maternal and relationship characteristics, a positive slope of perceived supportiveness from biological fathers is associated with fewer subsequent mental health problems 5 years after the birth. The discussion calls attention to alternate modeling strategies for longitudinal family experiences.
8
FUSTER, VICENTE, PILAR ZULUAGA, S. E. COLANTONIO, and J. ROMÁN-BUSTO. "REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN SPAIN: BIOLOGICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 1 (February 14, 2014): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryThe geographic and demographic dimensions of Spain, in terms of surface and number of inhabitants, and its heterogeneous socioeconomic development offer an adequate opportunity to study the provincial differences in birth weight from 1996 to 2010, focusing on possible factors determining the relative frequency of low birth weight. The study analysed geographic differences with regard to biological, demographic and socioeconomic factors that interfere with the female reproductive pattern. The variables considered here were: birth order, proportion of premature deliveries, mother's age, multiparity, mother's country of origin and professional qualifications. Two periods (1996–2000 and 2006–2010) were compared by means of principal components analysis. An increase in the relative frequency of deliveries weighing less than 2500 g occurred in most of the 52 geographic units studied, differences being significant in 42. Only in five cases was there a non-significant reduction in the proportion of low weight births. The first component after principal component analysis indicated that low birth weight was positively related to maternal age and to multiple deliveries, and negatively to the mother's low professional qualification. The second component related positively to the incidence of premature deliveries and to non-Spanish status and negatively in the case of primiparous mothers. The progressive increase in low birth weight incidence observed in Spain from 1996 onwards has occurred with considerable variation in each province. In part, this diversity can be attributed to the unequal reproductive patterns of immigrant mothers.
9
Henry, Vickie L. "A Tale of Three Women: A Survey of the Rights and Responsibilities of Unmarried Women Who Conceive by Alternative Insemination and a Model for Legislative Reform." American Journal of Law & Medicine 19, no. 3 (1993): 285–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Courts in a number of jurisdictions have recently confronted questions of legal parentage concerning children conceived by alternative insemination. Typically, the biological mother is contesting the right of either the sperm donor or a non-biological co-parent to custody or visitation. This Note surveys the current state of the law and demonstrates a lack of protection for the rights of unmarried biological mothers and their co-parents. This Note then proposes a new paradigm for establishing the parties’ rights and obligations, one that reflects the parties’ pre-insemination, mutual intent regarding parenting responsibilities and encourages legal acknowledgement of and protection for the families people are creating with the help of AI.
10
Juffer, Femmie, and Lizette G. Rosenboom. "Infant-Mother Attachment of Internationally Adopted Children in the Netherlands." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 1 (January 1997): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385469.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Netherlands, 80 mothers and their infants, adopted from Sri Lanka, South Korea and Colombia, were observed at home at 6 and 12 months to rate the adoptive mother’ssensitivity, and in the Strange Situation at 12 and 18 months to assess the infant-mother attachment relationship. All inter-racially adopted infants were placed before the age of 6 months, with a mean age of 11 weeks, in adoptive families with or without biological children. Coded with Ainsworth’sclassification scheme the results reveal 74% secure attachment relationships, a percentage comparable to that of normative studies. The results indicate no differences regarding the child’scountry of origin, or the (non)presence of biological children. The results contradict findings from a study that revealed an over-representation of insecure infant-mother attachment relationships in a sample of American mothers with an interracially adopted infant. In the current study the adoptive mother’ssensitivity seems comparable to the sensitivity of nonadoptive mothers, a finding that concurs with the attachment results. It is suggested that the outcomes in this study may be partly explained by the fact that these infants were placed for adoption at a rather young age, with relatively favourable circumstances prior to the placement. This may well indicate that adoption placement per se, without the cumulative effects of understimulation and lack of personal affection that older placed children often experience in institutions, does not inevitably lead to a disturbed parent-infant relationship.
Дисертації з теми "Non-biological mothers"
1
Manyatshe, Livhuhani. "Why mothers do not tell : narratives of maternal non-disclosure of biological paternal identity." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12966.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Children with absent and unknown fathers (also referred to as undisclosed paternal identity) have distinctly been identified as an interest group due to their increased risk to adverse psychological effects specifically associated with not knowing one’s biological father. It is taken for granted that these children have the freedom of asking their mothers and female caregivers who their fathers are, not taking into account that often there is a tacit rule within these homes whereby the biological father is never discussed.
The aim of this exploratory study was to use narratives of mothers and guardians who have children under their care who do not know their true fathers’ identities, in order to explore the range of probable reasons that contribute to maternal caregivers not disclosing the identity of biological fathers.
Eight face-to-face, individual interviews were conducted with female participants from varying cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds within the Johannesburg area. The women aged between 33 and 60 years were recruited with the assistance of a non-governmental organisation and from online forums. Interviews were conducted in English or a language that the participants understood and lasted on average an hour. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcribed text. The study was undertaken using an interpretive approach that explored the phenomenon of the participants' lived experience of not disclosing. A gendered analysis provided a distanciated framework to review the findings against current societal arrangements.
Findings indicated that mothers not disclosing could be linked to the fathers’ behaviour such as inconsistent commitment to the paternal role, denial of paternity and at times, whereabouts were
not known limiting what could be conveyed to the children. For this particular study, the nature of the relationship, which is often characterised by the instability of the parents’ relationship at the time of the birth, and subsequent separation, seemed to be a risk factor that a child may not be told who their true father is. Gender-based violence was also found to be contributing to the separation between parents and this in turn created an opportunity for the uninvolved fathers to be absent and unknown to the children. The cultural script that silences women’s experiences of gender-based violence means that father absence that resulted from the violence was difficult to talk about in the homes. The data also gave insight into the differential experiences among the women when dealing with absent, unknown whereabouts and absconded fathers. Although this study was conducted on an exploratory basis, it is suggested that continuous engagement with this topic through research and public discourse would best define how to address the issue. The findings suggest a need to provide mothers who may be considering disclosure with strategies on how to disclose. There is also a broader need to address structural issues that may be contributing towards the phenomenon such as men's violence towards their families.
2
Lefevre, Carol. "If you were mine : a novel." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/71977.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In an outback town, Esther Hayes looks out of a schoolhouse window and sees three children struck by lightning; one of them is her son, Michael. Silenced by grief, Esther leaves her young daughter, Aurora, to fend for herself; against a backdrop of an absent father and maternal neglect, the child takes comfort wherever she can, but the fierce attachments she forms never seem to last until, as an adult, she travels to her father’s native Ireland. If You Were Mine employs elements of well-known fairy tales and explores themes of maternal abandonment and loss, as well as the consequences of adoption, in a narrative that laments the perilous nature of children’s lives. Through the telling of various tales of abandonment and loss, the novel asks how one lives with a history of abandonment.
The exegetical essay analyses popular fairy tales in the context of adoption, locating the tales as a genre within adoption literature. While feminist fairy tale scholarship has illuminated the roles of women in fairy tales, particularly in those popularised by the Brothers Grimm, different versions of the tales published over extended time periods provide insight into the ways in which society has perceived and, perhaps, still perceives the roles of biological and non-biological/adoptive mothers. However, during the period of my research I did not encounter any critical studies in which the tales had been read and interpreted from an adoptive point of view.
In The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales, psychologist Bruno Bettelheim asserts that ‘giving comfort is one of the purposes of fairy tale’ (62). This essay argues that the message subtly transmitted in many of the best-known fairy tales is of the almost supernatural power of maternal blood. Further, when read from the position of an adoptive mother, with an eye to the ways in which these old dark tales might affect an adopted child, or one who is not being cared for by its biological mother, fairy tales appear as disquieting narratives, narratives concerned with questions of blood and genetics, while the acts of extreme violence they often include definitely lack the element of ‘comfort’ proposed by Bruno Bettelheim. Through writing If You Were Mine and this essay, I have been able to examine selected fairy tale narratives both imaginatively and critically in the context of adoption and their meaning for constructed families.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009
Книги з теми "Non-biological mothers"
1
Harlyn, Aizley, ed. Confessions of the other mother: Non-biological lesbian moms tell all. Boston: Beacon, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерела
2
What's in a Name? Perspectives from Non-Biological and Non-Gestational Queer Mothers. Demeter Press, 2020.
Знайти повний текст джерела
3
Aizley, Harlyn. Confessions of the Other Mother: Non-Biological Lesbian Moms Tell All. Beacon Press, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерела
4
Publishing, Shorts Media. Mom Turned Upside down Spells Wow an Inspirational Coloring Book: Great Gift for Mothers, Grandmothers, Great Grands, Stepmothers, Bonus Moms, Non Biological Moms and Others. Independently Published, 2022.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Non-biological mothers"
1
Glover, Vivette, and Thomas G. O’Connor. "Associations between prenatal stress, anxiety and depression and child behavioural and cognitive development. Is it causal?" In Perinatal Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199676859.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I (V.G.) first got to know Channi at the inaugural Indian Biological Psychiatry meeting In Bombay over 20 years ago. I was working on monoamine oxidase at the time. It was my first trip to India and his first to Bombay for several decades. We spent much time talking together, and by the end of it, as well as visiting temples, the Gateway of India, and the Elephanta Caves. Channi had persuaded me to carry out research on maternal mood in the perinatal period, the effects on the child, and the underlying biological mechanisms. This I have been doing ever since. Thus for me, like many others, Channi changed the direction of my career. His infectious enthusiasm, and very wide range of interests, have directed and inspired world research in perinatal psychiatry. There is now considerable evidence from both human and animal studies that the children of stressed, anxious, or depressed mothers are more likely to experience a range of neurodevelopmental problems than the children of unstressed mothers. (Glover 2011; O’Donnell et al. 2009; Talge et al. 2007; Van den Bergh et al. 2007,). With animal studies it is much easier to establish that these associations are causal. Newborn rat pups of prenatally stressed mothers can be cross-fostered to non-stressed mothers on the first day after birth, with control pups of unstressed mothers cross-fostered also. This can establish that any differences in outcome are caused by stress in the prenatal period. Many such studies have shown that there are definite fetal programming effects of prenatal stress on behaviour, cognitive development, the hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and brain structure and function of the offspring (e.g. Henry et al. 1994; Weinstock 2001, 2008; Afadlal et al. 2010). The nature of the effects can be affected by the timing of the exposure in gestation, the type of the stress, the strain of the animal, the age at which the offspring was tested, and the sex of the offspring (Weinstock 2008), The effects of prenatal stress on the offspring can often be mimicked by giving the stress hormone corticosterone, or a synthetic glucocorticoid, to the pregnant animal (Matthews 2000; Afadlal et al. 2009).
2
Waters, Cerith S., and Susan Pawlby. "Young motherhood, perinatal depression, and children’s development." In Perinatal Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199676859.003.0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this chapter is to examine young women’s experience of mental health problems during the perinatal period. We shall argue that women who were young at the time of their transition to parenthood are at elevated risk for perinatal depression, in their first and subsequent pregnancies. Evidence for the impact of perinatal depression on children’s development will be outlined, and we propose that the elevated rates of mental health problems among young mothers may partly account for the increased prevalence of adverse outcomes often seen among their children. However, for these young women and their offspring, the impact of perinatal depression may be compounded by many other social, psychological, and biological risk factors, and young women’s circumstances may exacerbate their own and their children’s difficulties. Therefore any clinical strategies regarding the identification and treatment of depression during the antenatal and postnatal months may need to take into account the age of women, with women bearing children earlier and later than the average presenting different challenges for health professionals. Across the industrialized nations the demographics of parenthood are changing, with both men and women first becoming parents at increasingly older ages (Bosch 1998; Martin et al. 2005; Ventura et al. 2001). In the UK for example, the average maternal age at first birth in 1971 was 23.7 years, compared to the present figure of 29.5 years (ONS 2012). Correspondingly, over the last four decades, birth rates for women aged 30 and over have increased extensively, whilst those for women in their teenage years and early twenties have declined (ONS 2012, 2007). Since the 1970s, the proportion of children born to women aged 20–24 in the UK has been decreasing, with women aged 30–34 years now displaying the highest birth rates (ONS 2010). These changes in the demography of parenthood are not confined to the UK with similar trends toward delayed first births observed across Western Europe (Ventura et al. 2001), the United States (Mirowsky 2002), New Zealand (Woodward et al. 2006) and Australia (Barnes 2003). Thus, a transition to parenthood during adolescence and the early 20s is non-normative for Western women, and the implications of this ‘off-time’ transition (Elder 1997, 1998) for the mother’s and the child’s mental health warrants attention.
3
Fordham, Signithia. "Brittany." In Downed By Friendly Fire. University of Minnesota Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816689668.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fourth chapter chronicles how one participant, Brittany, rejected her presumed White biological identity and opted, instead, to pass for Black. Compelled to leave her Black peers in the core city and live with her father in the suburban community because her custodial parent, her mother, feared that her daughter is becoming Black, Brittany defied hegemonic normality and was consigned to a non privileged social space, not so much by her peers but by the adults at the school, as they describe her, “she talks like a Black girl.”
4
Waruri, Sebastian Kironji, James Muriuki Wanjohi, Leonard Khaluhi, Sam Ndungu Gichuhi, and Erick O. Mungube. "Bovine Anaplasmosis and Control." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 221–42. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne diseases of ruminants worldwide causing significant economic losses in the livestock industries due to the high morbidity and mortality in susceptible cattle herds. Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is an infectious but non-contagious disease. The mode of transmission of bovine anaplasmosis includes mechanical (blood contaminated fomites (needles, ear tagging, dehorning and castration equipment), biological (tick bites) and transplacental (mother to fetus). Bovine Anaplasmosis occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection with A. marginale, but the severity of disease increases with age. The common clinical sign of bovine anaplsmosis includes; fever, anorexia, rapid loss of body condition, severe decrease in milk production, pale and icteric mucous membranes, increased heart and respiratory rates, muscle weakness and depression. Diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis can be made by demonstration of A. marginale on stained blood smears from clinically infected animals during the acute phase of the disease, but it is not reliable for detecting infection in pre-symptomatic or carrier animals. Instead, serological demonstration of antibodies and confirmation of antigen with molecular detection tools are used for diagnosis. Anaplasmosis can be treated by administration of oxytetracyclines, however oxytetracyclines do not clear the parasite from carrier animals. Control measures for bovine anaplasmosis vary with geographical location and include maintenance of Anaplasma free herds, vector control, administration of antibiotics and vaccination. Intensive acaridae application to control ticks has a number of limitations, therefore, immunization together with strategic tick control is recommended for exotic and crossbred cattle. Further studies on epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis is needed