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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Breskin, A. "Novel electron and photon recording concepts in noble-liquid detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08002.

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Abstract We present several novel ionization-electron and scintillation-photon recording concepts in noble-liquid detectors, for future applications in particle and astroparticle physics and in other fields. These involve both single- and dual-phase detector configurations with combined electroluminescence and small charge multiplication in gas and liquid media.

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2

Palestini, Sandro. "Space Charge Effects in Noble-Liquid Calorimeters and Time Projection Chambers." Instruments 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5010009.

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The subject of space charge in ionization detectors is reviewed, showing how the observations and the formalism used to describe the effects have evolved, starting with applications to calorimeters and reaching recent, large time-projection chambers. General scaling laws, and different ways to present and model the effects are presented. The relations between space-charge effects and the boundary conditions imposed on the side faces of the detector are discussed, together with a design solution that mitigates some of the effects. The implications of the relative size of drift length and transverse detector size are illustrated. Calibration methods are briefly discussed.

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3

Rooks, M., S. Abbaszadeh, J. Asaadi, M. Febbraro, R. W. Gladen, E. Gramellini, K. Hellier, F. Maria Blaszczyk, and A. D. McDonald. "Development of a novel, windowless, amorphous selenium based photodetector for use in liquid noble detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): P01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01029.

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Abstract Detection of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) scintillation light produced by liquid noble elements is a central challenge in order to fully exploit the available timing, topological, and calorimetric information in detectors leveraging these media. In this paper, we characterize a novel, windowless amorphous selenium based photodetector with direct sensitivity to VUV light. We present here the manufacturing and experimental setup used to operate this detector at low transport electric fields (2.7–5.2 V/μm) and across a wide range of temperatures (77 K–290 K). This work shows that the first proof-of-principle windowless amorphous selenium device is robust under cryogenic conditions, responsive to VUV light at cryogenic temperatures, and preserves argon purity. These findings motivate a continued exploration of amorphous selenium devices for simultaneous detection of scintillation light and ionization charge in noble element detectors.

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4

Teymourian, A., D. Aharoni, L. Baudis, P. Beltrame, E. Brown, D. Cline, A. D. Ferella, et al. "Characterization of the QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID) for noble liquid detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 654, no. 1 (October 2011): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.07.015.

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5

Zani, Andrea. "The WArP Experiment: A Double-Phase Argon Detector for Dark Matter Searches." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/205107.

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Анотація:

Cryogenic noble liquids emerged in the previous decade as one of the best media to perform WIMP dark matter searches, in particular due to the possibility to scale detector volumes to multiton sizes. The WArP experiment was then developed as one of the first to implement the idea of coupling Argon in liquid and gas phase, in order to discriminateβ/γ-interactions from nuclear recoils and then achieve reliable background rejection. Since its construction, other projects spawned, employing Argon and Xenon and following its steps. The WArP 100l detector was assembled in 2008 at the Gran Sasso National Laboratories (LNGS), as the final step of a years-long R&D programme, aimed at characterising the technology of Argon in double phase for dark matter detection. Though it never actually performed a physics run, a technical run was taken in 2011, to characterise the detector response.

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6

Benziger, Jay. "The Borexino purification system." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 16 (June 17, 2014): 1442002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14420020.

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Purification of 278 tons of liquid scintillator and 889 tons of buffer shielding for the Borexino solar neutrino detector is performed with a system of combined distillation, water extraction, gas stripping and filtration. The purification system removed K , U and Th by distillation of the pseudocumene solvent and the PPO fluor. Noble gases, Rn , Kr and Ar were removed by gas stripping. Distillation was also employed to remove optical impurities and reduce the attenuation of scintillation light. The success of the purification system has facilitated the first time real time detection of low energy solar neutrinos.

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7

Knöpfle, K. T., and B. Schwingenheuer. "Design and performance of the GERDA low-background cryostat for operation in water." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): P02038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02038.

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Abstract In searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76Ge the GERmanium Detector Array (Gerda) experiment at the Infn Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso has achieved an unprecedented low background of well below 10-3 cts/(keV·kg·yr) in the region of interest. It has taken advantage of the first realization of a novel shielding concept based on a large cryostat filled with a liquid noble gas that is immersed in a water tank. The germanium detectors are operated without encapsulation in liquid argon. Argon and water shield the environmental background from the laboratory and the cryostat construction materials to a negligible level. The same approach has been adopted in the meantime by various experiments. This paper provides an overview of the design and the operation experience of the 64 m3 liquid argon cryostat and its associated infrastructure. The discussion inludes the challenging safety issues associated with the operation of a large cryostat in a water tank.

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8

Berner, Roman, Yifan Chen, Antonio Ereditato, Patrick P. Koller, Igor Kreslo, David Lorca, Thomas Mettler, et al. "First Operation of a Resistive Shell Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber: A New Approach to Electric-Field Shaping." Instruments 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3020028.

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We present a new technology for the shaping of the electric field in Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) using a carbon-loaded polyimide foil. This technology allows for the minimisation of passive material near the active volume of the TPC and, thus, is capable to reduce background events originating from radioactive decays or scattering on the material itself. Furthermore, the high and continuous electric resistivity of the foil limits the power dissipation per unit area and minimizes the risks of damages in the case of an electric field breakdown. Replacing the conventional field cage with a resistive plastic film structure called “shell” decreases the number of components within the TPC and, therefore, reduces the potential points of failure when operating the detector. A prototype liquid argon (LAr) TPC with such a resistive shell and with a cathode made of the same material was successfully tested for long-term operation with electric field values up to 1.6 k V cm − 1 . The experiment shows that it is feasible to successfully produce and shape the electric field in liquefied noble-gas detectors with this new technology.

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9

Zykova, Marina, Mikhail Grishechkin, Andrew Khomyakov, Elena Mozhevitina, Roman Avetisov, Nadezda Surikova, Maxim Gromov, Alexander Chepurnov, Ivan Nikulin, and Igor Avetissov. "Hybrid Ultra-Low-Radioactive Material for Protecting Dark Matter Detector from Background Neutrons." Materials 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133757.

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A laboratory technology for a new ultra-low background hybrid material (HM) which meets the requirements for neutron absorption with simultaneous neutron detection has been developed. The technology and hybrid material can be useful for future low background underground detectors designed to directly search for dark matter with liquid noble gases. The HM is based on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer matrix in which gadolinium nuclei are homogeneously distributed up to 1.5 wt% concentration in polymer slabs of 5 cm thickness. To determine the 65 impurity elements by the inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique in the Gd-based preparations in 100–0.01 ppb range, the corresponding method has been developed. Limits of determination (LD) of 0.011 ppb for uranium, and 0.016 ppb for thorium were achieved. An analysis of Gd raw materials showed that the lowest contents of U and Th (1.2–0.2 ppb) were detected in commercial Gd-based preparations. They were manufactured either from secondary raw materials (extraction phosphoric acid) or from mineral raw materials formed in sedimentary rocks (phosphogypsum). To produce the Gd-doped HM the commercial GdCl3 was purified and used for synthesis of low-background coordination compound, namely, acetylacetonate gadolinium (Gd(acac)3) with U/Th contents less than LD. When dissolving Gd(acac)3 in methylmethacrylate, the true solution was obtained and its further thermal polymerization allowed fabrication of the Gd-doped PMMA with ultra-low background.

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10

Han, Ah-Reum, Hyo Young Kim, Yangkang So, Bomi Nam, Ik-Soo Lee, Joo-Won Nam, Yeong Deuk Jo, et al. "Quantification of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in a New Chrysanthemum Cultivar by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1254721.

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The flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. have been used as an herbal tea and in traditional medicine, and the plant has been developed to produce horticultural cultivars of various colors and shapes. In this study, a new chrysanthemum cultivar with dark purple petals (C. morifolium cv. ARTI-Dark Chocolate; ADC) was developed by radiation-induced mutation breeding of its original cultivar with purple striped white petals (C. morifolium cv. Noble Wine, NW). The phenolic profile and antioxidant property of ADC were investigated and compared with NW and the commercially available medicinal herb, C. morifolium with yellow petals (CM), in order to find a scientific support to produce a new source of natural antioxidant. Flavonoid and phenolic acid profiles of the ethanol extracts of the three flowers were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS), while antioxidant properties were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. Among the tested flowers, ADC possessed the strongest antioxidant capacity and the highest phenolic contents. Flavonoids (acacetin, apigenin, luteolin, acacetin-7-O-β-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside, and linarin) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid and mixture of 1,4-, 1,5-, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids) were identified and quantified.

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11

Hwa, Mei Yin, Ching Hsing Lin, Yu Jie Chang, Yao Chuan Lee, I. Ray Liu, and Jen Ray Chang. "Pt/Zeolite Catalyst for the Treatment of High VOC-Containing Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.927.

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Pd/SDB (Styrene Divinylbenzene Copolymer), a hydrophobic catalyst, has been used for the destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wastewater. Although the catalysts performed well in low VOC concentrations, they were not as effective in high VOC concentrations because of the heat removal problem. On the other hand, Pt/Zeolite contains a high silica to alumina ratio, which gives it hydrophobic characteristics and allows it to endure significantly higher temperatures than Pd/SDB. Hence, they were chosen for the treatment of wastewater containing high VOC concentrations. As expected, the catalysts presented both high conversion rates and good stability maintenance. Because of their high stability and rapid regeneration, the catalysts were regarded to be promising for industrial applications. In this study, the noble metal content of Pt/Zeolite amounted to 1.5 wt.%, and that the different temperatures and pressures collocating with different weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) were used to test the VOCs conversion efficiency. The results showed that the best reduction temperature was 450°C below the temperature- programmed reduction (TPR) process. The reaction system consisted of a continuous dripping flow with a fix-bed system and proportional integral derivative (PID) temperature controller. Selected VOCs such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and formaldehyde were investigated over the catalyst. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reagents and the potential organic intermediates was determined using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID). The experimental results indicated that the reaction rate is inversely proportional to the molecular weight for the compounds with the same functional group. For the same molecular weight, aldehyde is easier to destroy than alcohol. Ethanol and propanol, atypical products of incomplete oxidation of alcohols, were detected in the reaction gas. To minimize the energy consumption, we preferred liquid phase reaction since the heat of reaction could maintain the reaction temperature.

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12

Feltesse, J. "Liquid noble gas and warm liquid detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 283, no. 3 (November 1989): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)91389-2.

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13

Ryu, Jaihyunk, Bomi Nam, Bo-Ram Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, Yeong Deuk Jo, Joon-Woo Ahn, Jin-Baek Kim, Chang Hyun Jin, and Ah-Reum Han. "Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Composition of Gamma-Irradiated Mutant Cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163003.

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Анотація:

The flowers of chrysanthemum species are used as a herbal tea and in traditional medicine. In addition, members of the genus have been selected to develop horticultural cultivars of diverse floral colors and capitulum forms. In this research, we investigated the phytochemical composition of eight gamma-irradiation mutant cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium and their original cultivars. The mutant chrysanthemum cultivars were generated by treatment with various doses of 60Co gamma irradiation of stem cuttings of three commercial chrysanthemum cultivars as follows: ‘ARTI-Dark Chocolate’ (50Gy), ‘ARTI-Purple Lady’ (30 Gy), and ‘ARTI-Yellow Star’ (50 Gy) derived from ‘Noble Wine’; ‘ARTI-Red Star’ (50 Gy) and ‘ARTI-Rising Sun’ (30 Gy) from ‘Pinky’; ‘ARTI-Purple’ (40 Gy) and ‘ARTI-Queen’ (30 Gy) from ‘Argus’; and ‘ARTI-Rollypop’ (70 Gy) from ‘Plaisir d’amour’. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids in the flowers of the 12 chrysanthemum cultivars was performed using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS). Essential oils from the flowers of these cultivars were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mutant cultivars, ‘ARTI-Dark Chocolate’, ‘ARTI-Purple Lady’, ‘ARTI-Purple’, and ‘ARTI-Queen’ showed higher total amounts of flavonoid and phenolic acid compared with those of the respective original cultivars. The mutant cultivars, ‘ARTI-Dark Chocolate’, ‘ARTI-Purple Lady’ and ‘ARTI-Purple’, which produce purple to pink petals, contained more than two-times higher amounts of anthocyanins compared with those of their original cultivars. Of the mutant cultivars, ‘ARTI-Yellow Star’ in which petal color was changed to yellow, showed the greatest accumulation of carotenoids. Ninety-nine volatile compounds were detected, of which hydrocarbons and terpenoids were abundant in all cultivars analyzed. This is the first report that demonstrated the phytochemical analysis of novel chrysanthemum cultivars derived from C. morifolium hydrid using HPLC-DAD-ESIMS and GC-MS. These findings suggest that the selected mutant chrysanthemum cultivars show potential as a functional source of phytochemicals associated with the abundance of health-beneficial components, as well as good source for horticulture and pigment industries.

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14

Buzulutskov, Alexey. "Electroluminescence and Electron Avalanching in Two-Phase Detectors." Instruments 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4020016.

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Electroluminescence and electron avalanching are the physical effects used in two-phase argon and xenon detectors for dark matter searches and neutrino detection, to amplify the primary ionization signal directly in cryogenic noble-gas media. We review the concepts of such light and charge signal amplification, including a combination thereof, both in the gas and in the liquid phase. Puzzling aspects of the physics of electroluminescence and electron avalanching in two-phase detectors are explained, and detection techniques based on these effects are described.

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15

Kobayashi, M., M. Yamashita, A. Takeda, K. Kishimoto, and S. Moriyama. "Using220Rn to calibrate liquid noble gas detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 718 (July 2016): 042069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/718/4/042069.

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16

Fiorucci, S. "Xenon10 and Noble Liquid Dark Matter Detectors." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 151, no. 3-4 (January 25, 2008): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-008-9739-0.

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17

Akerib, Daniel S. "Direct Detection: Liquid Nobles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 718 (May 2016): 022001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/718/2/022001.

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18

Bernabei, R., P. Belli, A. Incicchitti, F. Cappella, and R. Cerulli. "Liquid noble gases for dark matter searches: An updated survey." International Journal of Modern Physics A 30, no. 26 (September 18, 2015): 1530053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x15300537.

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Анотація:

An updated technical and methodological comparison of liquid noble gas experiments is presented with particular attention to the low energy physics application of double-phase noble gas detectors in direct Dark Matter investigations.

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19

CURIONI, ALESSANDRO. "LIQUID ARGON DETECTORS FOR NEUTRINO PHYSICS." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 02 (January 20, 2009): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309030126.

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Анотація:

In this paper we give a short review of liquid argon detectors for neutrino physics. We will first introduce noble liquid detectors with particular emphasis on liquid argon and detectors of the time projection chamber variety, and we will explain why liquid argon detectors are good for neutrino physics, in particular the measurement of the mixing angle θ13, CP-violating phase δ CP and determination of the mass hierarchy through νe appearance on a νμ beam. We will stress what we consider the main achievements and the main challenges facing liquid argon detectors for neutrino physics.

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20

Curioni, A. "Noble liquid detectors for fundamental physics and applications." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 197, no. 1 (December 2009): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.10.032.

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21

Pereverzev, S. "Long afterglow in liquid Xe and Ar detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): C02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02027.

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Abstract As the field of application of noble elements detectors is expanding, it is becoming important to understand effects related to the presence of impurities. Here we present several examples of known energetic long-living molecules which can be produced in detectors under the action of ionizing radiation and UV light.

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22

Tsang, T., H. Chen, S. Gao, G. Giacomini, V. Radeka, and S. Rescia. "Studies of event burst phenomenon with SiPMs in liquid nitrogen." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01050.

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Abstract Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) are used to collect scintillation photons in many cryogenic noble liquid detectors deployed around the world, such as DarkSide, nEXO, MEGII, ProtoDUNE and DUNE. An event burst phenomenon was observed during routine characterization on many models of SiPMs operated in liquid nitrogen. These bursts of consecutive pulses are initiated by an intense dark photoelectron pulse with an event rate much lower than the time-uncorrelated thermal dark pulse. Although the rate of these burst events is very low, it can potentially compromise some dedicated rare physics event searches which are also anticipated to be of extremely low rate. Here, we systematically studied the behavior of the event burst phenomenon and identified the probable cause of the phenomenon. This investigation is important for the selection of SiPMs for use in noble liquid detectors, high energy physics experiments, and industrial applications where SiPMs are used in cryogenic environment.

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23

Chepel, V., and H. Araújo. "Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 04 (April 4, 2013): R04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/04/r04001.

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24

Aprile, E. "Dark Matter Detection with Cryogenic Noble Liquids." EAS Publications Series 36 (2009): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/0936031.

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25

Ye, Ziping, Feiyang Zhang, Donglian Xu, and Jianglai Liu. "Unambiguously Resolving the Potential Neutrino Magnetic Moment Signal at Large Liquid Scintillator Detectors." Chinese Physics Letters 38, no. 11 (December 1, 2021): 111401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/38/11/111401.

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Анотація:

Non-vanishing electromagnetic properties of neutrinos have been predicted by many theories beyond the Standard Model, and an enhanced neutrino magnetic moment can have profound implications for fundamental physics. The XENON1T experiment recently detected an excess of electron recoil events in the 1–7 keV energy range, which can be compatible with solar neutrino magnetic moment interaction at a most probable value of μν = 2.1 × 10−11 μ B. However, tritium backgrounds or solar axion interaction in this energy window are equally plausible causes. Upcoming multi-tonne noble liquid detectors will test these scenarios more in depth, but will continue to face similar ambiguity. We report a unique capability of future large liquid scintillator detectors to help resolve the potential neutrino magnetic moment scenario. With O(100) kton⋅year exposure of liquid scintillator to solar neutrinos, a sensitivity of μν < 10−11 μ B can be reached at an energy threshold greater than 40 keV, where no tritium or solar axion events but only neutrino magnetic moment signal is still present.

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26

Cebrián, Susana. "The Role of Small Scale Experiments in the Direct Detection of Dark Matter." Universe 7, no. 4 (March 28, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7040081.

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Анотація:

In the direct detection of the galactic dark matter, experiments using cryogenic solid-state detectors or noble liquids play for years a very relevant role, with increasing target mass and more and more complex detection systems. But smaller projects, based on very sensitive, advanced detectors following new technologies, could help in the exploration of the different proposed dark matter scenarios too. There are experiments focused on the observation of distinctive signatures of dark matter, like an annual modulation of the interaction rates or the directionality of the signal; other ones are intended to specifically investigate low mass dark matter candidates or particular interactions. For this kind of dark matter experiments at small scale, the physics case will be discussed and selected projects will be described, summarizing the basics of their detection methods and presenting their present status, recent results and prospects.

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27

Breskin, A., V. Peskov, M. Cortesi, R. Budnik, R. Chechik, S. Duval, D. Thers, et al. "CsI-THGEM gaseous photomultipliers for RICH and noble-liquid detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 639, no. 1 (May 2011): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.10.034.

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28

Pantic, E., D. Aharoni, K. Arisaka, P. Beltrame, E. Brown, D. Cline, A. Fukasawa, et al. "Status of Qupid, a novel photosensor for noble liquid detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 695 (December 2012): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.11.025.

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29

Grebenuk, A. A. "Liquid noble gas calorimeters for KEDR and CMD-2M detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 453, no. 1-2 (October 2000): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00630-6.

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30

Johnson, Dennis C., and William R. LaCourse. "Pulsed electrochemical detection at noble metal electrodes in liquid chromatography." Electroanalysis 4, no. 4 (April 1992): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140040404.

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31

Cooley, J. "Overview of non-liquid noble direct detection dark matter experiments." Physics of the Dark Universe 4 (September 2014): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2014.10.005.

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32

Szydagis, Matthew, Grant A. Block, Collin Farquhar, Alexander J. Flesher, Ekaterina S. Kozlova, Cecilia Levy, Emily A. Mangus, et al. "A Review of Basic Energy Reconstruction Techniques in Liquid Xenon and Argon Detectors for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics Using NEST." Instruments 5, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5010013.

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Detectors based upon the noble elements, especially liquid xenon as well as liquid argon, as both single- and dual-phase types, require reconstruction of the energies of interacting particles, both in the field of direct detection of dark matter (weakly interacting massive particles WIMPs, axions, etc.) and in neutrino physics. Experimentalists, as well as theorists who reanalyze/reinterpret experimental data, have used a few different techniques over the past few decades. In this paper, we review techniques based on solely the primary scintillation channel, the ionization or secondary channel available at non-zero drift electric fields, and combined techniques that include a simple linear combination and weighted averages, with a brief discussion of the application of profile likelihood, maximum likelihood, and machine learning. Comparing results for electron recoils (beta and gamma interactions) and nuclear recoils (primarily from neutrons) from the Noble Element Simulation Technique (NEST) simulation to available data, we confirm that combining all available information generates higher-precision means, lower widths (energy resolution), and more symmetric shapes (approximately Gaussian) especially at keV-scale energies, with the symmetry even greater when thresholding is addressed. Near thresholds, bias from upward fluctuations matters. For MeV-GeV scales, if only one channel is utilized, an ionization-only-based energy scale outperforms scintillation; channel combination remains beneficial. We discuss here what major collaborations use.

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33

Zhong, Yingying, Xian Wang, Ruyan Zha, Chen Wang, Huijuan Zhang, Yanying Wang, and Chunya Li. "Dual-wavelength responsive photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on ionic liquid functionalized Zn-MOFs and noble metal nanoparticles for the simultaneous detection of multiple tumor markers." Nanoscale 13, no. 45 (2021): 19066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr05782k.

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A dual-wavelength responsive photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on ionic liquid functionalized Zn-MOF microspheres and noble metal nanoparticles was constructed for CEA and CA153 determination with high performances.

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34

Grobov, A. "Machine learning approach to pulse shape discrimination in liquid noble gas detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1390 (November 2019): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1390/1/012110.

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35

Acerbi, Fabio, Giovanni Paternoster, Massimo Capasso, Marco Marcante, Alberto Mazzi, Veronica Regazzoni, Nicola Zorzi, and Alberto Gola. "Silicon Photomultipliers: Technology Optimizations for Ultraviolet, Visible and Near-Infrared Range." Instruments 3, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3010015.

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Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are single-photon sensitive solid-state detectors that are becoming popular for several applications, thanks to massive performance improvements over the last years. Starting as a replacement for the photomultiplier tube (PMT), they are now used in medical applications, big high-energy physics experiments, nuclear physics experiments, spectroscopy, biology and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) applications. Due to different requirements in terms of detection efficiency, noise, etc., several optimizations have been introduced by the manufacturers; for example, spectral sensitivity has been optimized for visible light, near ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet, and near infrared light. Each one of them require specific processes and structural optimization. We present in this paper recent improvements in SiPM performance, owing to a higher cell fill-factor, lower noise, improved silicon materials, and deep trench isolation. We describe issues related to the characterization of analog SiPM, particularly due to the different sources of correlated noise, which have to be distinguished from each other and from the primary pulses. We also describe particular analyses and optimizations conducted for specific applications like the readout of liquid noble gas scintillators, requiring these detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures.

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36

Kumpan, A. V. "Development of Liquid Noble Gas Scintillation Detectors for Studying Coherent Elastic Neutrino–Nucleus Scattering." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 63, no. 5 (September 23, 2020): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441220050188.

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37

Phani, A. R., and M. Pelino. "Effect of noble metals on selective detection of liquid petroleum gas by SnO2." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 7 (July 1998): 1780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0251.

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The present investigation deals with the electrical response of doped SnO2 to improve the selectivity for liquid petroleum gas (LPG) in the presence of CO and CH4, by utilizing noble metal sensitizers such as Pd, Pt, and Rh. SnO2 with the addition of Pd (1.5 wt. %) or Pt (1.5 wt. %) sintered at 800 °C which have shown high sensitivity toward LPG with no cross interference of CO and CH4 at an operating temperature of 350 °C. The results suggest the possibility of utilizing the sensor for the detection of this hydrocarbon gaseous mixture. X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out to evaluate the crystallite size as a function of sintering temperature; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies have been carried out to define the possible chemical species involved in the gas-solid interaction and the sensitivity enhancing mechanism of the SnO2/Pd sensor element toward LPG.

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38

Bueno, A., J. Lozano, A. J. Melgarejo, F. J. Muñoz, J. L. Navarro, S. Navas, and A. G. Ruiz. "Characterization of large area photomultipliers and its application to dark matter search with noble liquid detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 3, no. 01 (January 30, 2008): P01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/3/01/p01006.

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39

Bricola, S., A. Menegolli, M. Prata, M. C. Prata, G. L. Raselli, M. Rossella, and C. Vignoli. "Noble-gas liquid detectors: measurement of light diffusion and reflectivity on commonly adopted inner surface materials." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 172 (October 2007): 260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2007.08.059.

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40

Orò, Juan, and Cristiano B. Cosmovici. "Comets and Life on the Primitive Earth." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100014639.

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AbstractComets may have contributed substantial amounts of water, volatiles and organic precursors such as HCN for the synthesis of biochemical compounds on the primitive Earth. This suggestion followed closely the prebiotic synthesis of adenine, purines and amino acids from HCN. Recent studies on the terrestrial heavy noble gases provide evidence that comets are the principal external source of Earth’s volatiles. During the encounter of comet Halley strong jets of CN, C2, C3and NH2were measured from Earth observatories, and by spacecraft mass spectrometry HCN, formaldehyde, adenine and many other organic compounds were detected, except amino acids. Obviously the latter require liquid water for their formation. Therefore upon capture of comets by the Earth, and melting of the frozen water, the synthesis of most biochemical compounds could take place readily. The detection of water, HCN and other organics of cometary origin after the impact of Comet SL-9 with Jupiter demonstrated the capability of survival of these molecules even after catastrophic events. Thus on the Earth HCN could be converted into purines, cyanacetylene, after hydration and condensation with urea, into pyrimidines, and formaldehyde into monosaccharides. In the presence of phosphates, which have been detected in cometary IDPs, nucleotides could also be synthesized. In conclusion, comets probably provided the necessary molecular precursors for the generation of life on the Earth.

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41

Gong, Zhaoyuan, Yueming Huang, Xianjing Hu, Jianye Zhang, Qilei Chen, and Hubiao Chen. "Recent Progress in Electrochemical Nano-Biosensors for Detection of Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Foods." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010140.

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Pesticide and mycotoxin residues in food are concerning as they are harmful to human health. Traditional methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for such detection lack sensitivity and operation convenience. Efficient, accurate detection approaches are needed. With the recent development of nanotechnology, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials have shown solid ability to detect trace pesticides and mycotoxins quickly and accurately. In this review, English articles about electrochemical biosensors in the past 11 years (2011–2022) were collected from PubMed database, and various nanomaterials are discussed, including noble metal nanomaterials, magnetic metal nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, carbon nanotubes, as well as graphene and its derivatives. Three main roles of such nanomaterials in the detection process are summarized, including biomolecule immobilization, signal generation, and signal amplification. The detection targets involve two types of pesticides (organophosphorus and carbamate) and six types of mycotoxins (aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, and patulin). Although significant achievements have been made in the evolution of electrochemical nano-biosensors, many challenges remain to be overcome.

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42

Nakata, Yoshiki, Koji Tsubakimoto, Noriaki Miyanaga, Aiko Narazaki, Tatsuya Shoji, and Yasuyuki Tsuboi. "Laser-Induced Transfer of Noble Metal Nanodots with Femtosecond Laser-Interference Processing." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020305.

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Noble metal nanodots have been applied to plasmonic devices, catalysts, and highly sensitive detection in bioinstruments. We have been studying the fabrications of them through a laser-induced dot transfer (LIDT) technique, a type of laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), in which nanodots several hundred nm in diameter are produced via a solid–liquid–solid (SLS) mechanism. In the previous study, an interference laser processing technique was applied to LIDT, and aligned Au nanodots were successfully deposited onto an acceptor substrate in a single shot of femtosecond laser irradiation. In the present experiment, Pt thin film was applied to this technique, and the deposited nanodots were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared with the Au nanodots. A typical nanodot had a roundness fr=0.98 and circularity fcirc=0.90. Compared to the previous experiment using Au thin film, the size distribution was more diffuse, and it was difficult to see the periodic alignment of the nanodots in the parameter range of this experiment. This method is promising as a method for producing large quantities of Pt particles with diameters of several hundred nm.

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43

Cheng, Qin, Yong Yang, Yusi Peng, and Meng Liu. "Pt Nanoparticles with High Oxidase-Like Activity and Reusability for Detection of Ascorbic Acid." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061015.

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Noble metal nanoenzymes such as Pt, Au, Pd, etc. exhibit magnificent activity. However, due to the scarce reserves and expensive prices of precious metals, it is essential to investigate their enzyme-like activity and explore the possibility of their reuse. In this work, the oxidase-like activity and reusability of several Pt nanoparticles with different morphologies were detected. We compared the Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of about 30 nm self-assembled by 5 nm Pt nanoparticles and Pt nanoparticles (Pt-0 HCl) with a diameter of about 5 nm, and found that their Michaelis−Menten constants (Km) were close and their initial performance similar, but the Pt NPs had better reusability. This was probably attributed to the stacked structure of Pt NPs, which was conducive to the substance transport and sufficient contact. At the same time, it was found that the size, dispersion, and organic substances adsorbed on the surface of Pt nanoparticles would have a significant impact on their reusability. A colorimetric detection method was designed using the oxidase-like activity of Pt NPs to detect ascorbic acid in triplicate. The limits of detection were 131 ± 15, 144 ± 14, and 152 ± 9 nM, with little difference. This research not only showed that the morphology of the catalyst could be changed and its catalytic performance could be controlled by a simple liquid phase synthesis method, but also that it had great significance for the reuse of Pt nanoenzymes in the field of bioanalysis.

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44

Kavitha, C., K. Bramhaiah, Neena S. John, and Shantanu Aggarwal. "Improved surface-enhanced Raman and catalytic activities of reduced graphene oxide–osmium hybrid nano thin films." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 9 (September 2017): 170353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170353.

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Reduced graphene oxide–osmium (rGO-Os) hybrid nano dendtrites have been prepared by simple liquid/liquid interface method for the first time. The method involves the introduction of phase-transfered metal organic precursor in toluene phase and GO dispersion in the aqueous phase along with hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent. Dendritic networks of Os nanoparticles and their aggregates decorating rGO layers are obtained. The substrate shows improved catalytic and surface-enhanced activities comparable with previous reports. The catalytic activity was tested for the reduction of p -nitroaniline into p -phenyldiamine with an excess amount of NaBH 4 . The catalytic activity factors of these hybrid films are 2.3 s −1 g −1 (Os film) and 4.4 s −1 g −1 (rGO-Os hybrid film), which are comparable with other noble metal nanoparticles such as Au, Ag, but lower than Pd-based catalysts. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements have been done on rhodamine 6G (R6G) and methylene blue dyes. The enhancement factor for the R6G adsorbed on rGO-Os thin film is 1.0 × 10 5 and for Os thin film is 7 × 10 3 . There is a 14-fold enhancement observed for Os hybrids with rGO. The enhanced catalytic and SERS activities of rGO-Os hybrid thin film prepared by simple liquid/liquid interface method open up new challenges in electrocatalytic application and SERS-based detection of biomolecules.

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45

Gola, Alberto, Fabio Acerbi, Massimo Capasso, Marco Marcante, Alberto Mazzi, Giovanni Paternoster, Claudio Piemonte, Veronica Regazzoni, and Nicola Zorzi. "NUV-Sensitive Silicon Photomultiplier Technologies Developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020308.

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Different applications require different customizations of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology. We present a review on the latest SiPM technologies developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK, Trento), characterized by a peak detection efficiency in the near-UV and customized according to the needs of different applications. Original near-UV sensitive, high-density SiPMs (NUV-HD), optimized for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) application, feature peak photon detection efficiency (PDE) of 63% at 420 nm with a 35 um cell size and a dark count rate (DCR) of 100 kHz/mm2. Correlated noise probability is around 25% at a PDE of 50% at 420 nm. It provides a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of 100 ps FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the detection of 511 keV photons, when used for the readout of LYSO(Ce) scintillator (Cerium-doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate) and down to 75 ps FWHM with LSO(Ce:Ca) scintillator (Cerium and Calcium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate). Starting from this technology, we developed three variants, optimized according to different sets of specifications. NUV-HD–LowCT features a 60% reduction of direct crosstalk probability, for applications such as Cherenkov telescope array (CTA). NUV-HD–Cryo was optimized for cryogenic operation and for large photosensitive areas. The reference application, in this case, is the readout of liquid, noble-gases scintillators, such as liquid Argon. Measurements at 77 K showed a remarkably low value of the DCR of a few mHz/mm2. Finally, vacuum-UV (VUV)-HD features an increased sensitivity to VUV light, aiming at direct detection of photons below 200 nm. PDE in excess of 20% at 175 nm was measured in liquid Xenon. In the paper, we discuss the specifications on the SiPM related to different types of applications, the SiPM design challenges and process optimizations, and the results from the experimental characterization of the different, NUV-sensitive technologies developed at FBK.

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46

Kholová, Aneta, Ivona Lhotská, Adéla Uhrová, Ivan Špánik, Andrea Machyňáková, Petr Solich, František Švec, and Dalibor Šatínský. "Determination of Ochratoxin A and Ochratoxin B in Archived Tokaj Wines (Vintage 1959–2017) Using On-Line Solid Phase Extraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography." Toxins 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120739.

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According to the EU legislation, ochratoxin A contamination is controlled in wines. Tokaj wine is a special type of sweet wine produced from botrytized grapes infected by “noble rot” Botrytis cinerea. Although a high contamination was reported in sweet wines and noble rot grapes could be susceptible to coinfection with other fungi, including ochratoxigenic species, no screening of Tokaj wines for mycotoxin contamination has been carried out so far. Therefore, we developed an analytical method for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) and ochratoxin B (OTB) involving online SPE coupled to HPLC-FD using column switching to achieve the fast and sensitive control of mycotoxin contamination. The method was validated with recoveries ranging from 91.6% to 99.1% with an RSD less than 2%. The limits of quantification were 0.1 and 0.2 µg L−1 for OTA and OTB, respectively. The total analysis time of the online SPE-HPLC-FD method was a mere 6 min. This high throughput enables routine analysis. Finally, we carried out an extensive investigation of the ochratoxin contamination in 59 Slovak Tokaj wines of 1959–2017 vintage. Only a few positives were detected. The OTA content in most of the checked wines did not exceed the EU maximum tolerable limit of 2 µg L−1, indicating a good quality of winegrowing and storing.

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47

Jo, Yeong Deuk, Jaihyunk Ryu, Ye-Sol Kim, Kyung-Yun Kang, Min Jeong Hong, Hong-Il Choi, Gah-Hyun Lim, Jin-Baek Kim, and Sang Hoon Kim. "Dramatic Increase in Content of Diverse Flavonoids Accompanied with Down-Regulation of F-Box Genes in a Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.) Mutant Cultivar Producing Dark-Purple Ray Florets." Genes 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080865.

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Anthocyanins (a subclass of flavonoids) and flavonoids are crucial determinants of flower color and substances of pharmacological efficacy, respectively, in chrysanthemum. However, metabolic and transcriptomic profiling regarding flavonoid accumulation has not been performed simultaneously, thus the understanding of mechanisms gained has been limited. We performed HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and transcriptome analyses using “ARTI-Dark Chocolate” (AD), which is a chrysanthemum mutant cultivar producing dark-purple ray florets, and the parental cultivar “Noble Wine” for metabolic characterization and elucidation of the genetic mechanism determining flavonoid content. Among 26 phenolic compounds identified, three cyanidins and eight other flavonoids were detected only in AD. The total amounts of diverse flavonoids were 8.0 to 10.3 times higher in AD. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were not up-regulated in AD at the early flower stage, implying that the transcriptional regulation of the pathway did not cause flavonoid accumulation. However, genes encoding post-translational regulation-related proteins, especially F-box genes in the mutated gene, were enriched among down-regulated genes in AD. From the combination of metabolic and transcriptomic data, we suggest that the suppression of post-translational regulation is a possible mechanism for flavonoid accumulation in AD. These results will contribute to research on the regulation and manipulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in chrysanthemum.

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48

MARWANI, HADI M., AMJAD E. ALSAFRANI, HAMAD A. AL-TURAIF, ABDULLAH M. ASIRI, and SHER BAHADAR KHAN. "Selective extraction and detection of noble metal based on ionic liquid immobilized silica gel surface using ICP-OES." Bulletin of Materials Science 39, no. 4 (July 13, 2016): 1011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1222-y.

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49

Buchanan, Katie Elizabeth, Stefano Sgobba, Michal Dalemir Celuch, Francisco Perez Gomez, Antti Onnela, Pierre Rose, Hans Postema, et al. "Assessment of Two Advanced Aluminium-Based Metal Matrix Composites for Application to High Energy Physics Detectors." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010268.

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The Outer Tracker of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), one of the large experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, will consist of about 13,200 modules, each built up of two silicon sensors. The modules and support structures include thousands of parts that contribute to positioning and cooling the sensors during operation at −30 °C. These parts should be low mass while featuring high thermal conductivity, stiffness and strength. Their thermal expansion coefficient should match that of silicon to avoid deformations during cooling cycles. Due to their unique thermal and mechanical properties, aluminium-carbon fibre (Al/Cf) Metal Matrix Composites are the material of choice to produce such light and stable thermal management components for High Energy Physics detectors. For the CMS Outer Tracker, about 500,000 cm3 of Al/Cf raw material will be required to be produced through a reliable process to guarantee consistent properties throughout parts manufacturing. Two Al/Cf production routes are currently considered: liquid casting by gas-pressure infiltration and a powder metallurgy process based on continuous semi-liquid phase sintering. The dimensional stability of the resulting material is of paramount importance. Irreversible change of shape may be induced by moisture adsorption and the onset of galvanic corrosion at the discontinuous interfaces between Cf and Al. This paper presents the results of an extensive investigation through Computed Microtomography, direct microscopical investigations, analysis of the interfaces and metrology measurements aimed at comparing and interpreting the response to different environments of the respective products. The results obtained confirm the suitability of the two investigated Al/Cf MMCs for application to components of the CMS Outer Tracker, requiring tight geometrical control and microstructural stability over time. However, for PM parts sintered through the semi-liquid phase process, a multilayered protective noble metal coating is necessary the make them impervious to moisture, allowing dimensional stability to be guaranteed and the onset of corrosion phenomena to be avoided, while the product obtained by gas-pressure infiltration has shown less sensitive even to extreme temperature-humidity cycles and may be used uncoated.

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50

Nam, Bomi, Hyun-Jae Jang, Ah-Reum Han, Ye-Ram Kim, Chang-Hyun Jin, Chan-Hun Jung, Kyo-Bin Kang, et al. "Chemical and Biological Profiles of Dendrobium in Two Different Species, Their Hybrid, and Gamma-Irradiated Mutant Lines of the Hybrid Based on LC-QToF MS and Cytotoxicity Analysis." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071376.

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The Dendrobium species (Orchidaceae) has been cultivated as an ornamental plant as well as used in traditional medicines. In this study, the chemical profiles of Dendrobii Herba, used as herbal medicine, Dendrobium in two different species, their hybrid, and the gamma-irradiated mutant lines of the hybrid, were systematically investigated via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF MS). Among the numerous peaks detected, 17 peaks were unambiguously identified. Gigantol (1), (1R,2R)-1,7-hydroxy-2,8-methoxy-2,3-dihydrophenanthrene-4(1H)-one (2), tristin (3), (−)-syringaresinol (4), lusianthridin (5), 2,7-dihydroxy-phenanthrene-1,4-dione (6), densiflorol B (7), denthyrsinin (8), moscatilin (9), lusianthridin dimer (10), batatasin III (11), ephemeranthol A (12), thunalbene (13), dehydroorchinol (14), dendrobine (15), shihunine (16), and 1,5,7-trimethoxy-2-phenanthrenol (17), were detected in Dendrobii Herba, while 1, 2, and 16 were detected in D. candidum, 1, 11, and 16 in D. nobile, and 1, 2, and 16 in the hybrid, D. nobile × candidum. The methanol extract taken of them was also examined for cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells, where Dendrobii Herba showed the greatest cytotoxicity. In the untargeted metabolite analysis of 436 mutant lines of the hybrid, using UPLC-QToF MS and cytotoxicity measurements combined with multivariate analysis, two tentative flavonoids (M1 and M2) were evaluated as key markers among the analyzed metabolites, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines.

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