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Статті в журналах з теми "NMQL"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Shah, Raj, Khosro A. Shirvani, Alexandra Przyborowski, Nikhil Pai, and Mohsen Mosleh. "Role of Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL) in Machining Application." Lubricants 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100266.

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Анотація:

Gaining grounds as a potential heat transfer fluid due to its superior thermal and tribological properties, Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL) has been classified as an environmentally friendly technique and has already been successfully applied in several machining processes. This paper presents a review of the role of NMQL for different machining processes. The mechanisms of the MQL technique are thoroughly explained for achieving optimal performance based on parameters like nozzle feed position, angle of elevation, distance from the nozzle tip to cutting zone, flow rate, and air pressure. NMQL is shown to enhance cooling performance and lubrication, as well as the tribological properties of the fluid and cutting performance. With government legislative and public opinion pushing manufacturing companies towards sustainable production techniques and practices, the implementation of MQL-nanofluid can slowly prevent the adverse effects that conventional cutting fluids contribute.

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2

PADHY, Chinmaya, and Pariniti SINGH. "Estimating Machinability Factors in Turning of Inconel 625 under different lubricating conditions using 3D DEFORM FE Analysis." INCAS BULLETIN 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.1.8.

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Анотація:

This paper contributes to the investigation of machinability factors in turning the nickel- based Inconel 625 superalloy with PVD coated TiAlN tungsten carbide cutting insert. The machinability parameters – cutting force (Fc), tool wear rate (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄), and tool temperature (T) are visualized graphically using the FE model based Deform 3D software interface. The paper discusses the application of boundary conditions, and meshing used for simulating results. The results of the dry turning simulation showed a maximum level of cutting force, tool-tip temperature, and tool wear rate in comparison with conventional MQL and NMQL conditions. The NMQL conditions showed a reduction in cutting force with the use of h-BN NMQL environment compared with dry and conventional MQL machining by 41% and 27%, respectively. Further, the comparison of cutting tool temperature for three simulated conditions showed a clear-cut reduction of temperature in NMQL conditions in comparison with dry and conventional MQL, by 44% and 30%, respectively.

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3

Singh, Talwinder, Jasminder Singh Dureja, Manu Dogra, and Manpreet S. Bhatti. "Environment Friendly Machining of Inconel 625 under Nano-Fluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL)." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 19, no. 11 (November 2018): 1689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-018-0196-7.

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4

Singh, Pragat, J. S. Dureja, Harwinder Singh, and Manpreet S. Bhatti. "Performance comparison of coated carbide tool under different cooling/lubrication environments during face milling of Inconel-625 and Stainless Steel 304." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2018-0194.

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Анотація:

PurposeThis study aims to use nanofluid-based minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) technique to minimize the use of cutting fluids in machining of Inconel-625 and Stainless Steel 304 (SS-304) (Ni-Cr alloys).Design/methodology/approachMachining of Ni-Cr-based alloys is very challenging as these exhibit lower thermal conductivity and rapid work hardening. So, these cannot be machined dry, and a suitable cutting fluid has to be used. To improve the thermal conductivity of cutting fluid, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to the soybean oil and used with MQL. This study attempts to compare tool wear of coated carbide inserts during face milling of Inconel-625 and SS-304 under dry, flooded and NMQL conditions. The machining performance of both materials, i.e. Inconel-625 and SS-304, has been compared on the basis of tool wear behavior evaluated using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy.FindingsThe results indicate higher tool wear and lower tool life during machining of Inconel-625 as compared to SS-304. Machining of Inconel-625 exhibited non-consistent tool wear behavior. The tool failure modes experienced during dry machining are discrete fracture, cracks, etc., which are completely eliminated with the use of NMQL machining. In addition, less adhesion wear and abrasion marks are noticed as compared to dry and flooded machining, thereby enhancing the tool life.Research limitations/implicationsInconel-625 and SS-304 have specific applications in aircraft and aerospace industry, where sculptured surfaces of the turbine blades are machined. The results of current investigation will provide a rich data base for effective machining of both materials under variety of machining conditions.Originality/valueThe literature review indicated that majority of research work on MQL machining has been carried out to explore machining of Ni-Cr alloys such as Inconel 718, Inconel 800, AISI4340, AISI316, AISI1040, AISI430, titanium alloys, hardened steel alloys and Al alloys. Few researchers have explored the suitability of nanofluids and vegetable oil-based cutting fluids in metal cutting operation. However, no literature is available on face milling using nanoparticle-based MQL during machining Inconel-625 and SS-304. Therefore, experimental investigation was conducted to examine the machining performance of NMQL during face milling of Inconel-625 and SS-304 by using soybean oil (vegetable oil) with MWCNTs to achieve ecofriendly machining.

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5

Jia, Dongzhou, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang, Min Yang, Xianpeng Zhang, Runze Li, and Heju Ji. "Experimental evaluation of surface topographies of NMQL grinding ZrO2 ceramics combining multiangle ultrasonic vibration." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 100, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2018): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2718-y.

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6

Taha-Tijerina, Jose Jaime, and Immanuel A. Edinbarough. "Comparative Cutting Fluid Study on Optimum Grinding Parameters of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Using Flood, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), and Nanofluid MQL (NMQL)." Lubricants 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060250.

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Анотація:

Titanium alloys have been of paramount interest to the aerospace industry due to their attractive characteristics. However, these alloys are difficult to machine and require grinding post-processes for quality assurance of the products. Conventional grinding takes a long time and uses a flood coolant-lubrication technique, which is not cost effective nor environmentally friendly. Several studies have been performed to prove the viability and benefit of using Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) with vegetable or synthetic-ester fluids. This work aims to find the optimum grinding parameters of creep feed grinding Ti-6Al-4V with a green silicon carbide wheel, using a flood lubrication system with water-soluble synthetic oil, MQL with ester oil, and nano-MQL (NMQL) using alumina-nanopowder homogeneously dispersed within an ester oil. It is concluded that at 0.635 mm and 1.27 mm infeeds, the three lubrication methods performed similarly. At an infeed of 1.905 mm, MQL did not provide desirable quality, though NMQL and flood lubrication performed practically identically. At a cross feed of 0.254 mm, an infeed of 1.27 mm, and a table feed rate of 6.7 m/min, these grinding parameters provide a material removal rate of 2163 mm3/min with a surface roughness across (Ra) of 0.515 µm. These parameters provide the quickest material removal rate while still maintaining industrial quality. This conclusion is based on environmental, economic, and qualitative results.

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7

Singh, P., J. S. Dureja, H. Singh, and M. S. Bhatti. "Nanofluid-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Face Milling of Inconel 625." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 6874–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.04.0516.

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Анотація:

Machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has gained widespread attention to boost machining performance of difficult to machine materials such as Ni-Cr alloys, especially to reduce the negative impact of conventional flooded machining on environment and machine operator health. The present study is aimed to evaluate MQL face milling performance of Inconel 625 using nano cutting fluid based on vegetable oil mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Experiments were designed with 2-level factorial design methodology. ANOVA test and desirability optimisation method were employed to arrive at optimised milling parameters to achieve minimum tool wear and machined surface quality. Experiments were performed under nanoparticles based minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) conditions using different weight concentrations of MWCNT in base oil: 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 wt. %; and pure MQL environment (without nanoparticles). The optimal MQL milling parameters found are cutting speed: 47 m/min, table feed rate: 0.05 mm/tooth and depth of cut: 0.20 mm. The results revealed improvement in the surface finish (Ra) by 17.33% and reduction in tool flank wear (VB) by 11.48 % under NMQL face milling of Inconel 625 with 1% weight concentration of MWCNT in base oil compared to pure MQL machining conditions.

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8

Kumar, Avinash, Anuj Kumar Sharma, and Jitendra Kumar Katiyar. "State-of-the-Art in Sustainable Machining of Different Materials Using Nano Minimum Quality Lubrication (NMQL)." Lubricants 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020064.

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Анотація:

In the manufacturing industry, during machining, the conventional cutting fluid plays a vital role; however, extravagant use of cutting fluids due to its disposal affects the environment badly. Nowadays, due to these advantages of conventional cutting fluids, alternative methods of conventional cutting fluids or alternative methods are preferred. One of the most preferred methods may be the minimum quantity lubrication technique with conventional or nanoparticle-enriched cutting fluids. The present paper has a compilation of the investigations based on MQL application in different machining processes such as turning, milling, grinding, and drilling. The machining also involves hard-to-machine alloys. The paper discusses cryogenic MQL in brief and opens the domain for work in future. The purpose of this paper is to provide a quick reference for researchers working on the practical use of MQL lubricants with nanopowders dissolved and their application in machining for different materials.

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9

Singh, Talwinder, J. S. Dureja, Manu Dogra, and Manpreet S. Bhatti. "Multi-response optimization in environment friendly turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 15, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 538–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-07-2018-0139.

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Анотація:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on tool flank wear and machined surface quality of AISI 304 stainless steel during environment friendly turning under nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) conditions using PVD-coated carbide cutting inserts. Design/methodology/approach Turning experiments are conducted as per the central composite rotatable design under the response surface methodology. ANOVA and regression analysis are employed to examine significant cutting parameters and develop mathematical models for VB (tool flank wear) and Ra (surface roughness). Multi-response desirability optimization approach is used to investigate optimum turning parameters for simultaneously minimizing VB and Ra. Findings Optimal input turning parameters are observed as follows: cutting speed: 168.06 m/min., feed rate: 0.06 mm/rev. and depth of cut: 0.25 mm with predicted optimal output response factors: VB: 106.864 µm and Ra: 0.571 µm at the 0.753 desirability level. ANOVA test reveals depth of cut and cutting speed-feed rate interaction as statistically significant factors influencing tool flank wear, whereas cutting speed is a dominating factor affecting surface roughness. Confirmation tests show 5.70 and 3.71 percent error between predicted and experimental examined values of VB and Ra, respectively. Research limitations/implications AISI 304 is a highly consumed grade of stainless steel in aerospace components, chemical equipment, nuclear industry, pressure vessels, food processing equipment, paper industry, etc. However, AISI 304 stainless steel is considered as a difficult-to-cut material because of its high strength, rapid work hardening and low heat conductivity. This leads to lesser tool life and poor surface finish. Consequently, the optimization of machining parameters is necessary to minimize tool wear and surface roughness. The results obtained in this research can be used as turning database for the above-mentioned industries for attaining a better machined surface quality and tool performance under environment friendly machining conditions. Practical implications Turning of AISI 304 stainless steel under NMQL conditions results in environment friendly machining process by maintaining a dry, healthy, clean and pollution free working area. Originality/value Machining of AISI 304 stainless steel under vegetable oil-based NMQL conditions has not been investigated previously.

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10

Nouzil, Ibrahim, Abdelkrem Eltaggaz, Salman Pervaiz, and Ibrahim Deiab. "Toxicity Analysis of Nano-Minimum Quantity Lubrication Machining—A Review." Lubricants 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10080176.

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Анотація:

The lubrication properties of nanoparticles are of great interest to the manufacturing industry and led to the development of the nano-minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) cooling strategy. To evaluate the sustainability characteristics of nano-minimum quantity lubrication, apart from analyzing the benefits of increasing machining efficiency, it is also essential to evaluate the potential detrimental effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. Existing literature provides substantial data on the benefits of nano-minimum quantity lubrication machining. However, the current literature does not provide researchers in the machining sector a comprehensive analysis of the toxicity of the nanoparticles used in nano-minimum quantity lubrication. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review that addresses the toxicity levels of the most frequently used nanoparticles in NMQL machining. To understand the impacts of nanoparticles on the human body and the environment, in vitro studies that evaluate the nanoparticles’ toxicity on human cells and in vitro/in vivo studies on other living organisms are considered. The results from toxicity studies on each of the chosen nanoparticles are summarized and presented in chronological order. The reviewed studies indicate transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2 and WS2) exhibit very low toxicity when compared to other nanoparticles. The toxicity of hBN and AL2O3 nanoparticles varies depending on their lengths and crystalline structures, respectively. In conclusion, a chart that maps the toxicity levels of nanoparticles on seven different human cell lines (human lung epithelial cells (A549), human bronchial epithelial cells (Nl-20), AGS human gastric cells, human epidermal cells (HEK), human liver-derived cells (HepG2), human endothelial cells and human peripheral cells), representing exposures by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact, was developed for easy and quick insights. This is the first attempt in open literature to combine the results of the experimental investigations of nano-minimum quantity lubrication cooling and the toxicity studies of nanoparticles, allowing researchers to make informed decisions in the selection of the most sustainable nanoparticles in the nano-minimum quantity lubrication machining process.

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11

Yin, Qingan, Changhe Li, Lan Dong, Xiufang Bai, Yanbin Zhang, Min Yang, Dongzhou Jia, Yali Hou, Yonghong Liu, and Runze Li. "Effects of the physicochemical properties of different nanoparticles on lubrication performance and experimental evaluation in the NMQL milling of Ti–6Al–4V." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 99, no. 9-12 (September 19, 2018): 3091–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2611-8.

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12

Çamlı, Kerem Yavuz, Recep Demirsöz, Mehmet Boy, Mehmet Erdi Korkmaz, Nafiz Yaşar, Khaled Giasin, and Danil Yurievich Pimenov. "Performance of MQL and Nano-MQL Lubrication in Machining ER7 Steel for Train Wheel Applications." Lubricants 10, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10040048.

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In the rail industry, there are four types of steel grades used for monoblock wheels, namely ER6, ER7, ER8 and ER9. ER7 steel is manufactured in accordance with the EN13262 standard and is utilized in European railway lines. These train wheels are formed by pressing and rolling after which they are machined using turning process to achieve their final dimensions. However, machining ER7 steels can be challenging due to their high mechanical properties, which can facilitate rapid tool wear and thermal cracking. Therefore, while the use of coolants is critical to improving their machinability, using conventional flood coolants adds extra operational costs, energy and waste. An alternative is to use minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) cooling technology, which applies small amounts of coolant mixed with air to the cutting zone, leaving a near-dry machined surface. In the current study, preliminary tests were undertaken under dry conditions and using coated carbide inserts to determine the optimal cutting parameters for machining ER7 steel. The impact of the cutting speed and feed rate on surface roughness (Ra), energy consumption and cutting temperature were investigated and used as a benchmark to determine the optimal cutting parameters. Next, additional machining tests were conducted using MQL and nano-MQL cooling technologies to determine their impact on the aforementioned machining outputs. According to preliminary tests, and within the tested range of the cutting parameters, using a cutting speed of 300 m/min and a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev resulted in minimal surface roughness. As a result, using these optimal cutting parameters with MQL and Nano-MQL (NMQL) cooling technologies, the surface roughness was further reduced by 24% and 34%, respectively, in comparison to dry conditions. Additionally, tool wear was reduced by 34.1% and 37.6%, respectively. The overall results from this study demonstrated the feasibility of using MQL coolants as a sustainable machining alternative for steel parts for rail wheel applications. In addition, the current study highlight the enhanced performance of MQL cooling technology with the addition of nano additives.

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13

Mendes, João P., Luís C. C. Coelho, Pedro A. S. Jorge, and Carlos M. Pereira. "Differential Refractometric Biosensor for Reliable Human IgG Detection: Proof of Concept." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070515.

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A new sensing platform based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) for direct, fast, and selective detection of human immunoglobulin G (IgG; Mw = 150 KDa) was developed and characterized. The transducer’s high selectivity is based on the specific interaction of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIPs) design for IgG detection. The sensing scheme is based on differential refractometric measurements, including a correction system based on a non-imprinted polymer (NIP)-coated LPFG, allowing reliable and more sensitive measurements, improving the rejection of false positives in around 30%. The molecular imprinted binding sites were performed on the surface of a LPFG with a sensitivity of about 130 nm/RIU and a FOM of 16 RIU−1. The low-cost and easy to build device was tested in a working range from 1 to 100 nmol/L, revealing a limit of detection (LOD) and a sensitivity of 0.25 nmol/L (0.037 µg/mL) and 0.057 nm.L/nmol, respectively. The sensor also successfully differentiates the target analyte from the other abundant elements that are present in the human blood plasma.

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14

Cairo, Fabrizio, Marco Vacca, Giovanna Turvani, Maurizio Zamboni, and Mariagrazia Graziano. "Domain Wall Interconnections for NML." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 25, no. 11 (November 2017): 3067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2739748.

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15

Vithoulkas, G. "Medically qualified vs NMQ homoeopaths." British Homoeopathic journal 86, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(97)80022-1.

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16

Meridith, Frank. "Response to John Hughes-Games from a NMQP." British Homeopathic Journal 87, no. 2 (1998): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bhj.5800217.

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17

Meredith, Frank. "Response to John Hughes-Games from a NMQP." British Homeopathic Journal 87, no. 02 (April 1998): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0217.

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18

Musser, Jeremy, Ezra Kissel, Martin Swany, Joe Breen, Jason Stidd, Shawn McKee, and Benjeman Meekhof. "Applying OSiRIS NMAL to Network Slices on SLATE." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 07055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024507055.

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The Network Management Abstraction Layer (NMAL) extends perfSONAR capabilities to include automated network topology discovery and tracking in the Unified Network Information Service (UNIS), and incorporate Software Defined Networking (SDN) into overall operations of the OSiRIS distributed Ceph infrastructure. We deploy perfSONAR components both within OSiRIS and at our “client” locations to allow monitoring and measuring the networks interconnecting science domain users and OSiRIS components. Topology discovery (using an SDN controller application) and Flange Network Orchestration (NOS) rules are used to dynamically manage network pathing in our testbed environments. NMAL components have been containerized to operate within the Services Layer at the Edge (SLATE) infrastructure, and we describe our experiences in packaging and deploying our services.

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19

Larsson, Kjell, Tord Möller, S. Berg, I. Berntsson, E. Eklund, B. Hald, K.-G. Jacobsson, et al. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ochratoxin A in Barley, Wheat Bran, and Rye by the AOAC/IUPAC/NMKL Method: NMKL Collaborative Study1." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 1102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.5.1102.

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Abstract In an inter laboratory study of the AOAC/lnternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)/ Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL) liquid chromatographic method for ochratoxin A (OTA), 3 spiked samples each of wheat bran and rye and 3 naturally contaminated barley samples with expected OTA contents between 2 and 9 μg/kg were analyzed by 12 European laboratories. Mean recoveries ranged from 64 to 72%. Within-laboratory standard deviations were 21,17, and 12% for wheat bran, rye, and barley, respectively. Corresponding between-laboratory standard deviations were 23-28,20-28, and 18-31%. Horwitz ratio values ranged from 0.50 to 0.77. The method was accepted as an official NMKL method for determining OTA at ≥2 μg/kg in cereals and cereal products.

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20

Hilchie, Douglas W. "NML-The Hope for Production Prediction." Journal of Petroleum Technology 40, no. 03 (March 1, 1988): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/17092-pa.

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21

Weidemaier, W. M. C. "Sovereign debt after NML v Argentina." Capital Markets Law Journal 8, no. 2 (March 12, 2013): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmt004.

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22

Hope, A., and P. A. Farling. "Conversion of pH to H+concentration in nmol/litre." Anaesthesia 45, no. 8 (August 1990): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14433.x.

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23

Pandey, Anjana, Neha Srivastava, and Pallavi Sinha. "Optimization of hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides NMBL-01." Biomass and Bioenergy 37 (February 2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.005.

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24

Mortensen, Anna Birthe, and Harriet Wallin. "Gravimetric Determination of Ash in Foods: NMKL Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 3 (May 1, 1989): 481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.3.481.

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Abstract A gravimetric method for the determination of ash was collaboratively studied in 14 laboratories. The food is ashed at 550 °C to constant weight and the ash is determined by weighing. Seven samples of various food commodities with estimated ash contents varying between low and high (0.07-8.0 g/100 g) were included in the study. The relative standard deviations for reproducibility varied, ranging from 1.0 and 1.3 for ash contents of 7.2 and 8.0 g/100 g, to 11 ± 1% for low ash contents of 0.07 and 0.27 g/100 g.

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25

Edberg, Ulla, Maija-Liisa Anttonen, Karen Berg-Nilsen, Karin Blomberg, Karl Olav Gjerstad, Tomas Gustavsson, Per Joner, et al. "Enzymatic Determination of Sulfite in Foods: NMKL Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.1.53.

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Abstract An enzymatic method for the determination of sulfite in foods was collaboratively studied in Nordic industry and government laboratories. The sulfite in liquid foods or extracts of solid foods is analyzed according to the following principle: Sulfite ions are oxidized to sulfate ions by oxygen in the presence of sulfite oxidase, thereby forming hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is transformed to water by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in the presence of NADH peroxidase. In this reaction, NAD+ is formed (and NADH is consumed) in amounts proportional to the sulfite concentration. Consumption of NADH can be measured spectro photo metrically at 340 nm. The method was collaboratively tested in 2 separate studies with high and low levels of sulfite tested. Results of both studies are reported here. The study samples consisted of potato flakes, wine, juice, and dried apples containing between 0 and about 960 mg SCVkg. Eleven laboratories participated in the full study and analyzed 12 samples. Six laboratories analyzed 8 samples in the complementary study. Before statistical evaluation of the collaborative study data, results were adjusted for the time-dependent decrease of sulfite in the case of materials with high sulfite content (dried apples and wine). For 2 blind duplicate samples of wine containing 75 mg S02/kg, the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDR, within-laboratory variation) was 3.9%. Relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR, between-laboratory variation) was 7.6%. For 2 samples of dried apples containing 800 and 960 mg S02/kg, an RSDr value of 13.3% and an RSDR value of 13.9% were calculated. The corresponding parameters for 2 juice samples containing about 270 mg S02/kg were 4.8 and 10.4% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively.

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26

Sjoberg, Anna-Maija K., and Timo A. Alanko. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Cyclamate in Foods: NMKL Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.3.588.

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Abstract A spectrophotometric method for the determination of cyclamate was collaboratively studied in 9 laboratories. Ethyl acetate is added to extract cyclamate from acidic aqueous solution into water, and the cyclamate is then quantitatively converted to /V,./V-dichlorocyclohexylamine by adding excess hypochlorite. A',A'-Dichlorocyclohexylamine is determined by measuring its UV absorption at 314 nm. Six samples, 3 soft drinks with cyclamate levels of 0.36-0.47 g/kg and 3 jams with levels of 1.23-1.50 g/kg, were included in the study. Average recoveries of cyclamate were 99.7% in the soft drinks and 103.8% in the jams. Reproducibility coefficients of variation were 6.7% for the soft drinks and 4.4% for the jams.

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27

Pandey, A., S. Dolly, D. Semwal, and A. Pandey. "Effect of pH on optimization of photofermentative hydrogen production by co-culture of Rhodobacter sphaeroides-NMBL-02 and Bacillus firmus-NMBL-03." Cellular and Molecular Biology 63, no. 6 (July 31, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2017.63.6.14.

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28

Kang, Ji Hwan, Young Doo Kim, Jinhong Lee, and Sangil Lee. "Long-term Stability Assessment of Dimethyl Sulfide Primary Reference Gas Mixtures in Varying Aluminum Cylinder Treatments (at nmol mol-1 Levels)." Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2021.37.2.263.

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29

Blumrosen, Alexander, and Fleur Malet-Deraedt. "NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 3 (July 2013): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.3.0638.

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In three cases decided on the same day, the French Court of Cassation held that the provisional attachments of funds belonging to the Republic of Argentina by NML Capital Ltd. (NML) were void on the ground of sovereign immunity from enforcement because the funds were intended to finance state noncommercial activities and had not been subject to an express waiver of immunity by Argentina. These cases are the first judicial application by the Court of Cassation of the 2004 United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004 UN Convention), which France signed on January 17, 2007, and ratified on June 28, 2011.

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30

Buchheit, Lee C., and G. Mitu Gulati. "Restructuring sovereign debt after NML v Argentina." Capital Markets Law Journal 12, no. 2 (April 2017): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmx018.

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31

Ricketts, Brian W., and Marvin E. Cage. "Quantized Hall resistance measurement at the NML." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-36, no. 2 (June 1987): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1987.6312678.

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32

Brown, Robert J. S. "The Earth's-field NML development at Chevron." Concepts in Magnetic Resonance 13, no. 6 (2001): 344–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmr.1020.

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33

Naito, Toshio, Tomoaki Karasudani, Naoki Nagayama, Keishi Ohara, Kensuke Konishi, Shigeki Mori, Takahiro Takano, et al. "Giant Photoconductivity in NMQ[Ni(dmit)2]." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2014, no. 24 (May 27, 2014): 4000–4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201402035.

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34

Sinha, Pallavi, and Anjana Pandey. "Biohydrogen production from various feedstocks by Bacillus firmus NMBL-03." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 14 (May 2014): 7518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.134.

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35

Dolly, Suman, Anjana Pandey, Bishnu Kumar Pandey, and Ram Gopal. "Process parameter optimization and enhancement of photo-biohydrogen production by mixed culture of Rhodobacter sphaeroides NMBL-02 and Escherichia coli NMBL-04 using Fe-nanoparticle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 46 (December 2015): 16010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.089.

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36

Nakazawa, H., S. Mitani, K. Takanashi, H. Nakajima, A. Osawa, and H. Fujimori. "Fabrication of (Fe(nML)/Au(nML)) (n=1,2,3) on Au(111) by Monatomic Layer Deposition and Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 20, no. 2 (1996): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.20.353.

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37

Shiv O. Prasher and Chandra Madramootoo. "Applications of the Numerical Method of Lines (NMOL) in Soil Hydrology." Transactions of the ASAE 30, no. 1 (1987): 0198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30427.

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38

Pandey, Anjana, Kiran Gupta, and Ashutosh Pandey. "Effect of nanosized TiO2 on photofermentation by Rhodobacter sphaeroides NMBL-02." Biomass and Bioenergy 72 (January 2015): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.10.021.

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39

Giri, Davide, Marco Vacca, Giovanni Causapruno, Maurizio Zamboni, and Mariagrazia Graziano. "Modeling, Design, and Analysis of MagnetoElastic NML Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 15, no. 6 (November 2016): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2016.2619377.

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40

Danchi, W. C., W. H. Green, D. D. S. Hale, K. McElroy, J. D. Monnier, P. G. Tuthill, and C. H. Townes. "Proper Motions of Dust Shells Surrounding NML Cygni." Astrophysical Journal 555, no. 1 (July 2001): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/322237.

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41

Petch, T. N. "NML v Argentina in an English legal setting." Capital Markets Law Journal 9, no. 3 (June 13, 2014): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmu017.

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42

Small, Greig W. "Twenty years of SI ohm determinations at NML." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-36, no. 2 (June 1987): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1987.6312666.

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43

Mauro, Maria Rosaria. "SOVEREIGN DEFAULT AND LITIGATION: NML CAPITAL V. ARGENTINA." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 24, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000081a.

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In recent times private creditors have increasingly begun to resort to litigation against States in case of sovereign debt default. One of the most complex recent cases concerns the legal proceedings brought against Argentina by NML Capital Limited before the courts of the United States (US). The plaintiffs are primarily “vulture funds”, seeking profit by buying heavily discounted distressed debt, that have rejected the restructuring terms accepted by the majority of Argentina’s creditors. There are two main questions at the heart of the present dispute: sovereign immunity and the alleged breach of the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), and the interpretation of the pari passu clause. The US Supreme Court held that the FSIA does not limit the scope of discovery against foreign sovereign assets and rejected Argentina’s petition for certiorari to review the Second Circuit decision upholding the injunction orders that required Argentina to pay NML Capital and the other plaintiffs whenever it pays the holders of its restructured debt. This comment assesses the approach of the US courts in relation to discovery and their interpretation of the pari passu provision. In particular, it argues that the outcome of this legal battle threatens future sovereign debt restructurings and confirms the gravity of the lack of a binding central restructuring mechanism.

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44

Zubko, Viktor, Di Li, Tanya Lim, Helmut Feuchtgruber, and Martin Harwit. "Observations of Water Vapor Outflow from NML Cygnus." Astrophysical Journal 610, no. 1 (July 20, 2004): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421700.

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45

Geng, G. Q., G. R. Mehuys, and S. O. Prasher. "PREDICTING HEAT AND WATER FLOW IN A FREEZING/THAWING SOIL WITH NMOL." Canadian Water Resources Journal 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2101069.

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46

Liaskos, Christina, George Rhoderick, Joseph Hodges, Antonio Possolo, Cassie Goodman, Yong Doo Kim, Dal Ho Kim, et al. "CCQM-K121 - Monoterpenes in nitrogen at 2.5 nmol mol-1 final report." Metrologia 55, no. 1A (January 1, 2018): 08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/55/1a/08019.

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47

Merino, Leonardo, Ulla Edberg, Georg Fuchs, Per Åman, G. Corbari, L. Dahlberg, V. Da-Riz, et al. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Residual Nitrite/Nitrate in Foods: NMKL Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.2.365.

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Abstract Nitrite and nitrate are used as additives in the food industry to provide color and taste and to control undesirable gas and flavor production by anaerobic bacteria by virtue of their antimicrobial properties. The analytical method that has been widely used to determine nitrite and nitrate involves the use of toxic cadmium. In response to a request from the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, a study was performed to obtain an alternative chromatographic method to determine residual nitrite and nitrate in meat products. The study was done in 3 stages: (1) comparative evaluation of the performance of 3 liquid chromatographic methods, (2) internal validation of the selected ion chromatographic method, and (3) a collaborative study in which 17 laboratories from European countries participated. Furthermore, the applicability of the method to matrixes other than meat and meat products was demonstrated. The results of the collaborative study show that the European Prestandard prENV 12014-4 is well suited for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in different foods (e.g., meat products, vegetables, baby food, and cheese). The limits of detection for nitrite and nitrate ions are 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Recoveries of residual nitrite/nitrate ranged from 96 to 108%. Repeatability and reproducibility were satisfactory.

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48

Sjoberg, Anna-Maija K., and Timo A. Alanko. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Saccharin in Beverages and Sweets: NMKL Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.1.58.

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Abstract A reverse phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of saccharin in a soft drink and a juice was collaboratively studied in 8 laboratories. Collaborators were supplied with 3 samples of the soft drink and 3 samples of the juice containing sodium saccharin levels of 40-100 mg/L. Average recoveries of sodium saccharin were 95.3% for the soft drink and 98.0% for the juice. The reproducibility coefficients of variation were 16.9% for the soft drink and 10.4% for the juice. In addition, a mini-collaborative study was conducted for the determination of saccharin in 3 samples of sweets produced commercially. Five collaborators analyzed the samples, which contained saccharin at levels of 100-600 mg/kg according to the maker's specifications. Saccharin was extracted with water and ethanol and chromatographed using a modified liquid chromatographic method. The reproducibility coefficient of variation was 12.4% for the sweets.

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49

Kontkanen, Petri, Hannes Wettig, and Petri Myllymäki. "NML Computation Algorithms for Tree-Structured Multinomial Bayesian Networks." EURASIP Journal on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology 2007 (2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/90947.

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50

Burn, L. "Pari passu clauses: English law after NML v Argentina." Capital Markets Law Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmt029.

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