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Готові списки джерел за темами / Nitrogen Metabolism / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Nitrogen Metabolism"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 27 липня 2024

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1

Takahashi, Mikio, and Yatsuka Saijo. "Nitrogen metabolism in Lake Kizaki, Japan V. The role of nitrogen fixation in nitrogen requirement of phytoplankton." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 112, no. 1 (March 24, 1988): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/112/1988/43.

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2

Scott, TA. "Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism." Biochemical Education 16, no. 1 (January 1988): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(88)90042-8.

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3

Elmerich, C. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism." Biochimie 70, no. 8 (August 1988): 1121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(88)90275-1.

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4

Roberts, E. H. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism." Agricultural Systems 27, no. 4 (January 1988): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(88)90041-8.

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5

Johnson, C. B. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism." Phytochemistry 27, no. 5 (January 1988): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80250-4.

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6

Zhang, Jinjing, Xinyi Zhuo, Qian Wang, Hao Ji, Hui Chen, and Haibo Hao. "Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production and Gene Expression under Straw-State Cultivation in Stropharia rugosoannulata." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 10089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210089.

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Stropharia rugosoannulata has been used in environmental engineering to degrade straw in China. The nitrogen and carbon metabolisms are the most important factors affecting mushroom growth, and the aim of this study was to understand the effects of different nitrogen levels on carbon metabolism in S. rugosoannulata using transcriptome analysis. The mycelia were highly branched and elongated rapidly in A3 (1.37% nitrogen). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism; nitrogen metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; the MAPK signaling pathway; hydrolase activity on glycosyl bonds; and hemicellulose metabolic processes. The activities of nitrogen metabolic enzymes were highest in A1 (0.39% nitrogen) during the three nitrogen levels (A1, A2 and A3). However, the activities of cellulose enzymes were highest in A3, while the hemicellulase xylanase activity was highest in A1. The DEGs associated with CAZymes, starch and sucrose metabolism and the MAPK signaling pathway were also most highly expressed in A3. These results suggested that increased nitrogen levels can upregulate carbon metabolism in S. rugosoannulata. This study could increase knowledge of the lignocellulose bioconversion pathways and improve biodegradation efficiency in Basidiomycetes.

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7

Kimble, Linda K., and Michael T. Madigan. "Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism in heliobacteria." Archives of Microbiology 158, no. 3 (August 1992): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00290810.

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8

IWATA, Katsuya. "Nitrogen metabolism of fishes." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 15, no. 3 (1998): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.15.184.

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9

Fagard, M., A. Launay, G. Clement, J. Courtial, A. Dellagi, M. Farjad, A. Krapp, M. C. Soulie, and C. Masclaux-Daubresse. "Nitrogen metabolism meets phytopathology." Journal of Experimental Botany 65, no. 19 (July 30, 2014): 5643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru323.

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10

Bonete, María, Rosa Martínez-Espinosa, Carmen Pire, Basilio Zafrilla, and David J. Richardson. "Nitrogen metabolism in haloarchaea." Saline Systems 4, no. 1 (2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-4-9.

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11

Oaks, A., and B. Hirel. "Nitrogen Metabolism in Roots." Annual Review of Plant Physiology 36, no. 1 (June 1985): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.36.060185.002021.

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12

Benyajati, Siribhinya. "Nitrogen metabolism and excretion." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 7, no. 4 (May 1996): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(96)85670-0.

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13

Smith, Terence A. "Nitrogen metabolism of plants." Phytochemistry 33, no. 1 (April 1993): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85438-w.

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14

Slaytor, Michael, and Douglas J. Chappell. "Nitrogen metabolism in termites." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 107, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(94)90218-6.

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15

Dhillon, K. S., B. A. Yagodeen, and V. A. Vernichenko. "Micronutrients and nitrogen metabolism." Plant and Soil 103, no. 1 (March 1987): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02370667.

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16

Meirinawati, Hanny. "TRANSFORMASI NITROGEN DI LAUT." OSEANA 42, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2017.vol.42no.1.37.

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NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT. Nitrogen transformations are undertaken by marine organisms as part of their metabolisms, either to obtain nitrogen to synthesize structural components or to gain energy for their growth. Nitrogen can stimulate primer productivity in an aquatic ecosystem. Increasing human activities can cause the increase of the number of nitrogen in the ocean. The increased input of nitrogen which is often accompanied by oxygen limitation has a strong negative effect on benthic metabolism and nitrogen mineralization. The ocean’s nitrogen cycle is driven by complex microbial transformations, including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, nitrification, anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) and denitrification.

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17

Sui, Yanghui, Jiping Gao, and Quanyu Shang. "Characterization of nitrogen metabolism and photosynthesis in a stay-green rice cultivar." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 6 (June 19, 2019): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/202/2019-pse.

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A field experiment was carried out in the years 2008–2011 in China to assess the nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities and photosynthetic characteristics in stable-yielding stay-green rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Shennong196. The results showed that higher levels of nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity, and glutamine synthetase activity occurred in leaves of cv. Shennong196 compared with cv. Toyonishiki (control). Leaf color of cv. Shennong196 was positively correlated with nitrogen levels and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde contents were 18.53 unit/g fresh weight and 3.32 nmol/g, respectively, which were lower in flag leaves of cv. Shennong196 than cv. Toyonishiki. Cv. Shennong196 had a higher level of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, and transpiration rate in flag leaves of diurnal variation of photosynthesis at the ripening stage. The high net photosynthetic rate in cv. Shennong196 was positively correlated with the stomatal density of flag leaves (P < 0.01). Considering the yield-increasing potential and to prevent premature senescence of crop, these traits of cv. Shennong196 are useful for improved rice cultivar.

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18

Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia, and M. D. Stern. "Nitrogen Metabolism in the Rumen." Journal of Dairy Science 88 (April 2005): E9—E21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73133-7.

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19

van Kempen, T. A. T. G., D. H. Baker, and E. van Heugten. "Nitrogen losses in metabolism trials." Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2003.81102649x.

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20

Feller, Urs, and Andreas Fischer. "Nitrogen Metabolism in Senescing Leaves." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 1994): 241–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689409701916.

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21

Feller, Urs. "Nitrogen metabolism - the ecological context." New Phytologist 151, no. 2 (August 2001): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00203.x.

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22

Richardson, David J., and Nicholas J. Watmough. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in bacteria." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 3, no. 2 (April 1999): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(99)80034-9.

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23

Feller, U., and A. Fischer. "Nitrogen Metabolism in Senescing Leaves." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13, no. 3 (1994): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713608059.

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24

Maghrabi, Y. M. S., A. E. Younis, and F. S. Abozinah. "Nitrogen metabolism in tomato seedlings." Plant and Soil 85, no. 3 (October 1985): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02220194.

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25

Maghrabi, Y. M. S., A. E. Younis, and F. S. Abozinah. "Nitrogen metabolism in tomato seedlings." Plant and Soil 85, no. 3 (October 1985): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02220195.

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26

Mitch, William E., and Y. Hara. "Abnormal nitrogen metabolism in uremia." Journal of Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 21, no. 12 (1988): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt1985.21.1097.

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27

Kucherenko, M. "Nitrogen metabolism in saline soils." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11027.

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28

Lorenzi, M., A. De Martino, F. Carlucci, A. Tabucchi, B. Porcelli, M. Pizzichini, E. Marinell, and R. Pagani. "Nitrogen metabolism during liver regeneration." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1157, no. 1 (May 1993): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(93)90072-g.

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29

Razal, Ramon A., Shona Ellis, Santokh Singh, Norman G. Lewis, and G. H. Neil Towers. "Nitrogen recycling in phenylpropanoid metabolism." Phytochemistry 41, no. 1 (January 1996): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00628-1.

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30

Shawky, B. T., Y. Ghali, F. A. Ahmed, and T. Kahil. "Ammonium-nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation in azotobacter vinelandii." Acta Biotechnologica 7, no. 6 (1987): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370070617.

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31

Jian, Shaofen, Si Wan, Yang Lin, and Chu Zhong. "Nitrogen Sources Reprogram Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism to Promote Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Seedlings." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7 (April 3, 2024): 3990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073990.

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Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolisms participate in N source-regulated secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, but the specific mechanisms involved remain to be investigated. By using nitrate (NN), ammonium (AN), urea (UN), and glycine (GN), respectively, as sole N sources, we found that N sources remarkably affected the contents of diterpenoid lactone components along with C and N metabolisms reprograming in Andrographis paniculata, as compared to NN, the other three N sources raised the levels of 14-deoxyandrographolide, andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide (except UN), and neoandrographolide (except AN) with a prominent accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). These N sources also raised the photosynthetic rate and the levels of fructose and/or sucrose but reduced the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Conversely, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malate enzyme (ME) activities were upregulated. Simultaneously, citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate levels declined, and N assimilation was inhibited. These results indicated that AN, UN and GN reduced the metabolic flow of carbohydrates from glycolysis into the TCA cycle and downstream N assimilation. Furthermore, they enhanced arginine and GABA metabolism, which increased C replenishment of the TCA cycle, and increased ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Thus, we proposed that the N sources reprogrammed C and N metabolism, attenuating the competition of N assimilation for C, and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide through plant hormone signaling. To obtain a higher production of andrographolide in A. paniculata, AN fertilizer is recommended in its N management.

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32

Kiyota, H., S. Otsuka, A. Yokoyama, S. Matsumoto, H. Wada, and S. Kanazawa. "Effects of highly volatile organochlorine solvents on nitrogen metabolism and microbial counts." Soil and Water Research 7, No. 3 (July 10, 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/30/2011-swr.

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The effects of highly volatile organochlorine solvents (1,1,1-trichloroethane, TCET; trichloroethylene, TCE; and tetrachloroethylene, PCE) on soil nitrogen cycle and microbial counts were investigated using volcanic ash soil with different fertilizations. All the solvents significantly inhibited the activity of the cycle under the sealed conditions with 10 to 50 mg/g (dry soil) solvents added. No significant difference between the solvents, and between fertilization plots, was observed. Nitrate ion was not accumulated, and instead, ammonium ion was highly accumulated in the presence of the solvents. Nitrite ion was partially detected, while l-glutaminase activity was inhibited. The growths of ammonification, nitritation, nitratation and denitrification bacteria, and filamentous fungi were significantly inhibited in the presence of 10 mg/g (dry soil) of the solvents. 

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33

Gurbanova, Ulduza A., Shahniyar M. Bayramov, Novruz M. Guliev, and Irada M. Huseynova. "Changes in Some Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes in Field-Grown Wheat." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 43 (November 12, 2021): 3237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v14i43.1128.

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34

Xin, Wei, Lina Zhang, Wenzhong Zhang, Jiping Gao, Jun Yi, Xiaoxi Zhen, Ziang Li, Ying Zhao, Chengcheng Peng, and Chen Zhao. "An Integrated Analysis of the Rice Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals Differential Regulation of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Response to Nitrogen Availability." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092349.

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Nitrogen (N) is an extremely important macronutrient for plant growth and development. It is the main limiting factor in most agricultural production. However, it is well known that the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice gradually decreases with the increase of the nitrogen application rate. In order to clarify the underlying metabolic and molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon, we performed an integrated analysis of the rice transcriptome and metabolome. Both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolite Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that carbon and nitrogen metabolism is significantly affected by nitrogen availability. Further analysis of carbon and nitrogen metabolism changes in rice under different nitrogen availability showed that high N inhibits nitrogen assimilation and aromatic metabolism pathways by regulating carbon metabolism pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Under low nitrogen, the TCA cycle is promoted to produce more energy and α-ketoglutarate, thereby enhancing nitrogen transport and assimilation. PPP is also inhibited by low N, which may be consistent with the lower NADPH demand under low nitrogen. Additionally, we performed a co-expression network analysis of genes and metabolites related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In total, 15 genes were identified as hub genes. In summary, this study reveals the influence of nitrogen levels on the regulation mechanisms for carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice and provides new insights into coordinating carbon and nitrogen metabolism and improving nitrogen use efficiency in rice.

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35

Chaput, Valentin, Antoine Martin, and Laurence Lejay. "Redox metabolism: the hidden player in carbon and nitrogen signaling?" Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 13 (February 17, 2020): 3816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa078.

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Abstract While decades of research have considered redox metabolism as purely defensive, recent results show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for growth and development. Close relationships have been found between the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and ROS in response to both carbon and nitrogen availability. Root nitrate uptake and nitrogen metabolism have been shown to be regulated by a signal from the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) in response to carbon signaling. As a major source of NADP(H), the OPPP is critical to maintaining redox balance under stress situations. Furthermore, recent results suggest that at least part of the regulation of the root nitrate transporter by nitrogen signaling is also linked to the redox status of the plant. This leads to the question of whether there is a more general role of redox metabolism in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism by carbon and nitrogen. This review highlights the role of the OPPP in carbon signaling and redox metabolism, and the interaction between redox and nitrogen metabolism. We discuss how redox metabolism could be an important player in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in response to carbon/nitrogen interaction and the implications for plant adaptation to extreme environments and future crop development.

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36

Scheld, Kerstin, Armin Zittermann, Martina Heer, Birgit Herzog, Claudia Mika, Christian Drummer, and Peter Stehle. "Nitrogen Metabolism and Bone Metabolism Markers in Healthy Adults during 16 Weeks of Bed Rest." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.9.1688.

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Abstract Background: The associations between nitrogen metabolism and bone turnover during bed rest are still not completely understood. Methods: We measured nitrogen balance (nitrogen intake minus urinary nitrogen excretion) and biochemical metabolic markers of calcium and bone turnover in six males before head-down tilt bed rest (baseline), during 2, 10, and 14 weeks of immobilization, and after reambulation. Results: The changes in nitrogen balance were highest between baseline and week 2 (net change, −5.05 ± 1.30 g/day; 3.6 ± 0.6 g/day at baseline vs −1.45 ± 1.3 g/day at week 2; P<0.05). In parallel, serum intact osteocalcin (a marker of bone formation) was already reduced and renal calcium and phosphorus excretions were increased at week 2 (P <0.05). Fasting serum calcium and phosphorus values and renal excretion of N-telopeptide (a bone resorption marker) were enhanced at weeks 10 and 14 (P <0.05–0.001), whereas serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and type I collagen propeptide (a marker of bone collagen formation) were decreased at week 14 (P <0.05–0.01). Significant associations were present between changes of serum intact osteocalcin and 24-h calcium excretion (P <0.001), nitrogen balance and 24-h phosphorus excretion (P <0.001), nitrogen balance and renal N-telopeptide excretion (P <0.05), and between serum osteocalcin and nitrogen balance (P <0.025). Conclusions: Bone formation decreases rapidly during immobilization in parallel with a higher renal excretion of intestinally absorbed calcium. These changes appear in association with the onset of a negative nitrogen balance, but decreased bone collagen synthesis and enhanced collagen breakdown occur after a time lag of several weeks.

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37

LORENZO, H., J. M. SIVERIO, and M. CABALLERO. "Salinity and nitrogen fertilization and nitrogen metabolism in rose plants." Journal of Agricultural Science 137, no. 1 (August 2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001150.

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Rose production is limited by salinity and highly affected by the nitrogen source present in the nutrient solution. The influence of sodium on several aspects of nutrition has been investigated in ‘Lambada' rose plants using different sources of nitrogen in the fertilization treatment. Experiments using a previously defined mono-shoot model plant and a simplified hydroponic culture allowed us to study the effects of salinity v. nitrogen on NPK uptake during the culture period. Mineral concentrations, nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities were also analysed. This study showed that rose plants were more sensitive to saline conditions under NH4+ fertilization without detectable effects on growth or in NPK mineral contents in shoots. Parameters affected most were enzymatic activities analysed such as leaf nitrate reductase activity which was reduced under NH4+ nutrition. Leaf glutamine synthetase was also enhanced by saline conditions. The Na/K ratio showed that under NH4+ nutrition, the highest sodium accumulation occurred in roots. Nitrate uptake did not show a clear pattern related to nitrogen source, however, ammonium uptake was affected by salinity when NH4+ was the sole nitrogen source in the nutrient solution. Potassium and phosphate uptake were always lower when NH4+ was present in the nutrient solution.

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38

Manuel Ruiz, Juan, and Luis Romero. "Cucumber yield and nitrogen metabolism in response to nitrogen supply." Scientia Horticulturae 82, no. 3-4 (December 1999): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(99)00053-9.

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39

Stephen, Alison M. "Dietary fibre and colonic nitrogen metabolism." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 22, sup129 (January 1987): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528709095862.

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40

Turner, John G., Rihab R. Taha, and Jill Debbage. "Effects of tabtoxin on nitrogen metabolism." Physiologia Plantarum 67, no. 4 (August 1986): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05072.x.

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41

Weber, F. L. "Effects of Lactulose on Nitrogen Metabolism." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32, sup222 (January 1997): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365521.1997.11720726.

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42

Walt, JGvan der. "Nitrogen metabolism of the ruminant liver." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930381.

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This review examines both the quantitative flux of nitrogenous compounds from the portaldrained viscera (PDV) to the liver and the metabolic pathways within these tissues that facilitate interactions between these compounds. In order to estimate the flow of material between organs, it is necessary to be able to measure the rate of blood flow perfusing the organ under investigation. Methods of estimating blood flow are discussed. In general, splanchnic blood flow (c. 125 mL min-1kg-0.75 at maintenance feeding) is proportional to the intake of energy. Although the splanchnic bed only constitutes 7-13% of total body mass, it uses 4040% of total oxygen demand. Dietary protein (60-90%) and non-protein nitrogen (c. 100%) are both degraded to ammonia in the rumen, which is incorporated into microbial protein (50-70% derived from ammonia). The composition and amount of microbial protein is relatively constant and independent of the intake and composition of feed protein. Essential amino acids may be supplied to the animal via the undegraded feed protein fraction passing to the small intestine. Urea may be recycled to the rumen, in proportion to the plasma concentration, via saliva or directly by diffusion through the rumen wall in a ratio that lies between 2:l and 5:l. Any production of urea that raises its plasma concentration above 112 mg NL- may be taken up by the postruminal tract. A large amount of ammonia (0.04 to 0.25 g N day-1kg-0.75 proportional to nitrogen intake (from 0.45 to 2.65 g N day-1kg-0.75) and between 0.4 and 6.5 times higher than all the �-amino linked acids taken up by the PDV, may be absorbed from the rumen. As much as 1.8 to 2.3 g N day-1kg-0.75 for an intake of 1 g N day-1kg-0.75 may flow from the abomasum to the small intestine. Of this total nitrogen, between 0.60 and 1.36 g N day-1kg-0.75 represents �-linked amino acids. The increase above basal values largely represents unfermented feed protein. Amino acids and small peptides are absorbed mainly from mid to lower ileum. Most amino acids appear to be at least partially metabolized in passage through the gut wall (between about 56 and 68% in sheep fed a low or a high protein diet respectively). In particular, glutamine contributes at least as much as glucose to the energy metabolism of the splanchnic bed. Although relatively large amounts of-urea enter the small intestine (in proportion to blood urea concentration), a lack of significant urease activity suggests that most is reabsorbed. Between 0.6 and 0.9 g N day-1kg-0.75 (40 to 60% as amino acids, 15% as urea and 1 to 13% as ammonia) enters the caecum. Another 0.15 g N day-1kg-0.75 of urea may enter from the blood. Increasing the energy supply to hindgut fermentation will increase faecal excretion of nitrogen, while decreasing the concentration of urinary urea. Nitrogen is absorbed in net amounts, mainly as ammonia, from the hindgut (0.04 to 0.16 g N day-1kg-0.75) Net flux of ammonia, urea and the a-linked amino acids (0.47 to 0.59; -0.39 to -1.12 and 0.26 to 0.44 g N day-1kg-0.75 respectively) from this region appears to be proportional to nitrogen intake (0.74 to 2.90 g N day-1kg-0.75) The flux of amino acids in particular seemed to increase only at nitrogen intakes above 2 g N day-1kg-0.75 Glucogenic amino acids are taken up in net amounts from the PDV (e.g. 3 to 103 mg N day-1kg-0.75 for alanine), as are essential amino acids, albeit in smaller amounts (-2 to 62 mg N day-1kg-0.75 for leucine). Glutamine is utilized by the PDV in most studies (-45 to -230 mg N day-1kg-0.75 Net uptake of ammonia by the liver almost exactly balances the amount produced by the PDV. The proportion of the net flux of amino acids from the PDV that is taken up by the liver varies from about 20% to more than l00%, the amount retained being proportional to the nitrogen intake of the animal. Of the individual amino acids, large amounts of the glucogenic acids are removed (e.g. 50 to 200 mg N day-1kg-0.75 for alanine). Arginine may also be removed in similar amounts, at least some of which, like the glucogenic acids, must come from peripheral tissues. Conflicting results have been reported for hepatic flux of glutamine. The role of gluconeogenesis, transdeamination and the urea cycle is discussed in relation to the function of the liver as an organ integrating the nitrogen and energy metabolism of the animal. Possible mechanisms, other than the accepted hypothesis of urea recycling, are proposed to explain nitrogen recycling in ruminants. It is clear that animal scientists must take into account, together with the fermentative processes in the rumen and hindgut, the contribution of the host animal to the overall balance of nitrogen.

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