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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Nitrated case"

1

Rosevear, J., and JFK Wilshire. "A comparison of the reactions of some ethyl N-Arylcarbamates with those of the corresponding acetanilides. I. Nitration." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 5 (1985): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850723.

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The reactions of some ethyl N- arylcarbamates and of the corresponding acetanilides towards 1 equiv. of sodium nitrate in concentrated sulfuric acid at 0-5° have been compared with one another and have been found to exhibit significant differences. Except in the case of the unsubstituted analogues, nitration of the carbamates was found to occur significantly more quickly than that of the acetanilides as shown by ( i ) a representative competitive nitration, and (ii) the fact the carbamates containing a nitro group are nitrated smoothly whereas the corresponding nitroacetanilides are slow to react. On the basis of competitive reactions, it is suggested that this difference in reactivity is due to steric factors.
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2

Elmes, Victoria K., Andrew P. Hurt, and Nichola J. Coleman. "Mixed-Phase Ion-Exchangers from Waste Amber Container Glass." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 4887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174887.

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This study investigated the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of mixed-phase ion-exchangers from waste amber container glass and three different aluminium sources (Si/Al = 2) in 4.5 M NaOH(aq) at 100 °C. Reaction products were characterised by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy at 24, 48 and 150 h. Nitrated forms of cancrinite and sodalite were the predominant products obtained with reagent grade aluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)3∙9H2O). Waste aluminium foil gave rise to sodalite, tobermorite and zeolite Na-P1 as major phases; and the principal products arising from amorphous aluminium hydroxide waste were sodalite, tobermorite and zeolite A. Minor proportions of the hydrogarnet, katoite, and calcite were also present in each sample. In each case, crystallisation was incomplete and products of 52, 65 and 49% crystallinity were obtained at 150 h for the samples prepared with aluminium nitrate (AN-150), aluminium foil (AF-150) and amorphous aluminium hydroxide waste (AH-150), respectively. Batch Pb2+-uptake (~100 mg g−1) was similar for all 150-h samples irrespective of the nature of the aluminium reagent and composition of the product. Batch Cd2+-uptakes of AF-150 (54 mg g−1) and AH-150 (48 mg g−1) were greater than that of AN-150 (36 mg g−1) indicating that the sodalite- and tobermorite-rich products exhibited a superior affinity for Cd2+ ions. The observed Pb2+- and Cd2+-uptake capacities of the mixed-product ion-exchangers compared favourably with those of other inorganic waste-derived sorbents reported in the literature.
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3

Rosenkranz, Herbert S., and Gilles Klopman. "CASE, the computer-automated structure evaluation method, correctly predicts the low mutagenicity for Salmonella of nitrated cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 199, no. 1 (May 1988): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(88)90234-5.

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4

Rosenkranz, Herbert S., and Gilles Klopman. "CASE, the computer-automated structure evaluation method, correctly predicts the low mutagenicity for Salmonella of nitrated cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 199, no. 1 (May 1988): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1161(88)90236-1.

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5

Yamato, Takehiko, Hideo Kamimura, and Hirohisa Tsuzuki. "ipso-Nitration of tert-butyl[n.2]metacyclophanes; through-space electronic interactions between two benzene rings." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-111.

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The selective introduction of one or two nitro groups by direct replacement of tert-butyl groups via the ipso aromatic nitration of the meta-bridged aromatic compounds having two arene rings is described. The ipso-nitration at the tert-butyl groups of syn- and anti-di-tert-butyl-dimethoxy[n.2]metacyclophanes 1 is attributed to the highly activated character of the aryl ring and the increased stabilization of a σ-complex intermediate arising from the dienone-type σ-complex intermediate possible in the case of an internally methoxy substituent. However, only one tert-butyl group is ipso-nitrated in the mild reaction conditions such as copper(II) nitrate in an acetic anhydride solution because of deactivation of the second aromatic ring by the introduced nitro group. A first σ-complex intermediate would be stabilized by two types of the through-space electronic interaction, i.e., face-to-face overlapping and intra-annular interaction with the opposing benzene ring, thus accelerating the reaction. The higher yields of mononitrated product are obtained in syn-conformer than in anti-conformer. Therefore, face-to-face overlapping might be much more favourable to stabilize the first σ-complex intermediate than the intra-annular interaction. On the other hand, nitration of 1 with fuming nitric acid afforded the two-fold ipso-nitration product 3 in quantitative yield. Thus, the number of ipso-nitration at the tert-butyl groups of 1 was strongly affected by the reactivity of the nitration reagent.Key words: cyclophanes, electrophilic aromatic substitutions, ipso-nitration, σ-complex intermediates, through-space electronic interactions.
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6

Kuhn, Merrily. "Nitrates." AACN Advanced Critical Care 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1992-2013.

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Nitrates have been used for the last 130 years to treat and control the symptoms of angina pectoris. Within the last 15 years, nitrates also have been shown to limit infarct size and to be beneficial in the treatment of patients with severe intractable heart failure, cardiogenic shock, severe mitral and aortic regurgitation, hypertensive episodes, and portal hypertension. The adequate use of nitrates to treat these disorders requires the ability to document a hemodynamic response and to closely monitor the adverse consequences of this therapy. Nitrates work by directly relaxing smooth muscle in resistance and capacitance vessels, thereby causing generalized dilation. Nitrates reduce preload and, at higher doses, reduce systemic vascular resistance and afterload. This chapter reviews the physiologic mechanisms that underlie nitrate therapy, the appropriate indications for nitrate use, the usefulness of specific agents, and their appropriate nursing implications
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7

TASKER, A. D., L. ROBSON, S. M. HANKIN, K. W. D. LEDINGHAM, R. P. SINGHAL, X. FANG, T. MCCANNY, et al. "Ultrafast laser analysis of nitro-PAHs using laser desorption/femtosecond ionization mass spectrometry." Laser and Particle Beams 19, no. 2 (April 2001): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034601192062.

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Analytical interest in nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) is related to their high mutagenicity and potential presence in a variety of environmental media such as diesel exhaust and urban air particulate matter. Furthermore, fundamental interest in these molecular systems stems from the photophysics of the labile NO2 functional group, which has been investigated using mass spectrometry. The nitro-PAHs, 1-nitronaphthalene, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1-nitropyrene, have been studied using both femtosecond (λ = 395 and 790 nm) and nanosecond (λ = 266 nm) lasers coupled to a reflectron time of flight mass spectrometer. Analysis of mass spectra taken over a range of intensities (1014–1015 W/cm2) has demonstrated that structurally specific ions can be observed for each molecule, with little or no fragmentation at lower intensities. It has also been found that an intact parent ion can be detected using femtosecond ionization at 395 nm in each case. This work demonstrates the potential use of laser desorption/femtosecond laser mass spectrometry (LD/FLMS) as an analytical technique for the detection of nitro-PAHs and other environmental pollutants and as a means of studying the photodynamics of labile molecular systems.
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8

Lanas, A., E. Bajador, P. Serrano, M. Arroyo, J. Fuentes, and S. Santolaria. "Effects of Nitrate and Prophylactic Aspirin on Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Retrospective Case–Control Study." Journal of International Medical Research 26, no. 3 (June 1998): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059802600302.

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Experimental studies suggest that nitric-oxide-releasing drugs reduce gastroduodenal damage induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but it is not known whether these agents have this effect in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients who receive aspirin and nitrates for vascular occlusive diseases. This was a retrospective case–control study of 736 consecutive patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, compared with 1472 age- and sex-matched hospital controls. Chronic low-dose aspirin regimens had been used by 12.6% of cases and 5.7% of controls, nitrates by 4.8% and 5.8%, and combined nitrates and low-dose aspirin by 2.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis identified low-dose aspirin use as an independent risk factor for gastrointestinal bleeding, whereas nitrate use was found to be a protective factor. The combination of both nitrate and low-dose aspirin was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
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9

Macuh, Matjaž, and Bojan Knap. "Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Narrative Review." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093183.

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Nitrates have become increasingly popular for their potential role as an ergogenic aid. The purpose of this article was to review the current scientific evidence of nitrate supplementation on human performance. The current recommendation of nitrate supplementation is discussed, as well as possible health complications associated with nitrate intake for athletes, and dietary strategies of covering nitrate needs through sufficient intake of nitrate-rich foods alone are presented. Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles on the effects of nitrate supplementation in humans. Nitrates are an effective ergogenic aid when taken acutely or chronically in the range of ~5–16.8 mmol (~300–1041 mg) 2–3 h before exercise and primarily in the case of exercise duration of ~10–17 min in less trained individuals (VO2max < 65 mL/kg/min). Nitrate needs are most likely meet by ingesting approximately 250–500 g of leafy and root vegetables per day; however, dietary supplements might represent a more convenient and accurate way of covering an athlete’s nitrate needs. Athletes should refrain from mouthwash usage when nitrate supplementation benefits are desired. Future research should focus on the potential beneficial effects of nitrate supplementation on brain function, possible negative impacts of chronic nitrate supplementation through different nitrate sources, and the effectiveness of nitrate supplementation on strength and high-intensity intermittent exercise.
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10

Buenger, Jon W., and Vincent F. Mauro. "Organic Nitrate-Induced Methemoglobinemia." DICP 23, no. 4 (April 1989): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808902300402.

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Metabolism of organic nitrates results in the formation of inorganic nitrites that can oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Clinical trials have investigated the risk of developing methemoglobinemia during the therapeutic use of organic nitrates. Based on the results of these trials, organic nitrate use does appear to increase methemoglobin content but not to a clinically significant extent. These elevations may be related to dose but study design prevents determination of any dose-response relationship. Despite these results, several case reports of patients experiencing clinically significant methemoglobinemia can be found in the literature. These patients generally received organic nitrates at doses greater than those used in the clinical trials, and several were diagnosed early during coronary surgery. Renal dysfunction and concurrent use of methemoglobin inducers may be contributing factors. Patients receiving organic nitrates should be monitored for symptoms suggestive of methemoglobinemia, especially while receiving large doses. Treatment of nitrate-induced methemoglobinemia consists of discontinuing the medication and, when necessary, administering methylene blue.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Nitrated case"

1

Boy, Roura Mercè. "Nitrate groundwater pollution and aquifer vulnerability: the case of the Osona region." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/124042.

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Nitrate groundwater pollution in the Osona region is a persistent and widespread problem. Nitrate concentrations are commonly above the drinking water threshold of 50 mg/L in wells and springs. ANOVA and logistic regression analyses showed that nitrate concentration is more dependent on land use than on the geological setting of springs. Nitrate content presented stationary values in most of the springs over time, while discharge and electrical conductivity evolution depends on the geological setting and rainfall events. This is attributed to a homogenization of the subsurface processes that determine nitrate infiltration after decades of intensive fertilization. A multiple linear regression model to assess groundwater vulnerability determined that the factors that significantly influence nitrate pollution are: nitrogen load, aquifer type, presence of well-drained and deep soils, irrigation and occurrence of denitrification processes. Vulnerability maps for unconfined, leaky and confined aquifers were developed and can be used for improving groundwater resources management
La contaminació per nitrats de les aigües subterrànies a Osona és un problema persistent i generalitzat, amb concentracions superiors a 50 mg/L. Les anàlisis ANOVA i regressió logística mostren que la concentració de nitrats és més dependent dels usos del sòl que del context geològic de les fonts. El contingut de nitrats es manté estacionari en la majoria de les fonts al llarg del temps, mentre que l’evolució del cabal i la conductivitat elèctrica depenen del context geològic i la precipitació. Aquesta uniformitat s’atribueix a una homogeneïtzació dels processos que tenen lloc al subsòl i que determinen la infiltració de nitrats. Un model de regressió lineal múltiple per avaluar la vulnerabilitat de les aigües subterrànies ha determinat que els factors que influeixen significativament a la contaminació per nitrats són: la càrrega de nitrogen, el tipus d'aqüífer, la presència de sòls ben drenats i profunds, la irrigació i l’existència de processos de desnitrificació. Els mapes de vulnerabilitat desenvolupats per aqüífers lliures, semi-confinats i confinats són útils per millorar la gestió de les aigües subterrànies
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2

Kampas, Athanasios. "Policies to control agricultural externalities : the case of nitrate pollution." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299637.

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3

Stiffarm, Ashley Marie. "Phytoremediation case study, Manhattan KS." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18815.

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Master of Science
Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources
Charles J. Barden
Contaminated water poses a major environmental and human health problem, which may be resolved by using the emerging phytoremediation technology. This plant-based cost-effective approach to remediation takes advantage of the ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment, to absorb and transpire large amounts of water, and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. The city of Manhattan’s Biosolids Farm located near Manhattan, Kansas is using the emerging technology of phytoremediation. The Biosolids Farm remediation began in the mid 1990’s; with a large planting of alfalfa with the goal of absorbing excess nitrates from soil and ground water. In 2004, hundreds of trees were planted, to serve as a protective buffer between the biosolids disposal area and the Kansas River. In 2006, a trench study was installed to improve tree establishment on a sandy outwash area close to the Kansas River using Siberian elm seedlings and rooted cottonwood cuttings from Nebraska and true cottonwood seedlings from Missouri. Treatments included trenching, dairy cattle composted manure, and tree shelters. This planting was done to serve as a vegetative barrier and to aid in reducing nitrate movement into the Kansas River. There were interaction between the tree sources and the trenching, compost and shelter treatments. The treatments showed significant interactions with tree sources with the addition of compost and shelters with a p value of 0.0438, and trenching and compost p-value 0.0021. Tree survival was significantly improved with the use of tree shelters.
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4

Espejo, Herrera Nadia Carminia 1983. "Nitrate exposure and cancer risk : evidence from European case-control studies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323894.

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Ingested nitrate is a precursor of N-nitroso compounds that are carcinogens in animals, with limited evidence in humans. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate whether the exposure to nitrate through drinking water and diet is associated with carcinogenic effects in humans. This thesis has been conducted in the Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) from 2011 to 2015, under the supervision of Cristina M. Villanueva Belmonte PhD. The results of this thesis consists of a compilation of four scientific papers including: a) a descriptive study of nitrate levels in drinking water in Spain (paper I), and b) three large European case-control studies evaluating the risk of prevalent tumors (bladder, breast and colorectal) associated with nitrate exposure through drinking water and diet (papers II, III and IV). This document also includes a general introduction, a description of the methodology, an overall discussion of the results, conclusions and an appendix section.
El nitrato ingerido es un precursor de compuestos N-nitroso, que son carcinógenos en animales, con poca evidencia en humanos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue evaluar si la exposición a nitrato a través del agua de consumo y la dieta está asociada a efectos carcinogénicos en humanos. Esta tesis fue llevada a cabo en el Centro de Investigación en Epidemiología Ambiental (CREAL) entre 2011 y 2015, bajo la supervisión de Cristina M. Villanueva Belmonte PhD. La parte principal de esta tesis es una compilación de cuatro artículos científicos, que incluyen: a) un estudio descriptivo de los niveles de nitrato en agua de consumo en España (artículo I) y b) tres estudios caso-control que evaluaron el riesgo de tres tumores prevalentes (vejiga, mama y colorrectal), asociados con la exposición a nitrato a través del agua de consumo y la dieta (artículos II, III and IV). Este documento incluye también una introducción general, una descripción de los métodos, una discusión y conclusiones generales y una sección de anexos.
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5

Israel, Sumaya. "In situ denitrification of nitrate rich groundwater in Marydale, Northern Cape /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/642.

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6

Newton, Hannah M. "Tropospheric composition of organohalogens and alkyl nitrates : tropical and temperate case studies." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/42397/.

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The tropospheric composition of organohalogens and alkyl nitrates have been investigated from tropical and temperate environments. Ground based measurements and aircraft data are presented from the Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes (OP3) project, conducted in Borneo, 2008. Controlled experiments of temperate vegetation were also conducted to assess the emission of methyl halides from crop plants. Methyl halide results from OP3 contradict current assumptions of a strong source from tropical vegetation. High mixing ratios of methyl chloride and chloroform were observed in the boundary layer over oil palm plantations. OP3 aircraft data suggests that the oil palm plantations facilitate the formation of C2 to C4 alkyl nitrates. There was evidence that the southeast coast of Sabah is a source region for the bromocarbons measured. The short lived bromocarbons contribute to a bromine budget of 4- 6 ppt; this corroborates recent modelling estimates of their contribution to the stratospheric burden. In controlled experiments it was confirmed that the gene responsible for the emission of methyl halides is the HOL (HARMLESS TO THE OZONE LAYER) gene. The current WMO estimate for rapeseed contribution to the natural methyl bromide budget was shown to be an overestimate, based on the varieties studied in this thesis. Methyl iodide emissions from rice plants grown in soils were observed to be significantly lower than reported from rice paddies in the literature, suggesting that the growth conditions contribute to the production of methyl iodide.
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7

Graham, Taylor B. "Nitrate recycling versus removal in the Cape Fear River estuary." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/grahamt/taylorgraham.pdf.

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8

Israel, (Clarke) Sumaya. "In situ denitrification of nitrate rich groundwater in Marydale, Northern Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3100.

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Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
South Africa is a water scarce country and in certain regions the quantity of surface water is insufficient to provide communities with their domestic water needs. In many arid areas groundwater is often the sole source of water. This total dependence means that groundwater quality is of paramount importance. A high nitrate concentration in groundwater is a common cause of water being declared unfit for use and denitrification has been proposed as a potential remedy. In groundwater of the Marydale district in the Northern Cape Province, nitrate levels are high enough to be of concern for domestic and livestock consumption. A review of the literature indicates that bacterial denitrification of groundwater can be achieved in situ by using a suitable energy substrate. The technology has been tested elsewhere in the world but more certainty is needed on whether it is a feasible option for local groundwater remediation using local, cost-effective energy substrates and exploiting bacterial populations present naturally in the regolith. The objective of this study was to perform denitrification experiments by laboratory incubation using soil and groundwater samples collected in Marydale in order to determine; 1) The effectiveness of different carbon sources; 2) The effect of using soil sampled at different depths; 3) The effect of C:N ratio of the carbon substrate; and 4) The quality of resultant water. Various experiments were set up using 10 g soil and 40 mL groundwater with different concentrations of carbon sources (sawdust, glucose, maize meal and methanol). All experiments were done under a nitrogen atmosphere to exclude oxygen and temperature was kept constant at 23 °C. Indicator parameters were selected based on literature review, and major cations and anions and some metals were analysed for initially and at selected times during each experiment to evaluate whether major ion chemistry was changing over time. Parameters analysed in supernatant solutions after varying periods of time to indicate progress of denitrification and reduction included nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, alkalinity, chloride, acetate, basic cations, ammonium, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved organic carbon, heteThe Marydale groundwater in some boreholes is of predominantly NaCl type and the nitrate concentration of 19-32 mg/L as N exceeds ideal limits for drinking water of 6mg/L as N . Two soil materials were sampled at different depths from a red sand overlying calcrete (Plooysburg form, Family Py1000). The incubation experiments showed denitrification was complete within a period of between 1 and 6 weeks depending on the carbon substrate and C:N used. Higher rates of nitrate removal were achieved where greater C:N was used. Readily degradable carbon substrates e.g. glucose showed rapid denitrification, while sawdust, a slowly degradable substrate, effected slower denitrification, hence it was concluded that intermediately degradable carbon substrates e.g. wheat straw may prove more suitable. Use of shallower soil material containing initially higher nitrate levels resulted in better denitrification rates, however, both soil materials effected denitrification.. Heterotrophic plate counts increased with time, this presence and growth of heterotrophic bacteria confirmed that conditions were optimum for growth and denitrification and that inoculation with bacteria is not a requirement for in situ denitrification. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration could be directly correlated to the initial input of carbon substrate as soil and groundwater lacked organic material. Results showed that reaction products such as acetate and nitrite, and basic cation concentrations were elevated in the supernatant solution in preliminary experiments. This was interpreted to be attributed to incomplete oxidation of organic material and excess soluble and available carbon for reaction. Cation concentrations were interpreted to have resulted from a decrease in pH brought on by organic acids produced during denitrification. The method used showed specificity, as the only parameters affected by the denitrification experiment were DOC, alkalinity, nitrite, nitrate, and the heterotrophic plate count. The DOC and HPC did not comply with acceptable levels for drinking water. Removal of HPC by boiling or chlorinating is required to ensure that the resultant water composition is of potable quality. For further research with slowly degradable carbon sources it is recommended that a C:N ratio of more than 12 should be employed, and monitoring should focus on soluble carbon nitrate, nitrite, and heterotrophic plate count. The study confirmed that denitrification of this groundwater with a range of carbon sources is possible within a short period of anaerobic contact with local soil material. With sufficient knowledge of the characteristics of the soil and groundwater in the area, establishment of a working in situ denitrification plant is probably feasible.
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9

Carelli, Maria Luiza Carvalho. "Estudo do processo de redução de nitrato durante o desenvolvimento inicial e no estagio reprodutivo de plantas de cafe (coffea arabica L.)." [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314865.

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Анотація:
Orientador: Antonio Celso Novaes de Magalhães
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T06:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carelli_MariaLuizaCarvalho_D.pdf: 5522226 bytes, checksum: efa1286b0fd364d39f2226f722cf2a83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987
Resumo: A distribuição da atividade da enzima redutase de nitrato ¿in vivo¿, foi estudada em folhas e raízes de plantas jovens de café, cultivadas em areia, em casa de vegetação e irrigadas com solução nutritiva de Hoagland. A otimização da metodologia para a análise da redutase de nitrato ¿in vivo¿ nas raízes mostrou que os valores máximos foram obtidos quando se utilizou como meio de incubação uma solução tampão de fosfato 0,1M , pH 8,0 , em KNO3 50mM. Verificou-se que existe uma relação linear entre a taxa de efluxo dos íons nitrito, resultante da redução de nitrato, e o rempo de ensaio compreendido entre 15 e 45 minutos de reação, que foram então padronizados para a retirada das alíquotas. O borbulhamento contínuo de N2, durante a anáise da redutase de nitrato, aumentou em média 1,3 e 7,5 vezes, respectivamente as atividades enzimáticas das folhas e das raízes, em relação ao controle, sem N2. A atividade da redutase de nitrato, determinada nas raízes mais jovens, foi em média 2,4 vezes maior do que a das secções mais maduras, independente do estádio de desenvolvimento das plantas estudadas. Ao contrário do observado na grande maioria das espécies, a atividade da redutase de nitrato, tanto nas folhas como nas raízes de plantas jovens de café, decresceu durante as horas de luz e aumentou no período escuro. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The distribution of the ¿in vivo¿ nitrate reductase activity in leaves and roots of young coffee plants and in leaves of adult plants during the reproductive stage were studied. The young plants were cultivated in sand irrigated with nutrient solution in the greenhouse. The adult plants were cultivated in hydroponics, in ambient conditions. The modified assay of the ¿in vivo¿ root nitrate reductase showed higher values of activity when the tissues were incubated in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, and 50 mM KNO3, under continuous N2 bubbling, in the dark. With this procedure enzyme activity was 7,5 times higher compared with the control without N2. Young sections reduced nitrate 2.4 times more efficientely than mature sections, independentely of the stage of development of the plant. In young plants, the activity of nitrate reductase in both roots and leaves decreased during the light period and increased in the dark. The observed inhibition of nitrate reduction under illumination apparentely was not due to limitation of photosyntesis and nitrate availability, and suggested that the nitrate reductase reaction would utilize metabolic energy derived from the oxidation of carbohydrate pools. In the dark, nitrate reduction was higher in the roots than in the leaves, the pattern being reversed in the light. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
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Bradshaw, Leslie C. "Sources and sinks of nitrogen in the Cape Fear River estuary, southeastern North Carolina /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/bradshawl/lesliebradshaw.html.

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Книги з теми "Nitrated case"

1

Wallin, Robert. Groundwater quality study for Casa Grande area, Arizona: Final report. Tucson, AZ: Hydrologic Support and Assessment Section, Water Quality Division, Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality, 1996.

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2

Puglia, Steven. A short guide to nitrate negatives: History, care, and duplication. Andover, Mass: Northeast Document Conservation Center, 1986.

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3

Nitrate pollution and politics: Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Netherlands. Aldershot, Hants., England: Avebury, 1990.

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4

Hanley, Nick. Problems in valuing environmental improvements resulting from agricultural policy changes: The case of nitrate pollution. Stirling: University of Stirling, Department of Economics, 1989.

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5

Walter, Donald A. Use of numerical models to simulate transport of sewage-derived nitrate in a coastal aquifer, central and western Cape Cod, Massachusetts. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.

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6

Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Celebrated Cases of Sherlock Holmes: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes / Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. London: Octopus Books Limited, 1985.

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7

C, Bishop Richard, and New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, eds. Prior information, general information, and specific information in the contingent valuation of environmental risks: The case of nitrates in groundwater. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1992.

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8

Johnson, Scott Lee. An economic evaluation of on-farm strategies for reduction of nitrate groundwater pollution: The case of irrigated production in the Columbia basin. 1989.

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9

Groeneveld, A. B. J., and Alexandre Lima. Vasodilators in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0035.

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Vasodilators are commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to control arterial blood pressure, unload the left or the right heart, control pulmonary artery pressure, and improve microcirculatory blood flow. Vasodilator refers to drugs acting directly on the smooth muscles of peripheral vessel walls and drugs are usually classified based on their mechanism (acting directly or indirectly) or site of action (arterial or venous vasodilator). Drugs that have a predominant effect on resistance vessels are arterial dilators and drugs that primarily affect venous capacitance vessels are venous dilators. Drugs that interfere with sympathetic nervous system, block renin-angiotensin system, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and nitrates are some examples of drugs with indirect effect. Vasodilator drugs play a major therapeutic role in hypertensive emergencies, primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, acute left heart, and circulatory shock. This review discusses the main types of vasodilators drugs commonly used in the ICU.
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Hausenloy, Derek, and Derek Yellon, eds. Coronary No-Reflow and Microvascular Obstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0005.

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• Following an AMI, the restoration of TIMI III coronary blood flow using thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention does not guarantee actual myocardial perfusion• In 40–60% of reperfused AMI cases, myocardial perfusion is impeded at the level of the capillaries due to microvascular obstruction (MVO)- a phenomenon termed coronary no-reflow• The presence of coronary no-reflow can be detected as impaired myocardial perfusion using non-invasive imaging modalities such as nuclear myocardial perfusion scanning, myocardial contrast echocardiography or contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging• The presence of microvascular obstruction post-AMI is associated with a larger infarct size, impaired LV ejection fraction, adverse LV remodelling and poorer clinical outcomes• Current treatment strategies include; vasodilator therapy such as adenosine, calcium-channel blockers, and nitrates; distal protection to prevent microemboli; and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors• Novel treatment strategies are required to prevent and treat coronary no-reflow, thereby improving myocardial perfusion, reducing myocardial infarct size, preserving LV ejection fraction, preventing LV remodeling and improving clinical outcomes.
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Частини книг з теми "Nitrated case"

1

Jiang, Yefang, Bernie J. Zebarth, George H. Somers, John A. MacLeod, and Martine M. Savard. "Nitrate Leaching from Potato Production in Eastern Canada." In Sustainable Potato Production: Global Case Studies, 233–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4104-1_13.

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Bussmann, W. D. "Therapie mit Nitraten in der Postinfarktphase." In Medikamentöse Behandlung des Postinfarktpatienten nach CAST, 115–18. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85414-9_14.

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3

Schindler, Thomas, Christian Berg, Klaus Fritz, Uwe Achatz, Martin Beyer, Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg, and Vladimir E. Bondybey. "A Case Study on Molecular Clusters and Atmospheric Aerosols: Chlorine Nitrate Hydrolysis." In Recent Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Hydrogen Bonded Clusters, 389–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9434-9_28.

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4

Smyth, Jeffrey D., and Jonathan D. Istok. "Multivariate Geostatistical Analysis of Groundwater Contamination by Pesticide and Nitrate: A Case History." In Geostatistics, 713–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6844-9_56.

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5

El Mountassir, Otman, Mohammed Bahir, Driss Ouazar, and Paula M. Carreira. "Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater of the Ouazi Basin: Case of Essaouira (Southwestern Morocco)." In Advances in Geoethics and Groundwater Management : Theory and Practice for a Sustainable Development, 239–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59320-9_49.

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Abbi, Anil. "Groundwater Quality Evaluation with Special Reference to Fluorosis and Nitrate Pollution — A Case Study." In Groundwater Updates, 117–21. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68442-8_20.

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7

Wendland, F., M. Bach, and R. Kunkel. "The influence of nitrate reduction strategies on the temporal development of the nitrate pollution of soil and groundwater throughout Germany — a regionally differentiated case study." In Soil and Water Quality at Different Scales, 167–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3021-1_17.

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8

Proca, Cristina, Daniela Micu, Cristian Danielescu, and Florica Manea. "Case Study of the Risk Assessment of Nitrates on Human Health in ihe West Side of Romania." In Exposure and Risk Assessment of Chemical Pollution — Contemporary Methodology, 509–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2335-3_41.

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Souid, Faiza, Belgacem Agoubi, and Adel Kharroubi. "Assessing the Groundwater Pollution Problem by Nitrate and Faecal Bacteria: Case of Djerba Unconfined Aquifer (Southeast Tunisia)." In Water and Land Security in Drylands, 87–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54021-4_9.

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Ayni, Foued El, Semia Cherif, Amel Jrad, and Malika Trabelsi-Ayadi. "Changes in Groundwater Salinity and Nitrate Concentrations Due to Aquifer Recharge by Treated Wastewater: Korba Case Study." In Economic Sustainability and Environmental Protection in Mediterranean Countries through Clean Manufacturing Methods, 137–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5079-1_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Nitrated case"

1

Crawford, Kimm, and Terry Lee. "Using Nitrate, Chloride, Sodium, and Sulfate to Calculate Groundwater Age." In National Cave and Karst Research Institute Symposium 5. University of South Florida Tampa Library, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/9780991000951.1073.

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2

Helmers, Matthew J., and James L. Baker. "Strategies for nitrate reduction: The Cedar River Case Study." In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-57.

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3

Pascu, Daniela-Elena, Oana Tatiana Nedelcu, Aurelia Cristina Nechifor, and Mircea Segarceanu. "Simulation of membrane processes with applications in transport and adsorption of nitrate ions." In 2014 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smicnd.2014.6966466.

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4

Pasha, M. Fayzul K., and Jennifer Skobrak. "Agricultural Management Practices and Nitrate Concentration in Tile Drainage—Case Study." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479162.195.

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5

Upchurch, Sam. "Determination of the Relationship of Nitrate to Discharge and Flow Systems in North Florida Springs." In National Cave and Karst Research Institute Symposium 5. University of South Florida Tampa Library, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/9780991000951.1091.

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Gartner, M., C. Lete, M. Chelu, H. Stroescu, M. Zaharescu, C. Moldovan, C. Brasoveanu, et al. "Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Different Ionic Species (Nitrites/Nitrates and Heavy Metals) in Natural Water Sources." In 2018 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smicnd.2018.8539739.

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Syafiq N, Muhammad, Shaharuddin MS, and Zaenal Abidin. "Nitrate in Groundwater and Health Risk Assessment: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Villages in Tanah Merah District, Kelantan, Malaysia During Paddy Pre-Planting Season." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.27.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Contamination of nitrate is one of the most common groundwater problems worldwide. Around 70% of residents in the state of Kelantan still rely on groundwater as their primary source of water supply. Extensive usage of fertilizer in agricultural areas may cause nitrate leaching into the groundwater. This study aimed to determine the level of nitrate in groundwater and health risk assessment at three villages in Tanah Merah District, Kelantan, Malaysia. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Tanah Merah district, Kelantan, in January 2020. A total of 52 residents was selected by purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria for study subjects were long life residents, age ≥18 years old, and groundwater as a primary source of drinking supply. The study variables were (1) Level of nitrate in groundwater measured according to age (year), depth (meter), and distance (meter) of well from the agricultural area; and (2) Health risk assessment measured by hazard quotient (HQ). A set of questionnaires consisted of four sections to gather information related to socio-demographic, water usage, living environment, and health status. Groundwater samples were collected in duplicates and were analysed using a Hanna Instruments portable pH/ORP/ISE meter with an attached nitrate electrode. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Nitrate levels were found to be under the maximum acceptable value of 10 mg/L, as stated by the Drinking Water Quality Standard of Malaysia. Nitrate level ranged from 0.22 to 8.81 mg/L (Mean= 2.94; SD= 2.27). Spearman rho correlation showed that nitrate level was significantly and negatively correlated the age of wells (r= -0.31; p= 0.025). Nitrate level was not significantly correlated with the depth (r= 0.19; p= 0.183) and distance of wells (r= -0.05; p= 0.751). Hazard quotient (HQ) for all study subjects was <1, which means that exposure to nitrate contained drinking water in study subjects was not detrimental to health. Conclusion: Nitrate levels were below the maximum acceptable value, but continuous monitoring from health authorities is essential since other seasons of paddy planting may contribute higher deposition of nitrate into groundwater. Keywords: nitrate, groundwater, levels, hazard quotient, Tanah Merah Correspondence: Muhammad Syafiq N. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: syafiqnor29@gmail.com. Mobile: +601140731881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.27
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Thomas Harter, Marsha C. Mathews, and Roland D. Meyer. "Effects of Dairy Manure Nutrient Management on Shallow Groundwater Nitrate: A Case Study." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.3842.

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He, Yue, Shenglong Zhang, Ziqian Dong, and Fang Li. "Conductive Polymer-Based Sensor for Soil Nutrient Detection." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24217.

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Abstract To increase the production of crops, chemical fertilizers are used in crop fields. However, underuse or overuse cannot increase crop yields but even decrease them and cause severe environmental problems. Thus, the detection and monitoring of chemical concentration are increasingly important. To build up and monitor a data-based system for a large area, such a method is costly and time-consuming. In this research, we developed a conductive polymer-based sensor to detect nitrate concentrations in soil water. Conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as our sensing material. To increase its conductivity, we used the vacuum phase polymerization method to achieve a high conductive and stable polymer film. The conductivity of the polymer film is 500 S/cm. Our results have demonstrated that the conductive polymer-based sensors have high sensitivity to nitrate solution. The response to 1000 ppm nitrate solution is 47.2% (Response = (Initrate - IDIwate) / IDIwater). The sensors can detect nitrate range from 1ppm to 1000 ppm. The response time is less than 1 minute. This impedance-based sensor will eventually be integrated with the surface acoustic wave sensors, combined with an antenna and a GPR unit for low maintenance, autonomous, and in-situ soil nutrient sensing.
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Williams, C., R. Slaughter, L. Burggraf, M. Ross, P. Adamson, and J. Petrosky. "Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy of dodecaborate cage molecules in aqueous nitrate solutions." In 2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2009.5402266.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Nitrated case"

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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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2

Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.

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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.
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Locy, Robert D., Hillel Fromm, Joe H. Cherry, and Narendra K. Singh. Regulation of Arabidopsis Glutamate Decarboxylase in Response to Heat Stress: Modulation of Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575288.bard.

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Анотація:
Most plants accumulate the nonprotein amino acid, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in response to heat stress. GABA is made from glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that has been shown by the Israeli PI to be a calmodulin (CaM) binding protein whose activity is regulated in vitro by calcium and CaM. In Arabidopsis there are at least 5 GAD genes, two isoforms of GAD, GAD1 and GAD2, are known to be expressed, both of which appear to be calmodulin-binding proteins. The role of GABA accumulation in stress tolerance remains unclear, and thus the objectives of the proposed work are intended to clarify the possible roles of GABA in stress tolerance by studying the factors which regulate the activity of GAD in vivo. Our intent was to demonstrate the factors that mediate the expression of GAD activity by analyzing the promoters of the GAD1 and GAD2 genes, to determine the role of stress induced calcium signaling in the regulation of GAD activity, to investigate the role of phosphorylation of the CaM-binding domain in the regulation of GAD activity, and to investigate whether ABA signaling could be involved in GAD regulation via the following set of original Project Objectives: 1. Construction of chimeric GAD1 and GAD2 promoter/reporter gene fusions and their utilization for determining cell-specific expression of GAD genes in Arabidopsis. 2. Utilizing transgenic plants harboring chimeric GAD1 promoter-luciferase constructs for isolating mutants in genes controlling GAD1 gene activation in response to heat shock. 3. Assess the role of Ca2+/CaM in the regulation of GAD activity in vivo in Arabidopsis. 4. Study the possible phosphorylation of GAD as a means of regulation of GAD activity. 5. Utilize ABA mutants of Arabidopsis to assess the involvement of this phytohormone in GAD activation by stress stimuli. The major conclusions of Objective 1 was that GAD1 was strongly expressed in the elongating region of the root, while GAD2 was mainly expressed along the phloem in both roots and shoots. In addition, GAD activity was found not to be transcriptionally regulated in response to heat stress. Subsequently, The Israeli side obtained a GAD1 knockout mutation, and in light of the objective 1 results it was determined that characterization of this knockout mutation would contribute more to the project than the proposed Objective 2. The major conclusion of Objective 3 is that heat-stress-induced changes in GAD activity can be explained by heat-stress-induced changes in cytosolic calcium levels. No evidence that GAD activity was transcriptionally or translationally regulated or that protein phosphorylation was involved in GAD regulation (objective 4) was obtained. Previously published data by others showing that in wheat roots ABA regulated GABA accumulation proved not to be the case in Arabidopsis (Objective 5). Consequently, we put the remaining effort in the project into the selection of mutants related to temperature adaptation and GABA utilization and attempting to characterize events resulting from GABA accumulation. A set of 3 heat sensitive mutants that appear to have GABA related mutations have been isolated and partially characterized, and a study linking GABA accumulation to growth stimulation and altered nitrate assimilation were conducted. By providing a better understanding of how GAD activity was and was not regulated in vivo, we have ruled out the use of certain genes for genetically engineering thermotolerance, and suggested other areas of endeavor related to the thrust of the project that may be more likely approaches to genetically engineering thermotolerance.
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