Статті в журналах: "Nitrate use efficiency"

1

Wang, Ya-Yun, Yu-Hsuan Cheng, Kuo-En Chen, and Yi-Fang Tsay. "Nitrate Transport, Signaling, and Use Efficiency." Annual Review of Plant Biology 69, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 85–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040056.

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2

João, Jair Juarez, José Luiz Vieira, Marcos Henrique Luciano Silveira, Cristiane Silvano Wensing, Paulo Cesar de Jesus, and Endler Marcel Borges. "Valorization of Agro-Industrial By-products: Use of Rice Husk as a Source of Microorganisms to Denitrification of Water." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i4.17624.

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Rice husk, which is an agricultural waste, provides a feasible alternative for the growth and propagation of denitrifying microorganisms. Nitrate and nitrite were removed using Immobilized Microorganisms (MOIM) or Microorganisms in Solution (MOSO). Microorganisms present in the rice husk biomass responsible for denitrification were identified as Pseudomonas, and other microorganisms have also been identified, as Oerskovia spp. Enterococcus sp. Bacillus mycoides and Escherichia coli. The influence of pH, temperature, C/N ratio and carbon source on biological denitrification were investigated. MOIM and MOSO consortium had optimal denitrifying performance at 25-30 °C and in pH 7-8. MOSO has average denitrification efficiency larger than MOIM. The MOIM denitrification efficiency was more sensitive to pH changes than the MOSO. Ethanol and sodium acetate were carbon sources for the denitrifying process. The efficiency of nitrate and nitrite removal using MOSO and ethanol or acetate with 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 C/N ratios were equivalents and above 97.00%. The denitrifying process presented was robust and it presented nitrate removal close to 100% during 10 cycles.

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3

Dorosh, L. S., T. B. Peretyatko, and S. P. Gudz. "The patterns of utilization of sulfate and nitrate ions by bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Ya-11." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 6, no. 2 (June 23, 2015): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021528.

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The aim of this work was to study the patterns of utilization of sulfate and nitrate ions by bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Ya-11 under different cultivation conditions. Chromium-resistant sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 were used. Bacteria were grown in Posgate C medium at 30°C in 25 ml test tubes under anaerobic conditions. To test the ability of bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 to use various substances and ions as electron acceptors, they were incubated in potassium phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7) with sulfate, nitrate and nitrite ions in concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mM. At various concentrations of sulfate ions (1, 5 and 10 mM), biomass of bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 increased with the increase of concentration of electron acceptor, the maximum biomass was equal to 3.65 and 3.05 g/l at 10 mM of sulfate ions, respectively. With the increase of concentration of nitrate ions to 5 mM the biomass increased by 70% compared to the biomass of bacteria grown in the medium with nitrate ions at the concentration 1 mM. The maximal biomass was determined in the presence of nitrate ions at a concentration of 10 mM – 3.78 and 3.15 g/l for bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11, respectively. It is found, as a result of incubation of bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11, that by introducing sulfate ions at a concentration of 5 mM bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 used 98%, while D. desulfuricans Ya-11 used only 86%, and under these conditions hydrogen sulfide has been detected in the incubation mixture at the concentration of 0.8–1.0 mM. In the presence of 10 mM of sulfate ions efficiency of electron acceptors utilization was equal to 85–95% for both strains. Bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 intensively used nitrate ions, the efficiency of electron acceptor utilization at 10 mM was equal to 92.8%, while for D. desulfuricans Ya-11 the usage percent amounted to 73% only, and nitrite ions were not observed after three days of incubation. It is established that bacteria Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 are capable to use sulfate and nitrate ions as electron acceptors in the process of the disimilatory sulfate and nitratre reduction. As a result of the study of patterns of nitrate utilization by Desulfomicrobium sp. CrR3 and D. desulfuricans Ya-11 it is found that bacteria use nitrate as a nitrogen source for biosynthetic processes, and as electron acceptors. Under these conditions nitrates are reduced to nitrites, and then they are turned to ammonium.

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4

Soulaiman Bassam Mershed, Bassam Alaji, Soulaiman Bassam Mershed, Bassam Alaji. "Nitrate Removal from Water Using Electrocoagulation with Activated Carbon: إزالة النترات من المياه بالتخثير الكهربائي مع الكربون المنشط". Journal of engineering sciences and information technology 6, № 2 (28 березня 2022): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.c130821.

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The present work studies the clarification of drinking water by removing Nitrate and Nitrite using electrocoagulation (EC) and the addition of activated carbon which produced from the almond peel (AP). The efficiency of coupling process studied by using different amounts of adsorbent material to identify the most appropriate dosage, for enhancing drinking water purification, The efficiency of the current density used in the removal of Nitrate and Nitrite was studied, energy consumption of the process was also determined. The coupling between electrocoagulation and the addition of the activated carbon showed that the addition of an appropriate dosage resulted in the enhancement of the removal rate of Nitrate and Nitrite especially at lower current densities, and resulted in a considerable reduction in the needed time compared to the conventional process that does not use activated carbon. The electrocoagulation with the addition of activated carbon achieved efficiency removal of approximately 58.5% for Nitrate and 98.9% for Nitrite. Based on the high removal efficiency, short contact time, and low energy consumption, the electrocoagulation with the addition of activated carbon method could be recommended instead of the conventional process. Furthermore, the results suggest that the productivity of the process is enhanced by adding a very small amount of NaCl as a supporting electrolyte.

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5

MARISCAL, V., J. REXACH, E. FERNANDEZ, and A. GALVAN. "The plastidic nitrite transporter NAR1;1 improves nitrate use efficiency for growth in Chlamydomonas." Plant, Cell and Environment 27, no. 10 (October 2004): 1321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01239.x.

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6

Jiang, Zhongchun, W. Michael Sullivan, and Richard J. Hull. "Nitrate Uptake and Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars." HortScience 35, no. 7 (December 2000): 1350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1350.

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Efficient utilization of fertilizer-nitrogen (N) by turfgrasses is probably related to N uptake efficiency of roots and metabolic efficiency of absorbed N in roots and shoots. This study evaluated Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars for potential differences in nitrate uptake rate (NUR), temporal variation in NUR, and the relationship between NUR and N use efficiency (NUE), defined as grams dry matter per gram N. Six cultivars were propagated from tillers of seeded plants, grown in silica sand, mowed weekly, and watered daily with a complete nutrient solution containing 1.0 mm nitrate. A nutrient depletion method from an initial nitrate concentration of 0.5 mm was used to determine NUR of 5-month-old plants. NUR (μmol·h-1 per plant) of the six cultivars ranked as follows: `Blacksburg' > `Conni' > `Dawn' > `Eclipse' = `Barzan' > `Gnome'. When NUR was based on root weight, `Conni' ranked highest; when NUR was based on root length, surface, or volume, `Eclipse' ranked highest. Averaged across cultivars, NUR on the second day was greater than NUR for the first day of nitrate exposure. Temporal variation was greatest in `Blacksburg', while none was noted in `Conni' or `Eclipse'. Cultivar differences in NUE were significant in fibrous roots, rhizomes, and leaf sheaths, but not in leaf blades and thatch. Total nitrate uptake was positively related to total N recovered and total plant dry matter, but NUR based on root weight was negatively correlated with NUE of the whole plant.

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7

Lea-Cox, J. "Salinity Reduces Water Use and Nitrate-N-use Efficiency of Citrus." Annals of Botany 72, no. 1 (July 1993): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1993.1079.

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8

Xiao, Ji Bo, Hui Xia Jiang, and Shu Yi Chu. "Isolation and Characterization of Denitrifying Bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina aHD7 with Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.699.

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A denitrifying bacterium aHD7 with nitrate removal efficiency of 91.67% (w/w) in 3 days cultured at 30 °C under stationary conditions was isolated from the activated sludge. The strain was characterized by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, to be belonging to Pseudomonas. Factors on denitrification ability of aHD7, i.e., pH value, carbon source, C/N ratio, nitrogen source and initial nitrate concentration were investigated. Results showed that this strain could either use nitrate or nitrite as the electron acceptor, and the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency for sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate were up to 96.70% (w/w) and 95.93% (w/w) respectively. Denitrification was favored when the pH value was 6-9 and C/N ratio varied from 6 to 8, in which the optimal carbon source was ethanol. The strain had anammox activity, of which the average ammonium utilization rate reached up to 4.56 mg/l/d.

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9

Zebarth, B. J., G. Tai, R. Tarn, H. de Jong, and P. H. Milburn. "Nitrogen use efficiency characteristics of commercial potato cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-050.

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One approach for reducing the contribution of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production to nitrate contamination of groundwater is to develop cultivars which utilize N more efficiently. In this study, variation in N use efficiency (NUE; dry matter production per unit crop N supply) characteristics of 20 commercial potato cultivars of North American and European origin were evaluated in 2 yr. Cultivars were grown with or without application of 100 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate banded at planting. The recommended within-row spacing was used for each cultivar and no irrigation was applied. Plant dry matter and N accumulation were determined prior to significant leaf senescence. Crop N supply was estimated as fertilizer N applied plus soil inorganic N measured at planting plus apparent net soil N mineralization. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased curvilinearly with increasing crop N supply. Nitrogen use efficiency was lower for early-maturing cultivars compared to mid-season and late-maturing cultivars. A curvilinear relationship was obtained between plant dry matter accumulation and plant N accumulation using data for all cultivars. Deviations from this relationship were interpreted as variation in N utilization efficiency (NUtE; dry matter accumulation per unit N accumulation). Significant differences in NUtE were measured among cultivars of similar maturity. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE; plant N content per unit crop N supply) and soil nitrate concentration measured at plant harvest were uniformly low for all cultivars when crop N supply was limited, but varied among cultivars when N was more abundant. This suggests that potato cultivars vary more in terms of N uptake capacity (plant N accumulation in the presence of an abundant N supply) than in terms of NUpE. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, N mineralization, dry matter accumulation, N accumulation, N utilization efficiency

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10

Colla, Giuseppe, Carolina María Cardona Suárez, Mariateresa Cardarelli, and Youssef Rouphael. "Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Melon by Grafting." HortScience 45, no. 4 (April 2010): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.4.559.

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Identification of rootstocks capable of improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the scion could reduce N fertilization and nitrate leaching; however, screening different graft combinations under field conditions can be costly and time-consuming. This study evaluated a rapid and economical methodology for screening of melon rootstocks for NUE. Two experiments were designed. In the first, melon plants (Cucumis melo L. cv. Proteo) either ungrafted or grafted onto four commercial rootstocks: ‘Dinero’ and ‘Jador’ (Cucumis melo L.), ‘P360’, and ‘PS1313’ (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) grown in hydroponics were compared in terms of shoot dry biomass, leaf area, root-to-shoot ratio, SPAD index, shoot N uptake, and nitrate reductase (NR) activity at the early developmental stage in response to nitrate availability (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, or 15 mm of NO3–). The second experiment was aimed to confirm whether the use of a selected rootstock with high NUE (‘P360’) could improve crop performance and NUE of grafted melon plants under field conditions. In the first experiment, carried out under greenhouse conditions, melon plants grafted onto ‘Dinero’, ‘Jador’, and ‘P360’ rootstocks needed 5.7, 5.2, and 6.1 mm of NO3–, respectively, to reach half-maximum shoot dry weight, whereas plants grafted onto ‘PS1313’ rootstock and the control treatment (ungrafted plants) needed 9.1 and 13.1 mm of NO3–, respectively. Total leaf area, SPAD index, and shoot N uptake increased linearly and quadratically in response to an increase of the N concentration in the nutrient solution. At 2.5 mm of NO3–, melon plants grafted onto both C. melo and Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata rootstocks had the highest NR activity, whereas no significant difference was observed at 10 mm of NO3–. In the second experiment, carried out under open field conditions, increasing the N fertilization rates from 0 to 120 kg·ha−1 increased the total and marketable yields of melon plants, whereas the NUE decreased. When averaged over N levels, the marketable yield, NUE, and N uptake efficiency were higher by 9%, 11.8%, and 16.3%, respectively, in ‘Proteo’ grafted onto ‘P360’ than in ungrafted ‘Proteo’ plants.

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11

Chen, Kuo-En, Hui-Yu Chen, Ching-Shan Tseng, and Yi-Fang Tsay. "Improving nitrogen use efficiency by manipulating nitrate remobilization in plants." Nature Plants 6, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00758-0.

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12

Jiang, Zhongchun, and Richard J. Hull. "Interrelationships of Nitrate Uptake, Nitrate Reductase, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Selected Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars." Crop Science 38, no. 6 (November 1998): 1623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183x003800060035x.

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13

Good, Allen G., Susan J. Johnson, Mary De Pauw, Rebecka T. Carroll, Nic Savidov, John Vidmar, Zhongjin Lu, Gregory Taylor, and Virginia Stroeher. "Engineering nitrogen use efficiency with alanine aminotransferase." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 3 (March 2007): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-019.

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Nitrogen (N) is the most important factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. The ability of plants to acquire N from applied fertilizers is one of the critical steps limiting the efficient use of nitrogen. To improve N use efficiency, genetically modified plants that overexpress alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) were engineered by introducing a barley AlaAT cDNA driven by a canola root specific promoter (btg26). Compared with wild-type canola, transgenic plants had increased biomass and seed yield both in the laboratory and field under low N conditions, whereas no differences were observed under high N. The transgenics also had increased nitrate influx. These changes resulted in a 40% decrease in the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer required under field conditions to achieve yields equivalent to wild-type plants.

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14

Nyamangara, J., L. F. Bergström, M. I. Piha, and K. E. Giller. "Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Nitrate Leaching in a Tropical Sandy Soil." Journal of Environment Quality 32, no. 2 (2003): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.0599.

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15

Nyamangara, J., L. F. Bergström, M. I. Piha, and K. E. Giller. "Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Nitrate Leaching in a Tropical Sandy Soil." Journal of Environmental Quality 32, no. 2 (March 2003): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.5990.

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16

Danilina, Veronika V., Dmitry I. Chernov, Dmitry G. Cherkasov, and Konstantin K. Il’in. "Extractive crystallization of salts in the ternary systems sodium (potassium, cesium) nitrate – water – triethylamine." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology 21, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2021-21-2-159-168.

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A comparative analysis of the results of our polythermal study of the ternary systems sodium (potassium, cesium) nitrate – water – triethylamine has been carried out to estimate the efficiency of the use of triethylamine in the extractive crystallization of alkali metal nitrates from water–salt solutions containing 43.0, 44.0, 45.0, 46.0, and 47.0 wt. % sodium nitrate in the range of 10.0–25.0°C, 20.0, 21.0, and 22.0 wt.% potassium nitrate and 18.0, 19.0, 20.0 and 21.0 wt. % cesium nitrate in the range of 20.0–25.0°C. The dependences of the yield of these salts on the amount of triethylamine added and temperature have been found. It has been established that the maximum yield of sodium nitrate (79.4%) is observed for the aqueous solution with 47 wt.% salt upon the introduction of 90 wt.% triethylamine at 25.0° C. The maximum yield in the systems potassium (cesium) nitrate – water – triethylamine was 68.9% (22 wt. % potassium nitrate solution) and 66.2% (21 wt. % cesium nitrate solution) at 20.0° C and 90 wt. % amine content.

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17

KAGE, H., C. ALT, and H. STÜTZEL. "Aspects of nitrogen use efficiency of cauliflower I. A simulation modelling based analysis of nitrogen availability under field conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 1 (August 2003): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003344.

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Data from several field experiments (eight crops grown under a widely varying nitrogen supply on a loess loam soil) were used for a simulation modelling based analysis of nitrogen availability of cauliflower. The model was built out of components describing root growth, nitrate transport to the roots and the vertical nitrate transport within the soil.Root observations obtained over 2 years indicated an increased fraction of dry matter allocated to the fine roots under N deficiency. An adopted version of a root growth model for cauliflower described the rooting data with an R2=0·75. Based upon an acceptable description of the soil water budget, vertical nitrate movement during the growth period of cauliflower was accurately described. The magnitude of this movement, however, was limited to soil depths of about 60 cm even after periods of high rainfall, because of a high soil water holding capacity. An analysis of the factors determining nitrate availability indicated that apparent mass flow was only of high importance for conditions of extremely high N supply where high amounts of nitrate nitrogen remain in the soil up to the end of the growing season. Otherwise, the dominating fraction of nitrate has to be transported to the roots by diffusion. Single root model based calculations of maximum nitrate transport to roots overestimated N availability as indicated by estimates of critical soil nitrate N that were too low. The introduction of a restricted uptake activity period of the roots was used to bridge the gap between theoretical calculations and empirical results. Scenario calculations were carried out to obtain functional relationships between N supply and residual soil nitrate levels for different soil conditions and management practices.

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18

Olness, Alan, Dian Lopez, David Archer, Jason Cordes, Colin Sweeney, Neil Mattson, Jana Rinke, and W. B. Voorhees. "Factors Affecting Microbial Formation of Nitrate-Nitrogen in Soil and Their Effects on Fertilizer Nitrogen Use Efficiency." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.308.

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Mineralization of soil organic matter is governed by predictable factors with nitrate-N as the end product. Crop production interrupts the natural balance, accelerates mineralization of N, and elevates levels of nitrate-N in soil. Six factors determine nitrate-N levels in soils: soil clay content, bulk density, organic matter content, pH, temperature, and rainfall. Maximal rates of N mineralization require an optimal level of air-filled pore space. Optimal air-filled pore space depends on soil clay content, soil organic matter content, soil bulk density, and rainfall. Pore space is partitioned into water- and air-filled space. A maximal rate of nitrate formation occurs at a pH of 6.7 and rather modest mineralization rates occur at pH 5.0 and 8.0. Predictions of the soil nitrate-N concentrations with a relative precision of 1 to 4 μg N g–1of soil were obtained with a computerized N fertilizer decision aid. Grain yields obtained using the N fertilizer decision aid were not measurably different from those using adjacent farmer practices, but N fertilizer use was reduced by >10%. Predicting mineralization in this manner allows optimal N applications to be determined for site-specific soil and weather conditions.

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19

Swesty, Neneng, Rahmiana Zein, and Z. Zilfa. "PENJERNIHAN AIR SUMUR MENUJU AIR LAYAK MINUM DENGAN METODA LAPISAN MULTI MEDIA ( LMM )." Jurnal Riset Kimia 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v12i2.297.

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The Multi Soil layering (MSL) system is a liquid waste treatment method with the use of soil as the main medium and the organic material formed in brick and arranged in layers with a homogeneous zeolite layer. The MSL system is made of acrylic (50 x 15 x 50) cm containing a brick (4 x 9 x 15) cm and (4 x 5 x 15) cm of volcanic soil mixture as the main medium mixed with charcoal, rice husk, and iron powder (70 : 10 : 10 : 5)%, permiable layer is used zeolite (2-3) mm. The sample came from the well water of one of villager at Jati, Padang. Efficiency of SML system for aeration process on turbidity parameter with flow rate variation of 2, 4, 6, 8 mL/min reach 99,8 %, for non aeration process efficiency of turbidity decrease 88,14 %. While for the flow rate of 10, 20, 40, 80 mL/min, the efficiency of decrease for aeration at parameters Mn 66,44 %, nitrite 59,74 %, nitrate 58,34 %, turbidity 54,63 %, while in non aeration efficiency decrease turbidity reach 44,04 %, Mn 47,26 %, nitrite 49,74 %, nitrate 45,57 %. Of all efficiency values decreasing all parameters already complied drinking water quality standard according to Permenkes RI No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010.

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20

Bakaeva, Natalya. "NITROGEN CONTENT IN SOIL AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN WINTER WHEAT LEAVES WITH THE USE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 5, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/37333.

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The purpose of the study is increasing the efficiency of using nitrogen fertilizers and its effect on nitrate-reducing capacity of the leaf apparatus. The research was conducted in 2016-2018 in the Central zone of the Samara re-gion. The predecessor is complete fellow. Svetoch winter wheat elite seed varieties were used for sowing. Seeding was carried out in the experimental fields of the laboratory «Agroecology» of the Samara state University. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content in soil layer of 0-30 cm depth was estimated before planting and after plant nutri-tion with nitrogen fertilizers in regard to the growth phases (tillering, elongation and heading), the content of nitro-gen, protein and nitrate reductase enzyme activity in leaves during plant development. Dynamics changes of nitro-gen content in the soil and after fertilization with nitrogen shows that during vegetation period of plants, the amount of nitrogen is sufficient for their growth. As the phenological phases of plants change, the content of nitrogen and protein in winter wheat leaves increases, and activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase lifts, which catalyzes nitrate regeneration to nitrite. The value of the activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase in leaves can serve as a criterion for evaluating the availability of plants with the nitrate form of nitrogen. In future, the activity of this enzyme can be used as an indicator of optimizing nitrogen nutrition of plants aimed at metabolic processes. The use of various nitrogen fertilizers, and to a greater extent ammonium nitrate, increased the supply of plants with nitrogen, which is later used by them in the reutilization of nitrogen from leaves to the emerging seed, thus contributing to quality of grain.

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21

Zhang, Min, Liuru Lai, Xintong Liu, Jiajia Liu, Ruifang Liu, Yamei Wang, Jindong Liu, and Jingguang Chen. "Overexpression of Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Gene OsNPF7.6 Increases Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency." Life 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2022): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12121981.

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Overuse of nitrogen fertilizer in fields has raised production costs, and caused environmental problems. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice is essential for sustainable agriculture. Here we report the cloning, characterization and roles for rice of OsNPF7.6, a member of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF). The OsNPF7.6 protein is located in the plasma membrane, expressed in each tissue at all stages and is significantly regulated by nitrate in rice. Our study shows that the overexpression of OsNPF7.6 can increase the nitrate uptake rate of rice. Additionally, field experiments showed that OsNPF7.6 overexpression increased the total tiller number per plant and the grain weight per panicle, thereby improving grain yield and agronomic NUE in rice. Thus, OsNPF7.6 can be applied to be a novel target gene for breeding rice varieties with high NUE, and provide a reference for breeding higher yielding rice.

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22

Chen, Zhi Chang, and Jian Feng Ma. "Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice through Enhancing Root Nitrate Uptake Mediated by a Nitrate Transporter, NRT1.1B." Journal of Genetics and Genomics 42, no. 9 (September 2015): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2015.08.003.

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23

Seidenfaden, Ida Karlsson, Torben Obel Sonnenborg, Jens Christian Refsgaard, Christen Duus Børgesen, Jørgen Eivind Olesen, and Dennis Trolle. "Are maps of nitrate reduction in groundwater altered by climate and land use changes?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 955–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-955-2022.

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Abstract. Nitrate reduction maps have been used routinely in northern Europe for calculating the efficiency of remediation measures and the impact of climate change on nitrate leaching. These maps are, therefore, valuable tools for policy analysis and mitigation targeting. Nitrate reduction maps are normally based on output from complex hydrological models and, once generated, are largely assumed constant in time. However, the distribution, magnitude, and efficiency of nitrate reduction cannot necessarily be considered stationary during changing climate and land use as flow paths, nitrate release timing, and their interaction may shift. This study investigates the potential improvement of using transient nitrate reduction maps, compared to a constant nitrate reduction map that is assumed during land use and climate change, both for nitrate loads and the spatial variation in reduction. For this purpose, a crop and soil model (DAISY) was set up to provide nitrate input to a distributed hydrological model (MIKE SHE) for an agricultural catchment in Funen, Denmark. Nitrate reduction maps based on an observed dataset of land use and climate were generated and compared to nitrate reduction maps generated for all combinations of four potential land use change scenarios and four future climate model projections. Nitrate reduction maps were found to be more sensitive to changes in climate, leading to a reduction map change of up to 10 %, while land use changes effects were minor. The study, however, also showed that the reduction maps are products of a range of complex interactions between water fluxes, nitrate use, and timing. What is also important to note is that the choices made for future scenarios, model setup, and assumptions may affect the resulting span in the reduction capability. To account for this uncertainty, multiple approaches, assumptions, and models could be applied for the same area. However, as these models are very time consuming, this is not always a feasible approach in practice. An uncertainty of the order of 10 % on the reduction map may have major impacts on practical water management. It is, therefore, important to acknowledge if such errors are deemed acceptable in relation to the purpose and context of specific water management situations.

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Rouphael, Youssef, Giampaolo Raimondi, Rosanna Caputo, and Stefania De Pascale. "Fertigation Strategies for Improving Water Use Efficiency and Limiting Nutrient Loss in Soilless Hippeastrum Production." HortScience 51, no. 6 (June 2016): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.6.684.

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Implementing nutrient management strategies in soilless culture, which improve water use efficiency (WUE) and limit the loss of eutrophying elements without affecting crop performance, is a priority for the floriculture industry. The aim of the current research was to assess the effect of two nutrient management strategies, based on electrical conductivity (EC) or nitrate-nitrogen (N-NO3−) concentration control on plant growth, ornamental quality, plant–water relations, mineral composition, and WUE of greenhouse Hippeastrum grown in semiclosed soilless system. The recirculating nutrient solution was discharged whenever a threshold EC value of 3.0 dS·m−1 was reached (EC-based strategy), or when N-NO3− concentration decreased below the limit of 1.0 mol·m−3 (nitrate-based strategy). There were no significant differences in terms of plant growth parameters, stomatal resistance, leaf water relations, and macronutrient composition in plant tissues between the two nutrient management strategies. In the EC- and the nitrate-based strategies, the recirculating nutrient solution was flushed 10 and 5 times, respectively. The water loss (WL) and the total water use (Wuse) in the EC-based strategy were significantly higher by 261.1% and 61.5%, respectively, compared with the N-NO3−-based strategy. In contrast with the EC-based strategy, the adoption of the N-NO3−-based strategy significantly minimized the nitrate, phosphate, and potassium emissions to the environment. The effective WUE of the system (WUES) recorded in the N-NO3−-based strategy was higher by 55.9% compared with the one recorded with the EC-based strategy.

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25

Ali, Ahmad. "Nitrate assimilation pathway in higher plants: critical role in nitrogen signalling and utilization." Plant Science Today 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.637.

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The process of nitrate assimilation is a very crucial pathway for the sustainable growth and productivity of higher plants. This process is catalysed by two enzymes, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Both the enzymes differ from each other with respect to their structural organisation, subcellular location, catalytic efficiencies and regulatory mechanisms. Nitrate reductase catalyses the rate limiting step of nitrate assimilation process. The genes and proteins of this enzyme have been isolated and characterised from many higher plants. The additional role of NR in the production of nitric oxide has been also reported in last several years. The reduced ammonium is assimilated into carbon skeleton, ?-ketoglutarate, by the concerted action of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. Glutamine and glutamate are the transportable forms of nitrogen among various tissues and metabolic processes. The rate of nitrate assimilation is regulated by the rate of uptake of nitrate by nitrate transporters, availability of carbon skeleton, accumulation of nitrogenous end products, light and the rate of photosynthesis. The partitioning of metabolites and resources between carbon and nitrogen metabolism is an important factor for the growth and yield of plants. During the last several decades excess use of nitrogen fertiliser has caused environmental pollution. Efforts have been made to increase the nitrogen use efficiency of plants to reduce the cost on fertiliser and nitrate pollution, increase the productivity and protein content of several commonly used crops. This review discusses the process of nitrate assimilation and its interaction with the carbon metabolism.

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26

Srivastava, Ashish Kumar, Anaytullah Siddique, Manoj Kumar Sharma, and Bandana Bose. "Seed Priming with Salts of Nitrate Enhances Nitrogen use Efficiency in Rice." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 30, no. 4 (2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00199.9.

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27

Loussaert, Dale, Josh Clapp, Nick Mongar, Dennis O’Neill, and Bo Shen. "Nitrate Assimilation Limits Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in Maize (Zea mays L.)." Agronomy 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8070110.

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28

Kant, Surya. "Understanding nitrate uptake, signaling and remobilisation for improving plant nitrogen use efficiency." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 74 (February 2018): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.034.

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29

Bijay-Singh, Yadvinder-Singh, and G. S. Sekhon. "Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 20, no. 3-4 (December 1995): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4.

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30

Tarabas, О. V., S. О. Hnatush, and О. М. Мoroz. "The usage of nitrogen compounds by purple non-sulfur bacteria of the Rhodopseudomonas genus." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021913.

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In this article, we characterized the regularities of oxidation of nitrite ions by phototropic purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas yavorovii IMV B-7620, which were isolated from the water of Yavorivske Lake (Lviv Region, Ukraine). The bacteria were cultivated anaerobically at the light intensity of 200 lux and aerobically without illumination for 13 days in the modified ATCC No. 1449 medium. The concentration of nitrite ions was determined turbidimetrically by the turbidity of the solution by method of diazotization of sulfanilic acid by the nitrite ions and the interaction of the formed salt with n-(l-naphtyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The concentration of nitrate ions was determined turbidimetrically by the turbidity of the solution by method of diazotization. Zinc powder was used as a reducing agent. Efficiency of oxidation of 0.7–5.6 mM nitrite ions as electron donors by these bacteria was 100–7%, on the 10-th day of cultivation. It was established that nitrate ions were accumulated in the medium as a result of oxidation of nitrite ions by bacteria. The largest biomass (1.6 g/L) bacteria accumulated on the thirteenth day of growth in a medium with 2.8 mM NO2–. We found that R. yavorovii can use nitrate ions and urea as the only source of nitrogen for phototrophic growth. At a concentration of 1.9 mM ammonium chloride, sodium nitrite and urea in the cultivation medium, the biomass of bacteria was 1.2, 0.8, 1.0 g/L, respectively. The ability of the studied microorganisms to oxidize nitrite ions and to use nitrate ions indicates the significant impact of purple non-sulfur bacteria on the redistribution of streams of nitrogen compounds in ecosystems and the essential role of these microorganisms in the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle.

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Santos, C. L. R., J. O. Cazetta, L. M. Saran, M. F. Moraes, and C. F. Silva. "Relationship of nitrogen use and nitrate reductase activity by sugarcane cultivars." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1332020838.

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Intrinsic genetic potential of each cultivar of sugarcane may determine the absorption intensity and nitrogen assimilation. It is possible to occur a lower expression of the productive potential by limitations related to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity, since this enzyme is "key" of the N metabolism. The objectives were to compare cultivars of sugarcane as the level of NR activity and its relationship to productive and nutritional variables. The experiment was conducted under condition of a greenhouse, where were grown ten sugarcane cultivars in pots of 4 dm3, filled with sand and vermiculite plus nutrients as indicated for the crop. The variables evaluated were: plant height, NR activity, dry matter (shoot and roots), N content and N accumulation and N uptake and utilization efficiency, moreover, the correlation between the variables was evaluated. The results showed that NR activity varies with the cultivar and further, that NR activity in sugarcane leaves does not correlate with the N uptake efficiency, but is positively correlated with N content and negatively with N utilization efficiency. The NR activity is not a good physiological parameter to discriminate N efficient use sugarcane genotypes

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32

MacDonald, William N., M. James Tsujita, Theo J. Blom, and Barry J. Shelp. "Impact of : ratio and nitrogen supply on nitrogen remobilization in potted chrysanthemum grown in a subirrigation system." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 5 (July 2014): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-251.

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MacDonald, W. N., Tsujita, M. J., Blom, T. J. and Shelp, B. J. 2014. Impact of [Formula: see text]:[Formula: see text] ratio and nitrogen supply on nitrogen remobilization in potted chrysanthemum grown in a subirrigation system. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 867–880. Subirrigation is being adopted as an environmentally friendly strategy for managing the nutrition of potted greenhouse plants. Here, we investigated two strategies for enhancing the remobilization of N during the development of the inflorescence in subirrigated potted chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) in an attempt to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency. (1) The replacement of a portion of the nitrate in the nutrient solution with ammonium decreased the nitrate content, especially in the stem plus petioles, and increased the reduced N content early in the growth cycle, but did not improve N use efficiency. (2) The use of a lower N supply (200 vs. 400 mg total N per pot delivered over 3 and 5 wk, respectively), either as nitrate or ammonium nitrate, eliminated nitrate accumulation prior to inflorescence development, thereby improving N use efficiency. Inflorescence quality was unaffected; however, at the lower N level there was some evidence of chlorosis on the oldest leaves. Thus, there may be considerable potential to reduce the N supply in a commercial greenhouse setting as long as an adequate supply is provided early in the growing period.

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33

Dires, Simachew, Tarekegn Birhanu, and Argaw Ambelu. "Use of broken brick to enhance the removal of nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands receiving hospital wastewater." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.037.

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Abstract Eight horizontal subsurface flow pilot scale artificial wetlands were constructed to evaluate the effectiveness of broken brick to remove nutrients from hospital wastewater. The average total suspended solids (TSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH4-N, NO3-N, and phosphate percent removal efficiency of constructed wetlands were, respectively, 93.2%, 90.4%, 83.7%, 64%, 64.3%, 52.1% and 56.1% in the dry season and 89.7%, 85.8%, 82.9%, 66%, 62.7%, 56.1% and 59.5% in the rainy season. Broken brick bed wetlands provide better removal efficiency of TKN, ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate with an average removal rate of 73%, 71.3%, 79.6% and 77.1% in the dry season and 74.7%, 70.7%, 70.9% and 73.6% in the rainy season, respectively, and it provides better adsorption sites for ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate. Typha with the broken brick bed significantly improved (P < 0.05) the treatment performance of the constructed wetland systems for the removal of ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate. The seasonal variation could not significantly influence the removal of all the pollutants, but better performance of nitrate and phosphate was achieved in a dry season. Use of locally available broken brick as a substrate media can increase the nutrient removal efficiency of wetlands at a cheaper cost when applied in full scale constructed wetlands.

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34

Hou, Mengmeng, Ming Yu, Zhiqiang Li, Zhiyuan Ai, and Jingguang Chen. "Molecular Regulatory Networks for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 9040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169040.

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Nitrogen is an important factor limiting the growth and yield of rice. However, the excessive application of nitrogen will lead to water eutrophication and economic costs. To create rice varieties with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has always been an arduous task in rice breeding. The processes for improving NUE include nitrogen uptake, nitrogen transport from root to shoot, nitrogen assimilation, and nitrogen redistribution, with each step being indispensable to the improvement of NUE. Here, we summarize the effects of absorption, transport, and metabolism of nitrate, ammonium, and amino acids on NUE, as well as the role of hormones in improving rice NUE. Our discussion provide insight for further research in the future.

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35

Xia, Antong, and Yanyou Wu. "Differential Responses of Nitrate/Ammonium Use to Bicarbonate Supply in Two Brassicaceae Species under Simulated Karst Habitat." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092080.

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In the karst habitats with nitrate-abundant and ammonium-rare soil, the bicarbonate supply plays a crucial role in both inorganic carbon and nitrogen assimilation in various plant species. Consequently, two carbon sources, carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3−), and two nitrogen sources, namely nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) are available for plants. However, variations in the absorption and utilization of nitrate, ammonium, and inorganic carbon during bicarbonate supply in different plants are not well-depicted. In this study, we evaluated the nitrate/ammonium use efficiency and their contributions to the total nitrogen assimilation/utilization capacity at different bicarbonate levels using a bidirectional stable nitrogen isotope tracer approach. The inorganic carbon assimilation, such as the photosynthesis, carbon/nitrogen enzymatic activities, carbon/nitrogen content, nitrogen assimilation/utilization capacity, and nitrate/ammonium contributions to plant growth, were also evaluated to decipher the responses of both carbon and nitrogen metabolism to bicarbonate supply in karst habitats. With the increasing bicarbonate level, Orychophragmus violaceus (Ov) was found to be more available for nitrate to total nitrogen assimilation and utilization than Bn (Brassica napus). Further, it enhanced the contributions of nitrate and nitrogen accumulation/utilization capacity and inorganic carbon assimilation, increasing photosynthesis, carbon/nitrogen enzymatic activities, and carbon accumulation, and promoted the growth in Ov. Though the highest bicarbonate level was conducive to ammonium utilization and water use efficiency in both Ov and Bn, it inhibited total inorganic carbon and nitrogen assimilation, leading to growth suppression in Bn compared to Ov. Moreover, considering the optimistic responses of both carbon and nitrogen assimilation to the high bicarbonate supply in nitrate-abundant, as well as ammonium-rare, environments, we conclude that Ov was more adaptable to the karst habitats. This study provides a novel approach to elucidate the responses of nitrate/ammonium utilization and inorganic carbon assimilation to bicarbonate. Furthermore, the current study reveals the complex interactions among different carbon–nitrogen metabolism pathways in various plants and their adaptations to karst habitats.

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36

Hijaz, Salwa, Humood M. Humood, and Adnan Snow. "Removal of Nitrate from Groundwater by Anoxic Biological Reactor." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.16.4.05.

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Groundwater pollution by nitrate is considered as an important problem that must be addressed because many of the populations experiencing a big shortage of drinking water. In this study, the anoxic biological reactor is used to remove nitrates from groundwater. In this reactor, bacteria convert nitrate to nitrogen under anoxic conditions and lack of availability of nutrients to get the necessary energy. Five types of membrane bio-pregnant carrier within the reactor namely: activated carbon (1- 3 mm), granules of polyethylene (thickness of 3 mm X 4 mm Dia.), bentonite (0.5-1 mm), red wood (2X2X2 cm) and black sand (0.6 – 1.2 mm) are employed. Four types nutrients namely: Four types of carbonate which are: ethanol, molasses, glucose and acetic acid with the addition of sodium ortho phosphate dihydrogen (NaH2PO4) are used. Laboratory results showed that the use of activated carbon gave the best results with respect to the removal of nitrates. The results indicated also that acetic acid and molasses are the best nutrients for the reduction of nitrate ions. However, molasses may cause deposits on the inside walls of pipes and pumps. The removal efficiency of nitrate reached to 92% when using molasses and reached to 99.7% for acetic acid while it reached 54% when using glucose.

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37

BROWN, L., D. SCHOLEFIELD, E. C. JEWKES, N. PREEDY, K. WADGE, and M. BUTLER. "The effect of sulphur application on the efficiency of nitrogen use in two contrasting grassland soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 135, no. 2 (September 2000): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699008072.

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The effect of sulphur (S) application on the efficiency of nitrogen (N) use was investigated using cut plot experiments on two contrasting soil types. Nitrogen was applied at 200 and 450 kg N/ha per year, with and without 38 kg SO3/ha (15·2 kg S/ha) per cut. Over three conventionally timed silage cuts for 2 years, measurements were made of herbage dry matter, the yield of N and S in herbage and losses of N and S by leaching, and N by denitrification.Herbage dry matter and N yields were significantly increased by the application of S at the high N level at the sandy loam site (Halse). At the clay loam site (Great Close) the application of S had no significant effect on herbage dry matter or N yields. At Halse, the pattern of response through the year was not the same in the 2 years studied, although in both, the effect of S was significant at third cut at high N. Deficiency was suggested by the N[ratio ]S ratio of herbage on the plots without S, especially at first cut, and at later cuts at Halse. Nitrate leaching was reduced by S at Halse by 72% and 58% with high N in 1997 and 1998, respectively, and by 10% and 5% on the low N treatments in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Application of S at high N at Halse reduced the peak concentration of nitrate-N in leachate from 27·3 mg N/l to 9·3 mg N/l. At Great Close, application of S had no significant effect on the amount or peak concentration of nitrate-N leached. The improvement in efficiency reported at Halse suggests that on permeable soils receiving high levels of N, the application of S could have a large effect on nitrate leaching and its associated environmental impact.

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38

Duan, Y. H., Y. L. Zhang, L. T. Ye, X. R. Fan, G. H. Xu, and Q. R. Shen. "Responses of Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen Use Efficiency to Partial Nitrate Nutrition." Annals of Botany 99, no. 6 (January 26, 2007): 1153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm051.

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39

Baker, James L. "Limitations of Improved Nitrogen Management to Reduce Nitrate Leaching and Increase Use Efficiency." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.457.

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The primary mode of nitrogen (N) loss from tile-drained row-cropped land is generally nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching. Although cropping, tillage, and N management practices can be altered to reduce the amount of leaching, there are limits as to how much can be done. Data are given to illustrate the potential reductions for individual practices such as rate, method, and timing of N applications. However, most effects are multiplicative and not additive; thus it is probably not realistic to hope to get overall reductions greater than 25 to 30% with in-field practices alone. If this level of reduction is insufficient to meet water quality goals, additional off-site landscape modifications may be necessary.

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40

Iqbal, Asif, Dong Qiang, Madeeha Alamzeb, Wang Xiangru, Gui Huiping, Zhang Hengheng, Pang Nianchang, Zhang Xiling, and Song Meizhen. "Untangling the molecular mechanisms and functions of nitrate to improve nitrogen use efficiency." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10085.

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41

Khokhryakov, Alexander, Gennady Studenok, Andrey Studenok, Alexander Olkhovsky, and Vladimir Boltyrov. "Influence of climatic and hydrodynamic factors on the quarry water purification process from nitrogen compounds." E3S Web of Conferences 177 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017704008.

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The nitrogen compounds, namely ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, are the main substances polluting the quarry and drainage waters of mining enterprises that use the ammonium nitrate-based explosives for drilling-and-blasting rock mass preparation. In accordance with the legislation, such waters are subject to treatment prior to discharge into the water bodies. At the mining enterprises, the promising treatment method is the treated water conditioning in the flooded abandoned open-pit mines, during which the natural microbiological nitrification of ammonium and nitrite nitrogen contained in the quarry drainage waters is performed with an efficiency of more than 95%. The article discusses the influence of natural climatic and hydrodynamic factors on the nitrification process according to the results of a purification process study that has been performed since 2014 until the present time at a large mining enterprise. The relevant conclusions and recommendations are given.

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42

Li, Tongyan, Wenqi Li, Chuanping Feng, and Weiwu Hu. "In-situ biological denitrification using pretreated maize stalks as carbon source for nitrate-contaminated groundwater remediation." Water Supply 17, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.096.

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A simulation apparatus of in-situ groundwater remediation (SAIR) that used maize stalks pretreated with sodium hydroxide (MSSH) as a carbon source was designed for nitrate-contaminated groundwater treatment. Two experiments, RA and RB, were constructed in this SAIR. The removal performance of SAIR fed with real nitrate contaminated water was investigated under static and dynamic conditions. In the static remediation experiment, good removal efficiency (>95% for nitrate, 89% for total nitrogen) was observed in both experiments. However, nitrate removal efficiency did not differ greatly between RA and RB at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15 d. Overall, these results indicate that MSSH has potential for use as an alternative carbon source for denitrification.

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43

JANZEN, H. H., C. W. LINDWALL, and C. J. ROPPEL. "RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF POINT-INJECTION AND SURFACE APPLICATIONS FOR N FERTILIZATION OF WINTER WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-021.

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Conventional methods of N application for winter wheat often exhibit low fertilizer use efficiency. The comparative effectiveness of a new method, point-injection of N solution, was evaluated in two similar microplot field experiments established in southern Alberta. The first experiment, conducted over three site-year combinations in 1985 and 1986, compared yield response and fertilizer uptake in four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: broadcast urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), broadcast urea, broadcast ammonium nitrate, and point-injected UAN, all applied in solution form. The second experiment, conducted at five sites in 1987, compared four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: surface-banded UAN, broadcast urea (granular), broadcast ammonium nitrate (granular), and point-injected UAN. All fertilizers were labeled with 15N to permit direct estimation of fertilizer uptake. The experiments demonstrated significant increases in fertilizer efficiency with point-injection under some conditions. In five of eight comparisons conducted over a 3-yr period, point-injection treatments exhibited significantly higher fertilizer use efficiency than conventional broadcast methods of application. Average fertilizer-N recovery by the crop at all eight sites was 37% in the point-injection treatments compared with only 26% in the broadcast ammonium nitrate treatment, the next most effective method of N application. When one site was excluded, because of possible confounding effects of application time, average recoveries were 34 and 26%, respectively. The increased efficiency of point-injected fertilizers was attributed to the direct placement of fertilizer N into the active rooting zone of the crop. The advantage of point-injection over conventional methods of application was highly variable, ranging from approximately 0 to over 100%, in part because of variations in precipitation patterns. The results of these microplot studies suggest that point-injection has potential for significant enhancement of fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat, particularly in semi-arid production regions. Key words: 15N, nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate, fertilizer placement

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44

Kravchenko, Marina, and Lesya Vasylenko. "The problem of pollution of drinking water with nitrate ions and modern methods of its solution." Problems of Water supply, Sewerage and Hydraulic, no. 41 (December 9, 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2022.41.42-51.

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The article discusses various regulatory documents that regulate the content of nitrate ions in drinking water, as well as the impact of nitrates on human health and safety. The results of studies on nitrate ion contamination of sources of drinking water supply in 5 regions of Ukraine are presented. Physico-chemical analysis was carried out for water sources from wells in rural areas, city limits and in the territories adjacent to cities. The relevance of the problem of water pollution with nitrate ions, which requires the search, implementation and improvement of water purification methods from nitrates, has been proven. A comparative analysis of the advantages, disadvantages and features of the use of various methods of removing nitrate ions from drinking water, including water from non-centralized sources of water supply, was carried out. Biological, ion-exchange, adsorption, electrochemical methods, as well as baromembrane methods, in particular the reverse osmosis method, are used to purify water from nitrate ions. The regularities of the reverse osmosis process during the removal of nitrate ions from model solutions and water from wells were studied. Reverse osmosis membranes manufactured in the USA by Filmtec type TW30-1812-50 were used for experimental studies. Model solutions of Mg(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 and, directly, water from non-centralized sources of water supply were used as the tested water. Membrane selectivity and permeate selection coefficient were determined according to the known method. Parametric curves of the dependence of the selectivity of the membrane in relation to NO3- on the increase of the working pressure from 0.5 MPa to 1.9 MPa for model solutions of different concentrations were constructed. The dependences of the change in the concentration of nitrate ions in well water and the selectivity (φ, %) of the membrane in relation to NO3- on the working pressure were obtained. On the basis of the research results, a conclusion was made about the high efficiency of water purification from nitrates by low-pressure reverse osmosis (in the range from 0.5 MPa to 1.9 MPa) and the parameters of the researched process were determined, which would allow reaching the MPC standards for nitrates in drinking water.

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CHANG, NI-BIN, MARTY WANIELISTA, FAHIM HOSSAIN, LEI ZHAI, and KUEN-SONG LIN. "INTEGRATING NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL IN STORMWATER SYSTEMS." Nano 03, no. 04 (August 2008): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292008001295.

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Nutrients, such as nitrate, nitrite, and phosphorus, are common contaminants in many aquatic systems in the United States. Ammonia and nitrate are both regulated by the drinking water standards in the US primarily because excess levels of nitrate might cause methemoglobinemia. Phosphorus might become sources of the eutrophication problems associated with toxic algae in the freshwater bodies. Toxic algal blooms can cause severe acute and chronic public health problems. Chemical reduction of nitrate by using zero-valent iron started as early as 1964, and considerable research reports relating to this technology to nanomaterial were extensively reported in 1990s making the use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles for nitrate removal become one of the most popular technologies in this field. The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential of integrating green sorption media, such as sawdust, limestone, tire crumb, and sand/silt, with two types of nanoparticles, including NZVI and Titanium Dioxide ( TiO 2), for nitrate removal in an engineering process. The study consists of running packed bed column tests followed by the addition of NZVI and TiO 2 to improve nitrate and phosphorus removal efficiency. Preliminary results in this paper show that the potential and advanced study may support the creation of design criteria of stormwater and groundwater treatment systems for water reuse in the future.

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Tao, Ran, Robert Bair, Aino-Maija Lakaniemi, Eric D. van Hullebusch, and Jukka A. Rintala. "Use of factorial experimental design to study the effects of iron and sulfur on growth of Scenedesmus acuminatus with different nitrogen sources." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01915-5.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of iron and sulfur on microalgal biomass concentration and removal efficiency of nitrogenous compounds using factorial design. Scenedesmus acuminatus (currently accepted name Tetradesmus lagerheimii) was separately cultivated in batch photobioreactors using modified N-8 media with two nitrogen sources, nitrate, and ammonium. To study the interaction effect between iron and sulfur and to reduce the total number of experimentally studied combinations, a factorial design was used. Three iron (0.1, 1, and 1.9 mg L−1) and three sulfur concentrations (3.7, 20, and 35.8 mg L−1) were employed to the modified N-8 media in this study. The results show that the final microalgal biomass concentration and nitrogen removal efficiency were more sensitive to the changes in iron and sulfur concentrations in the media with nitrate than with ammonium possibly because of the different assimilation mechanisms used by microalgae for these two nitrogen sources. The created models demonstrated that iron had a statistically significant effect on the microalgal biomass concentration and nitrate removal efficiency while sulfur did not. In addition, the interaction effect between iron and sulfur was not significant on microalgal biomass concentration and nitrogen removal. In synthetic medium with nitrate as nitrogen source, the highest microalgal biomass concentration was obtained with 1.0 mg L−1 iron and 35.8 mg L−1 sulfur.

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Bobrenko, IA, V. P. Kormin, N. V. Goman, V. I. Popova, and E. P. Boldysheva. "Effective use of various forms of nitrogen fertilizers in barley cultivation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012016.

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Abstract The paper aims to assess the use of various forms of nitrogen fertilizers (seedbed dressing and foliar dressing) in barley cultivation in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Omsk region. The research objects were barley, nitrogen fertilizers, ordinary steppe chernozem, forest-steppe meadow chernozem. Variety – Sasha. The most agronomic efficiency in the steppe zone, 5.52 kg of grain derived from 1 kg of fertilizer nitrogen, was yielded in response to the use of N30 in the form of ammonium nitrate and urea during sowing. N60 (seedbed dressing + foliar fertilizing) resulted in a reimbursement of 1 kg of fertilizer active agent in the maximum amount of 4.44 kg (ammonium nitrate + urea, ammonium nitrate + UAN). The greatest reimbursement in the forest-steppe zone, 11.11 kg of grain from 1 kg of fertilizer nitrogen, resulted from the use of N30 in the form of ammonium nitrate and UAN during sowing. N60 (seedbed dressing + foliar dressing) resulted in a reimbursement of 1 kg of active agent in the maximum amount of 11.11 kg of barley (ammonium nitrate + urea). The richest harvest of barley was taken in following seedbed dressing and supplementary fertilizing applied together during the growing season in a total dose of 60 kg/ha. In this case, the yield did not reliably depend on the forms of nitrogen fertilizers used; a greater effect resulted from nitrogen fertilizers in the forest-steppe zone.

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Barber, K. L., G. M. Pierzynski, and R. L. Vanderlip. "Ammonium/nitrate ratio effects on dry matter partitioning and radiation use efficiency of corn1." Journal of Plant Nutrition 17, no. 5 (April 1994): 869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169409364773.

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Plett, Darren C., Luke R. Holtham, Mamoru Okamoto, and Trevor P. Garnett. "Nitrate uptake and its regulation in relation to improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereals." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 74 (February 2018): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.027.

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Stoerzinger, Kelsey A. "(Invited) Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate: Insight from Manipulating Adsorbate Affinity." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 40 (July 7, 2022): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01401797mtgabs.

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Fertilizer use and fossil-fuel combustion has increased nitrate concentrations in many wastewaters and watersheds to levels that threaten environmental and human health. Consequently, treatment of nitrate-contaminated water is a growing area of energy consumption. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction offers a distributable treatment solution also capable of producing value-added products (e.g. ammonium), using electrons as a reducing agent at ambient temperatures and pressures. However, nitrate reduction occurs at similar electrochemical potentials to water reduction, reducing the Faradaic efficiency particularly in dilute nitrate concentrations characteristic of wastewater. Here we consider how changing a catalysts’ affinity for nitrate (via oxide supports) or its relative affinity for protons (via electronic structure) impact activity and selectivity of the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction in neutral media.

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