Статті в журналах: "Nickel/Molybdenum Carbide"

1

Dantas, S. L. A., Y. F. Gomes, A. L. Lopes-Moriyama, M. A. Correa, and C. P. Souza. "Molybdenum carbide doped with nanostructured nickel for application in degradation of reactive dyes." Cerâmica 66, no. 380 (December 2020): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663802963.

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Abstract Carbide-type ceramic materials such as nickel-doped molybdenum carbide have promising photocatalytic degradation activity. The addition of nickel to the molybdenum carbide aims to increase its reaction yield and also its characteristics. The objective of this paper was to study the photocatalytic activity of Mo2C and 5% and 10% nickel-doped Mo2C materials used for the degradation of the Maxilon Blue GRL 300 textile dye. The structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. For the determination of band gap energy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used. The samples of the photocatalysis tests were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy. The best reaction yield was observed for the 5% nickel-doped molybdenum carbide sample in photocatalytic tests, reaching a yield of around 92% in the final concentration of the dye solution.

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2

Shilov, Ivan, Andrey Smirnov, Olga Bulavchenko, and Vadim Yakovlev. "Effect of Ni–Mo Carbide Catalyst Formation on Furfural Hydrogenation." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110560.

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High-loading Ni–Mo carbide catalysts were prepared by the modified gel-combustion method under various thermal treatment conditions. All samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which showed that the catalysts could contain cubic and hexagonal molybdenum carbides, nickel, nickel oxide and Ni–Mo solid solutions, depending on the thermal treatment conditions. Study of catalyst activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of furfural was carried out in a batch reactor at 150 °C and hydrogen pressure 6.0 MPa. Analysis of the reaction products showed that the highest yields of 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and furfuryl alcohol (FA) were achieved using catalysts synthesized by calcination of the nickel-molybdenum-carbon precursor at 400 °С with the following reduction in a stream of hydrogen at 600 °C. The best results for production of FA with a yield of 80 mol % and 2-MF with a yield of 29 mol % were observed using Ni6MoC–SiO2 (400/600) and Ni1MoC–SiO2 (400/600) catalysts, respectively. It has been shown that the addition of nickel to the carbide molybdenum catalyst significantly increases the activity of the catalytic systems. In addition, nickel also contributes to the formation of products formed by hydrogenation of the aromatic ring tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF).

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3

Zhang, Hui, Yan Liu, Yong Jie Yan, Han Qin Liang, Xue Jian Liu, and Zheng Ren Huang. "Wetting Behaviors of Nickel-Based Alloys on Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.274.

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Wetting behaviors of pure nickel and nickel-based alloys on sintered silicon carbide ceramics and their interfacial microstructures were investigated in this presentation. The nickel-based alloys were mainly the commercial nickel-molybdenum-chromium products. The wetting and spreading properties were observed by a real-time thermal optical measurement system under flowing argon-5%hydrogen atmosphere. As temperature increased, the pure nickel cylinder sample had few changes before 1356°C except for the thermal expansion in size and changed to liquid drop-shape when the temperature reached 1366°C. The contact angle was about 90o. And nickel could not contact sintered silicon carbide ceramics well. However, the introduction of molybdenum and/or chromium in the pure nickel was good for the wetting properties of pure nickel on sintered silicon carbide ceramics. The contact angles of nickel-based alloys (B-1, C-1 and C-2) on sintered silicon carbide ceramics after holding 15min at 1400°C were 25o, 12.5o, 11.5o, respectively. And they hardly reduced as temperature increased. The SEM images indicated that the interfacial microstructures of B-1 and C-1 on sintered silicon carbide ceramic substrates were uniform and the dissolved interface near silicon carbide ceramics indicated that they had a good bonding. At the same time, the reciprocal diffusion was clear in the intermediate layer. Besides that, the introduction of chromium was supposed to reduce the diffusion rate of molybdenum from the alloy to the ceramic substrate.

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4

Stux, Arnold M., Christel Laberty-Robert, and Karen E. Swider-Lyons. "Pechini synthesis and characterization of molybdenum carbide and nickel molybdenum carbide." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 181, no. 10 (October 2008): 2741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2008.06.050.

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5

Chen, Tzung Ming, Yuan Ching Lin, and Jiun Nan Chen. "Analysis of Wear Behaviour of Sintering Carbide against DLC Coated and Nitriding Steel." Advanced Materials Research 579 (October 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.579.60.

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In this paper, tribological behaviours for sintering carbides and DLC/nitride film are discussed. During the wear test, two types of hardened steel are setting to sliding against eight series of carbide specimens in order to compare the wear mode and evaluate the wear performance of sintering carbides, which are made by different process parameters. The experiment result shows that a density ratio of sintering carbide between 86% and 99% does not have obviously different effect on wear resistance. Moreover, molybdenum binder with high diffusibility can improve the wear performance of tungsten carbide, but wear performance of titanium carbide is dependent on the amount of nickel/cobalt binder, separately. On the other hand, SAE52100 substrate absorbs the heat of friction and maintains the coated diamond-like carbon film in an excellent wear performance.

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6

Baklanova, O. N., A. V. Lavrenov, A. V. Vasilevich, and O. A. Knyazheva. "THE INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL ACTIVATION ON THE PROPERTIES SUPPORTS AND CATALYSTS OF OIL REFINING." Российский химический журнал 62, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2019): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/rcj.2018621-2.11.

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The analysis of scientific publications and patents devoted to mechanochemical synthesis of inorganic supports and catalysts of oil processing processes: cracking, reforming, hydrotreating and hydrocracking is carried out. It s shown that the introduction of mechanical activation into the technological process of synthesis of inorganic supports and catalysts, as a rule, leads to an increase in catalytic activity and selectivity. Features of mechanochemical synthesis of complex nickel-molybdenum oxides, which are precursors of sulfide nickel-molybdenum hydrotreating catalysts, were considered. It is shown that under conditions of mechanical activation, it is possible to obtain a nickel-molybdenum highly active and thermostable β-NiMoO4, in which Mo is in a tetrahedral conformation. The technology of obtaining highly dispersed carbide-containing catalysts developed using the IHCP SB RAS using the method of mechanical activation is described. The texture and morphology of synthesized highly disperse massive carbide-containing catalysts are considered. It is shown that the size of active particles is 2–5 nm. Model catalytic tests have been carried out and it has been established that carbide-containing highly disperse catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity in the model hydrodesulphurization reaction of dibenzothiophene.

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7

Abdullahi, Umma. "Effects of Alloying Element and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.08.03.2023.02.

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The effects of Cr and Ni on three different types of steel with different carbon ratios under constant conditions such as the welding current 120A, voltage 80V, Diameter 10 mm and angle 60 degree was observed. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083% contributed to affecting the mechanical properties of the steel. Undissolved carbide particles refine the austenite grain size. In the presence of nickel, chromium carbide is less effective in austenite grain refinement than chromium carbide in absence of nickel at temperature below 975°C. Nickel does not produce any austenite grain refinement but presence of nickel promotes the formation of acicular ferrites. It was also found that Ni and Cr as chromium carbide also refines the ferrite grain size and morphology. Cr as chromium carbide is more effective in refining ferrite grain size than nickel. The microstructure of the base metal as a reference material was analysed before heating to support the results of chemical analysis. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083%. Molybdenum was 0.03% which contributed to affecting the mechanical properties of the steel.Keyword: Alloy steel, Heat treatment, Chromium, Nickel, Grain size

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8

Glotka, O. "Prediction carbides composition in nickel-based superalloys directional crystallization." Innovative Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2020-2-2.

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Objective. To study the specifics of the distribution of alloying elements in the carbides of the multicomponent system Ni-5Cr-9Co-6Al-1Ti-11.7W-1.1Mo-1.6Nb-0.15C by directional crystallization, using the calculated method of CALPHAD prediction. Research methods. To find regularities and calculate the distribution of alloying elements in the alloy, the latest CALPHAD method was chosen, and modeling of thermodynamic processes of phase crystallization was performed. The obtained results. The results of thermodynamic calculations of the chemical composition of carbides are given in the form of mathematical dependences. The equation of the influence of alloying elements on the dissolution (release) temperature of carbides is obtained. It is shown that the obtained dependences are closely correlated with the thermodynamic processes occurring in the system. Scientific novelty. It is shown that with increasing total concentration of carbide-forming elements, the chemical composition of carbides becomes more complicated. The titanium content of more than 2% leads to an increase in the temperature of the carbide liquidus, and at 4.5 % topologically densely packed phases is formed. When the concentration of molybdenum in the alloy is more than 4%, the probability of precipitating topologically close-packed phases in the structure increases markedly, which negatively affects the mechanical properties and heat resistance. Practical value. Based on an integrated approach for multicomponent heat-resistant nickel-based alloys, new regression models were obtained that allow adequately predict the chemical composition of carbides by the chemical composition of the alloy, which allowed to solve the problem of calculated prediction of carbide composition by chemical composition of the alloy.

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9

Czaplicka, Natalia, Andrzej Rogala, and Izabela Wysocka. "Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbide Catalysts: Synthesis and Application as Alternative Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbons—A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 12337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212337.

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Dry reforming of hydrocarbons (DRH) is a pro-environmental method for syngas production. It owes its pro-environmental character to the use of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases. Currently used nickel catalysts on oxide supports suffer from rapid deactivation due to sintering of active metal particles or the deposition of carbon deposits blocking the flow of gases through the reaction tube. In this view, new alternative catalysts are highly sought after. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) can potentially replace traditional nickel catalysts due to their stability and activity in DR processes. The catalytic activity of carbides results from the synthesis-dependent structural properties of carbides. In this respect, this review presents the most important methods of titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten carbide synthesis and the influence of their properties on activity in catalyzing the reaction of methane with carbon dioxide.

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10

Li, Weizuo, Zhongkui Zhao, Panpan Ren, and Guiru Wang. "Effect of molybdenum carbide concentration on the Ni/ZrO2 catalysts for steam-CO2 bi-reforming of methane." RSC Advances 5, no. 122 (2015): 100865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22237k.

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This work presents an efficient approach to enhance the catalytic activity and stability of supported nickel catalysts for steam-CO₂ bi-reforming of methane to synthesis gas by introducing the appropriate amount of molybdenum carbide.

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11

A. Dantas, Suylan L., Andre L. Lopes-Moriyama, and Carlson P. Souza. "Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum carbide doped with nickel." Materials Chemistry and Physics 216 (September 2018): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.05.074.

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12

Tret'yakov, V. I., S. V. Timofeeva, V. N. Romashev, R. F. Cheburaeva, and E. Yu Shurenkov. "Interaction of vanadium carbide with a nickel-molybdenum alloy." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 33, no. 1-2 (1995): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00559709.

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13

Sui, Yu Dong, Ye Hua Jiang, Zu Lai Li, Quan Shan, and Fei Liu. "Effects of Alloy Powder for WC/Steel Base Surface Composite Structure and Interface." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1268.

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Use Cr15 high chrome steel as base, WC particles as reinforcing particles, and adopting casting-infiltration method, a kind of quite steel-base surface wear-resistant material was prepared. The effect of Alloy powder for WC/steel base surface composite structure and interface was tested by OM, SEM and EDS. The results showed that after adding nickel powder into the composite layer, martensite, austenite, pearlite and eutectic carbide distributed in the matrix; after adding tungsten iron powder into the composite layer, more martensite distributed in the matrix; after adding molybdenum iron powder into the composite layer, martensite, austenite, pearlite and carbide distributed in the matrix. If the base material was high chrome (Cr15) and adds molybdenum iron powder in the composite layer, composite layer interface transition is good, more WC particles and irregular small carbide particles in composite layer.

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14

Khaimovich, Alexander, Igor Shishkovsky, Yaroslav Erisov, Anton Agapovichev, Vitaliy Smelov, and Vasilii Razzhivin. "Research on Cracked Conditions in Nickel Chrome Alloy Ni50Cr33W4.5Mo2.8TiAlNb, Obtained by Direct Laser Deposition." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111902.

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Nowadays, additive manufacturing (AM) is a powerful way to make complex-shaped components for airspace engineering from nickel-based superalloys. So, while nickel-based superalloys could easily be we L-DED in sheet-metal thicknesses, they suffered from strain-age cracking and solidification during AM or in the post-weld aging treatment. This is attributed to the fact that besides the limitation of γ′- phase forming elements (Al and Ti), as they form by AM very rapidly and reduce ductility, the majority of the superalloys contain carbide-forming elements such as Cr, Mo, and W. The precipitation of carbides, which is very effective in strengthening, develops cracks in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) during AM. The difference in isochoric heat capacities and the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) at the phase boundary leads to the appearance of dangerous local destruction energy. If the area of the interfacial interface is sufficiently extended, then the accumulation of this energy reaches a level sufficient for a crack formation. We have proposed a crack initiation criterion (CIC) for assessing the dangerous level of fracture energy. The CIC was derived from an estimate of the local energy balance from the heat transfer equation for the two-phase area. Practical approbation of the criterion was carried out after L-DED of samples from Ni50Cr33W4.5Mo2.8TiAlNb (EP648) alloy powder with an increased carbon content based on the study of the chemical composition near the crack formed during solidification. Using the proposed criterion provides an opportunity to give the rank to carbide-forming elements according to the degree of their influence on the fracture energy. Thus, the release of aluminum carbide turned out to be 5.48 times more dangerous than the release of titanium carbide and more than 5 times more dangerous than the release of tungsten carbide and molybdenum.

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15

Liu, Tao, Mei Yang, Fenfen Han, and Jiasheng Dong. "Influence Mechanism of Silicon on Carbide Phase Precipitation of a Corrosion Resistance Nickel Based Superalloy." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040959.

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The effect of silicon on diffusion behavior of the carbide forming elements in Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe based corrosion-resistant alloy is studied by diffusion couple experiment. One group of diffusion couples are made of the alloy with a different silicon content, another group of diffusion couples are made of pure nickel and the alloy with different silicon content (0Si, 2Si). Two groups of alloys with same silicon content and different carbon content are also prepared, the microstructure of solution and aging state of these two groups alloys are analyzed, and their stress rupture properties are tested. The effect of silicon on the diffusion of alloy elements and the interaction effect of carbon and silicon on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of the alloy are analyzed. The mechanism of Si on the precipitation behavior of carbide phase in Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe corrosion resistant alloy is discussed. The results show that silicon can promote the diffusion of carbide forming elements and the formation of carbide. The precipitation behavior of the secondary phase is the result of the interaction effect of silicon and carbon, and is related to the thermal history of the alloy. Combined with the characteristic of primary carbides, it is confirmed that the precipitation of M12C type secondary carbide is caused by the relative lack of carbon element and the relative enrichment of carbide forming elements such as molybdenum. The stress rupture properties of two silicon-containing alloys with different carbon contents in solution and aging state are tested. The stress rupture life of low carbon alloy is lower compared with high carbon alloy at solution state, but after aging treatment, the stress rupture life of low carbon alloy is significantly improved, and higher than that of high carbon alloy. The main aim of this research is to reveal the influence mechanism of silicon on carbide phase precipitation of a Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe based corrosion-resistant superalloy, which provides theoretical basis and reference for later alloy design and engineering application.

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16

Balbino, Nádia Alves Nery, Edmilson Otoni Corrêa, Danilo Roque Huanca, Flávio Amaury de Freitas Matos, and Livio de Carvalho Valeriano. "Comparative Study of Corrosion Behaviors of WC-NiMo and WC-Co Cemented Carbides." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 20, 2023): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124480.

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In this paper, the influence of a nickel binder metal and molybdenum carbide as an additional alloying element on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of WC-based cemented carbides, processed by conventional powder metallurgy, was studied, and a comparison with conventional cemented carbide (WC-Co) was carried out. The sintered alloys were characterized, before and after corrosive tests, by analyses using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance of the cemented carbides was investigated by open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The WC-NiMo cemented carbides showed microstructures similar to those of WC-Co; however, pores and binder islands were observed in the microstructures. The corrosion tests showed promising results, the WC-NiMo cemented carbide showed superior corrosion resistance and higher passivation capacity than the WC-Co cemented carbide. The WC-NiMo alloy showed a higher EOC ≈−0.18 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl3mol/L than the WC-Co (EOC≈−0.45 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl3mol/L). The potentiodynamic polarization curves showed lower current density values throughout the potential range for the WC-NiMo alloy, and it was observed that Ecorr was less negative (≈−0.416 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl3mol/L) than for WC-Co (≈−0.543 V vs. V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl3mol/L). The EIS analysis confirmed low rate corrosion of WC-NiMo associated with the formation of a passive thin layer. This alloy showed a higher Rct (1970.70 Ω).

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17

Golovko, É. I., V. B. Voitovich, N. N. Sereda, and L. N. Beloborodov. "Mechanism of oxidation of the hard alloy titanium carbide-nickel, molybdenum." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 29, no. 4 (April 1990): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00797240.

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18

Abdel-Aty, Marwa M., Hassan E. Gomaa, Hany Mohamed Abdu, Radwan A. Almasri, Osama M. Irfan, and Nasser A. M. Barakat. "Molybdenum Carbide/Ni Nanoparticles Embedded into Carbon Nanofibers as an Effective Non-Precious Catalyst for Green Hydrogen Production from Methanol Electrooxidation." Polymers 15, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112430.

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Molybdenum carbide co-catalyst and carbon nanofiber matrix are suggested to improve the nickel activity toward methanol electrooxidation process. The proposed electrocatalyst has been synthesized by calcination electrospun nanofiber mats composed of molybdenum chloride, nickel acetate, and poly (vinyl alcohol) under vacuum at elevated temperatures. The fabricated catalyst has been characterized using XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the fabricated composite acquired specific activity for methanol electrooxidation when molybdenum content and calcination temperature were tuned. In terms of the current density, the highest performance is attributed to the nanofibers obtained from electrospun solution having 5% molybdenum precursor compared to nickel acetate as a current density of 107 mA/cm2 was generated. The process operating parameters have been optimized and expressed mathematically using the Taguchi robust design method. Experimental design has been employed in investigating the key operating parameters of methanol electrooxidation reaction to obtain the highest oxidation current density peak. The main effective operating parameters of the methanol oxidation reaction are Mo content in the electrocatalyst, methanol concentration, and reaction temperature. Employing Taguchi’s robust design helped to capture the optimum conditions yielding the maximum current density. The calculations revealed that the optimum parameters are as follows: Mo content, 5 wt.%; methanol concentration, 2.65 M; and reaction temperature, 50 °C. A mathematical model has been statistically derived to describe the experimental data adequately with an R2 value of 0. 979. The optimization process indicated that the maximum current density can be identified statistically at 5% Mo, 2.0 M methanol concentration, and 45 °C operating temperature.

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19

SERIN, IHSAN GÖKHAN, and ALI GÖKSENLI. "EFFECT OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON HARDNESS AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF ELECTROLESS Ni–B–Mo COATINGS." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 05 (August 27, 2015): 1550058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500584.

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Formation of nickel–boron–molybdenum ( Ni – B – Mo ) coating on steel by electroless plating and evaluation of their morphology, hardness and tribological properties post heat treatment at different temperatures for 1 h is investigated. The 25 μm thick coating is uniform and adhesion between the substrate and coating is good. Ni – B – Mo coating was amorphous-like structure in their as-plated condition and by 400°C heat-treated coating, nickel fully crystallized and nickel borides and molybdenum carbide were formed. All coatings exhibited higher hardness than the substrate steel. Hardness values of all coatings up to 400°C did not change distinctively but decreased partly beyond 400°C. Friction coefficient reached lowest value post heat treatment at 300°C but later increased with increasing tempering temperature. Wear resistance was lowest in as-plated coating; however it reached the highest value at 300°C. Worn surface of the coatings showed the abrasive wear as the dominant wear mechanism. An additional adhesive wear mechanism was detected in coating tempered at 550°C. Moreover, our results confirmed that the molybdenum addition improved the thermal stability of the resulting coating. Therefore, Ni – B – Mo coating has potential for application in precision mould, optical parts mould or bipolar plates, where thermal stability is essential.

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20

Shah, Shreya, Oscar G. Marin-Flores, M. Grant Norton, and Su Ha. "Molybdenum carbide supported nickel–molybdenum alloys for synthesis gas production via partial oxidation of surrogate biodiesel." Journal of Power Sources 294 (October 2015): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.075.

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21

Xu, Zhixiao, and Xiaolei Wang. "Nickel-Molybdenum Carbide/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Mott-Schottky Nanoarray for Water Spitting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552307mtgabs.

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Electrochemical water splitting, composed of two half reactions: the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), is under intensive research to the development of H2 fuels to replace fossil fuels. Since both reactions are sluggish, catalysts are usually required to boost them. The state-of-the-art catalysts for both reactions are based on noble metals, such as Pt-based catalysts for HER and Ir or Ru-based catalysts for OER. Unfortunately, the high price and scarcity of these noble metals suppress the widespread application of water splitting. Hence, it is imperative to develop active, durable, low-cost and earth-abundant non-noble-metal electrocatalysts.[1] Among them, molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) has garnered tremendous attention as HER/OER catalysts owing to its Pt-like electronic structure and wide-pH-range catalytic performance. [2] Unfortunately, the catalytic activity of Mo2C towards HER or OER is still inferior to most advanced catalysts. One effective strategy to enhance electrocatalytic performance involves coupling and doping of Mo2C with late transition metals, e.g., Fe, Co, and Ni, which modifies electronic structure and adds active sites, metal-Mo2C interfaces. Unfortunately, similar to Mo2C, metal nanoparticles also tend to aggregate during preparation and operation. A semiconductive carbon catalyst support alleviating aggregation is usually the solution by not only conformally dispersing nanocatalysts but also providing heteroatom dopants and forming metal-semiconductor Mott-Schottky interface for further enhancing catalytic activity.[3] Besides the selection of catalysts with optimized structure and composition at the material level, the structure of electrodes derived from assembled catalysts at the device level also have a crucial influence on the water electrolyzer. Compared with powdery electrocatalysts with relatively large overpotential and easier peeling off from the electrode, self-supported hierarchical nanoarrayed electrodes are more promising for water electrolyzer because these electrodes facilitate transportation of charges and matter and thus reaction kinetics during HER/OER due to binder-free feature, catalysts-substrate seamless contact and highly exposed surface area.[4] We develop here the making of nickel-molybdenum carbide heterostructures embedded in large-area (100 cm2) hierarchically assembled nitrogen-enriched carbon, forming Mott-Schottky array on nickel foam (Ni-Mo2C/NC@NF).[5] The Ni-Mo2C/NC array is directly applied as the bifunctional catalyst with high activity and durability in alkaline electrolyte. Particularly, an extremely low overpotential of 40 mV is needed to generate hydrogen. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the formation of Ni-Mo2C Mott/NC Schottky interfaces enables favorable electronic structures for electrocatalytic water splitting. Besides, 3D hierarchical structure provides exposed active sites, facilitates mass and charge transfer, graphitic shells enhance stability. A symmetric electrolyzer using Ni-Mo2C/NC@NF generates 10 mA cm-2 at 1.59 V and operates steadily for 150 h, which even outperforms the noble metal couple, Pt/C//RuO2 for water electrolysis. The scalability, activity and durability renders Ni-Mo2C/NC@NF potential industrial application. Reference 1. M. Walter, N. Lewis et al, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 11, 6446. 2. M. Miao, B. Y. Xia, X. Wang et al, Chem. Eur. J. 2017, 23, 10947. 3. F. Yu, Y. Li et al Nanoscale, 2018,10, 6080. 4. H. Sun, F. Cheng., J. Chen et al. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1806326. 5. Z. Xu, S. Jin, M. H. Seo, X. Wang, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2021, 292, 120168

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22

Guo, Lixia, Jianying Wang, Xue Teng, Yangyang Liu, Xiaoming He, and Zuofeng Chen. "A Novel Bimetallic Nickel–Molybdenum Carbide Nanowire Array for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution." ChemSusChem 11, no. 16 (July 12, 2018): 2717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201801110.

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23

Huang, Jian, T. Huang, H. Chunluan, Wei Huang, and Ren Xiong Ma. "The Function of Sba-15 over Ni/Mo₂C Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.174.

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A mesoporous silica (SBA-15) was used to prepare the Ni/Mo2C catalysts in order to study the influence of the support on the catalytic performance. The catalysts were characterized by-N2adsorption, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR absorption, CO2-TPD and SEM analysis. The catalytic properties was tested at 800°C, atmospheric pressure, GHSV of 9000 ml3h-1g-1and a CH4/CO2molar ratio of 1. These results suggest that catalytic activity, which is directly related to the incorporation of nickel and molybdenum carbide to the mesoporous silica.

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24

Nagai, Masatoshi, Amin Md Zahidul, and Kenji Matsuda. "Nano-structured nickel–molybdenum carbide catalyst for low-temperature water-gas shift reaction." Applied Catalysis A: General 313, no. 2 (October 2006): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.07.006.

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25

Vereschaka, Alexey, Filipp Milovich, Nikolay Andreev, Nikolay Sitnikov, Islam Alexandrov, Alexander Muranov, Maxim Mikhailov, and Aslan Tatarkanov. "Efficiency of Application of (Mo, Al)N-Based Coatings with Inclusion of Ti, Zr or Cr during the Turning of Steel of Nickel-Based Alloy." Coatings 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111271.

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The article compares the properties of multilayer composite wear-resistant coatings of Zr–ZrN–(Zr, Mo, Al)N, Ti–TiN–(Ti, Mo, Al)N, and Cr–CrN–(Cr, Mo, Al)N. The investigation was focused on hardness, resistance to fracture during scratch tests, elemental composition, and structure of the coatings. Experiments were carried out to study the wear resistance of coated carbide tools during the turning of 1045 steel and of NiCr20TiAl heat-resistant nickel alloy. With the elemental compositions identical in the content of molybdenum (Mo) and aluminium (Al), identical thicknesses and nanolayer periods of λ, the coatings being studied demonstrated a noticeable difference in wear resistance. Both during the turning of steel and nickel-based alloy, the highest wear resistance was detected for tools with the Zr–ZrN–(Zr, Mo, Al)N coating (the tool life was 3–5 times higher than for uncoated tools). The good wear resistance of the Zr–ZrN–(Zr, Mo, Al)N coating may be related to the optimal combination of hardness and plasticity and the active formation of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) on the coating surface during the cutting, with good tribological and protective properties.

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26

Vassilevski, Konstantin, Irina P. Nikitina, Praneet Bhatnagar, Alton B. Horsfall, Nicolas G. Wright, Anthony G. O'Neill, Michael J. Uren, et al. "High Temperature Operation of Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes with Recoverable Avalanche Breakdown." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.931.

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4H-SiC diodes with nickel silicide (Ni2Si) and molybdenum (Mo) Schottky contacts have been fabricated and characterised at temperature up to 400°C. Room temperature boron implantation has been used to form a single zone junction termination extension. Both Ni2Si and Mo diodes revealed unchanging ideality factors and barrier heights (1.45 and 1.3 eV, respectively) at temperatures up to 400°C. Soft recoverable breakdowns were observed both in Ni2Si and Mo Schottky diodes at voltages above 1450 V and 3400 V depending on the epitaxial structure used. These values are about 76% and 94% of the ideal avalanche breakdown voltages. The Ni2Si diodes revealed positive temperature coefficients of breakdown voltage at temperature up to 240°C.

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27

Zhang, Anjie, Aimin Zhu, Bingbing Chen, Shaohua Zhang, Chaktong Au, and Chuan Shi. "In-situ synthesis of nickel modified molybdenum carbide catalyst for dry reforming of methane." Catalysis Communications 12, no. 9 (April 2011): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.01.019.

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28

Jervis, T. R., and L. R. Newkirk. "Metal film deposition by laser breakdown chemical vapor deposition." Journal of Materials Research 1, no. 3 (June 1986): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1986.0420.

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Dielectric breakdown of gas mixtures can be used to deposit thin films by chemical vapor deposition with appropriate control of flow and pressure conditions to suppress gas-phase nucleation and particle formation. Using a pulsed CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μ where there is no significant resonant absorption in any of the source gases, homogeneous films from several gas-phase precursors have been sucessfully deposited by gas-phase laser pyrolysis. Nickel and molybdenum from the respective carbonyls representing decomposition chemistry and tungsten from the hexafluoride representing reduction chemistry have been demonstrated. In each case the gas precursor is buffered with argon to reduce the partial pressure of the reactants and to induce breakdown. Films have been characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, pull tests, and resistivity measurements. The highest quality films have resulted from the nickel depositions. Detailed x-ray diffraction analysis of these films yields a very small domain size consistent with the low temperature of the substrate and the formation of metastable nickel carbide. Transmission electron microscopy supports this analysis.

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29

Omar, Nurul Amanina Binti, Frank Koester, Frank Hahn, and Andreas Bund. "Corrosion Properties of Ni-P-B Dispersion Coating for Industrial Knives and Blades." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642348mtgabs.

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Industrial blades, particularly the one used in food processing, requires not only a high hardness and a good wear protection but also an adequate corrosion protection. Currently, there is a wide variety of materials being used for this purpose that satisfy the above requirements. However, they come at a cost. Typically, steel with a high number of alloyed elements is chosen because the alloyed elements improved the steel quality. For example, incorporation of nickel, chromium, phosphorus and molybdenum in the steel improves amongst others the corrosion protection. However, the thermal processing of such steel, that is quenching, repeated tempering and followed by nitriding or boriding, is lengthy and complicated which drive the cost to produce knives using such steel up. Besides steel cutting tools, there is also cutting tools made from ceramic and carbide. Compared to steel knives, carbide knives have a longer lifespan and provide a higher temperature tolerance, which results in the application of the carbide cutting tools at higher speed and for longer periods without experiencing tool failure. Admittedly, due to carbides high hardness and thus the increase in difficulty to machine carbide, the production cost of carbide cutting tools is much higher compared to their steel counterparts. For ceramics, while the material is corrosion free and can maintain hardness and wear properties at a very high temperature, it is also more brittle than steel and carbide cutting tools. This results in premature chipping of the cutting edge and a shorter lifespan of the blade. To further reducing the production cost of industrial knives, the alternative of using a low alloyed steel which is coated with a hard coating and adjacently thermally treated for 1 h is investigated. This method is chosen because the tempering process of the low alloyed steel is not as lengthy as for high alloyed steel. The homogenously incorporated boron particles in the nickel phosphorus coating reduce the subsequent thermal treatment duration due to a shorter diffusion path compared to the conventional boriding. Previous study by the author [1] shows this approach to produce a high hardness at approx. 900 HV. Electroless nickel phosphorus coating is applied due to its good anti-corrosive properties. The presence of boron as particles in the coating or as boride after thermal treatment could change the corrosion behaviour of the coating. To date, no studies have yet been done to determine its corrosion properties and benchmarking this Ni-P-B dispersion coating with the other coating systems. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of the dispersion layer as coated and after thermal treatments at different temperatures is investigated. The corrosion resistance in NaCl 3.5 % is characterized though potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectrometry. The results will be evaluated and compared to the other established coating systems. [1] The previous study will be presented at 241st ECS Meeting in Vancouver, Canada and has not yet been published at the time this abstract is submitted for the 242nd ECS Meeting in Atlanta.

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30

Antonini, J., K. Starks, L. Millecchia, J. Roberts, and K. Rao. "Changes in F-actin Organization Induced by Hard Metal Particle Exposure in Rat Pulmonary Epithelial Cells as Observed by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015786.

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Hard metal is an alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt along with other components such as chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, tantalum carbide, and nickel. Chronic exposure to hard metal particles by inhalation causes alveolitis leading to interstitial fibrosis, the pathogenesis of which is still undefined. The initial inflammatory response includes a change in epithelial cell permeability barrier function (1) which has been shown to be regulated by the state of assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeletal network (2, 3). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect hard metal particles have on F-actin organization of rat lung epithelial cells in an in vitro culture system.Rat lung epithelial cells (L2: ATCC, CCL-149) were grown to confluence on glass coverslips and exposed to various concentrations of hard metal particles for 24 hours. The effect on F-actin organization was visualized by confocal microscopy following Bodipy-Phallacidin staining, while changes in cell morphology were assessed by phase contrast microscopy. Hard metal particles of cobalt, tungsten carbide, and tungsten carbide/cobalt (6 % cobalt) were tested at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 μg/ml. There was a dose-dependent change in the F-actin organization in the cells. The actin microfilaments lost their uniform distribution and aggregated into homogeneous masses of F-actin staining. Significant change in F-actin state was observed even at a 1 μg/ml concentration of tungsten carbide/cobalt particles. This is consistent with previous observations that pathological effects of tungsten carbide/cobalt particles are more pronounced compared to either metal alone. Phase contrast microscopy revealed no significant change in the cell morphology at this short incubation time.

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31

Ma, Yufei, Guoqing Guan, Patchiya Phanthong, Xiaogang Hao, Wei Huang, Atsushi Tsutsumi, Katsuki Kusakabe, and Abuliti Abudula. "Catalytic Activity and Stability of Nickel-Modified Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Methanol." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 18 (April 23, 2014): 9485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp501021t.

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32

Mambrini, Raquel V., Thales L. Fonseca, Anderson Dias, Luiz C. A. Oliveira, Maria Helena Araujo, and Flávia C. C. Moura. "Magnetic composites based on metallic nickel and molybdenum carbide: A potential material for pollutants removal." Journal of Hazardous Materials 241-242 (November 2012): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.002.

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33

Lv, Yanlong, and Jian Ru Gong. "In situ growth of MOF-derived ultrafine molybdenum carbide nanoparticles supported on Ni foam as efficient hydrogen-evolution electrocatalysts." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 27 (2021): 15246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03164c.

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The in situ growth of Mo-containing MOFs on nickel foam was achieved through the conversion of CoMo hydroxide/oxide nanosheets. After pyrolysis, ultrafine Mo_xC nanoparticles were encapsulated in carbon with sufficient active sites and protection.

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34

Kollo, Lauri, Jüri Pirso, and Kristjan Juhani. "Effect of Sinter/HIP Technology on Properties of TiC-NiMo Cermets." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1169.

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The present work is a study on the argon gas pressure effects of Sinter/HIP sintering on microstructure and strength of different grades of TiC-NiMo cermets. Titanium carbide in the composition of different grades of TiC-NiMo cermets was ranged from 40 to 80 wt.% and the ratio of nickel to molybdenum in the initial powder composition was 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1 respectively. On the sintered alloys, the main strength characteristic, transverse rupture strength (TRS) and erosion wear resistance were measured. Furthermore, the microstructure parameters of some alloys were measured and the pressure effect on pore elimination was evaluated. All the results were compared with common, vacuum sintered alloys. The TRS values of TiC-NiMo cermets could be considerably improved by using Sinter/HIP technique, for high-carbide fraction alloys and for alloys sintered at elevated temperatures. The results provide new possible application fields for Sinter/HIP-ed TiC cermet materials to areas where, in addition to wear performance, higher strength properties are demanded.

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35

Akopyan, A. V., P. D. Polikarpova, E. A. Karakhanov, A. V. Anisimov, D. A. Davtyan, A. M. Agoyan, and R. A. Mnatsakanyan. "Catalysts Based on Molybdenum Carbide Modified with Nickel and Alumina in Hydrogenation of Hydrocarbons and Hydrodesulfurization." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 56, no. 4 (August 2022): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579522040042.

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36

HIROSE, Taro, Yasushi OZAWA, and Masatoshi NAGAI. "Preparation of a Nickel Molybdenum Carbide Catalyst and Its Activity in the Dry Reforming of Methane." Chinese Journal of Catalysis 32, no. 5 (May 2011): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(10)60185-4.

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37

Bagrov, Valeriy, та Diana Hlushkova. "Рroperties of wear resistance nickel-free steel with secondary curing for building up stamps of metal hot processing". Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, № 97 (5 вересня 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2022.97.0.34.

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Problem. The problem, i.e. the reduction of energy and resource consumption during surfacing of a stamping tool can be solved by using dispersion-hardening alloys, limitedly alloyed with chromium (up to 3%), increasing the amount of carbide phase due to the introduction of carbide-forming elements, replacing nickel with manganese, and using surfacing with a de-current additive for their application. The purpose of the work is to increase the wear resistance and heat resistance of secondary hardening surfacing steels by improving the composition of alloying powder wires due to the optimization of the content of titanium, molybdenum and chromium. Methodology. Surfacing was performed with a TS-17M welding tractor under a flux of flux-cored wires with a de-energized additive fed into the main part of the welding bath. Surfacing modes – Iд≈300......320 A; Ud≈34...36 V; Un≈23.7 m/h; Up.e.≈93.75 m/h. The participation rate of the de-energized additive varied within 0...75%. Results. The increase in the content of the [TiC] phase contributed to the increase in the heat resistance of Cr-Mn-Ti alloys based on iron. The introduction of [Mo] stabilized the value of hardness at elevated temperatures, increased heat resistance and hardness during dispersion hardening and additional diffusion formation of the carbide phase during aging. Originality. To increase the alloying of the deposited metal, surfacing with de-current additive was proposed, which allowed to increase the assimilation coefficients of alloying elements. Practical significance. Production tests of stamps welded with these steels made it possible to increase their durability by 1.8 times compared to 5KHNM steel.

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38

Yamaguchi, Katsumi, Takeshi Nakamoto, Masayuki Kitano, Masakuni Suzuki, and Petros A. Abraha. "Improvement of Machinability of Sintered Composite-type Alloyed Steel Powder." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, no. 4A (November 1, 1997): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831183.

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Composite-type alloyed steel powder has drawn great attention in recent years due to the rapid increase of high strength materials. A typical powder consisting of iron with nickel and molybdenum as an additive which adheres to the surface of iron particles is used. This type of sintered alloyed steel causes excessive tool wear. The purpose of this study is to improve the machinability of the sintered alloyed steel by adding nonmetallic materials. Experiments show that the addition of 3% glass to the sintered alloyed steel increases the tool life 100 times. In order to clarify the mechanisms of the increase of tool life, the worn face of the cutting tool is examined by an Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA). The analysis shows that the glass additive acts as a protective film and lubricant when cutting with silicon nitride and tungsten carbide tools, respectively.

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39

Yao, Yunjin, Yi Hu, Maojing Yu, Chao Lian, Mengxue Gao, Jie Zhang, Guanwei Li, and Shaobin Wang. "Nitrogen-doped carbon encapsulating molybdenum carbide and nickel nanostructures loaded with PVDF membrane for hexavalent chromium reduction." Chemical Engineering Journal 344 (July 2018): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.089.

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40

Cheiliakh, Oleksandr P., and Irina V. Kolodyazhna. "New Wear-Resistant Metastable Strain Hardenable Alloyed Cast Irons." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.267.

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This work addresses an urgent problem which is saving alloying elements (Ni, Mo, Nb, V, W and others) -which very scarce in Ukraine and other countries- while increasing the physical, mechanical and operational properties of the new designed and developed wear-resistant cast irons. Optical microscopy, x-ray structure analysis, transmission and scanning (fracture) electron microscopy methods, different-thermal, magnetometric and x-ray analyses, as well as hardness and micro-hardness tests, impact energy, and abrasive wear tests in environments of cast-iron shots were employed in the research. The work summarizes the controlling conditions for forming various metastable phases by including deformation (or strain) induced phase transformation (DIPT) and through realization in the process of testing. New wear-resistant economical alloyed cast irons with a metastable austenite-carbide and austenite-martensite-carbide structure are developed, which are being strain- hardened under impact-abrasive wearing operation conditions due to the realization of process DIPT in the superficial layer. These new cast irons are intended for manufacturing parts of different equipment (protective plates of sinter machines, furnaces, tracks for transferring raw materials at iron and steel works, etc.). These cast irons do not contain expensive and deficit alloying components, like nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and more expensive similar materials. Simultaneously they possess enhanced impact-abrasive wear resistance.

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41

Yao, Zhiwei, Jun Jiang, Yu Zhao, Fubing Luan, Jiang Zhu, Yan Shi, Haifeng Gao, and Haiyan Wang. "Insights into the deactivation mechanism of metal carbide catalysts for dry reforming of methane via comparison of nickel-modified molybdenum and tungsten carbides." RSC Advances 6, no. 24 (2016): 19944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24815a.

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42

Hu, Zhihui, Lei Zhang, Juntong Huang, Zhijun Feng, Qingming Xiong, Zhiguo Ye, Zhi Chen, Xibao Li, and Zhaoju Yu. "Self-supported nickel-doped molybdenum carbide nanoflower clusters on carbon fiber paper for an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction." Nanoscale 13, no. 17 (2021): 8264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr00169h.

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Self-supported Ni-doped Mo₂C nanoflowers assembled with ultrathin nanosheets on CFP as an excellent electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction were prepared via a molten salt method.

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43

Pérez, Sebastián, Andrés Moreno, Zhen-Yi Du, and Diana López. "Upgrading of benzofuran to hydrocarbons by hydrodeoxygenation over nickel–molybdenum carbide catalysts supported inside multi-wall carbon nanotubes." Fuel Processing Technology 236 (November 2022): 107416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107416.

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44

Koval'chenko, M. S., N. N. Sereda, and V. A. Tsyban'. "Effect of composition and amount of nickel-molybdenum binder on the properties of a titanium carbide hard metal." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 24, no. 4 (April 1985): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00805219.

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45

Studnicki, A., J. Suchoń, T. Wróbel, and J. Szajnar. "The Influence Of Temperature Gradient On Stereological Parameters Of Carbide Phase On Cross-Section Of Abrasive Wear Resistant Chromium Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0297.

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AbstractIn the paper analysis of temperature gradient and parameters of structure on casting cross-section of abrasive wear resistant chromium cast iron at carbon content of 2,5%wt. and chromium 17%wt. with nickel and molybdenum additives are presented. The castings were made with use of special tester ϕ100mm (method of temperature gradient and derivative analysis) with temperature recording in many points from thermal centre to surface (to mould) of casting. Registered cooling curves were used to describe the temperature gradient on cross-section of analyzed casting. On the basis of determined curves of temperature gradient measurement fields were selected to make the quantitative studies of structure. The results of studies show significant influence of temperature gradient on quantitative parameters of chromium cast iron structure. Moreover was affirmed that exists a critical temperature gradient for which is present rapid change of quantitative parameters of chromium cast iron structure.

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46

Nagaraj, Meenaskshi Sundaram, Chakaravarthy Ezhilarasan, A. John Presin Kumar, and Rishab Betala. "Analysis of multipoint cutting tool temperature using FEM and CFD." Manufacturing Review 5 (2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2018013.

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Nimonic C-263 is a British nickel–chromium–cobalt–molybdenum alloy specially meant to be used in high-temperature and high-strength applications. Consequently, it produces high thermo-mechanical loads on the machining tool when machined. As a result, excessive heat is generated during dry drilling, between Nimonic C-263 and tungsten carbide tool coated with Alcorna, which in turn reduces the durability of the tool. In order to determine the temperature distribution of the tool, the coupling of finite element machining simulations along with computational fluid dynamics simulations is performed. The temperature distribution of the tool under dry condition is simulated via the DEFORM 3D software and the Altair AcuSolve software. Further investigation under cooling condition is performed using Altair AcuSolve software. The mass flow rate of the coolants is kept constant when the temperature distribution is obtained during the CFD analysis under cooling condition. Silver nano coolant has high heat reduction compared to other coolants and is found to generate 34% less heat than dry condition.

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47

Irving, Robert R. "Packaged For The Road." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 07 (July 1, 2001): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-jul-2.

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This article discusses use of metal matrix composite materials in electronic packaging. Composites can have higher thermal conductivity than traditional materials, low thermal stress, and tailorable coefficients of thermal expansion. They can reduce weight by as much as 80% and size by as much as 65%. They can also be used in low-cost, net-shape fabrication processes. The silicon carbide content can be adjusted to differing percentages to vary the composite's coefficient of thermal expansion. Traditional microelectronic packaging materials used to achieve low coefficients of thermal expansion include blends of copper and tungsten or of copper and molybdenum, and a nickel–cobalt–iron alloy called Kovar, a trademark owned by CRS Holdings Inc., a subsidiary of Carpenter Technology Corp. of Wyomissing, Pennsylvania. A key firm involved in promoting pyrolytic graphite in packaging is Advanced Ceramics Corp. of Cleveland. An expert predicts that, in the future, many of these materials will also be used in the optoelectronics industry. This will be a new market for the materials, but one with enormous potential.

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48

Wang, Shiping, Jing Wang, Minglei Zhu, Xiaobing Bao, Bingyang Xiao, Diefeng Su, Haoran Li, and Yong Wang. "Molybdenum-Carbide-Modified Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Vesicle Encapsulating Nickel Nanoparticles: A Highly Efficient, Low-Cost Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction." Journal of the American Chemical Society 137, no. 50 (December 15, 2015): 15753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b07924.

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49

Zhang, Ting, Xinwen Guo, and Zhongkui Zhao. "Glucose-Assisted Preparation of a Nickel–Molybdenum Carbide Bimetallic Catalyst for Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics and Hydrodeoxygenation of m-Cresol." ACS Applied Nano Materials 1, no. 7 (June 11, 2018): 3579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00735.

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50

Silva, Camila G., Fabio B. Passos, and Victor Teixeira da Silva. "Influence of the support on the activity of a supported nickel-promoted molybdenum carbide catalyst for dry reforming of methane." Journal of Catalysis 375 (July 2019): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2019.05.024.

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