Дисертації з теми "Newspaper paper"

An e-newspaper is the result of newspaper content adapted to electronic paper. Electronic paper is a display technology which has many favourable attributes. It is a passive display technology which means that it can have the appearence of paper due to its high contrast, it is readable like paper due to only changing its pixels when the image changes and also uses very little power making it suitable for mobile uses. Making an e-newspaper service has many challenges, the areas focused on in this thesis are namely layout and distribution. There is great differences between an online newspaper and a paper newspaper, and the question is which direction is suitable for an e-newspaper. Some of the factors that plays a role includes rates of updates, feel of quality, ``charm'' and of course personal preferences. Distribution is split in two different approaches, pull or push. The latter most preferable because it gives the quickest updates in an automatic fashion. The reason for considering pull distribution is because it is more suited for devices that wishes to limit the time with an active air interface. There was made a demonstration of such an e-newspaper service, with a standard template, online newspaper inspired, layout and pull distribution to accomodate the chosen e-paper device's poor battery life. The pull distribution was further user initiated to conserve even more power. The software made for this demonstration can be found in the accompanying archive file. There was a test group, which evaluated the demonstration for a period of time. They did not completely agree with the layout choices, as they favoured a layout closer to the original paper source. That the download was user initiated was not a great problem though.

In this paper we have studied how user designed mock-ups, together with video recordings,

can contribute in the process of generating user requirements when designing the future e-

newspaper. The mock-ups originate from future workshop carried out within the DigiNews

project. By analyzing user designed mock-ups to retrieve user requirements and evaluating

the results against a focus group and newspaper designers we gained understanding on how

mock-ups can contribute as data input in a user involved design process. The study concludes

that mock-ups are an effective tool for making use of users’ visions and opinions in a

dynamic design process.

This thesis contributes to understanding contemporary newspaper design and redesigns in quality and popular newspapers with a focus on art directors’ perspective. A triangulated multi-method investigation of newspapers in the United Kingdom and Finland produces several original contributions to knowledge. As little data exists on contemporary newspaper design in these countries, a content analysis of newspapers captures a snapshot of its current state. This reveals design elements that function as genre markers and cross-national differences in their use. Quality papers use a more rule-governed design employing a narrow range of expression, while the populars employ a wider range of expression. Existing literature, largely ignoring popular papers, provides little knowledge about how art directors see their work and how redesigns are conducted. I investigate these issues through qualitative in-depth interviews with art directors. They reveal several differences between the genres. Quality papers implement large scale redesigns with intervals of several years. Popular papers perform small gradual changes, evolving almost constantly. In both genres, art directors rely largely on their professional intuition in making design decisions. They might use metaphorical newspaper personalities, possibly as energysaving devices similar to genre. They see several roles for newspaper design, including journalism and enhancing usability. They acknowledge a connection between design and branding, but no evidence is found that newspaper design has been taken over by branding. Art directors are shown to be the true gatekeepers of redesigns, as executives leading the process usually entrust them with final decisions. I present a naturalistic reconceptualisation of newspaper design, taking steps towards a conceptual framework for the currently pre-paradigmatic field. I propose using the concept of visual energy for summarising the effect of design features, which can be used to describe the relative positions of newspapers and their genres.

In a more digitalized world the paper industry has struggled to deliver customer value and stay relevant when the digital media has started to emerge. This problem has especially happened to newspaper which has seen a decline in Sweden with over 20% the last decade. Paper mills has also started to destroy shareholder value as many mills only work with offering customers low prices and tries to outlive their competitors. This has led to the following research objective of this study:  To examine the importance of end customer value in paper industry for developing market shares in the digital era. This study has been an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative data collection. The data has been to one part been collected through a market survey that has asked end-users how they perceive price and quality when comparing two different types of paper. Also interviews with one paper producer and two printing companies have been done to cover the professional aspect of customer value for the paper industry.  It has been clearly shown in this study that customers and companies inside the paper industry are agreeing in which customer values being most important, quality and price. The importance of being innovative was also stated by interviewed printing companies and the paper producer. The market survey was a good example of how innovation, from a paper producer, related to important customer values – perceived quality and perceived price – can create a potentially higher market share and profitability, instead of just lowering their prices and try to outlive their competitors.  The study has also contributed to see that companies inside the paper industry are conscious that they face tough competition from a more digitalized world. Even though the companies know that they face competition from the digital media the companies have a good understanding of which products they can continue to compete with and which products that digital media has the upper hand on.

After decades of digital developments, we are now entering a truly digital era. Digital information and communication technology has become a naturally embedded part ofthe designed environment we live in. Most parts of life are today pervaded by digital products and services. Evidence of such immersion can be noted in, for instance, media consumption. This development is gradually shaping and cultivating a media environment that is ubiquitous. Such ubiquity is manifested in media’s constant presence and thechanges in media consumption in the purview of digital innovation. Indeed, digital innovation is not only a shift in technology. It alters existing value networks and calls forrethinking existing value perceptions. While this disruptive change driven by digitizationcan be found in many industries, this thesis focuses on its impact on value networks in thenewspaper industry.The digitization of newspapers started with the introduction of the internet in the 90´sand soon emerged into new media innovations. While these new media innovations have not replaced existing media, they have been disruptive to newspaper value networks. Recently, the emergence of yet another digital innovation is specifically interesting whenstudying changes to value networks of the newspaper industry: the e-paper. This innovation (a screen technology very close to print on paper) exhibits inherent valuesthat make future replacement of print on paper a possibility. It is therefore regarded as avery promising technology in the newspaper industry. This thesis can be positioned at the intersection of the friction between forces to embarkon a new media trajectory and forces to hang on to the established structures andcontrol. The research question addressed in this thesis is: How are value networks of newspapers influenced by digital innovation? Addressing the research question, a multimethod approach was adopted to gain a broad understanding of how digital innovationinfluences value networks of newspapers. Drawing on digital innovation literature, the thesis presents a theoretical perspective with which to understand how digital innovation influences value networks. This perspective is instantiated as a model of value network configuration. The model emphasizes the multi-layered, dynamic, dialectic, and diametrical character of value networks in digital innovation. The model is offered as abasis and analytical tool to further explore value networks in digital innovation. This tool is useful for newspaper stakeholders when entering the digital era.

In our information age, it is of the highest importance that information is easy to understand by as many members of the potential target audience as possible. The present study analyses and compares the readability of 20 newspaper articles, half from the tabloid Daily Mail and the other half from the broadsheet The Daily Telegraph. The methods used to analyse the articles are mathematic readability formulas based on sentence and word length, as well as analyses of the use of the active and the passive voice, type-token ratio, number of clauses per sentence, and linking words. The results do not completely align with each other. Three of the five methods – the readability formulas, the use of the passive voice, and clauses per sentence – suggest that the Daily Mail articles are easier to understand, whereas the type-token ratios imply the opposite, and the linking words results did not show a difference in readability.

Trovärdighet är inte ett givet ting inom samhällets ramar. Det krävs en ömsesidig relationsuppbyggnad mellan parterna. Syftet var att belysa tidningsutgivarnas legitimitet i förhållande till innehållet i tidningen. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och avsåg två fallstudieobjekt, en morgontidning och en kvällstidning. Dessa var Göteborgs-Posten och Göteborgs-Tidningen. Teoretiska frågeställningar kring legitimitet var definitionen av legitimitet, påverkan, faktorer för hög respektive låg trovärdighet, nyhetsartiklarnas komponenter samt dagordningsfunktionen. Slutsatsen är att de båda fallstudieobjekten är legitima men på olika sätt. Ett gemensamt element är att varken dagstidningar eller kvällstidningar föreföll tro helt och fullt på "objektiv information".

 

Credibility is not a given thing in society. It requires a mutual relationship between the parties. The purpose of this study was to illuminate newspaper legitimacy in relation to media content. The study used a qualitative approach and comprised two case studies, one morning- newspaper and one evening paper, which were the Göteborgs-Posten and the Göteborgs-Tidningen. The main theoretical issues concerning legitimacy were the definitions of legitimacy, impacts, factors of high and low credibility, news components and agenda setting. The conclusion was that both newspapers shared a degree of legitimacy, but with different implications. Neither the morning nor the evening paper seemed to believe whole-heartedly in objective information.

Purpose/Aim: To investigate why people in the age group of 30-40 subscribe to the traditional morning newspaper even though they can get the same information at a much lower cost from for example TV, the internet or the free daily papers. The aim is to also look at possible future alternatives to the traditional morning newspaper.

Material/Method: Focus group interviews were used to gather the empirical material. These consisted of a total number of twelve people, divided into three groups. The results from the focus group interviews were analysed with help from established uses & gratifications theories and two diffusion theories.

Main results: This study shows that people read the traditional morning newspaper to get a good mixture of entertainment and local, national and global news. It is relaxing to read the newpaper on paper compared to reading it on the internet, mainly because you get a good overview which makes it a lot easier to find exactly want you want to read. The content of the newspaper is often discussed with family, friends and colleagues and can therefore be said to fill an important social function. Reading the newspaper is thought of to be intellectual and can help people form their identities. All respondents in this study grew up in homes which subscribed to a morning newspaper and thought this fact was a big reason for them finding it so important to have a subscription themselves. Even so, most of them were positively in favour of the so called e-paper, as a future alternative to the traditional newspaper, when discussed in the groups, mainly because of it being a more environmently friendly option, but also because of the ability to pick and choose your personal newspaper content and only pay for what you want to read.

Дипломний проект: 87 стор., 7 табл., 4 рис., 15 першоджерел, 1 додаток Здійснено обґрунтування розробки технологічного потоку з виробництва газетного паперу в системі Відкритого акціонерного товариства «Жидачівський целюлозно-паперовий комбінат» продуктивністю 95 тис. т/рік. Наведено основні вимоги до сировини та готової продукції. Розроблено та описано технологічну схему виробництва газетного паперу зниженої маси марки ПГ-1. Виконано розрахунки матеріального балансу води та волокна, а також теплового балансу контактного сушіння. Наведено теоретичні відомості про основні технологічні процеси. Наведено об’ємно-планувальне рішення будівлі цеху та заходи щодо охорони навколишнього середовища на підприємстві.
Graduation project: 87 p., 7 tab., 4 fig., 15 primary sources, 1 appendix The substantiation of the development of the technological flow for the production of newsprint in the system of an open joint-stock company "Zhidachivsky pulp and paper plant" with a productivity of 95 thousand tons/year is grounded. The basic requirements for raw materials and finished products are given. The technological scheme of production of the pressed paper of the lower mass PG-1 is developed and described. The calculations of the material balance of water and fibers, as well as the thermal balance of contact drying, have been fulfilled. Theoretical information about the main technological processes is given. The volume-planning decision of the building of the shop and measures on environmental protection at the enterprise are presented.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka svensk länspress väg in i det digitala samhället, vilka medvetna val som görs i samband med förändringen, samt vilka fördelar och nackdelar den digitala utvecklingen medfört. Arbetet vill dessutom få ett tydligt svar på vilken den största utmaningen är med att digitalisera sin verksamhet. Uppsatsen har för avsikt att genom de ekonomiska och teknologiska aspekterna söka svar på dessa frågor, och tar därmed avstånd ifrån alla politiska inblandningar. För att undersöka detta har två länstidningar granskats; Nya Wermlandstidningen och Värmlands Folkblad, och metoden som användes var kvalitativ forskningsintervju, genom så kallade halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Fyra personer på vardera tidning med hög relevans för studiens syfte intervjuades. De teroetiska områden som den här uppsatsen bygger på är teorier kring digitalisering, konvergens, förflyttat fokus och makt inom medievärlden, samt begreppet gratismentalitet som har en återkommande position genom hela arbetet. Ett annat begrepp som tas upp och diskuteras är betalvägg, det vill säga en sorts betallösning för tidningar på internet. Teoriavsnittet sammanfattas genom en egengjord modell, kallad Maktfördelningsmodellen, som ger en indikation på de effekter som digitaliseringen, konvergensen och fokusförflyttningen medfört. Utifrån de kvalitativa intervjuerna framkom tydliga mönster mellan de två tidningarna, där de båda hade närmast identiska strategier för att klara av övergången till det digitala; ett flertal digitala plattformar diskuterades såsom webbtidning, sociala medier och mobila enheter. Den enda skillnaden mellan de granskade tidningarna är att NWT sedan augusti 2013 infört en typ av betalmodell, kallad plus-tjänst, medan VF än så länge inte valt att använda sig av någon betallösning, och i stället håller allt sitt material öppet. Den tydligaste slutsatsen som kunde dras, och som framgick från resultatrapporteringen, är att tidningsbranschens största utmaning just nu, både på regional och rikstäckande nivå, är problematiken kring att kunna ta betalt för sina produkter på internet, vilket också var uppsatsens hypotes.
The function of this essay is to analyze the Swedish provincial press’ transition into the digital world, illuminate the choices made, together with the benefits and disadvantages that the digital transformation brings. This paper also intends to pinpoint the greatest challenge of bringing one’s business into the digital space. To find these answers, this essay will take the economic and technological approach and ignore all political aspects. To examine this, two newspapers have been studied; Nya Wermlandstidningen and Värmlands Folkblad, by using the “qualitative research interview” as leading method, more specifically using semi-structured interviews. In both companies four persons with high relevance were interviewed. The theoretical areas that this essay is based upon are theories involving digitalization, convergence and displaced focus in the media industry, together with the concept of cost-free mentality. Another concept that is discussed is the pay wall, meaning a way of payment for webzines. The theory chapter is summed up by the writer’s self-made model called “The Power Distribution Model”, which indicates the effects of digitalization, convergence and the displaced focus in the media industry. Results of the interviews showed obvious patterns between the two newspapers, showing nearly identical strategies to make their way into the digital world, where several digital platforms where discussed, such as webzines, social medias and mobile platforms. The only difference between the two is that NWT is using a kind of pay wall called “plus”, meanwhile VF still is publishing all their online news for free. The most obvious conclusion, which is also found in the reported result, is that the newspaper industry’s biggest challenge right now, both in local and national papers, is the issue of being able to make a profit of the news in their webzines, which is also the hypothesis of the essay.

I papperstillverkning ställs det krav inte bara på kvalité och kvantitet utan också att stickprov från produktion utförs och tas hand om på ett korrekt sätt. Från det att ett stickprov tas ut och undersöks på brukets laboratorium kan en del källor till förändringar på provresultatet uppstå. Sådana förändringar kan uppstå för det första vid hanteringen av stickprov från pappersmaskin och provens transportering till laboratoriet och för det andra vid laboratoriets hantering och uppföljning av kvalitén. En annan faktor som kan påverka stickproven är klimatet. Årstiderna vår och höst är de tider som proverna kan påverkas mest. Prover undersöks med jämna mellanrum från färdigt papper och används till kalibrering av on-line mätning på pappersmaskin. Vissa av provresultaten skickas direkt till kunden i form av ett analyscertifikat.

I detta examensarbete var syftet att analysera vissa felkällor i provhanteringen och vad klimatet hade för påverkan på provresultatet. Det undersöktes hur varierande klimatförhållanden på pappersmaskin kunde påverka provresultaten för prov som undersöktes direkt på laboratoriet. Resultat från de proven har sen jämförts med prov som konditionerades en tid på laboratoriet i ett fast klimat (23°C, 50 % RH). Prov konditionerades både efter att provet tagits ut direkt och efter att provet hade legat uppe i maskinhallen under en längre tid. I arbetet ingick det att årstider skulle simuleras och det utfördes på Stora Enso Research Center i Falun i ett speciellt klimatrum. Klimaten som papper undersöktes i då var extremt torrt och extremt fuktigt och dessa resultat jämfördes med resultat från normalt provtagningsklimat.

Papperskvalitéerna som undersöktes var 45 g/m2 standard tidningspapper från PM 11 och 52 g/m2 SC-papper (obestruket journalpapper) från Kvarnsvedens nya maskin PM 12. Det som undersöktes var de kritiska parametrarna där det föreligger risk för att papper måste kasseras. De kritiska egenskaperna som har kassaktionsgräns är ytvikt, ljushet, nyans och i även vissa fall ytråhet och rivstyrka.

Resultaten visade att vid extrema klimatförhållanden från undersökningen på Stora Enso Research Center hade många prover påverkats till den grad att de hade lett till kassaktion. För SC-papper var ytråheten den egenskap som var mest kritisk vid extremt torrt klimat och vid fuktigt klimat var ytvikt den mest känsliga egenskapen. För standard tidningspapper var ytvikt och rivstyrka de egenskaper som påverkades mest av extremt klimat och pappret hade fått kasseras vid både extremt torrt och fuktigt klimat.

Vid undersökningen på Kvarnsveden visade resultaten att fukthalten i pappret påverkades mer än vad papprets övriga egenskaper gjorde. Förändringarna i papprets övriga egenskaper var endast marginella och höll sig inom respektive gränsvärde för kassaktion. Nyans och de andra optiska egenskaperna hade marginella förändringar för både varierande och extrema klimatförhållanden och förändringarna kan i de flesta fall anses försumbara för produktionen.

I de fall där det råder extrema klimatförhållanden som det kan göra vid vissa årstider är det mycket viktigt att operatörens hantering av stickprov sker på ett korrekt sätt. Då gäller det att stickproverna skickas ner till laboratoriet så snabbt som möjligt där påverkan är mindre än vad den kan vara inne i maskinhallen.

In paper production demands are set not only on quality and quantity, but it is also required that samples from the production are taken out and handled in a correct way. From the moment when a sample is taken out and up to the point when it is examined in the laboratory of the mill, a number of factors may affect the sample and thus the test result. Such changes can arise from the handling of samples from the paper machine and the transport of the samples to the laboratory and also from the handling of the samples in the laboratory. Another factor that can influence the samples is the climate and the seasons spring and autumn is the times when the samples are influenced most. Samples are examined with even intervals from finished papers and is used for calibration of on-line measurement on the paper machine and some of the sample results are sent directly to the costumer in the form of an analysis certificate.

The purpose of this project was to analyze certain error sources in the sample handling and the impact of the climate on the sample result. It was examined how varying climates on the paper machine could influence the sample results for samples that were examined directly and compared with samples that were conditioned for one hour on the laboratory in a permanent climate (23°C, 50% RH). Samples that were conditioned were either taken directly to the lab or left by the paper machine for an extended period of time. In the work, it was included that seasons would be simulated and it was carried out on Stora Enso Research centre in Falun in a climate room. The climates that papers were examined in then were extreme dry and extreme damp and these results were compared with results from normal climate for testing paper.

The paper qualities that were examined where 45 g/m2 standard newspaper from papermachine 11 and 52 g/m2 SC-paper (uncoated journal papers) from the new papermachine 12 in Kvarnsveden. What were examined were the critical parameters were it exists risk to rejection of papers. The critical properties that have a limit when the papers are rejected are grammage, ISO-brightness and nuance and in certain cases also roughness and tear strength.

The results showed that at extreme climate relations from the studies on Stora Enso Research centre samples had been influenced to that degree that many of the samples had to be rejected. For SC-paper roughness was the property that was most critical at extremely dry climate and at damp climate the grammage was the most sensitive property. Standard newspaper was very sensitive at both extremely damp and dry climates for grammage and tearing strength.

The study on Kvarnsveden showed that the moisture content in the paper was influenced more than the other properties but its changes were only marginal and within the respective limit for rejection. Nuance and the other optic properties had only marginal changes for both varying and extreme climates and the changes can in most cases be considered negligible for the production.

In those cases when there are extreme climates, like during certain seasons, it is very important that the operator handles the samples correctly. Then, it is important that the samples are sent down to the laboratory as fast as possible where the impact is smaller than if the samples stay in the machine room.

The purpose of this study was to: obtain and review guidelines for designing on a small screen

from several theoretic sources and to purpose own guidelines for this context. There was

chosen for the development of 3 different prototypes meant for the use on 3 different mobile

devices. Those mobile devices had a different screen size and were: an e-reader, PDA and

mobile phone. The prototypes provided the user with a future e-newspaper service (a TV

schedule).

First design principles for good usability on small screens were abstracted from literature.

With this knowledge the three prototypes were developed. The development started with

writing down the functional and user requirements for the prototypes. After that the

developing process had two stages. The first stage was a low-fidelity prototype, this were

sketches of the graphical user interface that was commented by users. The second stage was

a high-fidelity prototype, this stage consisted of three fully functional prototypes. The three

different prototypes were used in a user evaluation. After the evaluation interviews with the

users took place to obtain additional information.

In this research the main question was: “What are the challenges for designing the

(graphical) user interface, as a part of an e-newspaper service which is aimed at use on

multiple devices with heterogeneous screen sizes, to be recognized as the same service?”.

The results from this research are three challenges in designing the (graphical) user interface

for devices with small screens. These challenges are: how to make the user recognize the

service in the software (recognition of service), how to develop one service on multiple

devices (use on multiple devices) and how to develop software that it is useful and pleasant

to use (usable software). In total fifteen guidelines derived from theory were found, this

research shows that thirteen of them are applicable when designing for small screens. Three

of those thirteen are reformulated in this study to make them fit better in the context. Next to

this, seven additional guidelines were proposed in this study. Examples of the purposed

guidelines are: reconstruct the layout from the non-digital service in the interface as much as

possible, explore the targeted user group, built further on their mental model and pay

attention to possible disabilities of the group, implement extra’s that give users a good reason

to use the service and make it easy for the user to select the sought information.

The use of figurative language can be found in all kinds of texts but the manner it is used differs. This piece of work deals with the frequency of the use of metaphors in general and the distribution of its three subcategories - new, conventional and dead metaphors - in articles from a broadsheet paper and a tabloid. Ten articles, five from The New York Times and five from the New York Daily News, were analyzed and scrutinized for metaphors. The analysis and the categorisation of the metaphors point towards that there should be a higher frequency of metaphors in the broadsheet paper and that the distribution of the subkinds is the same in the two papers. However, results state that there is a great range of variation in the frequency of the metaphor in the individual tabloid articles compared to the broadsheet articles. This point to the conclusion that none of the two papers can be said to generally contain a higher frequency of metaphor compared to the other, simply because with tabloids there is no norm to compare with.

The potential for electronic media in the newspaper business is interesting.

The research about electronic media will bring demands on new thinking in

developing new value, income generating services and related business models. An

example of electronic media is electronic paper. This paper explores the added value

and payment methods for the e-paper. We have conducted future workshops with our

target group the reader. On the basis of future workshops this paper shows that

interaction, individualization, improved selection and content, environment friendly

and saving capabilities are necessities for the e-paper to be successful. We suggest

that the e-paper must be more than just an online newspaper for people to buy it.

This paper seeks to examine how South Korea news medias portrayed mixed-race South Koreans in Korean society by checking articles from the newspapers Dong-A Ilbo and Kyunghyang Shinmun. The paper explores the process of formation of discourse on mixed-race in South Korea, and the contextual background that related to it by analysing about 800 newspaper articles from 1950 to 2019 through critical discourse analysis. The research is conducted within the theoretical frames of imagined community, the concept of ‘othering’, and race and ethnicity in the discourse analysis of the newspapers. The results of the study show that mixed-race people in South Korea are often stigmatised and discriminated for their difference in society as ‘others’ in the newspaper portrayals. Furthermore, the paper highlights that such portrayals of mixed race are based on ethnic nationalism and patriarchal ideas that influenced the discourse around them in South Korea.

Tese apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências da Informação, especialidade em Jornalismo
O jornalismo, da última década, evidencia, no interior da própria profissão, mudanças inevitáveis na produção, nos meios humanos e nos formatos de distribuição de conteúdos. O fecho em espiral de muitos jornais em papel levanta questões de sobrevivência que não podem mais ser ignoradas. A imprensa, foco do nosso estudo, parece sofrer ainda mais intensamente os efeitos de uma crise instalada, que é não só económica, mas profissional e social. Um pouco por todo o mundo as palavras convergência e jornais começaram a ser associados como sinónimos de reconversão dos processos jornalísticos, rumo a um novo modo de fazer, de escutar e de ler, ao permitir olhar para as possibilidades de uma história. E depois olhar para a forma correta (e possível) de a contar. A cultura da Internet apoderou-se de virtudes para a sociedade e entender o conceito de convergência tornou-se indispensável, especialmente, porque surge conotado como a salvação para o jornalismo. Contudo, as primeiras empresas que começaram a apoiar-se no conceito foram as mesmas que começaram a reduzir jornalistas e redações, enquanto os media perdiam a sua força na credibilidade e na investigação. A produção jornalística surge conotada ao imediato, com pouco tempo para pensar e dar contexto sacrificando muitas vezes a qualidade da notícia. Já os profissionais aparecem preocupados com o seu papel decisivo e que, inevitavelmente, acaba por influenciar o consumo da audiência. Mas ao mesmo tempo cedem às exigências da pressão da publicação veloz, maior e mais exigente. Onde a tecnologia não para de evoluir e trazer novos desafios e os jornalistas, perante esta mutação demolidora dos seus hábitos e rotinas, resistem. E param. Daí que o equilíbrio é não só necessário, como urgente. As redações dos diários em papel são o epicentro do furacão, e objeto do nosso estudo, onde converge a tecnologia, os conteúdos, a audiência, os profissionais e o negócio e é perante todas estas dimensões que nos questionarmos se as práticas convergentes podem ou não ser a solução há muito esperada. Através da observação participante de três diários - Jornal de Notícias, Diário de Notícias e Público - e um semanário - Expresso, da aplicação de inquéritos aos jornalistas e entrevistas em profundidade a elementos da direção, administradores e chefias intermédias, quisemos aprofundar o debate sobre como as práticas convergentes abriram as portas aos jornais na procura de novas audiências e como, apesar do longo caminho que ainda têm de percorrer, os dispositivos móveis, os sites e as redes sociais se converteram em acessórios de bolso do leitor, que carregam a leitura simples e a mobilidade de uma cultura participativa. Perante este enquadramento, é do futuro que falamos, do jornalismo e dos jornais, mas as divergências que encontramos poderão ser maiores que a convergência anunciada.
In the last decade journalistic transformations evidence, within the profession, inevitable changes in production, human resources and content distribution formats. Journalism today faces an unprecedented crisis, by breaking the honour of the profession values. While newspapers were closing doors in downward spiral survival issues could no longer be ignored. The press, focus of our study, seems to suffer even harder the collateral effects of this installed crisis, not only economic, but also professional and social. Internet’s culture took hold of virtues to society and among these benefits lies convergence. To understand the concept has become indispensable, especially, because it comes connoted as the salvation for journalism. All over the world the words convergence and newspapers appeared associated and it started to convert the journalistic processes towards a new way of doing, listening and reading, by allowing looking at the story possibilities and telling it. Media companies, supported on the convergence concept, began to reduce journalists and newsrooms, while the media lost its strength in credibility, research and quality contents, because everything has to do with the immediate, no time to think and act only at the news. Journalists are concerned with their decisive role that inevitably ends up influencing the consumer audience. But at the same time they give up to pressure of speedy publications, that becomes even bigger and more demanding. Where technology continues to evolve with new challenges and the professionals, facing this overwhelming mutation of habits and routines, resist. And stop. Hence the balance is not only necessary as urgent. Daily paper newsrooms are the epicentre of the hurricane, and purpose of our study, where technology, content, audience, professionals and the business models converge. This is where we question ourselves if converging practices may or may not be the solution long overdue. Through participant observation of three Portuguese newspapers - Jornal de Notícias, Diário de Notícias e Público - and a weekly - Expresso, the application of surveys and in depth interviews to directors, administration and supervisors, we wanted to deepen the debate on how convergent practices have opened doors to newspapers in the search for new audiences and how the convergence of platforms, despite the long way ahead, are now the reader’s pocket accessories, bearing simple reading and participant mobile culture. In this framework, this thesis is about the future of newspapers and the future of journalism, but the divergences that we found may be bigger than the announced convergence benefits.

O papel representa cerca de 25% de todo resíduo sólido presente nos aterros sanitários. O papel jornal pode representar até 50% de todo papel descartado e encontra-se na sua maioria impresso. A tinta de impressão pode ser tóxica aos microrganismos responsáveis pela digestão anaeróbia. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a influência dessa tinta na digestão anaeróbia do papel jornal. Este estudo buscou colaborar para uma melhor compreensão da caracterização dos resíduos sólidos, toxicidade, biodegradabilidade, e processos de tratamento dos resíduos sólidos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi avaliada a eficiência de quatro inóculos: lodo de digestor anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB) tratando esgoto sanitário da cidade de Piracicaba - SP - (LU); lodo granulado de digestor anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB) proveniente do tratamento do esgoto da Avícola Dacar - Ltda, localizada na cidade de Tietê - SP - (LA); percolado do aterro sanitário da cidade de Jaboticabal - SP, operando há 11 meses - (PI) e percolado do aterro sanitário experimental de São Carlos - SP, em operação há 11 anos (PII). Essa etapa de trabalho permitiu escolher o inóculo proveniente do aterro sanitário de Jaboticabal por apresentar maior eficiência na digestão anaeróbia do papel jornal. Esse inóculo foi utilizado para os reatores na segunda etapa do trabalho, no qual o principal objetivo foi avaliar a influência da tinta de impressão na digestão anaeróbia do papel jornal em quatro reatores alimentados com papel jornal não impresso (JNI), papel jornal impresso com tinta preta (JIP), papel jornal impresso com tinta colorida (JIC) e reator de controle (B). A tinta de impressão não se apresentou como inibitória ao processo anaeróbio, pois a degradação observada foi praticamente semelhante nos reatores alimentados com papel jornal impresso e não impresso.
Paper represents about 25% of all solid waste presented in sanitary landfills. Newspaper can represent up to 50% of all the discarded paper and is found mostly printed. The printing ink can be toxic to the microorganisms that have anaerobic digestion. The main objective of the present dissertation was to evaluate the influence of this ink on the anaerobic digestion of newspaper. It also intends to collaborate for a better comprehension of characterization, toxicity, biodegradability and processes of treatment of solid wastes. The research was developed in two stages. First the efficiency of four inoculum was evaluated: they were sludge of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treating the sanitary sewage of Piracicaba city - SP (LU); granulated sludge of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) originated form the sewage treatment of Avícola Dacar - Ltda, located in Tietê city - SP (LA); leachate from sanitary landfill of Jaboticabal city - SP, with 11 months of operation (PI) and leachate from experimental sanitary landfill in São Carlos city - SP, with 11 years of operation (PII). This stage of work allowed choosing the inoculum from the sanitary landfill of Jaboticabal as it showed greater efficiency in the anaerobic digestion of newspaper. This inoculum was used to inoculate the reactors in the second stage of the work, aiming to evaluate the influence of the printing ink on the anaerobic digestion of the newspaper, in four reactors fed with non-printed newspaper (JNI), printed newspaper with black ink (JIP), printed newspaper with colorful ink (JIC) and reactor of control (B). The printing ink did not show to be inhibitory to the anaerobic process, as the observed digestions were almost similar for the reactors fed with printed and non-printed newspaper.

A temática ambiental é, simultaneamente, simples e complexa. Simples, devido ao entendimento universal de suas mensagens essenciais, as quais não estão condicionadas a espaços geográficos ou culturais. Complexa, pois cada unidade de informação integra teias de interações cada vez mais amplas cuja expressão maior é a vida – biodiversidade – no planeta que acolhe a espécie humana. O estudo identifica e analisa o discurso sobre o meio ambiente presente em 17 dos 38 jornais diários impressos do interior do Rio Grande do Sul que foram identificados em 2010 quando da definição da amostra. Foram extraídas 294 sequências discursivas das 2.914 páginas de 92 edições impressas na semana de 1º a 7 de abril de 2011 e elas evidenciam que, embora ocorra a cessão de espaços editoriais para apresentação de conteúdos de impacto local, predominantemente, estes surgem como expressões fragmentadas da realidade. Discute-se a construção do discurso ambiental como produto jornalístico elaborado com sensibilidade cidadã, qualificação técnica e intencionalidade educativa.
The environmental theme is both simple and complex. Simple, because of the universal understanding of their key messages, which are not constrained to geography or cultural spaces. Complex, because each unit integrates information webs of interactions increasingly broad whose greatest expression is the life - biodiversity - in the planet that hosts the human species. The study analyze the discourse on the environment present in 17 of the 38 daily newspapers printed in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul that were identified in 2010 when the definition of the sample. We extracted 294 discursive sequences from 2914 pages of 92 editions printed in the week from 1 to 7 April 2011 and they show that, although occuppying editorial spaces for content presentation of local impact, predominantly, these are fragmented expressions of the reality. We discuss the construction of environmental discourse as a journalistic product developed with sensitivity citizen, technical expertise and educational intentionality.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The present case study focuses on the collective memory of the region of São Miguel Paulista (city of São Paulo), based on the analysis of the printed newspaper GRITA POVO (1982 1991), and on an oral research carried out with the subjects who produce the vehicle. The research approaches the dictatorship and redemocratization periods experienced in the east zone of the city of São Paulo. The study received historical and socio-anthropological guidance about the Catholic Church, the military State, popular movements and the actions of communication promoted by them on the occasion. Regarding the theoretical aspects, the approach refers to popular communication and collective memory. Besides the bibliographic research, this study restores and analyzes the above-mentioned newspaper; it also uses documental sources such as the historic documents collected through an ethnographical work carried out at the extinct Centro de Comunicação e Educação de São Miguel Paulista (CEMI Center for Communication and Education of São Miguel Paulista). These documental sources were responsible for revealing that community s intention: to idealize a popular newspaper as an object that evokes and stores the collective memory of the region. The oral sources, in turn, helped in the composition of the historical aspects of this study, and also established an intense dialogue with the theoretical framework of the bibliographic research. These sources were selected qualitatively and according to the link with the Catholic Church, the popular movements and the means of popular communication of the region from the 1970s to the 1990s. Among the proposed objectives, it was possible: to observe the term memory in an interdisciplinary perspective; to understand popular communication beyond the simple conception of media; to learn about the central aspects of popular movements; to restore and preserve a considerable part of CEMI s collection. Achievements such as the restoration of a major part of CEMI s collection and the recovery of the activity of the group in charge of the Center around a shared objective confirm the vivacity of this community s memory. It is hoped that the work performed in CEMI s collection can in the future reach the local population in a democratized way and contribute to evoke and fix the collective memory of popular communication itself. In addition, it is hoped that CEMI s collection, as well as the newspaper GRITA POVO, become valuable sources for research carried out by the human sciences throughout Brazil. In summary, this study wishes to awaken a new awareness regarding cultural heritages that are marginalized for several reasons. A new possibility of thinking about the newspaper s place in the future is outlined in this thesis
O presente estudo de caso tem como foco a memória coletiva da região de São Miguel Paulista, a partir da análise do jornal impresso GRITA POVO (1982 1991) e da pesquisa oral empenhada junto aos sujeitos produtores do veículo. A pesquisa é datada e situada. Trata-se do período ditatorial e de redemocratização nacional vivenciado na zona leste do município de São Paulo. O estudo recebeu orientação histórica e sócio-antropológica sobre a Igreja Católica, o Estado militar, os movimentos populares e as ações de comunicação promovidas por eles na ocasião. No que tange aos aspectos teóricos, a abordagem refere-se à comunicação popular e à memória coletiva. Além da pesquisa bibliográfica, este estudo se apóia no resgate e análise do mencionado jornal; além de utilizar-se de fontes documentais como os documentos históricos levantados em etnografia no acervo do extinto Centro de Comunicação e Educação de São Miguel Paulista (CEMI). As fontes documentais foram responsáveis por revelar a intenção da comunidade em questão: idealizar um jornal popular como objeto evocador e armazenador da memória coletiva da região. Já as fontes orais auxiliaram a composição dos aspectos históricos deste estudo, assim como estabeleceram diálogo intenso com o arcabouço teórico da pesquisa bibliográfica. Tais fontes foram selecionadas qualitativamente e de acordo com o vínculo com a Igreja Católica, os movimentos populares e os meios de comunicação popular da região nas décadas de setenta a noventa. Entre os objetivos propostos, foi possível: observar o termo memória numa perspectiva interdisciplinar; entender a comunicação popular para além da simples concepção de mídia; conhecer os aspectos centrais dos movimentos populares; resgatar e preservar parte considerável do acervo do CEMI. Conquistas como a restauração de parte considerável do acervo do CEMI e a retomada do grupo responsável pelo centro por um objetivo em comum já atestam a vivacidade da memória desta comunidade. Almeja-se que o trabalho realizado junto ao acervo do CEMI possa - no futuro - chegar à população local de forma democratizada e contribuir para a evocação e a fixação da memória coletiva da própria comunicação popular. Espera-se ainda, que o acervo do CEMI, bem como o jornal GRITA POVO tornem-se fontes valiosas para pesquisas empenhadas pelas ciências humanas em todo o Brasil. Enfim, este estudo pretende despertar uma nova consciência para com patrimônios culturais marginalizados por motivos diversos. Uma nova possibilidade de pensar o lugar do jornal no amanhã é traçada nesta dissertação

Este trabalho busca compreender o comportamento da Folha de S.- Paulo em dois períodos, na cobertura da educação. Em 1973, quando o jornal implantou editoria específica para a cobertura da área, e em 2002, ocasião em que as matérias sobre o tema eram editadas no caderno Cotidiano, como ocorre ainda na atualidade. Trata-se de um comparativo, levando-se em consideração a análise de conteúdo de 62 edições da Folha: 31 no o ano de 1973, e outras 31 em 2002. A hipótese central partiu da premissa que a Folha de S. Paulo afirma em seus editoriais que está na educação a solução dos graves problemas sociais brasileiros, porém não dedica atenção à cobertura jornalística dessa temática. Além do comparativo, foram realizadas entrevistas com o propósito de analisar o comportamento editorial do jornal nos dois períodos. O estudo faz referência, ainda, às áreas da Educação e Educomunicação (novo campo de intervenção social que agrega princípios da educação e da comunicação), e pondera sobre o papel do jornal na sociedade.
This thesis tries to examine Folha de S.Paulos standing in two time periods with regard to the coverage of education issues. In 1973, when the Brazilian daily newspaper created a specific section to cover the area, and in 2002, when reports on the subject began to appear in the Metropolitan section, as is still the case today. A comparison was made from the analysis of 62 editions of the paper: 31 during 1973 and another 31 in 2002. Our main hypothesis derived from the premise that Folha advocates education as the solution to Brazils grave social problems but fails to give the subject due coverage in its pages. Apart from comparing the two time periods, we conducted interviews with a view to analyzing the editorial patterns of the newspaper in the given periods. This work also makes reference to the areas of Education and Educommunication a new field of social intervention which encompasses principles of education and communication and ponders on the role of the media in society these days.

A major purpose of this study is to describe and analyse representations of migration and migrants in three local Swedish newspapers, Arbetarbladet, Borås Tidning, and Vestmanlands Läns Tidning and one national, Dagens Nyheter, at eight selected years during the period of 1945 – 2005. The dissertation investigates continuity and change over the course of time. The study also traces how journalistic discourses relate to migration policies. The main focus is on the local papers and the interplay between local and national perspectives in expressing estrangement and national community. The main sample consists of 1 537 articles published in the first three weeks of March in the years 1945, 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985, 1995 and the year 2000.

Quantitative and qualitative approaches are combined and the study is carried out within the traditions of Critical Discourse Analysis and rhetoric. One theoretical approach rests on the notion of the stranger, as conceptualized by Georg Simmel. Closely linked to this notion are the concepts of nation, culture, and identity. One purpose is to analyse how these aspects are textualised and visualised.

Despite the changes of migration to Sweden, press coverage has demonstrated a remarkable consistency in the representations of immigrants and migration policy throughout the period. The analyses indicate that there is a continuous dialogue between the press and the government agenda. Albeit the consonance between the papers, it needs to be pointed out that representations of strangers are heterogeneous. In certain respects the local papers differ from the national paper. The Dagens Nyheter was more inclined to use a negative and a conflict angle. The local papers, promoting strong place identities, were more prone to stress co-operation and shared interests. The portrayal often draws on an implicit positive self-representation of Sweden. Nationhood is still a resonant element in journalism, a late echo, as it were, of the People’s Home.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In the present work, the chemical recycling of waste newspaper it was done through the homogeneous acetylation process applyed to original and purifyed materials. This materials were characterized by FTIR and TGA. To the sythesis, it was used 48 hours of acetylation to original newspaper (AC48) and 24 hours to purifyed newspaper (AC24). Membranes from this acetyladed materials were produced. The powders of acetatates were characterized by FTIR, and their membranes were characterized by DSC, TGA and water vapor flux through by the Payne s cup technique. Membrane of comemercial cellulose acetate from Rhodia was prepared and submited to the same experiments that membranes obtained by newspaper acetylation. The purifyed newspaper FTIR spectra presented a reduction of the band s intensity attibuted to the lignin when it was compared with unpurifyed newspaper spectra. The TGA thermograms, when compared, shown that the original and the purifyed newspaper have a similar thermal stability, and the original newspaper showed the highest solid residue. The powders espectrum s acetylated samples shown characteristics bands of cellulose esters around 1750 e 1230 cm-1, attributed to acetate groups and also a reduction of the band s intensity at around 3460 cm-1, which is attributed to the stretching of the cellulosic OH group. The degree of substitution (DS) obtained to the samples AC48 and AC24 was 1,98 ± 0,02 and 2,79 ± 0,02 respectively. The enthalpy of fusion present in DSC measures were 2,75, 16,1 and 8,4 J.g-1 of commercial, AC48 and AC24 membranes respectively. TGA experiments of the membranes, under the nitrogen atmosphere, shown that the commercial material has great thermal stability and the lowest solid residue (3%). The solid residue of AC24 and AC48 membranes were 14,74 and 21,21% respectively. The water flux it was normalized. The water flux values were compared with the nanofiltration commercial membrane flux, SG from Osmonix. The water flux values for the recycled materials membranes were lower than the commercial membrane and commercial cellulose acetate membrane from Rhodia.
No presente trabalho a reciclagem química do jornal descartado foi realizada por meio da acetilação homogênea do material bruto e purificado. Esses materiais foram caracterizados por FTIR e TGA. Foram utilizados, para a síntese, os tempos de reação de 24 horas para o jornal purificado (AC24) e 48 horas para o jornal bruto (AC48). Membranas dos materiais acetilados foram produzidas. Os pós dos acetatos foram caracterizados por FTIR, e as membranas foram caracterizadas por DSC, TGA e Fluxo vapor de água utilizando a técnica do copo de Payne. Membranas do acetato de celulose comercial da Rhodia foram preparadas e submetidas aos mesmos experimentos das membranas oriundas do jornal. Comparando-se os espectros de FTIR para o jornal bruto e do jornal purificado, este apresentou redução nas intensidades das bandas características da lignina. As curvas de TGA, quando comparadas, mostraram que o jornal bruto e o jornal purificado possuem estabilidades térmicas semelhantes, tendo o jornal bruto apresentado maior resíduo sólido da degradação térmica. Os espectros de FTIR dos pós das amostras acetiladas apresentaram bandas características de ésteres de celulose em 1750 e 1230 cm-1 referentes a grupos acetato e a diminuição da intensidade da banda em 3460 cm-1 (estiramento OH celulósico). O grau de substituição dos acetatos AC48, um diacetato, e AC24, um triacetato, foram 1,98 ± 0,02 e 2,79 ± 0,02 respectivamente. As entalpias de fusão obtidas por DSC foram 2,75, 20,2 e 11.7 J.g-1 para as membranas do acetato comercial, AC48 e AC24 respectivamente. Os experimentos de TGA, em atmosfera de nitrogênio, das membranas demonstraram que a membrana do acetato comercial apresentou melhor estabilidade térmica e menor resíduo sólido de degradação (3%). O resíduo sólido de degradação térmica das membranas AC24 e AC48 foram 14,74 e 21,21%, respectivamente. O fluxo de vapor de água normalizado através das membranas foi calculado. Os fluxos das membranas foram comparados com o valor do fluxo de uma membrana comercial, utilizada em processos de nanofiltração, SG da Osmonix. Os valores do fluxo de vapor de água através das membranas dos materiais reciclados se mostraram menores que da membrana comercial e da membrana do acetato comercial da Rhodia.
Mestre em Química

At the beginning of the year 2000 new Czech funding mechanism for the development of the libraries was established by the Czech Government. Probably neither one from past politicians, nor librarians, did expect those days, that this funding program would be still open in 2018 and would be more and more important for many fields of librarianship, including the preservation and digitization of newspapers endangered by the degradation of the paper. Such a long time of more than 15 years is great opportunity to evaluate all the benefits and changes of the supported activities, practices and impacts of the program. The aim of this paper is to provide the information about the more than 15 years history of the VISK 7 funding mechanism, describe achieved results and benefits, and share the reached best practices including the main developed open-source tools.

Abstract In my dissertation I study the language planning knowledge, language planning practices and language planning discourses of the editorial staff. In 2002 and 2004 I sent a questionnaire and got 232 answers via e-mail from local papers, other Finnish newspapers and Finnish Broadcasting Company. I research what kind of language planning knowledge the respondents have, how they regard the language planning of the standard Finnish language, what kind of language planning discourses the editorial staff constructs and what kind of language attitudes can be read from those discourses. The problems with language planning often relate to compounds and commas. The spelling checker of the word processing program is often used. One must sometimes bend the rules, e.g. in the language of advertising. The local dialects and common speech are allowed to be used with some definings. The language feedback is rare and often negative. In some places the language planning atmosphere is getting better. It also might be that there are no language planning principles at all among editorial staff. I study the language planning discourses in the context of folk linguistics analysing the answers with the content analysis and critical discourse analysis. My focus is in the answers to the question Why [do you consider language planning very important, quite important or not so important]? Up to about 97 % of my informants consider language planning either very important or quite important. The discourses of quality, interaction, responsibility, tool, emotion and cherishing are activated. The aspect of interaction and communication gets highlighted. It seems that education effects positively the attitudes concerning language planning, though the opinions vary
Tiivistelmä Tutkin väitöskirjassani toimitushenkilökunnan kielenhuoltotietoja, -käytäntöjä ja diskursseja. Keräsin aineiston vuosina 2002 ja 2004 lähettämällä sähköpostikyselyn suomenkielisten paikallislehtien ja sanomalehtien sekä Yleisradio Oy:n uutis- ja ajankohtaistoimitusten henkilökunnalle. Aineistoni koostuu 232 vastauslomakkeesta. Selvitän tutkimuksessani, millaisia toimitushenkilökunnan kielenhuoltotiedot ovat, miten se suhtautuu suomen kielen standardin huoltoon, millaisia kielenhuoltodiskursseja toimitushenkilökunta rakentaa ja millaisia kieliasenteita niistä voidaan lukea. Yleisimmät kielenhuolto-ongelmat liittyvät yhdyssanoihin ja pilkkuihin, ja useimmin kielenhuollon apuneuvoista on käytössä oikolukuohjelma. Kielenhuoltoperiaatteista joudutaan usein joustamaan ilmoituksenteossa, ja paikalliset murteellisuudet tai puhekielisyydet saavat näkyä teksteissä tietyin rajauksin. Yleisöpalaute kielestä on vähäistä ja usein kielteistä. Joissakin toimituksissa kielenhuoltoilmapiiri on ollut aineistonkeruuhetkellä paranemaan päin. Toisaalta vastauksista ilmenee, että yhteisiä kielenhuoltoperiaatteita ei kaikissa toimituksissa ole. Tarkastelen aineistossani aktivoituvia kielenhuoltodiskursseja kansanlingvistisestä näkökulmasta analysoimalla sisällönanalyyttisesti ja diskurssianalyyttisesti informanttieni vastauksia Miksi [pidätte kielenhuoltoa erittäin, melko tai ei kovin tärkeänä]? -kysymykseen. Peräti noin 97 % vastanneista pitää kielenhuoltoa erittäin tai melko tärkeänä. Vastaajat aktivoivat laatu-, vuorovaikutus-, vastuu-, väline-, tunne- ja vaalimisdiskursseja. Vuorovaikutuksen ja tiedonvälityksen näkökulma korostuu aineistossa. Koulutustaustan arvellaan vaikuttavan myönteisesti kielenhuoltoasenteisiin, vaikka asiasta on myös vastakkaisia mielipiteitä

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
92
Abstract The electronic paper may be the scientific and technological result substituting most paper products to print in the following 5 to 10 years, this thesis is with grinding finding condition and function of electronic paper, and from the newsprint consumption of journalism in Taiwan, issuing way, print the newspaper machine and Man power to dispose , operation live telecast , such as computer software and hardware equipment ,etc., the rise of the wireless and wide-band network, the reduction of the digit drop, the journal ism of Taiwan of evaluation and analysis will use the feasibility o f the electronic paper in the future. The conclusion of this research thinks the electronic postpartum of quantity over the next several years of paper, if the news print cost printing the newspaper with the level is about equal at it s price, will replace most newspapers taking newsprint as carrier soon , will influence other levels medias , such as magazine and books ,etc . too This research is proposed to Taiwanese journalism should be made and should prepare this scientific and technological products that will come out soon early, adjust management tactics in goodtime, and the Taiwan journalism relying mainly on Chinese the original complex form of a simplified Chinese character, establish the difference and key value , with digitisation and internet network , change into different character s immediately, convey to all parts of the world, improve the competition advantage , enable the journalism of Taiwan to enter world journalism market, and there Key word : E-Paper , Electronic Paper , E-Ink , Electronic-Ink.

碩士
佛光大學
傳播學系
100
This research institute discusses that how does the medium present the election the news,and compares with the two group of candidates campaign for the subject and the active type difference. It discusses the question about the newspapers reported candidates’ campaign news in view of this election period by the content analysis. In addition it also carries on the synthesis discussion. Because of newspaper content analysis way,it discusses various candidates’ campaign for the subject and the active difference as the later reference. Candidate for the new Taipei-related news,this study a total of 414 samples of news reports, including "Apple Daily" namely 60; "China Times" namely 158; "Free Times" namely 196. Handling in the news, "China Times" and "Liberty Times" balanced against the five mayoral elections are reported, "Apple Daily" is based on the political news in a significant impact on issues direction. Part of the election news agenda, for a total of "Game of the election issue," the highest proportion (320, 77%), followed by "substantive policy issues" (66, 16%) and "candidate image issues "(24, 6%).This findings discovery that” Campaign game agenda” proportion is highest,In this election “the policy substantive subject” mainly includes “the transportation” and “the housing” two big policy subjects.And the bilateral camp enables “the policy substantive subject” to become the news in focus diligently.This is a democratic election big progress.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Jornalismo e Comunicação apresentado à Faculdade de Letras
São questionáveis as mudanças que o online trouxe à profissão e aos ciberjornalistas, que vivem diariamente com um olho nas notícias e outro nas redes sociais. Se é verdade que os pilares do jornalismo se alteraram com a entrada no mundo digital, é verdade também que o mobile é visto como uma nova potencialidade para um futuro. O ciberjornalista nasceu com a própria web e a necessidade de adaptar os conteúdos para a versão online de jornais. A tecnologia trouxe muitas mudanças mas talvez não seja ela o verdadeiro problema; não foi ela que veio modificar completamente o jornalismo. Foram as relações entre nós, leitores, e os media.Neste relatório, proponho-me a analisar o papel do jornalismo mobile no pensamento e na criação diária de notícias. É feito o contraste entre as incríveis competências da tecnologia e a falta de recursos humanos e financeiros para as aproveitar na sua totalidade, bem como analiso as novas condições sobre as quais os ciberjornalistas trabalham diariamente nas redações. Ao longo da primeira parte, exploro a arquitetura das aplicações móveis de jornais, o seu impacto na leitura diária da informação e os deveres do jornalismo como serviço público. Tem por base o estágio curricular efetuado no jornal PÚBLICO, em Lisboa, na secção Online. Analiso a aplicação móvel do jornal e alguns dados sobre quem acede e porquê. É feita também uma análise independente com o objetivo de perceber quem, no final de contas, lê notícias em formato mobile e quem está disposto a pagar por elas.
The changes the online has brought to the profession and ciberjournalists are questionable, because of their need to keep a constant attention, split between the news and social media. If we assume the pillars of journalism have changed as we entered the digital world, it is also true that the mobile is seen as the new powerhouse for the future. The ciberjournalist was born with the web and the need to adapt tradicional newspaper contents to the online version. Technology brought many changes but maybe it isn’t a real problem in itself; it was not technology that came to completely modify journalism; it was the relationship between us, readers and media.In this report, I set myself to analyse the role of the mobile journalism in the thinking and creation of daily news. A constrast between the amazing technological skills and the lack of human and financial resources to take full advantage of these is made, as well as an analysis to the new conditions the ciberjournalists have at their disposal in order to perform their daily work at the newsdesks. Throughout the first part, I explore the arquitecture of mobile journalistic apps, its impact in daily informative Reading and the journalism’s duties as a public service.It is based on the curricular internship I took at the PÚBLICO newspaper’s Online section, in Lisbon. I analyse the newspaper’s moblie app and some data about who accesses it and why. It is also made an independet analisys to try to understand who actually reads news on a mobile format and who is willing to pay for them.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Informação e Jornalismo)
Este relatório parte da experiência como estagiário na secção online do jornal RECORD, entre Setembro e Dezembro de 2009. No decorrer do período de estágio, o contacto com a evolução e as crescentes e renovadas exigências do suporte online foram pontos fundamentais e sempre presentes ao longo desta jornada. Durante os três meses de estágio tive o ensejo de lidar de perto com a rotina diária da redacção de um jornal de referência e com os profissionais que aí trabalham, o que se revelou uma prática enriquecedora e que serviu de ponto de partida para reflectir sobre o jornalismo e os jornalistas em geral, e sobre o jornalismo online em particular. Assim, a oportunidade de sentir na pele os desafios que este tipo de jornalismo representa, e como tem vindo a evoluir rapidamente, fez-me questionar até que ponto a profissão de jornalista está a mudar e como os profissionais se preparam para essas mudanças. A necessidade de preparar notícias para uma plataforma multimédia impõe conhecimentos tecnológicos, que exigem aos profissionais uma experiência multifacetada, com a qual devem estar providos. O actual panorama jornalístico a isso obriga. Para além disso, constituindo-se igualmente como uma das questões centrais deste relatório, é efectuada uma análise comparativa sobre as várias transformações pelas quais passou o jornalismo desportivo ao longo das últimas décadas, com especial e primordial incidência e relevância sobre a aparição/complementaridade dos suportes online nas tradicionais redacções desportivas. O objectivo é analisar um conjunto de parâmetros que se prendem com os seguintes aspectos: 1) Nível de envolvência entre os dois suportes (impresso e online), questionando o papel de cada um deles na organização da redacção. Estará o jornalismo impresso, tal como o conhecemos, condenado a desaparecer mais cedo ou mais tarde, partindo do pressuposto de que o online acaba por disponibilizar as mesmas notícias que as versões impressas? Esta pergunta torna-se particularmente pertinente quando nos damos conta que, não raras as vezes, as notícias que lemos na imprensa tradicional já são conhecidas de véspera nos meios online; 2) Se é certo que, numa primeira instância, o jornalismo online surgiu como uma espécie primária de repositório integral de conteúdos expostos no jornal tradicional, este deve ser encarado agora como um meio concorrente ao suporte impresso, nomeadamente ao qual pertence? Embora a sua integração nas redacções tenha sido importante, de forma a acompanhar a permanente actualização dos restantes media (rádio e televisão), este deve agora ser entendido como uma potencial ameaça ou, pelo contrário, jornalismo impresso e online podem coexistir e apresentar, ainda assim, conteúdos diversificados e distintos? Essencialmente a questão fundamental deste relatório pretende reflectir sobre a relação entre o online e a imprensa tradicional. Como interagem estas duas modalidades de jornalismo? De forma complementar? Sobrepondo-se? A partir de uma leitura da imprensa desportiva, pretende-se perceber as diferenças e as coincidências discursivas entre a imprensa em papel e a imprensa online.
This report is based on the experience as intern in the online section of the newspaper RECORD, that took place between September and December of 2009. During the period of internship, the contact with the evolution and the growing and new demands of the online version were fundamental aspects always present in this journey. Throughout the three months of internship I had the opportunity to experience firsthand the daily routine of a broadsheet newspaper editing. I also had the chance to cooperate with professionals that work there, which proved to be a very enriching practice that served as a starting point to reflect upon journalism and journalists in general, and online journalism in particular. Thus, the fact I could feel the challenges that this type of journalism represents, and how it has been evolving rapidly, I questioned myself to what extent is the job of a journalist being changed and how the professionals are preparing themselves for these changes. The need to prepare news for a multimedia platform imposes technological knowledge that requires a multifaceted experience from the professionals, with which they must be equipped. That is forced by the current journalistic scenario. Besides that, also being one of the main questions this report holds, a comparative analysis is made concerning the various transformations the sports journalism went through in the last decades, with special and primordial incidence and relevance on the apparition/complementarity of the online formats in the traditional sports newsrooms. The goal is to analyze a set of parameters that refer to the following aspects: 1) Level of involvement between the two formats (print and online), questioning the role of each one in the organization of the newsroom. Is print journalism, as we know it, doomed to disappear sooner or later, assuming that the online will provide the same news as the print versions? This question becomes particularly pertinent when we realize that very often the news we read on the traditional press were already displayed on the online formats the day before; 2) If it is right to assume that first, the online journalism came up as some sort of integral repository of contents displayed on the traditional newspaper, should it now be faced as a competitor against the print format, to which it belongs to? Although its integration in the newsrooms was important, in order to follow the permanent actualization of the other media (radio and television), should this now be perceived as a potential threat or, on the contrary, print and online journalism can co-exist and even so, display diverse and distinguished contents? Essentially, the main question in this report intends to ponder about the relation between online and traditional press. How do these two journalism modalities interact? In a complementary way? Overlapping each other? From reading the sports press, I intend to understand the discursive differences and coincidences between the print press and the online press.

Orientação: Jorge Correia Jesuíno ; co-orientação: Fernando Correia
O Jornalismo foi uma das áreas mais influenciada pelos avanços tecnológicos da ultima década. A "velha" forma de fazer e dar a conhecer noticias foi totalmente alterada e o seu paradigma viu-se para sempre mudado. Ainda hoje (e provavelmente durante a próxima década) se vive um período cinzento onde a "poeira" da inovação não permite vislumbrar um rumo definitivo para a profissão. A convergência das várias novidades tecnológicas tornou impossível a definição de um modelo de negócio que seja viável para os grupos de Media e a rápida propagação de noticias destes sistemas poderá ser prejudicial para a qualidade da informação. Estamos ainda a viver uma fase de adaptação às novas tecnologias que nos permitam ter acesso a informação "sem restrições." Este trabalho procura demonstrar o que foi, o que é e tentar compreender o que será o futuro do jornalismo e dos seus profissionais. e das próprias empresas enquanto organizações do sector.
Social Media has started and continues to changes the way people find information, share knowledge and communicate with each other. The important factor contributing to the growth of these technologies is the ability to, without difficulty, create “user-generated content”. Blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, Flickr and YouTube are just a few examples of Web 2.0 tools that are drastically changing the Internet landscape today. These platforms allow users to generate and annotate content but more importantly, empower the user to share information with their social network. The interactiveness allowed by these platforms is crucial to the evolution of our concept of communication. In many ways this evolution takes a spin on modern day journalism primarily due to the amount of non-filtered information that users have access to. The rapid spreading with potential damage to the credibility of information magnifies the threat of misinformation. We are still living in an adaptation phase to new technologies that have allowed us to gain access to information "without restrictions.” The objective of this thesis is to explore the effect of the rapid development of these technologies on future journalism, with focus on web journalism.

Intitulada “Do Papel ao Digital – A Extensão do Jornal Expresso para a Web” esta dissertação tem como objetivo entender a necessidade de adaptação dos jornais ao universo digital, através de um estudo de caso sobre o jornal Expresso. As novas tecnologias juntamente com a internet estão implementadas na sociedade e no dia-a-dia dos seus utilizadores. O mercado sofreu alterações e se por um lado, os jornais deixaram de ter o papel preponderante que antigamente tinham nas sociedades, por outro lado, tanto o modo de receber, como o de fazer notícias também se alterou. Estes fatores afetaram a maneira de comunicar e alteraram o modo como as notícias e os jornais chegam aos seus leitores. O jornal Expresso, fundado em 1973, sentiu a necessidade de se adaptar às mudanças da sociedade estendendo-se ao digital em 2014. Nesta extensão o jornal optou por manter a sua edição semanal em papel e entrou no mercado digital com uma edição diária paga. Para compreender esta transição foi realizada uma entrevista ao diretor do jornal, Dr. Ricardo Costa, e feito um inquérito online para perceber a influência que a edição lançada teve junto do universo digital. Este estudo serve para perceber se, no caso de um jornal que ainda consegue obter lucros da edição em papel, esta extensão para o digital é uma mais valia ou é apenas uma garantia de que o Expresso está a acompanhar a evolução da sociedade.
Named “Do Papel ao Digital – A Extensão do Jornal Expresso para a Web” (in English: “From paper do digital – the extension of Expresso newspaper to the web”), this thesis aims to understand the need of the newspapers to adapt to the digital universe, through a case study of the Expresso newspaper. New technologies and the internet are present in today’s society and in the day-today users. The market has changed and if on the one hand, newspapers no longer have the leading role that formerly had in societies, on the other hand, both the way to receive as the way to make news has also changed. These factors affected the way we communicate and changed the way news and newspapers reach their target. The newspaper Expresso, founded in 1973, felt the need to adapt to these changes in society extending to digital in 2014. They chose to keep their weekly paper edition and entered the digital market with a daily paid edition. To understand this transition, it was carried out an interview with the newspaper’s director, Dr. Ricardo Costa, and it was made an online survey to understand the influence of the new digital edition. This study wants to understand if, in the case of a newspaper that still manages to get publishing profits on paper, the extension to digital is an asset or is it just a guarantee that Expresso is keeping up with the evolution of society.

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Jornalismo e Informação)
Os media tradicionais foram os primeiros meios de informação que o mundo conheceu. Mas com o desenvolvimento das novas tecnologias e o seu enraizamento no quotidiano do cidadão-comum, os antigos media – imprensa escrita, rádio e televisão – foram obrigados a migrar para o ciberespaço. Como é o caso do jornal onde realizei o estágio, o PÚBLICO. Este fenómeno teve dois lados: um negativo e outro positivo. Nomeadamente, no caso da imprensa escrita foram mais as perdas do que os ganhos. Se por um lado o facto de a informação estar na Internet - acessível a todos a qualquer momento e lugar, sem custos - era uma mais-valia, por outro, fez com que o suporte físico perdesse seguidores, correndo o risco de desaparecer. Para não falar que a Web 2.0 permitiu a liberalização da publicação, através da qual o cidadão-comum passou de apenas leitor a também editor. E, como consequência, começaram a surgir muitos espaços informativos não regulados por quaisquer códigos éticos. Destes espaços, os blogues são, talvez, os meios de divulgação de informação que mais competiram com os media e geraram controvérsia. Por isso, na segunda parte deste relatório, figura um estudo de caso pioneiro sobre estes, intitulado: O papel dos blogues nacionais como meios de divulgação do cinema. O objectivo do estudo será perceber qual a relação entre estes espaços alternativos especializados e os respectivos meios de comunicação social, tendo em conta o período actual de crise dos media tradicionais.
The traditional media were the first means of information the world has known. But with the development of new technologies and their centrality in the everyday life of the common citizen, the old media — print, radio and television — were forced to migrate to the cyberspace. That is the case regarding PÚBLICO, the newspaper where I did my internship. This phenomenon had two sides: a positive and negative one. More specifically, concerning the written press, there were more setbacks than advantages. If on one hand information on the Internet is accessible to everyone, at anytime, anywhere, and without any costs, and was therefore considered an asset, on the other hand it caused the loss of followers of the physical media, and the risk of its extinction. Not to mention that Web 2.0 has enabled the liberalization of publication, through which the common citizen has become not only a reader, but also an editor. As a result, many informative spaces began to appear, spaces which are not regulated by any ethical codes. Of all these, the blogs are, perhaps, the means used to disseminate information which compete the most with the media, generating controversy. Therefore, the second part of this report figures a case study on the groundbreaking case of these, entitled: The role of national blogs as a means to publicize cinema. The purpose of this study is to understand the relation between these specialized alternative spaces and the corresponding means of social communication, given the current period of crisis in traditional media.

This master's thesis examines the influence of a Czech newspaper, the Worker's Papers, that was published in Vienna. The daily paper was targeted at Czech citizens living in the Austrian capital in the times of political changes, between 1918 and 1919. First, the thesis employs the method of a quantitative analysis of articles from selected front pages of the Worker's Papers. I overview the major topics that the newspaper most often reported on: the world politics and the situation of Czechs living in Vienna. Then, I engage in a qualitative content analysis, analyzing key issues of Czechs that were often publicly discussed in the Austrian capital. Regarding the world news reporting, only articles that directly influenced Germany and Hungary are considered, since the Worker's Papers paid a special attention to this region. Using the quantitative, as well as qualitative, content analysis, I examine the extent to which the reporters in the Worker's Papers influenced their readers in terms of their audience's decision making and in terms of shaping the collective identity of the Czech minority in Vienna. The thesis discloses the topics that the Worker's Papers frequently reported on. Additionally, the thesis reveals the role of the newspaper in shaping the way Czech minority perceived themselves in the...