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1
Aldaoud, R., W. Guppy, L. Callinan, S. F. Flett, K. A. Wratten, G. A. Murray, T. Cook, and A. McAllister. "Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00048.
Анотація:
In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.
2
Campbell, Angus J. D., Annefleur Broekhuizen, Kimbal Curtis, Keith P. Croker, Ralph Behrendt, and Andrew N. Thompson. "A survey of post-weaning mortality of sheep in Australia and its association with farm and management factors." Animal Production Science 54, no. 6 (2014): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13149.
Анотація:
A cross-sectional telephone survey of post-weaning sheep management and mortality was conducted involving 1410 farmers from across Australia. The average reported post-weaning mortality was 4.6%. Mortality was greatest in Queensland and Western Australia, and least in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. Weaner mortality was also greater in the pastoral zone than in the sheep–cereals or high-rainfall zones. Overall, 44% of farms had mortality identified as ‘high’, exceeding the suggested benchmark of ≤4% per annum. High mortality was reported on 50% and 32% of farms with predominantly Merino and crossbred weaners, respectively. There was no statistically significant association between high mortality and the main month of lambing for a flock. Larger sheep flocks, flocks with a smaller proportion of weaners, and farms of smaller area were associated with a greater likelihood of high weaner mortality. The odds of high mortality in weaner flocks that were routinely separated according to bodyweight or condition score was half that of flocks that were managed as one group. Overall, 84% of farmers regularly provided supplementary feed to weaner sheep, but the kind of supplement offered and the proportions of farms routinely supplementing differed between states and sheep production zones. Only high-protein supplementary feeding was associated with lower odds of high mortality. This survey confirms that poor post-weaning survival remains a widespread issue for the Australian sheep industry but identifies farm and management factors associated with reduced weaner mortality.
3
Davies, S. L., J. M. Virgona, M. H. McCallum, A. D. Swan, and M. B. Peoples. "Effectiveness of grazing and herbicide treatments for lucerne removal before cropping in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04202.
Анотація:
The difficulty of reliably removing an established lucerne pasture before cropping has been identified as a major problem with phase-farming systems on mixed farms. A series of experiments were undertaken on established lucerne stands at the Ginninderra Experimental Station in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and at the Temora Research Station in southern New South Wales (NSW) to compare the ability of grazing, either alone or in combination with herbicides, to remove a lucerne pasture. A pilot study at the Ginninderra Experimental Station in 1998–99 utilised a high stocking rate (30 dry sheep equivalents [dse]/ha), while the main study at the Ginninderra Experimental Station and the Temora Research Station in 1999–2000 used a lower stocking rate (10–12 dse/ha) considered to be closer to farmer practice in the region. Continuous grazing at the high stocking rate removed 73% of the lucerne stand over 3 months. In contrast, the stocking rates applied in the main study proved too low to substantially impact on lucerne survival at both the ACT and NSW sites (13–23% removal) under the good seasonal conditions experienced in 1999–2000 even though the pastures were continuously grazed for 8–9 months. The use of herbicides both alone or in conjunction with grazing greatly improved lucerne removal in both studies. However, herbicide efficacy was variable (53–100% removal), and seemed to be related to the time of year it was applied, the period of lucerne regrowth or the amount of rainfall before herbicide application. An additional on-farm study was undertaken near Junee Reefs in southern NSW between 2001 and 2003 that compared the survival of a range of lucerne cultivars under simulated hay-cutting (mown) and commercial grazing regimes. Dry conditions during 2002–03 resulted in a decline in lucerne frequency at about 50% in mown control plots. Grazing increased the stand decline, particularly for many winter-active cultivars where lucerne frequency was reduced by up to 70–93%. It was concluded that: (i) continuous grazing for prolonged periods can be effective at removing lucerne, but the rate of lucerne loss will be influenced by both stocking rate and rainfall; (ii) the application of herbicides can improve lucerne removal either in association with, or in the absence of grazing; however, herbicide efficacy appeared to be dependent upon the physiological status of the lucerne plants and/or the environmental conditions before application; and (iii) cultivar responses indicated that lucerne types could potentially be developed for phase-farming systems with increased susceptibility to grazing mismanagement.
4
CALOV, W. L., and S. A. CROFTS. "AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATION NEW SOUTH WALES DIVISION." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 4, no. 5 (August 27, 2010): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1958.tb01290.x.
5
Sims, Gwendoline E. "NEW SOUTH WALES ASSOCIATION 25th ANNIVERSARY." Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 19, no. 4 (August 27, 2010): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1972.tb00569.x.
6
Young, R. R., B. Wilson, S. Harden, and A. Bernardi. "Accumulation of soil carbon under zero tillage cropping and perennial vegetation on the Liverpool Plains, eastern Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08104.
Анотація:
Australian agriculture contributes an estimated 16% of all national greenhouse gas emissions, and considerable attention is now focused on management approaches that reduce net emissions. One area of potential is the modification of cropping practices to increase soil carbon storage. Here, we report short–medium term changes in soil carbon under zero tillage cropping systems and perennial vegetation, both in a replicated field experiment and on nearby farmers’ paddocks, on carbon-depleted Black Vertosols in the upper Liverpool Plains catchment. Soil organic carbon stocks (CS) remained unchanged under both zero tillage long fallow wheat–sorghum rotations and zero tillage continuous winter cereal in a replicated field experiment from 1994 to 2000. There was some evidence of accumulation of CS under intensive (>1 crop/year) zero tillage response cropping. There was significant accumulation of CS (~0.35 Mg/ha.year) under 3 types of perennial pasture, despite removal of aerial biomass with each harvest. Significant accumulation was detected in the 0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, and 0.2–0.4 m depth increments under lucerne and the top 2 increments under mixed pastures of lucerne and phalaris and of C3 and C4 perennial grasses. Average annual rainfall for the period of observations was 772 mm, greater than the 40-year average of 680 mm. A comparison of major attributes of cropping systems and perennial pastures showed no association between aerial biomass production and accumulation rates of CS but a positive correlation between the residence times of established plants and accumulation rates of CS. CS also remained unchanged (1998/2000–07) under zero tillage cropping on nearby farms, irrespective of paddock history before 1998/2000 (zero tillage cropping, traditional cropping, or ~10 years of sown perennial pasture). These results are consistent with previous work in Queensland and central western New South Wales suggesting that the climate (warm, semi-arid temperate, semi-arid subtropical) of much of the inland cropping country in eastern Australia is not conducive to accumulation of soil carbon under continuous cropping, although they do suggest that CS may accumulate under several years of healthy perennial pastures in rotation with zero tillage cropping.
7
Kelly, B., C. Allan, and B. P. Wilson. "Soil indicators and their use by farmers in the Billabong Catchment, southern New South Wales." Soil Research 47, no. 2 (2009): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08033.
Анотація:
‘Soil health’ programs and projects in Australia’s agricultural districts are designed to influence farmers’ management behaviours, usually to produce better outcomes for production, conservation, and sustainability. These programs usually examine soil management practices from a soil science perspective, but how soils are understood by farmers, and how that understanding informs their farm management decisions, is poorly documented. The research presented in this paper sought to better understand how dryland farmers in the Billabong catchment of southern New South Wales use soil indicators to inform their management decisions. Thematic content analysis of transcripts of semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with farmers suggest several themes that have implications for soil scientists and other professionals wishing to promote soil health in the dryland farming regions of south-eastern Australia. In particular, all soil indicators, including those related to soil ‘health’, need to relate to some clear, practical use to farmers if they are to be used in farm decision making. This research highlights a reliance of the participants of this research on agronomists. Reliance on agronomists for soil management decisions may result in increasing loss of connectivity between farmers and their land. If this reflects a wider trend, soil health projects may need to consider where best to direct their capacity-building activities, and/or how to re-empower individual farmers.
8
Lower, Tony, Paul Corben, Peter Massey, Julie Depczynski, Tony Brown, Priscilla Stanley, Margaret Osbourn, and David Durrheim. "Farmers’ knowledge of Q fever and prevention approaches in New South Wales." Australian Journal of Rural Health 25, no. 5 (June 15, 2017): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12346.
9
Teather, Elizabeth Kenworthy. "MANDATE OF THE COUNTRY WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES." Australian Journal of Social Issues 31, no. 1 (February 1996): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.1996.tb01043.x.
10
Kelly, B., C. Allan, and B. P. Wilson. "Corrigendum to: Soil indicators and their use by farmers in the Billabong Catchment, southern New South Wales." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08033_co.
Анотація:
'Soil health' programs and projects in Australia's agricultural districts are designed to influence farmers' management behaviours, usually to produce better outcomes for production, conservation, and sustainability. These programs usually examine soil management practices from a soil science perspective, but how soils are understood by farmers, and how that understanding informs their farm management decisions, is poorly documented. The research presented in this paper sought to better understand how dryland farmers in the Billabong catchment of southern New South Wales use soil indicators to inform their management decisions. Thematic content analysis of transcripts of semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with farmers suggest several themes that have implications for soil scientists and other professionals wishing to promote soil health in the dryland farming regions of south-eastern Australia. In particular, all soil indicators, including those related to soil 'health', need to relate to some clear, practical use to farmers if they are to be used in farm decision making. This research highlights a reliance of the participants of this research on agronomists. Reliance on agronomists for soil management decisions may result in increasing loss of connectivity between farmers and their land. If this reflects a wider trend, soil health projects may need to consider where best to direct their capacity-building activities, and/or how to re-empower individual farmers.
11
Fragar, Lyn, Brian Kelly, Mal Peters, Amanda Henderson, and Anne Tonna. "Partnerships to promote mental health of NSW farmers: The New South Wales Farmers Blueprint for Mental Health." Australian Journal of Rural Health 16, no. 3 (June 2008): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.00968.x.
12
Sinden, J. A. "Conservation of native woodland by farmers in Moree Plains Shire, New South Wales." Australian Forestry 68, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2005.10676228.
13
Mills, Jacqueline. "Market Forces and Kangaroos: The New South Wales Kangaroo Management Plan." Society & Animals 14, no. 3 (2006): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853006778149208.
Анотація:
AbstractIn contemporary times, wildlife managers attempt to provide solutions to problems arising from conflicting uses of the environment by humans and nonhuman animals. Within the Kangaroo Management Zones of New South Wales (NSW), the commercial culling "solution" is one such attempt to perpetuate kangaroo populations on pastoral land while supporting farmers in continuing inefficient sheep farming. Because wildlife management rests on a distinction between the "nature" of humans and animals, then humanist attention to standards of individual welfare need not interrupt the process whereby individual animals are killed within an economic framework designed to improve habitat management for the conservation of their populations. Building on Thorne's (1998) discussion of the meanings scripted onto individual kangaroo bodies, this paper explores the utilitarian underpinnings of the commercialization approach and considers the ethical implications of constructing the population as resource, even if this results in an improvement in the welfare of individual kangaroos.
14
Cornish, PS, and GM Murray. "Low rainfall rarely limits wheat yields in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890077.
Анотація:
Alternative models were compared for predicting the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) from water-use and water-use efficiency. A locally derived empirical model most closely predicted experimental yields at Wagga Wagga and was used to compute water-limited potential yields for the district surrounding Wagga Wagga for the period 1960-84. District yields were close to the predicted potential in dry years, but reached a plateau of about 2.0 t/ha regardless of rainfall and the water-limited potential yield. The yields were less than 50% of potential when water-use exceeded 300 mm, which occurred in 19 years between 1960 and 1984. Some individual farmer-yields approached the potential. These results are similar to others from South Australia. Together, they suggest that low rainfall does not directly limit yield in many years over much of the wheat belt of southern and south-eastern Australia. We suggest therefore that an analysis of the reasons for low yield on farms could lead to substantial increases in yield for many farmers.
15
Ruttledge, A., R. D. B. Whalley, I. Reeve, D. A. Backhouse, and B. M. Sindel. "Preventing weed spread: a survey of lifestyle and commercial landholders about Nassella trichotoma in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 4 (2015): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15010.
Анотація:
Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav. (common name, serrated tussock) occupies large areas of south-eastern Australia and has considerable scope for expansion in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. This highly invasive grass reduces pasture productivity and has the potential to severely affect the region’s economy by decreasing the livestock carrying capacity of grazing land. Other potential consequences of this invasion include increased fuel loads and displacement of native plants, thereby threatening biodiversity. Rural property owners in the Northern Tablelands were sent a mail questionnaire that examined use of measures to prevent new outbreaks of the weed. The questionnaire was sent to professional farmers as well as lifestyle farmers (owners of rural residential blocks and hobby farms) and 271 responses were obtained (a response rate of 18%). Key findings were respondents’ limited capacity to detect N. trichotoma, and low adoption of precautions to control seed spread by livestock, vehicles and machinery. This was particularly the case among lifestyle farmers. There have been considerable recent changes to biosecurity governance arrangements in New South Wales, and now is an ideal time for regulators and information providers to consider how to foster regional communities’ engagement in biosecurity, including the adoption of measures that have the capacity to curtail the spread of N. trichotoma.
16
Hayman, P. T., and C. L. Alston. "A survey of farmer practices and attitudes to nitrogen management in the northern New South Wales grains belt." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 1 (1999): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98120.
Анотація:
Summary. The use of nitrogen fertilisers to arrest the decline in soil nitrogen fertility in the northern grains belt of New South Wales has been the subject of many years of research, however, little is known about how farmers make decisions about nitrogen fertiliser. A survey of 400 wheat farmers in northern New South Wales in April 1997 revealed that many have recently changed their fertiliser practices. Although most respondents had been growing wheat since the 1960s, regular applications of nitrogen only commenced in the mid 1980s. Initially only low rates of nitrogen were applied, but in the last 2–5 years, the nitrogen rates have substantially increased. These changes are notable because until this decade, most were content to rely mainly on mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen, whereas, now, half the respondents in the survey plan to add as much nitrogen in fertiliser in 1 year as was removed in the previous year’s wheat crop. Farmers were asked to rate the importance of a number of factors that have been promoted as means of tactically adjusting fertiliser rates. This study found a disparity between the level of measurement and precision suggested by the majority of research, development and extension programs compared with the methods used by farmers. In general, the respondents to the survey have rejected, or are yet to adopt, regular soil testing, the use of climate forecasts and decision support programs. Rather, they rely on simple rules of thumb based on readily accessible data such as past grain protein content and cropping history.
17
Croft, Kerrie, and R. J. S. ‘Mac’ Macpherson. "The evolution of languages administrative policies in New South Wales." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.14.1.03cro.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper identifies the nature of the administrative policies prior to ‘The Wyndham Report’ and then traces changes up until the late 1970s. It reports research that used documentary analysis and depth interviews, and has three main findings. First, the administrative policy changes from 1962 to 1979 overlooked their impact on Languages education. Second, school-based decision making exposed Languages to diverse administrative practices, including those that reinforced elitism. Third, the falling numbers of candidates being examined in Languages in the late 1970s was only halted by the introduction of ‘Z Courses’ and by the demand for community languages. From the earliest days of civilization — and until quite recently — it went without saying that the principal business of education was to ensure that an educated person had a mastery of language. Modern Language Association, USA, 1977)
18
Whitten, Tyson, Melissa J. Green, Kristin R. Laurens, Stacy Tzoumakis, Felicity Harrs, Vaughan Carr, and Kimberlie Dean. "Parental offending and children’s emergency department presentations in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 9 (May 31, 2019): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212392.
Анотація:
ObjectivesChildren whose parents have a history of criminal offending may be at risk of higher rates of emergency department (ED) presentation, along with other adverse health outcomes. We used data from a large, population-based record linkage project to examine the association between maternal and paternal criminal offending and the incidence of ED presentations among child offspring.MethodsData for 72 772 children with linked parental records were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study. Information on parental criminal offending (spanning 1994–2016) and child ED presentations (spanning 2005–2016; approximately ages 2–12 years) was obtained from linked administrative records. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between parental offending and the incidence of children’s ED presentations for any reason and for physical injury, while accounting for important covariates.ResultsChild rates of ED presentation, particularly for physical injury, were higher among those with parental history of criminal offending, after adjusting for covariates. The magnitude of the association was higher for paternal criminal offending (ED presentation for any reason: HR=1.44 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.48); physical injury: HR=1.70 (95% CI 1.65 to 1.75)) than maternal criminal offending (any reason: HR=0.99 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.03); physical injury: HR=1.05 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.10)).ConclusionChildren of parents, particularly of fathers, with a history of criminal offending have an increased incidence of ED presentation, including for potentially avoidable physical injury. These findings require replication and further research to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations.
19
O'Neill, C. J., E. Humphreys, J. Louis, and A. Katupitiya. "Maize productivity in southern New South Wales under furrow and pressurised irrigation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06093.
Анотація:
Irrigation farmers in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia are under considerable pressure to reduce the amount of water they use for irrigation, while sustaining production and profitability. Changing from surface to pressurised irrigation systems may provide some or all of these outcomes; however, little is known about the performance of alternative irrigation methods for broadacre annual crops in this region. Therefore, a demonstration site for comparing furrow, subsurface drip and sprinkler irrigation was established on a representative clay soil in the Coleambally Irrigation Area, NSW. The performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under the three irrigation systems was compared during the 2004–05 season. Subsurface drip irrigated maize out-performed sprinkler and furrow irrigated maize in terms of grain yield (drip 11.8 t/ha, sprinkler 10.5 t/ha, furrow 10.1 t/ha at 14% moisture), net irrigation water application (drip 5.1 ML/ha, sprinkler 6.2 ML/ha, furrow 5.3 ML/ha), net irrigation water productivity (drip 2.3 t/ML, sprinkler 1.7 t/ML, furrow 1.9 t/ML) and total water productivity (drip 1.7 t/ML, sprinkler 1.4 t/ML, furrow 1.3 t/ML). Thus, subsurface drip irrigation saved ~30% of the total amount of water (irrigation, rain, soil water) needed to produce the same quantity of grain using furrow irrigation, while sprinkler irrigation saved ~8% of the water used. The higher net irrigation with sprinkler irrigation was largely due to the lower soil water content in the sprinkler block at the time of sowing. An EM31 survey indicated considerable spatial soil variability within each irrigation block, and all irrigation systems had spatially variable water distribution. Yield variability was very high within all irrigation systems, and appeared to be more strongly associated with irrigation variability than soil variability. All irrigation blocks had large patches of early senescence and poor cob fill, which appeared to be due to nitrogen and/or water deficit stress. We expect that crop performance under all irrigation systems can be improved by improving irrigation, soil and N management.
20
Bowman, A. M., M. B. Peoples, W. Smith, and J. Brockwell. "Factors affecting nitrogen fixation by dryland lucerne in central-western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 4 (2002): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01103.
Анотація:
Eight stands of dryland lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Trifecta were grown on a red-brown earth at Trangie, New South Wales. The stands were of varying age and plant density. Their biomass production and capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen were measured on 15 occasions over a 5-year period (1995-99). Biomass production (shoot dry matter) ranged from 0.22 to 4.87 t/ha.year and nitrogen fixed from 1.8 to 78.6 kg/ha.year. Whereas biomass production was highest in summer periods, most nitrogen fixation took place in winter and autumn. Irrespective of stand age, greatest productivity occurred in the early years of the experiment and declined thereafter. Plant density varied from 6 to 21 plants/m2 at the commencement of the study and decreased over time. We conclude that the productive life of dryland lucerne stands in this environment is probably limited by frequent periods of moisture stress and high soil temperatures in summer. Stands with a lucerne density of 8 plants/m2 or better produced twice as much shoot biomass and fixed nearly double the amount of shoot N as did stands with densities of 7 plants/m2 or less. There was no relationship between the age of lucerne stands per se and biomass production or nitrogen fixation. The practical implication of this work for farmers in the dryland cropping zone of central-western New South Wales who wish to maximise nitrogen fixation from the lucerne phase of their cropping rotations is to establish and maintain dryland lucerne at 8 plants/m2 or better.
21
Mulrooney, Kyle, Alistair Harkness, and Huw Nolan. "Farm Crime and Farmer-Police Relationships in Rural Australia." International Journal of Rural Criminology 7, no. 1 (October 24, 2022): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ijrc.v7i1.9106.
Анотація:
This article presents select findings from ‘farm crime’ victimisation surveys undertaken in the two most populous Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. We examine the findings in relation to farmer crime victimisation, their willingness to report crime, and their worry about crime, as well as farmer perspectives on policing generally and the policing of farm crime specifically. In both states, there are high levels of victimisation, high levels of worry, low- to mid-levels of confidence in the police, and there remains a gap between experiences of farm crime and reporting. Both states have police tasked specifically with addressing farm crime. The Victoria Police have Farm Crime Liaison Officers that specialise in assisting with farm related crimes, however this is a voluntary role which forms part of an officer’s larger workload. By contrast, the New South Wales Police Force Rural Crime Prevention Team is a dedicated team consisting of specialised rural crime investigators and intelligence practitioners focused on proactive and preventative interventions in farm crime. Farmers in both states were surveyed regarding their awareness and engagement with these rural policing teams, and we examined how this may shape victimisation, reporting, worry and the relationships between police and farmers. In New South Wales, awareness and direct contact with rural crime police led to both increased satisfaction with police and crime reporting. Respondents with awareness of this team also express significantly less worry of crime, whilst those with direct contact did not. We conclude the article by discussing and contextualising these findings within rural criminology and considering ways forward for the policing of farm crime.
22
Humphreys, E., WS Meyer, SA Prathapar, and DJ Smith. "Estimation of evapotranspiration from rice in southern New South Wales: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941069.
Анотація:
This paper reviews field measurements of evapotranspiration from rice (ET rice) in the Murrumbidgee Valley of southern New South Wales. The results are compared with US Class A open pan evaporation (E pan) at CSIRO Griffith, and with reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated using a locally calibrated Penman equation. Both methods (+ETrice = +Epan or +ETrice = +ETo) give good estimates of total evapotranspiration from flooded rice over the ponded season of about 5 months, from October to February. Variation between seasons in total ETo, rainfall, and ETo minus rainfall is large. Over 32 years, total seasonal ETo varied by a factor of 1.5, while rainfall varied >10-fold. The irrigation water requirement for rice +(ETo - rainfall) varied from 685 mm in 1992-93 to 1350 mm in 1990-91. This large variation highlights the need to adjust the rice water use limit (16 ML/ha or 1600 mm) on a seasonal basis, to detect and eliminate high water use paddocks where percolation to the groundwater or surface runoff is excessive (>2 ML/ha). On average, an irrigation requirement of 10.5 ML/ha is needed to replace net evaporative loss +(ETo - rainfall) for rice flooded for 5 months, October-February. Monthly totals of ETo are compared for several locations within the rice-growing areas of southern New South Wales, and differences between locations are found to be small and not significant. This reflects the strong dependence of evaporation on radiant energy, which is unlikely to vary spatially to a significant extent across the region. ETo calculated from meteorological data collected at CSIRO Griffith therefore provides a definitive basis for estimating evapotranspiration from rice in southern New South Wales. Furthermore, CSIRO Griffith has a computerised meteorological data base going back to the 1930s. Current meteorological data and historical records are readily available by contacting the Metdata Manager. Therefore, the case is made for using CSIRO Griffith ETo as the reference for estimating evapotranspiration from rice in southern New South Wales. This study provides farmers, Land and Water Management Plan groups, and policy makers with a tool that can be used, on a yearly basis, to evaluate rice paddock water use efficiency. It should be adopted to confine rice growing to the least permeable soils.
23
Collyer, Fran, and Catherine Heal. "Patient Satisfaction with Sex Re-assignment Surgery in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 3 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02039.
Анотація:
An evaluation of the effect of sex re-assignment surgery on a group of patients attending a private clinic in Sydney, Australia. Fifty-seven patients who underwent full male-to-female sex re-assignment surgery between 1987 and 2000 completed a satisfaction survey. Several factors that might influence the extent of satisfaction with surgical outcome were explored, including age, work status, social life, and the appearance and function of the new genitalia. Patients reported significantly improved social and personal satisfaction following surgery, compared with five years previously. The study challenges outcomes from previously reported studies with regard to the age of patients at the time of surgery, and the finding that from the patient's perspective, there is no fundamental association between a successful surgical outcome and a satisfactory post-operative life experience.
24
Lunney, D., A. L. Curtin, D. Fisher, D. Ayers, and C. R. Dickman. "Ecological attributes of the threatened fauna of New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (1997): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970013.
Анотація:
The aims of this study were to identify common ecological patterns among threatened fauna in New South Wales, and to identify priority areas for research and management by determining which regions and habitats contain high numbers of threatened fauna. Threatened and non-threatened fauna were taken from the listings of Lunney et al. (1996, 1997). Species were categorized into weight classes, diet groups, habitats and regions and by level of knowledge available about them. All regions and habitats of the State contain threatened species. The northeastern region of New South Wales contains the greatest number of threatened species but the western region has suffered the most extinctions, especially of mammals. Species that historically inhabited a greater number of regions are less likely to be currently threatened or to be extinct than those with restricted distributions, and large species are more likely to be threatened than smaller species. The best predictors of a threatened mammals species were seeds and vegetation in the diet, heavier body weight, and ground-dwelling, burrowing, and rock pile/cave-dwelling habits. The Critical Weight Range (35?5 500g), although strongly associated with extinction of non-volant mammals, was not the most important predictor. Lord Howe Island held the highest proportion of threatened and extinct birds. Factors showing the strongest associations for threatened birds were carnivory, large size, and distribution in the southeastern region. The most poorly-known region for birds was the north-east, and the least known habitat was shrubland (including mallee, heath and chenopod shrubland). The status of reptiles was poorly known in all regions, especially the western region. Frogs were also poorly known in all regions. Frogs were most at risk if they were large, inhabited closed forest or occurred in the central or northeastern region. The study further revealed little association between particular ecological attributes and conservation status. This indicates that there are complex and pervasive threats affecting the status of New South Wales fauna. Research and management priority status could be argued for all regions and most habitats in the State, but the western or northeastern regions may face the most problems depending on the criteria used (e.g., past extinctions, number vs proportion of threatened species). Further, the conservation status of birds, reptiles and frogs is in particular need of attention from researchers.
25
Cortes-Ramirez, J., R. N. Michael, L. D. Knibbs, H. Bambrick, M. R. Haswell, and D. Wraith. "The association of wildfire air pollution with COVID-19 incidence in New South Wales, Australia." Science of The Total Environment 809 (February 2022): 151158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151158.
26
Hendryx, Michael, Nicholas Higginbotham, Benjamin Ewald, and Linda H. Connor. "Air Quality in Association With Rural Coal Mining and Combustion in New South Wales Australia." Journal of Rural Health 35, no. 4 (February 11, 2019): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12348.
27
Redmond, Cindy. "The Holistic Nurses Association of New South Wales: our history, our present and our future." Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery 6, no. 2 (May 2000): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ctnm.2000.0465.
28
Duc, Hiep Nguyen, Kelly Rivett, Katrina MacSween, and Linh Le-Anh. "Association of climate drivers with rainfall in New South Wales, Australia, using Bayesian Model Averaging." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 127, no. 1-2 (September 9, 2015): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1622-8.
29
Schindeler, Suzanne, Stephen Morrell, Yeqin Zuo, and Deborah Baker. "High-grade cervical abnormalities and screening intervals in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Medical Screening 15, no. 1 (March 2008): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jms.2008.007036.
Анотація:
Objectives This study aims to determine the association of two versus three year screening intervals with the likelihood of detection of a high-grade cervical abnormality and cervical cancer. Methods Data were obtained from the New South Wales (NSW) Papanicolaou (Pap) Test Register (PTR) and NSW Central Cancer Registry (CCR). Subjects were human papillomavirus (HPV) unvaccinated women aged 20-69 years who had a minimum of two Pap tests with a negative result at their first recorded Pap test (n = 1,213,295). Logistic regression was used to determine the association between screening interval and the likelihood of: (1) a cytological prediction of high-grade abnormality, defined as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or greater; (2) a histologically confirmed high-grade abnormality; (3) a cytological prediction of cervical cancer and (4) a confirmed diagnosis of cervical cancer, controlling for potential confounders of age and socioeconomic status (SES) of area of residence. Results For each year increase in the screening interval, the odds of a histologically confirmed high-grade abnormality increased significantly in women aged 20-29 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.28) and in women aged 30-49 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.16), but not in women aged 50-69 years (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.89-1.32). Similar results were observed for cytologically detected high-grade abnormalities. The screening interval was significantly and positively associated with a cytological prediction of cervical cancer (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.28-1.54) and a confirmed cervical cancer diagnosis (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.33-2.07) in women aged 20-69 years. We estimate that if the screening interval were increased from two to three years, and the number of women participating in triennial screening participation was the same as for biennial participation in NSW, then 267 (95% CI 186-347) extra cases of high-grade abnormalities would be detected annually by cytology and 225 extra cases (95% CI 160-291) confirmed by histology, mostly confined to women aged 20-49 years. Equivalently, 2.3 (95% CI 1.8-2.8) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5-2.4) extra cases of high-grade cytology and histology, respectively, would be expected per 1000 women with initially negative cytology if the screening interval were extended from two to three years. Conclusion Increasing the cervical screening interval from two to three years would be expected to significantly increase the odds of detection of a high-grade abnormality for NSW women aged 20-49 years and cervical cancer for NSW women aged 20-69 years. Accordingly, our study provides evidence in support of retaining the recommended cervical screening interval at two years for HPV unvaccinated, well women.
30
Hart, M. R., and P. S. Cornish. "Comparison of bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus measured by ICP-AES and colourimetry in soils of south-eastern New South Wales." Soil Research 47, no. 7 (2009): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09034.
Анотація:
Soil testing for plant-available phosphorus (P) in Australia is most commonly conducted using alkaline sodium bicarbonate extraction (Olsen or Colwell tests), followed by a colourimetric assay to measure the concentration of P in solution. Analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy has become increasingly popular internationally for other soil P tests, especially Mehlich 3, due to its efficiency and ability to measure multiple elements in the one extract. The use of ICP in place of colourimetry has been used in some Australian laboratories for bicarbonate-extractable P. However, the method is known to measure forms of P (organic) that are not measured by the colourimetric assay. This study presents data comparing soil Colwell P measured by the 2 methods for 714 soil samples from pastoral sites in south-east New South Wales. Measurement by ICP consistently yielded significantly higher P concentrations than the colourimetric method (ICP-P = 1.122Col-P + 57.0, r2 = 0.95, P < 0.001). Differences between the 2 techniques were more marked in 0–20 mm than 0–100 mm depth soil samples, and in soils with greater clay contents, suggesting that the difference was related to soil organic matter, and thereby organic P contents. Relative differences were greatest in soils with lower P concentrations, i.e. within the agronomic optimum range of most interest to farmers. ICP analysis cannot be directly correlated with colourimetrically measured P in bicarbonate extracts, and would need to be developed and calibrated as a separate, new soil P test.
31
Martin, RJ, MG McMillan, and JB Cook. "Survey of farm management practices of the northern wheat belt of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (1988): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880499.
Анотація:
A survey of management practices on wheat farms in northern New South Wales was carried out on 50 farms between 1983 and 1985 and was supplemented by a questionnaire mailed to 750 growers in 1985. Information was collected on crop rotation, tillage practice, fertiliser use and weed control practices. Data were collected from 1 paddock on each farm and included: wheat grain yield and quality, available soil water and nutrients at sowing, wild oat density, and incidence of soil-borne diseases. The 3-year average grain yield in survey paddocks was 2.2 t/ha. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting grain yield and protein in 1985. Of the variation in wheat grain yield, 74% was explained by variation in available soil water at sowing, available soil nitrate at sowing, sowing date and wild oat density. Grain protein content declined with increasing available soil water and phosphate at sowing and with earlier sowing, but increased with available nitrate at sowing. Agronomic practices aimed at maximising wheat grain yield, in the presence of a deficiency ofavailable soil nitrate, are likely to result in a reduction of grain protein content. Likewise, responses to application of nitrogenous fertiliser are likely to be inversely related to available soil water at sowing. The mean gross margin for 1984 and 1985, based on $100/t of wheat grain, was $128. The mean gross margin for the least profitable 20% of paddocks was $37, and $253 for the top 20%. New varieties of wheat and herbicides were readily adopted by farmers. On the other hand, adoption of nitrogenous fertiliser use was slow, considering the widespread and long-standing deficiencies of nitrogen in cropping soils of the region. Crop rotation and tillage practices have changed only marginally since the late 1940s. The results of this survey indicate that the usefulness of soil testing for predicting fertiliser requirements could be improved by taking into account levels of available soil water, weed competition and sowing date and by using multiple regression analysis.
32
Ridley, Anna M., Tim Paramore, and Eloise Seymour. "Towards 'clean and green' farming systems using group learning to implement Environmental Management Systems." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 6 (2003): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02112.
Анотація:
Australian farmers want to market products as 'clean and green'. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) can help farmers improve their performance and justify 'green claims'. We worked with 12 farm families in southern New South Wales to develop and implement EMS using group learning and report progress towards developing more environmentally acceptable farming systems through increased perenniality and active management of remnant vegetation. Early on in the 3-year project, farmers assessed their environmental performance through development of a self-assessment questionnaire. Some had strong skills in management of remnant vegetation, whereas others were stronger in agronomy. Environmental monitoring tools were developed and tested, enabling farmers to assess on-farm perenniality, leakage (excess water lost) from paddocks and quality of remnant vegetation. Farmers became ready for the formal parts of EMS (environmental review, policy and action plans) half way through the project. The group-learning approach resulted in practice change. Improving farmers' understanding of environmental principles was found to be more important than the EMS process in achieving practice change, but EMS was a useful tool that enabled integration of production and environmental management.
33
McKenzie, A. D. "Isolated Farmers Make Good Learners - Distance Education Leaves Its Mark." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 4, no. 2 (July 1, 1994): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v4i2.386.
Анотація:
Since 1970, farmers in NSW and beyond have been participating in an easy-access Home Study Program for farmers, land and business managers in rural areas. In the late sixties, the Rural Youth Organisation of New South Wales had been looking for an effective way of preparing its members for a business career on the land. With the backing of the Department of Education and the active support of farm management specialists at the University of New England, the Farm Management Correspondence Course was launched. Within a few years, responsibility for the Program passed to the NSW Department of Agriculture, where it has remained ever since. Since 1980, the Program has operated out of C B Alexander Agricultural College, 'Tocal', Paterson near Newcastle. Over 10,000 people have been involved in these courses. Today the Farm Management Home Study Program prepares for its twenty-fifth anniversary in 1995. How does the Program make further study so easy for farmers to access?
34
Quilter, Julia, and David Brown. "Speaking Too Soon: The Sabotage of Bail Reform in New South Wales." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 3 (October 8, 2014): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i2.181.
Анотація:
Within just over one month of coming into operation in May 2014, the new Bail Act 2013 (NSW), a product of long-term law reform consideration, was reviewed and then amended after talk-back radio ‘shock jock’ and tabloid newspaper outcry over three cases. This article examines the media triggers, the main arguments of the review conducted by former New South Wales (NSW) Attorney General John Hatzistergos, and the amendments, with our analysis of the judicial interpretation of the Act thus far providing relevant background. We argue that the amendments are premature, unnecessary, create complexity and confusion, and, quite possibly, will have unintended consequences: in short, they are a mess. The whole process of reversal is an example of law and order politics driven by the shock jocks and tabloid media, the views of which, are based on fundamental misconceptions of the purpose of bail and its place in the criminal process, resulting in a conflation of accusation, guilt and punishment. Other consequences of the review and amendments process recognised in this article include the denigration of judicial expertise and lack of concern with evidence and process; the disproportionate influence of the shock jocks, tabloids and Police Association of NSW on policy formation; the practice of using retired politicians to produce ‘quick fix’ reviews; and the political failure to understand and defend fundamental legal principles that benefit us all and are central to the maintenance of a democratic society and the rule of law. The article concludes with some discussion of ways in which media and political debate might be conducted to produce more balanced outcomes.
35
Smith, David P., and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Prostate‐specific antigen testing in Australia and association with prostate cancer incidence in New South Wales." Medical Journal of Australia 169, no. 1 (July 1998): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb141471.x.
36
Strange, Carolyn. "Post-Influenza Syndrome: Exploring the Association between Suicide and Influenza in New South Wales, 1919–21." Health and History 24, no. 1 (2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hah.2022.0000.
37
Teather∗, Elizabeth Kenworthy. "The first rural women's network in New South Wales: seventy years of the country women's association." Australian Geographer 23, no. 2 (November 1992): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189208703065.
38
RECHER, H. F., R. P. KAVANAGH, J. M. SHIELDS, and P. LIND. "Ecological association of habitats and bird species during the breeding season in southeastern New South Wales." Austral Ecology 16, no. 3 (September 1991): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1991.tb01062.x.
39
Teather, Elizabeth K. "Remote Rural Women's Ideologies, Spaces and Networks: Country Women's Association of New South Wales, 1922-1992." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 28, no. 3 (December 1992): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078339202800304.
40
McDonald, DJ. "Temperate rice technology for the 21st century: an Australian example." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940877.
Анотація:
Performance of the New South Wales rice industry is examined in the context of global rice production and demand into the 21st century. The need to double global production of rice by 2030 without major expansion of area will ensure strong export demand from temperate rice growing areas including southern New South Wales. Factors leading to the very high yields now achieved are discussed and the potential for further increasing average yields that are already the highest in the world is explored in terms of maintaining gains already made, raising the yield ceiling closer to the environmental limit, and reducing the gap between potential yield and those achieved by producers. Details are provided of the release and utilisation of varieties from the breeding program, and significant barriers to further yield increase are identified. The importance of 'Ricecheck' (a simple decision support system for farmers) is discussed. Problems of tailoring crop and land use practices to obtain environmental stability while at the same time substantially increasing productivity are highlighted.
41
Singleton, GR, LE Twigg, KE Weaver, and BJ Kay. "Evaluation of Bromadiolone Against House Mouse (Mus Domesticus) Populations in Irrigated Soybean Crops. Ii. Economics." Wildlife Research 18, no. 3 (1991): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910275.
Анотація:
The economics of controlling house mice [M. musculus] using 0.005% bromadiolone-treated wheat placed in bait stations within soyabean crops was evaluated in New South Wales during 1989 when mouse densities were approx. 200-300/ha. Damage by mice to soyabean crops was assessed up to 200 m into 2 crops (1 with bait and 1 without) on each of 2 farms just before baiting, and 22 and 42 d after baiting. Mouse damage in each crop was always <10%, and was greatest in patches of high crop density. Damage was similar at the crop perimeters and up to 100 m into the crops, but 200 m from crop perimeters, damage was less prevalent. By 42 d after baiting, the differences in crop losses relative to pre-baiting damage levels were minimal. Estimates of losses caused by mice in 3 of the principal soyabean growing regions of New South Wales were obtained from all farmers who grew soyabeans in 1988-89. The combined losses caused by mice to growers in these regions in 1989 was about $A2 million.
42
Carrera, Marcelo G., and J. Keith Rigby. "Biogeography of Ordovician sponges." Journal of Paleontology 73, no. 1 (January 1999): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000027517.
Анотація:
Sponges have an unrealized potential importance in biogeographic analysis. Biogeographic patterns determined from our analysis of all published data on distribution of Ordovician genera indicate Early Ordovician sponge faunas have relatively low diversity and are completely dominated by demosponges. Early Ordovician (Ibexian) faunas are characterized by the widespread co-occurrence ofArchaeoscyphiaand the problematicCalathium.This association is commonly found in biohermal structures. Middle Ordovician faunas show an increase in diversity, and two broad associations are differentiated: Appalachian faunas (including Southern China and the Argentine Precordillera) and Great Basin faunas.Late Ordovician faunas show important changes in diversity and provincialism. Hexactinellid and calcareous sponges became important and new demosponge families appeared. Four Mohawkian-Cincinnatian associations are recognized here, including: 1) Midcontinent faunas; 2) Baltic faunas; 3) New South Wales faunas; and 4) Western North American (California and Alaska) faunas. However, two separate biogeographic associations are differentiated based on faunal differences. These are a Pacific association (western North American and New South Wales) and an Atlantic association (Midcontinent Laurentia and Baltica).Distribution of sponge genera and migration patterns are utilized to consider paleogeographic dispositions of the different continental plates, climatic features, and oceanic currents. Such an analysis points to close paleogeographic affinities between the Argentine Precordillera and Laurentian Appalachian faunas. However, significant endemicity and the occurrence of extra-Laurentian genera suggest a relative isolation of the Precordillera terrane during the Late Ibexian-Whiterockian. The study also shows a faunal migration from the Appalachian region to South China during the Middle Ordovician and the migration of faunas from Baltica to Laurentia in the Late Ordovician. The occurrence of Laurentian migrants in New South Wales during the Late Ordovician could be related to inferred oceanic current circulation between these two areas, although other paleogeographic features may be involved.
43
Brennan, J. P., and J. Evans. "Measuring the relative economic costs of legume and fertiliser nitrogen." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 3 (2001): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00070.
Анотація:
In assessing the economics of nitrogen in a farming system, there is a need to assess the full economic costs and benefits of each potential source of nitrogen. In this paper, the basis for measuring and comparing the full economic costs of fertiliser and legume nitrogen is explored. The relative costs of different forms of nitrogen for the South-West Slopes of New South Wales are examined, to identify the least-cost forms of nitrogen. The results indicate that legume nitrogen can be cheaper or more costly than fertiliser nitrogen, depending on the legume used and that different outcomes can be obtained when different time horizons are used in assessing the cost of the nitrogen. Therefore, farmers need to make those comparisons for their particular situation before they can make informed decisions on the farm. Farmers need to be aware of these issues if they are to make fully informed decisions about their nitrogen use.
44
Jackson, Caroline A., Cathie L. M. Sudlow, and Gita D. Mishra. "Education, sex and risk of stroke: a prospective cohort study in New South Wales, Australia." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e024070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024070.
Анотація:
ObjectiveTo determine whether the association between highest educational attainment and stroke differed by sex and age; and whether potential mediators of observed associations differ by sex.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPopulation based, New South Wales, Australia.Participants253 657 stroke-free participants from the New South Wales 45 and Up Study.Outcome measuresFirst-ever stroke events, identified through linkage to hospital and mortality records.ResultsDuring mean follow-up of 4.7 years, 2031 and 1528 strokes occurred among men and women, respectively. Age-standardised stroke rate was inversely associated with education level, with the absolute risk difference between the lowest and highest education group greater among women than men. In relative terms, stroke risk was slightly more pronounced in women than men when comparing low versus high education (age-adjusted HRs: 1.41, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.71 and 1.25, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.46, respectively), but there was no clear evidence of statistical interaction. This association persisted into older age, but attenuated. Much of the increased stroke risk was explained by modifiable lifestyle factors, in both men and women.ConclusionLow education is associated with increased stroke risk in men and women, and may be marginally steeper in women than men. This disadvantage attenuates but persists into older age, particularly for women. Modifiable risk factors account for much of the excess risk from low education level. Public health policy and governmental decision-making should reflect the importance of education, for both men and women, for positive health throughout the life course.
45
Friend, M. A., A. M. Dunn, and J. Jennings. "Lessons learnt about effectively applying participatory action research: a case study from the New South Wales dairy industry." Animal Production Science 49, no. 11 (2009): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08168.
Анотація:
A participatory action research (PAR) project was implemented in the New South Wales dairy industry. Six regional dairy groups were given funding to investigate issues relating to management of the feedbase. Facilitated meetings in the regions identified limitations to local systems and how these limitations could be addressed. Local groups then implemented research of relevance to their systems. Activities varied but groups were guided by the principles of PAR. Regional groups consisted of farmers, government extension and/or research staff, processors and other stakeholders. A leadership team, consisting of representatives from each of the regional groups and other stakeholders, was formed to administer the project and assist groups in using the PAR approach. Evaluation of the project indicated high levels of participation in all regions and a strong sense of ownership of the project and/or project work. The most commonly mentioned outcome in the groups was what they learned as a result of involvement. The project and its evaluation are discussed in relation to PAR principles, the outcomes from the approach, and lessons learnt for improving the success of PAR.
46
Eather, Warwick, and Drew Cottle. "Stymied Solutions for the Pest: Farmers, Graziers, Rabbits and the Search for a Biological Agent, 1880–1908." Historical Records of Australian Science 29, no. 2 (2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr17026.
Анотація:
During the late nineteenth century huge numbers of rabbits swept across south-east Australia causing widespread damage. Farming and grazing sheep and cattle became difficult on many properties, but the rabbit industry boomed. For farmers and graziers who tired of efforts to reduce rabbit numbers by shooting, trapping or poisoning, the solution seemed to lie in total extermination with a biological agent. In the late 1880s, the New South Wales (NSW) government took up their cause and offered a £25,000 prize for a biological remedy for the rabbit problem, but the prize was not awarded. Twenty years later farmers and graziers took matters into their own hands and hired the noted French scientist, Dr Jan Danysz, to provide a biological agent to exterminate the rabbits. Danysz's employment and experiments became a battle between sectional interests. Rural workers, who had begun harvesting rabbits, and rabbit industry investors opposed the Danysz virus for financial reasons, while farmers and graziers supported it because they wanted the rural landscape to support their traditional economic practices. While the NSW government supported landowners, other state governments and the federal government opposed the experiments.
47
Nogueira, D. M., C. P. Gardiner, B. Gummow, J. Cavalieri, L. A. Fitzpatrick, and A. J. Parker. "A survey of the meat goat industry in Queensland and New South Wales. 1. General property information, goat and pasture management." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14793.
Анотація:
This study aimed to survey farmers’ knowledge and practices on the management of pastures, stocking rates and markets of meat goat-producing enterprises within New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. An interview-based questionnaire was conducted on properties that derived a significant proportion of their income from goats. The survey covered 31 landholders with a total land area of 567 177 ha and a reported total of 160 010 goats. A total of 55% (17/31) of producers were involved in both ‘opportunistic harvesting’ and commercial goat operations, and 45% (14/31) were specialised seedstock producers. Goats were the most important livestock enterprise on 55% (17/31) of surveyed properties. Stocking rate varied considerably (0.3–9.3 goats/ha) within and across surveyed properties and was found to be negatively associated with property size and positively associated with rainfall. Overall, 81% (25/31) of producers reported that the purpose of running goats on their properties was to target international markets. Producers also cited the importance of targeting markets as a way to increase profitability. Fifty-three percent of producers were located over 600 km from a processing plant and the high cost of freight can limit the continuity of goats supplied to abattoirs. Fencing was an important issue for goat farmers, with many producers acknowledging this could potentially add to capital costs associated with better goat management and production. Producers in the pastoral regions appear to have a low investment in pasture development and opportunistic goat harvesting appears to be an important source of income.
48
Tannous, W. Kathy, Kingsley Agho, and Vera Williams Tetteh. "Association Between Home Visit Programs and Emergency Preparedness Among Elderly Vulnerable People in New South Wales, Australia." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 3 (January 1, 2017): 233372141770075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333721417700758.
Анотація:
Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the association between home visit programs and emergency preparedness among elderly vulnerable people in New South Wales, Australia. Method: The study used data acquired from an intervention program run by emergency agencies and consisted of 370 older people. Seven emergency outcome measures were examined by adjusting for key demographic factors, using a generalized estimating equation model, to examine the association between home visit programs and emergency preparedness. Results: The study revealed that knowledge demonstrated by participants during visits and post home visits showed significant improvements in the seven emergency outcome measures. The odds of finding out what emergencies might affect one’s area were significantly lower among older participants who were born outside Australia and those who were women. Discussion: The findings suggest that the intervention via home visits and periodic reminders post these visits may be a useful intervention in improving emergency preparedness among older people, especially among men and those who were born outside of Australia. In addition, other reminders such as safety messaging via mobile or landline telephone calls may also be a supplementary and useful intervention to improve emergency preparedness among older people.
49
Ridley, A. M., T. R. Paramore, C. R. Beverly, F. X. Dunin, and V. M. C. Froelich. "Developing environmental monitoring tools from sustainability indicators in the southern Riverina." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 3 (2003): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00171.
Анотація:
This paper outlines work being undertaken with farmers in the Riverina of New South Wales to develop practical tools to help assess and monitor on-farm environmental performance. A Participatory Learning and Action Research approach was used which combined farmers' knowledge and interest in the environment with previous research undertaken on water losses in cropping systems. The hypothesis tested was 'that current water sustainability indicators developed by scientists were of limited use for on-farm application'. Using the participatory approach, 2 monitoring tools were produced and the approach was illustrated using a 'learning cycle'. The first tool assessed so-called 'perenniality' on a whole farm basis. The second tool allowed farmers to assess the 'leakiness' (losses of water below the root zone of farming systems) of a paddock in a particular year using farmers' rainfall records, assessment of soil type and assumptions about the ability of plant species grown to dry out the soil. Water related sustainability indicators developed by scientists were not particularly useful in helping farmers assess their environmental performance. Using a participatory approach was a valuable way to develop environmental monitoring tools with participants learning much in the process.
50
McDougall, Keith L., Penelope J. Gullan, Phil Craven, Genevieve T. Wright, and Lyn G. Cook. "Cycad killer, qu'est-ce que c'est? Dieback of Macrozamia communis on the south coast of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20071.
Анотація:
The association of an armoured scale insect (a diaspidid) with dieback of a population of a native cycad (Macrozamia communis L.A.S.Johnson) was investigated on the south coast of New South Wales. The diaspidid was found to be undescribed but morphologically similar to oleander scale – here we call it Aspidiotus cf. nerii. It is probably native to Australasia and its current known distribution is within Murramarang National Park (MNP). Aspidiotus cf. nerii has been abundant on symptomatic M. communis at MNP over at least the past decade and has spread to new parts of the park. In population studies of infested and uninfested areas we found that, although both areas had populations with reverse J curves showing dominance of seedlings, mortality of seedlings and caulescent plants was significantly higher in infested sites. Infested areas had been burnt less frequently than uninfested areas. Fire does not appear to eradicate the diaspidid but may reduce its effects enough for plants to recover. We recommend further research into the use of fire as a management tool. Although other factors may be contributing to the severity of the dieback, we suggest there is sufficient evidence for the diaspidid to be regarded as the primary cause of dieback in M. communis in MNP, regardless of its origin. Given the occurrence of similar diaspidids on cultivated plants in botanic gardens, translocation of threatened Macrozamia species using plants grown in nurseries should be undertaken with extreme caution.