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1
Qingqin Fu, Qingqin Fu, Zhengquan Ang Qingqin Fu, Ling Yi Zhengquan Ang, Pingjiang Xu Ling Yi, Jia Liu Pingjiang Xu, Zhaoqing Liang Jia Liu, Lili Fu Zhaoqing Liang, Chaobin Yang Lili Fu, and Gaolin Fan Chaobin Yang. "A New Terminal and Electric Meter Legality Authentication Method." 電腦學刊 32, no. 6 (December 2021): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992021123206015.
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Brand, Jeffrey. "Shapiro’s Legality." Journal of Moral Philosophy 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-01201001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scott Shapiro’s Legality provides at once a defense of analytical jurisprudence, an accessible introduction to it, and an important new positivist theory of law. Shapiro seeks to answer the main traditional questions of jurisprudence: “what is it about law that makes it law and not something else?” and “what necessarily follows from the fact that something is law?” His major innovation, building on Michael Bratman’s work, is to re-imagine H. L. A. Hart’s secondary rules, including his ultimate rule of recognition, as plans of a sort. Shapiro’s overarching goal, however, is to show that analytical jurisprudence has practical relevance for lawyers. I argue that his success is limited by his failure to present a coherent theory of how judges are morally permitted to rule, particularly in cases in which the law requires them to reach results that they consider to be unjust.
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Tihomirov, Y. A. "How to Ensure Legality? New Approach." RUSSIAN JUSTICE 8, no. 124 (July 2016): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/2072-909x.2016.8.5-11.
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WOOD, DOUGLAS L. "New Devices in a New Era: Reimbursement and Legality." Journal of Interventional Cardiology 9, no. 2 (April 1996): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.1996.tb00613.x.
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Walker, Neil. "Legalising inter-legality." European Law Open 1, no. 1 (March 2022): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/elo.2022.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis is a review of the edited collection of Jan Klabbers and Gianluigi Palombella, ‘The Challenge of Inter-Legality’ (Cambridge, 2019). It considers how the volume revisits the influential concept of ‘inter-legally’, introduced by the Portuguese sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos 35 years ago. The main focus of the review is an evaluation of the editors' innovative and extended attempt, supported by many of the contributions, to account for inter-legality not simply as a sociological phenomenon - an effect of the interpenetration of legal orders - but as an idea with its own specifically legal content. In so doing, the editors provide a new normative dimension to our understanding of contemporary legal pluralism on the global stage. It is important, however, to continue to recognise the limitations of any single juridical idea in contributing to our understanding of global (in)justice.
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Weiss, R. "Legality of New NRC Rule Is Challenged." Science News 132, no. 20 (November 14, 1987): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3972045.
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Станкин, Алексей, and Aleksey Stankin. "About the notion of legality." Advances in Law Studies 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article deals with basic approaches to the definition of legality by Soviet and Russian scientists. The author gives a new argument that the legality is first of all compliance with the Russian Constitution, federal laws and other legal acts based on them by the citizens, organizations, state authorities, local authorities and officials.
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Partlett, William. "The Legality of Liberal Revolution." Review of Central and East European Law 38, no. 3-4 (2013): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-00000002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the fall of communism, liberals have sought to reclaim the mantle of revolution. This new age of liberal revolution, they argue, culminates in a transformative ‘moment’ when the people unite to throw off their shackles and establish a democratic constitution. These founding moments are therefore extraordinary periods of unconstrained politics, where the sovereign people transcend the formal borders of institutionalized politics and legality to draft the constitutional boundaries of their new liberal order. Russian President Boris El’tsin placed his violent and illegal dissolution of the Russian Parliament and period of authoritarian dictatorship within this tradition of liberal revolution. Throughout 1993, El’tsin justified his decision to disband Parliament as the necessary action of an agent of the people in a period of extraordinary (and extralegal) politics. Western commentators have generally placed Russia’s constitutional foundation within this revolutionary paradigm of extraordinary politics. In Russia, however, both El’tsin’s methods and this revolutionary tradition are increasingly viewed with suspicion. This viewpoint is best expressed in the writing of the Chairman of the Russian Constitutional Court, Valerii Zor’kin. Steeped in the anti-revolutionary ideology of the late tsarist Russian constitutionalists, Chairman Zor’kin argues that El’tsin’s actions at the Russian founding helped spawn a culture of lawlessness that has undermined Russian democracy. Although Zor’kin’s approach is flawed, it is an important reminder for liberal constitutional thinkers to reexamine the concrete effects of a desire for a democratically pure founding moment.
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Coupland, Robin M., and Peter Herby. "Review of the legality of weapons: a new approach." International Review of the Red Cross 81, no. 835 (September 1999): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500059800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Une règle fondamentale du droit international humanitaire dit qu'il est interdit, au cows des hostilités, d'infliger des «maux superflus» aux combattants ennemis. Sur la base de ce concept, l'utilisation d'un certain nombre d'armes ou de munitions a été interdite au cours de ce siècle, comme les armes chimiques ou, plus récemment, les mines antipersonnel. Toutefois, la communauté internationale n'a jamais adopté de critères qui permettent de décider si une arme ou un type de munition est susceptible de causer des «maux superflus». Le Projet SIrUS, lancé par le CICR, a comme objectif de proposer de tels critères. En se basant sur les résultats d'enquêtes statistiques, le Dr Coupland élabore, dans la première partie de l'ouvrage, les bases médicales qui doivent permettre l'élaboration de critères pour évaluer les effets d'une arme. Peter Herby, quant à lui, retrace le cadre juridique etprésente les propositions que le CICR entend soumettre à la XXVIIe Conférence internationale de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, fin 1999.
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Cooper, Olivia. "Within the Confines of Legality." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.23871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Œuvre de secours aux enfants (the “Society for Children’s Aid”, or OSE) was one of several humanitarian organizations working within the confines of the Rivesaltes transit camp in southern France during the Second World War. The OSE, a Jewish humanitarian aid organization, was particularly concerned with Jewish child prisoners in transit and internment camps like Rivesaltes. Members of the OSE entered Rivesaltes camp on a daily basis throughout the war in order to distribute food and offer supplementary educational opportunities to the young children interred there. Its primary objective, however, was to oversee the safe removal of as many Jewish children as possible from Rivesaltes. To do this, the OSE relied on its established children’s homes throughout the country, as well as new ones that were instituted during the war, to petition the Vichy government for the liberation of Jewish children from Rivesaltes. These procedures were expensive, bureaucratic, and lengthy; however, they allowed the OSE to secure the release of many Jewish children from Rivesaltes and other camps. Throughout the course of the Second World War, the OSE—operating legally and transparently—succeeded in liberating hundreds of Rivesaltes’s youngest prisoners.
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Venkatesh, Sai. "Legality of Autonomous Weapons Systems and their Implications on Existing International Humanitarian Law Principles Approach: New Haven School of International Legal Theory." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (August 27, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5d5141e815f80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this paper is to legally analyze the issues surrounding the use and regulation of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) and their implications on the existing principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The research and mode of approach towards this issue will be directed in consonance with the New Haven School of International Legal Thought. The paper will begin by defining the terms ‘AWS’ and ‘New Haven school’ for the purpose of this study. Subsequently, it will highlight the various notable issues of contention with relation to existing principles of IHL. In doing so, the paper will earmark these issues under the scope of the New Haven method and conclude exclusively to that school of international thought.
In its conclusion, this paper will emphasize the need for AWS in today’s world, and how regulation, rather than prohibition, would be the ideal solution towards addressing the conundrum of their legality. It will also distinguish the key elements of the New Haven school and how these were directly incorporated into this paper so as to arrive at the predicated resolution, emphasizing the need for legality of AWS to attain world peace and order.
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Pickering-Iazzi (book editor), Robin, and Cristina Mazzoni (review author). "The Italian Antimafia, New Media, and the Culture of Legality." Quaderni d'italianistica 38, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v38i1.31230.
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Pireddu, Nicoletta. "The Italian Antimafia, New Media, and the Culture of Legality." Italian Culture 37, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614622.2019.1683278.
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Brett, Peter. "Revolutionary legality and the Burkinabè insurrection." Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTCoup leaders often purport to restore constitutional order. During Burkina Faso's 2014 ‘insurrection', however, Blaise Compaoré's opponents advanced detailed (international) legal arguments that significantly constrained their subsequent conduct. Theirs was to be a legal revolution. This article situates this stance within Burkina Faso's distinctive history of urban protest, whilst emphasising under-analysed international sources for the insurrection. ‘Insurgent’ lawyers, it argues, used international instruments to reinvigorate longstanding activist attempts to reconcile constitutional rights with a language of popular justice promoted by the revolutionary regime of Thomas Sankara (1983–7). After the insurrection, however, their emphasis on legality was used by Compaoré's supporters to expose the transitional authorities’ double-standards. Meanwhile, insurgent lawyers working for the transition had to work hard to reconcile (international) legal justifications for the insurrection with the expedient politics needed to defend the new dispensation.
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Isnaeni, Diyan. "PERAN NOTARIS DALAM PENDIRIAN PT USAHA MIKRO DAN KECIL." Jurnal Hukum dan Kenotariatan 5, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/hukeno.v5i2.11003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstrakDisahkannya PP Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 sebagai peraturan pelaksanaan UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja yang melahirkan Perseroan Terbatas Usaha Mikro dan Kecil sebagai etintas baru dalam dunia usaha di Indonesia, telah menunjukkan keseriusan Pemerintah Indonesia mendukung dan memberikan peluang sebesar-besarnya kepada Usaha Mikro dan Kecil untuk mengembangkan usahanya dan memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada badan hukum perorangan. Perseroan Terbatas Usaha Mikro dan Kecil dalam proses pendiriannya dapat dilakukan tanpa melalui perjanjian dan akta notaris dan hanya membuat surat pernyataan. Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas hanya melalui surat pernyataan tidak menjamin legalitas dokumen dan identitas pendiri. Legalitas Perseroan Terbatas akan diragukan dan beresiko karena bisa melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum, dan konsekuensinya Perseroan Terbatas sebagai badan hukum maka legalitas dokumen dan identitas pendiri harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Sehingga dalam menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hukum, akta pendirian Pereroan Terbatas yang dibuat oleh Notaris tetap diperlukan untuk menjamin legalitas Perseroan Terbatas, keabsahan dokumen dan identitas pendiri walaupun hanya Perseroan Terbatas untuk Usaha Mikro Kecil.Kata Kunci: PT Perorangan, Usaha Mikro dan Kecil, Kepastian Hukum AbstractThe passing of Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021 as the implementing regulation of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation which gave birth to PT Micro and Small Enterprises as a new ethic in the business world in Indonesia, has shown the seriousness of the Indonesian Government to support and provide the greatest possible opportunity for Micro and Small Enterprises to develop their business and provide legal protection to individual legal entities. In the process of establishing a Limited Liability Company, Micro and Small Enterprises can be carried out without going through a notarial agreement and deed and only making a statement letter. The establishment of a Limited Liability Company only through a statement letter does not guarantee the legality of the documents and the identity of the founder. The legality of a Limited Company will be doubted and at risk because it can commit acts against the law, and the consequence is that the Limited Company is a legal entity, the document legality and identity of the founder must be accounted for. So that in guaranteeing legal certainty and legal protection, a Limited Liability Company establishment deed made by a notary is still needed to guarantee the legality of the limited Company, document validity and the identity of the founder even though it is only Limited Liability Companies for Micro and Small Businesses.Keywords: Individual Limited Companies, Micro and Small Enterprises, Legal Certainty
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Dewi, Santi Rahma, Sriyono Sriyono, and Sumartik Sumartik. "Assistance and Strengthening of Kenongo Village MSMEs through Branding and Product Legality during the Covid-19 Pandemic." Suluah Bendang: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 21, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sb.01220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstrakDesa Kenongo Kecamatan Tulangan Kabupaten Sidoarjo, merupakan salah satu desa di wilayah Sidoarjo yang memiliki banyak anggota UMKM. Dari hasil pemetaan awal jumlah UMKM di Desa Kenongo adalah 210 dengan berbagai macam jenis usaha. Jenis usaha yang ada adalah konveksi, batik, souvenir, makanan dan minuman, serta berbagai macam kerajinan tangan lainnya. Dengan jumlah UMKM yang cukup banyak ini, masih sangat sedikit yang mempunyai legalitas usaha serta kemampuan untuk membranding usahanya.Tujuan pendampingan ini adalah mewujudkan UMKM yang memiliki kualitas bagus dan dapat bersaing serta bertahan di masa pandemi dengan cara 1) Branding produk melalui media sosial serta memberikan keahlian agar dapat membuat sendiri media pemasaran. Selanjutnya yang 2) Legalitas usaha bagi UMKM agar lebih berkualitas dan terpercaya.Hasil pendampingan ini adalah meningkatnya nilai penjualan meskipun belum sama seperti sebelum pandemi, dan meningkatnya kesadaran pemilik UMKM untuk legalitas usahanya. Pendampingan ini juga membentuk kelompok UMKM dengan struktur baru yang lebih terorganisir untuk membantu pelaku UMKM dalam pengembangan usahanya. Pendampingan akan berkelanjutan di tahun kedua dan ketiga yaitu inovasi produk serta pengelolaan keuangan. Kata kunci : branding produk, legalitas Abstract Kenongo Village, Tulangan District, Sidoarjo Regency, is one of the villages in the Sidoarjo region which has many UMKM members. From the results of the initial mapping, the number of MSMEs in Kenongo Village was 210 with various types of businesses. The types of businesses that exist are convection, batik, souvenirs, food and beverages, and various other handicrafts. With this large number of MSMEs, very few have business legality and the ability to compare their businesses.The aim of this assistance is to create MSMEs that have good quality and can compete and survive during a pandemic by 1) Branding products through social media and providing expertise so that they can create their own marketing media. Furthermore, 2) Business legality for MSMEs to be more qualified and reliable.The result of this assistance is an increase in sales value even though it is not the same as before the pandemic, and an increase in the awareness of MSME owners for the legality of their business. This mentoring also forms MSME groups with a new, more organized structure to assist MSME players in developing their businesses. Assistance will be sustainable in the second and third years, namely product innovation and financial management. Keywords: product branding, legality
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Kjær, Morten. "Mellem Skylla og Charybdis – træk af legalitetsprincippets historie i dansk strafferet." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 104, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v104i1.115003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article deals with the history of the principle of legality in Danish criminal law. The principle of legality is a relatively new invention and was first introduced with the criminal code of 1866 § 1. Before that, courts were given broad discretion in criminal cases. This discretion must be viewed as the logical consequence of the lack of a comprehensive and systematic criminal code such as that first issued in 1866 where it replaced the sixth book in the National Law of Denmark1683. With the promulgation of a new systematic criminal code it was possible to introduce the principle of legality in Danish criminal law in 1866. While the principle of legality was designed to secure the predictability of the criminal law, measures were also taken in order to secure flexibility in the application of the code by the courts. The often casuistic definitions of the criminal offenses in the National Law of Denmark were thus replaced by abstract definitions and thecourts were generally left with a wide margin of discretion when it came to questions of punishment. The criminal code of 1866 was thus built on a compromise between legality and flexibility.
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Massingham, Eve. "Military intervention for humanitarian purposes: does the Responsibility to Protect doctrine advance the legality of the use of force for humanitarian ends?" International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 876 (December 2009): 803–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383110000068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Responsibility to Protect is being touted as a new approach to protecting populations from mass atrocities. Certainly it would be encouraging to believe that an end to genocides, large scale ethnic cleansing and large scale loss of life were within humanity's reach. However, whilst the holistic approach of the doctrine is to be commended, the legality of the proposal requires further analysis. This paper specifically addresses the evolution of the legality of humanitarian intervention and looks at whether the Responsibility to Protect doctrine advances the legality of the use of force for humanitarian ends.
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Lawand, Kathleen. "Reviewing the legality of new weapons, means and methods of warfare." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 864 (December 2006): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383107000884.
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Piernas López, Juan Jorge. "The Aggravating Circumstance of Recidivism and the Principle of Legality in the EC Fining Policy: Nulla Poena Sine Lege?" World Competition 29, Issue 3 (September 1, 2006): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2006031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The European Commission takes into account several factors when it imposes fines for the violation of Competition Law. Amongst them, the aggravating circumstance of recidivism is usually considered. However, no explicit legal provision for recidivism can be found in the primary or secondary legislation of the European Union. This situation could infringe the fundamental right and principle of Community Law that states that criminal law must be legally foreseen: the so-called principle of nulla poena sine lege. It seems worth analysing to what extent that principle is fulfilled by the European Commission and the European Courts. As a result of this research, it can be concluded that the EC enforcement of Antitrust Law poses serious doubts in relation to the principle of legality. Certainly, the Commission enjoys a broad discretion in its justification of competition fines and this has even been extended by judicial review. Such a state of affairs may be justified politically, but it is not legally acceptable. The principles of legality and legal certainty require a more transparent system. The influence of the ECHR and of the new bias towards criminalisation may improve this situation. This article has been shortlisted for the 1st World Competition Young Writers Award
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Gruzdev, Vladislav V., and Denis N. Lukoyanov. "NEW SCIENTIFIC STUDY ON THE NATURE OF DECISIONS IN THE OPERATIONAL-SEARCH ACTIVITY." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 2 (2020): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-2-275-277.
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Petra, Polyák. "„Szocialista törvényesség” a Rákosi-korszak felsőoktatási fegyelmi eljárásaiban." PONTES 5 (June 23, 2022): 204–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/pontes.2022.05.01.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
’Socialist Legality’ of the Disciplinary Procedures in Institutions of Higher Education during the Rákosi Era
The New Course, the de-Stalinization programme of Prime Minister Imre Nagy introduced the concept of ‘socialist legality’ in the summer of 1953 in the official political discourse. Without challenging the legitimacy of the Communist regime, it promised political easement, reduction of repression, as well as correction of unlawful acts that encouraged many formerly expelled students to appeal for revision of their cases by the Ministry of Education. The new mantra of ‘socialist legality’ allowed them to interpret their experience as violations of their rights, gave them rhetoric tools to motivate the Ministry and the hope of having some control over the unpredictable and arbitrary disciplinary procedures. Their submissions, however, based on a more rational, more fair, more righteous, but still somewhat ‘socialist’ understanding of legality. The willingness of the regime for a limited self-correction generated some level of trust in the central institutions of the party state, but the moving force of the concept of the ‘socialist legality’ showed itself more apparently, as the expectations about the legal remedy did not meet the reality. The lack of responsibility, the still arbitrary decisions and the stubborn adherence to the logic of class struggle made the newly chanted promises of the ‘socialist legality’ after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1956) less believable. The need of legal remedy became evident which legitimized the individual experiences as violation of rights without formal institutional correction. Although driven by different motivations, the oddities of rehabilitation connected the ever-growing mass of people who demanded not only individual but systemic correction with ordinary participators of unlawful acts who showed themselves ready to draw moral conclusions of their decisions, however, did not want to bear the responsibility alone.
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Ciocanea, Bianca Cristina, Ioan Cosmin Piţu, Paraschiva Mihaela Luca, and Dragoş Mihai Ungureanu. "Optimisation through offshore – between reality and legality." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 08009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134208009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study highlights the complete image of the characteristics regarding offshore areas, by taking into account the perspective to deploy new measures of fiscal transparency. The importance of such areas stems from the fact that world economies lose important sums of money, every year by default of taxes. This happens as a consequence of corporative international abuse of fiscal evasion and the relocation of the profit made by big companies. The sums resulted from erosion of national taxation bases, from fiscal evasion and fraud and other infringements connected with fiscal evasion (are often being transferred to offshore companies so that their illegal characteristics gets lost and after that to be reintroduced into the economic cycle. The main characteristics of these offshore centres is lack of transparency and cooperation with foreign authorities, fiscal and banking secrecy being considered the guarantee of the offshore areas, measurable variables, fleshes in indicators that reflect the secret degree for each state. Therefore, fighting against such practicies through offshore societies aims at enforcing some measures to enlarge transparency and for the regions do not cooperate there is no granting of fiscal deductibility for transactions that entail the transfer of sums to the respective regions.
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Bogg, Alan L., and John Stanton-lfe. "Protecting the vulnerable: legality, harm and theft." Legal Studies 23, no. 3 (September 2003): 402–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2003.tb00221.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The law of theft, as understood in Gomez and Hinks, has been the occasion of almost unanimous academic condemnation and of robust dissenting opinions in the House of Lords. While much of the critical discussion is sophisticated and challenging, it is important that the baby is not to be expelled with the bathwater. We suggest that one argument in favour of the current position is that it offers distinct protection to some of the more vulnerable members of society. This advantage ought nevertheless to be sacrificed if it can be purchased only at the cost of violating the rule of law and the harm principle. But our examination of these ideas reveals that the price need not be paid. The rule of law contains not one idea, but a plurality of ideas, many of which support the current position. As for the harm principle, it is notable that Hinks does not castigate harmless behaviour; rather it attacks the wrong of exploitation. This raises many difficult issues, but we argue that unless such exploitative behaviour is explicitly addressed in Legislation, reforming the current ‘broad’ understanding of the law in favour of a ‘reductive’ account assimilating theft to non-voluntary transfers would be a retrograde step. In principle the new concern for protecting the vulnerable from exploitation is welcome.
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Stremersch, Stefan, and Gerard J. Tellis. "Strategic Bundling of Products and Prices: A New Synthesis for Marketing." Journal of Marketing 66, no. 1 (January 2002): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.1.55.18455.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bundling is pervasive in today's markets. However, the bundling literature contains inconsistencies in the use of terms and ambiguity about basic principles underlying the phenomenon. The literature also lacks an encompassing classification of the various strategies, clear rules to evaluate the legality of each strategy, and a unifying framework to indicate when each is optimal. Based on a review of the marketing, economics, and law literature, this article develops a new synthesis of the field of bundling, which provides three important benefits. First, the article clearly and consistently defines bundling terms and identifies two key dimensions that enable a comprehensive classification of bundling strategies. Second, it formulates clear rules for evaluating the legality of each of these strategies. Third, it proposes a framework of 12 propositions that suggest which bundling strategy is optimal in various contexts. The synthesis provides managers with a framework with which to understand and choose bundling strategies. It also provides researchers with promising avenues for further research.
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Garcia, Beatriz, and Jonathan Verschuuren. "Complying with Australia's illegal logging laws: tough reality after a soft start? Lessons from the United States and the European Union." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (May 2019): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2019.01.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia's new illegal logging laws aim at prohibiting the import of illegally harvested forest products from around the world. Soon after adoption, and following an intense debate on the expected costs of compliance, the legislation was reviewed and the proposed amendments finally disallowed. As of 2018 stricter enforcement actions were announced. This article identifies compliance issues observed in Australia and proposes ways to tackle them based on experiences in the United States and the European Union. We find that law enforcement helps shape market behaviour and reinforces compliance. A national legality assurance system, established in the supplier country, is an effective way to ensure legality verification, to alleviate the burden on individual businesses to prove legality, and to support the regulated community to comply with the law.
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Vasilyev, I. A. "THE GOVERNING SENATE’S SUPERVISION OVER LEGALITY: NEW VALUE IN THE PETER'S PERIOD." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Jurisprudence), no. 3 (2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-6794-2022-3-8-14.
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Жаркой, Михаил Эмильевич, and Степан Мхитарович Оганесян. "Situational Legality", Theoretical Legitimacy and their Interrelation." ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, no. 3 (October 15, 2021): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2021.14.52.011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В статье рассматриваются проблемные аспекты понятий ситуативной законности в истории государства и права. Формирование гражданского общества и правового государства в нашей стране требует достижения качественно нового состояния общества, в том числе и иного уровня законности и правопорядка в системе правовой надстройки. Законность и правопорядок неотделимы от права и его реализации, поэтому изучение их связей в механизме правового регулирования постоянно находится в центре внимания теоретических исследований. В то же время достаточно сложно подстроить нормативно-правовую базу под каждую ситуацию и каждый временной период. В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с разными трактовками правовых норм, понятий в момент смены режима, власти и органов управления на территории государства, анализируется проблема корректности применения императивных норм в разные временные периоды построения государства. The article deals with problematic issues related to concepts of situational legality in the history of state and law. The formation of a civil society and a rule of law State in our country requires achieving a qualitavely new state of the society including quite different level of legitimacy and the rule of law in the system of legal superstructure. Legality and order cannot be dissociated from law and enforcement thereof and thus conducting analysis of their interconnenction in the mechanism of legal regulaltion has always been the focus of theoretical studies. At the same time it is noted that adjusting legal framework to every particular time frame is quite difficult. The article focuses on different interpretations of legal norms and concepts related to the moment of the regime change, transition of power and bodies of authority and analyses the correctness of implementation of imperative norms in different time periods of State-building.
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Hananto, Pulung Widhi Hari. "THE LEGALITY OF EX-ISIS CITIZENSHIP FROM INDONESIA IN IRAQ AND SYRIA." Diponegoro Law Review 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.6.1.2021.96-107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After the death of the supreme commander of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Abu Bakar Al Baghdadi, marked the end of ISIS's legitimacy and hegemony in the Arabian Peninsula. The incident actually led to a new polemic related to the fate of combatants or sympathizers whose support the ISIS (Foreign Terrorist Fighter). With the defeat of ISIS, many FTF are trapped unable to return to their home/ origin countries. On the other side, the sentiment of the country of origin has arisen to not accept its citizens back and lead to revocation of citizenship status. As one of the donor countries for ISIS member, the Government of Indonesia is faced with serious problems regarding the legality of citizenship status and the threat of radical ideology. The dilemmatic attitude to revoke Indonesian citizenship or to repatriate the Ex-ISIS becomes a matter of climax. The issue of this article to centralize and highlight the legality toward the ex-ISIS citizenship from Indonesia in Iraq and Syria. In addition, this article also to give the perspective and elaboration in matter of consequences to repatriate those former ISIS or to withdraw their citizenship. The results of the study of this article are criticized and also analyze the legality of citizenship of ex ISIS member from Indonesia.
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Arif, Wildan, Suci Kamilah, and Renaldy Afriyanto. "The Legality of Debt Agreement Via Whatsapp Messages." Jurnal Jurisprudence 11, no. 2 (March 28, 2022): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v11i2.16889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: This paper analyzes and studies the legal power of debt agreements through WhatsApp messagesMethodology: This research methods was juridical normative to analyze constitutional regulations or other legal sources that concern the legal basis of agreements. It uses a practical approachResults: The results showed that the debt agreement has fulfilled the required elements to make an agreement valid. It is a type of written agreement; thus, it can become written legal evidence in civil law trials in IndonesiaPurpose: The chat messages via WhatsApp indicate the creation of debt may become a piece of evidence in court. It is categorized as evidence of a written agreement. There are five kinds of evidencing instruments according to civil law procedures in Article HIR/284 RBG that is amended into Article 1866 of the Civil Law, namely written evidence, witness evidence, presupposition, confession, and oath. Thus, in the case of the debt agreement via WhatsApp messages, that message is categorized as a written agreement. It must be printed and legalized according to the legal stipulations.WhatsApp is a social media application. Thus, it is categorized as a shred of evidence in court according to Article 5 clause (1) of the Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transaction as changed into the Law No. 19 of 2016 on the Change of the Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transaction.Novelty/Originality: The debt agreement via application whatsap was categorized a new legal event. The most significant novelty value from the results of this research is the legal status of new debt agreement methods, namely the debt agreements through WhatsApp messages. Whatsapp was a social media. the agreement through the WhatsApp messages is legally valid so long as it fulfills the requirements of an agreement as stipulated in Article 1320 BW and that the agreement is categorized as a written agreement. Thus, it contains legal consequences if a party violates that agreement. This agreement is still valid even without a piece of evidence in the form of an authentic letter, as an authentic letter is a deed letter that can be divided into an authentic deed (Authentiek) and underhand deed (Onderhands).
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Kumar, Vidya. "On Scripts and Sensibility: Cold War International Law and Revolutionary Caribbean Subjects." German Law Journal 21, no. 8 (December 2020): 1541–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.91.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThrough a literary-theatrical reading of international legality, this Article challenges the “settled script” produced by international legal scholars to frame and assess the legality of two historical events—the Grenada Revolution (1979–1983) and the U.S. Invasion of Grenada (1983). It does so by reading the Cold War as a sensibility performed by these scholars, one that recognized the operation of rival international legal orders and one that crafted a different script—Cold War Customary Law (“CWCL”)—to decide questions of international legality in a Cold War context. In addition to offering a new way to read the Cold War and international legality, this Article argues first that it is important to uncover this parallel and competing script of international legality operating at the time, and not dismiss it as unrelated political or ideological discourse, as it clearly influenced the interpretive logic and reasoning practices international lawyers deployed to frame what constituted legality in international law. Second, it argues that this Cold War sensibility in international legal scholarship on intervention and revolution predated the events in Grenada, and that if a different theatrical mise en scène is adopted—one which eschews “the short durée” or “evental history” of the settled script—this sensibility can be understood as being both continuous and discontinuous with rival imperial forms of international law operating in the Caribbean across time and place, where its discontinuities open up space to recover revolutionary Caribbean subjects of international law and a sensibility of shame in the present.
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Wharton, Sara. "The Evolution of International Criminal Law: Prosecuting 'New' Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 2 (2011): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x559662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Special Court for Sierra Leone has been noted for becoming the first international court to convict accused of the crimes of sexual slavery, the use of child soldiers, 'forced marriage', and intentionally directing attacks against peacekeepers. This article analyzes how prosecutions of some of these supposedly 'new' crimes were found not to be in violation of the principle of legality, nullum crimen sine lege. In particular, this article will focus on the crimes of 'forced marriage', intentionally directing attacks against peacekeepers, and sexual slavery: the judgments in the RUF case (Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao) and the AFRC case (Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu) together reveal two different processes through which the law has proven able to evolve and adapt to accommodate so-called 'new' crimes without violating the principle of legality.
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Alnwairan, Met'eb Ali, Osman Hasan, Mahmoud Abuoaf, and Menia Mohammad Almenia. "The Exclusion’s Legality and Normality in Laila Halaby’s Once in a Promised Land." International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijellr.13/vol10n34959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is devoted to dissecting the emerging aspects of exclusion and otherness that characterize Post-Modernity by referring to the specific context of the US culture as presented in Laila Halaby’s Once in a Promised Land (2007). What is remarkable about this exclusionary spirit of our times is its increasing legality and normality. The paper deals with exclusion and otherness by building on Michel Foucault’s perceptions introduced in his seminal book History of Madness (1961). Foucault examined the history of exclusion in early modern and modern eras and provided a new understanding of the development of the modern institutions of the Western world. In this paper, we build on Foucault’s position on exclusion and otherness to reveal a wider scope of interpretations that this theory can provide. We argue that Halaby’s novel pinpoints a new generation/manifestation of the exclusionary spirit that Foucault diagnosed. The protagonists of Halaby’s novel are excluded from their social and political context through dynamics that legalize and normalize their exclusion.
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Borisova, Tatiana. "Imperial legality through ‘Exception’: Gun control in the Russian Empire." Journal of Modern European History 19, no. 4 (November 2021): 448–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944211051853.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several days after a failed assassination attempt on the life of the Russian Tsar on 2 April 1879, a new regime of ‘permission to exercise the right to purchase and carry weapons’ was introduced in St. Petersburg. Despite the fact that the first attempt on Alexander II's life occurred in 1866 (also in St. Petersburg), it took 13 years to make a radical departure from the previously unrestricted regime of access to arms in the capital of the Russian Empire. In this article, I analyse archival materials documenting how this new regime of weapons ownership was implemented. In particular, I am interested in the dimensions of locality and temporality in the practices by which imperial legislation introduced gun control in St. Petersburg and Warsaw, the Russian Empire's most cosmopolitan cities. The archival documents that I rely on show that the gun control regulations that were intended to be a repressive act of the authorities in reality unfolded as a process of negotiations and merciful exclusions. The intermediaries of the imperial legal order reacted to the international challenges that were posed by emergent revolutionary movements, including the negotiation of the permissible restriction of subjects’ rights. As a result, new practices of ‘public safety’ were implemented as exceptional measures – both locally and temporally. This article sheds light on the imperial legal regime of gun control as a practice of ‘exception’.
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Scott, Joanne. "The new EU extraterritoriality." Common Market Law Review 51, Issue 5 (October 1, 2014): 1343–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2014110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The established triggers for application of EU law - conduct, nationality and presence - are being supplemented by novel "extraterritorial" triggers that cause EU legislation to apply to conduct that occurs abroad. This is apparent in the area of financial regulation. EU legislation that relies on such triggers is neither self-evidently territorial nor extraterritorial, and it remains unclear whether it is consistent with the territorial principle of jurisdiction. Nonetheless, this legislation also usually includes "safety valves" in a bid to prevent jurisdictional over-reach and to facilitate cooperation between States. These safety valves should be viewed as of significance in assessing the legality of EU legislation that incorporates novel "extraterritorial" triggers.
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Birkenkötter, Hannah, and Berkan Kaya. "The International Court of Justice in an Age of Inter-Legality: A Survey of its Case Law in the New Millennium." German Yearbook of International Law 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 421–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.63.1.421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) occupies a special position amongst international courts. With its quasi-universal membership and ability to apply in principle the whole body of international law, it should be well-placed to adjudicate its cases with a holistic view on international law. This article examines whether the ICJ has lived up to this expectation. It analyses the Court’s case load in the 21st century through the lens of inter-legality as the current condition of international law. With regard to institutional inter-legality, the authors observe an increase of inter-State proceedings based on largely the same facts that are initiated both before the ICJ and other courts and identify an increasing need to address such parallel proceedings. With regard to substantive inter-legality, the article provides analyses of ICJ cases in the fields of consular relations and human rights, as well as international environmental law. The authors find that the ICJ is rather reluctant in situating norms within their broader normative environment and restrictively applies only those rules its jurisdiction is based on. The Court does not make use of its abilities to adjudicate cases holistically and thus falls short of expectations raised by its own members 20 years ago.
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Bates, Ed. "AVOIDING LEGAL OBLIGATIONS CREATED BY HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 57, no. 4 (October 2008): 751–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589308000602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article examines the legality of the options that may be open to a State that is unwilling to accept a legal obligation created by a human rights treaty it has already ratified. It briefly addresses the subject of ‘derogation’ from human rights treaties before looking in detail at denunciation of the same. It proceeds to examine the legality of strategies such as entering a late reservation to a human rights treaty and of denouncing the treaty with the sole purpose of entering a new reservation to it.
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Djaja, Benny. "THE LEGALITY OF DOCUMENTS NEGLIGENTLY AFFIXED WITH FORGED STAMPS." Diponegoro Law Review 7, no. 2 (October 27, 2022): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.7.2.2022.192-211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the last amendment was in force in 2000, the tariff charged for stamp duty has not been adjusted to suit the most recent monetary value up until Law No. 10 of 2020 on Stamp Duty was issued. In addition to tariff adjustment, the new Law also stipulates the levy of stamp duty on digital documents, which have become increasingly popular used in the recent years, with the expectation of boosting the inflow of State revenue generated from the levy of stamp duty. Nonetheless, the rampant distribution of illegal, forged stamps, aside of inflicting material losses on the State finance due to non-optimum revenue generation, also give rise to uncertainty amongst laypersons with regards to the legality of the document concerned. A document found to have used a forged stamp shall be considered legally equal to an unstamped document, leaving thereupon an obligation due for settlement prior to the document being eligible for use, which should be rectified through an administrative means called “pemeteraian kemudian/subsequent stamp” (nazegelen).
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Mariniello, Triestino. "The ‘Nuremberg Clause’ and Beyond: Legality Principle and Sources of International Criminal Law in the European Court’s Jurisprudence." Nordic Journal of International Law 82, no. 2 (2013): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08202002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Legislative acts or constitutional courts’ decisions allowing the prosecution of alleged perpetrators of international crimes committed in the past continue to attribute to the legality principle a central role within domestic criminal proceedings or complaints before the European Court of Human Rights. This article assesses the evolution of the recent jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court, which in the 2008 Korbely and Kononov cases for the first time extended the standards of the legality principle over war crimes and crimes against humanity. It examines the rationale for this development, which constitutes an attempt by the Court to restore a proper balance between substantive justice and individual protection, by ascertaining whether domestic convictions were consistent with the qualitative elements of the legality principle, such as accessibility and foreseeability. Through a detailed analysis of the European jurisprudence, the article argues that, although the new approach of the Court entails in abstracto a strengthening of individual safeguards from the arbitrariness of state power, the meaningful protection of the legality principle may be in concreto significantly narrow. The reasons for such a result are two-pronged: first, the Court seems to provide an interpretation of past law which radically diverged from the interpretation of the law in place in the legal system at the material time of the events; second, the international sources accepted by the Court as a valid basis for the applicants’ convictions – pursuant to the standards of the legality principle – were intended to create obligations only upon states, rather than individuals.
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Borges Barbosa, Raoni, Jean Henrique Costa, and Farshid Hadi. "Economic and ecological rationalities: uses and abuses of the political exceptionality in the COVID-19 pandemic." Economics. Ecology. Socium 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2021.5.2-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. This article discusses some anthropological and sociological slight reflections about the uses and the abuses of the political exceptionality in the Covid-19 pandemic. The relevance is connected with questions about the "New Norm", permeated with the daily destructiveness of antisocial metabolic practices of an even more predatory capitalism, whose social control cannot regulate violent neoliberal extraction in a mode of accumulation.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the gradual resumption of interrupted social activities as a policy measure to combat the New Coronavirus Pandemic is placed from the perspective of its economic and ecologic rationalities as well as from the perspective of the new moral, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral demands directed to the common social actor and agent of big and small cities.
Results. The article substantiates the context of the so-called "new norm", permeated by the daily destructiveness of antisocial metabolic practices of even more predatory capitalism in a violent neoliberal form. Therefore, due to this discrepancy between legality and legitimacy, the level of authoritarianism and further growth of inequality and indifference among people increases. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a mismatch between legality and legitimacy, as well as the legitimization of the interests of individual actors in the market as opposed to the adoption of legislation and for pro-capital interests. The principles of legitimacy were limited by bureaucratic rationality and the genocidal legalism of neoliberal politics.
Conclusions. The pandemic has disrupted economies, has mainly punished the poorest and most underserved and has destabilized governments of various ideological nuances. Participants at all levels of the economy will suffer the most severe and immediate consequences of all losses. This is the controversial logic of capital and one of its main contradictions is revealed.
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Papantoniou, Alexandros A. "Smart Contracts in the New Era of Contract Law." Digital Law Journal 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2020-1-4-8-24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay examines whether smart contract innovation is capable of displacing the orthodox adherence to traditional contracts. This examination is underpinned by an analysis of the legality of smart contracts, through which it is exemplified that smart contracts ought to be considered legally binding instruments. The essay proceeds to explore the superiority of smart contracting on a technical and theoretical basis. The advantages generated through smart contract automaticity and enforceability present a concrete basis for undermining reliance on traditional contracts. Blockchain Technology also enhances the benefits of smart contracts by acting as a smart contract enabler through guaranteed performance and enforceability. Nevertheless, such novel technologies inevitably suffer from several shortcomings. This essay considers examples which illustrate the inflexibility of smart contracting. Apart from being susceptible to hacking and code exploitation, smart contracting is unable to deal with ambiguities and potential modifications. Overall, this suggests that the advantages of smart contract practice are currently confined to some specified limited scenarios. Smart contracts perform a different function to traditional contracting by merely guaranteeing technical enforceability as opposed to legal enforceability. This essay thus concludes that, for the time being, it is best to regard smart contracting as a supplement to traditional contracts rather than an outright displacement.
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E., Abdulhamid. "The Conundrum and Legality of Stamp Duties Collection in Nigeria." African Journal of Accounting and Financial Research 4, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafr/blsv21x1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dwindling oil revenue to Nigeria necessitated the need to improve revenue generation. The Stamp Duties is seen as “a new gold”, however, the crisis between the FIRS and NIPOST might pose a threat. The study examined the provisions of the Stamp Duties Act and some relevant laws to ascertain the agency with the jurisdiction to collect and administer duties in Nigeria. It was found that FIRS has the authority to manage and administer duties and other taxes in Nigeria and not NIPOST. It was recommended that tax laws should be harmonised and postage stamps and stamp duties should be clearly defined to avoid ambiguity.
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Zreik, Raef. "Notes on the Value of Theory: Readings in the Law of Return-A Polemic." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The case of Israel generally, and specifically regarding the justifications put forth for the Law of Return by a wide range of liberal scholars, accents the main problems and weaknesses of liberal legality. Part one of the paper rethinks aspects of liberal legality and its artificial nature in light of debates surrounding the Law of Return. Debating both the case of Israel and the insistence of many Israeli scholars on justifying the Law using liberal terms, this part reveals certain aspects of liberalism that usually remain hidden.Part III comments on Israel and evaluates the Law of Return while comparing it to similar laws, arguing that even after revisiting liberal legality, the Law of Return scores badly according to the criteria of liberal legality. Thus, the first analysis places Israel within a paradigm, revealing that Israel may not be so exceptional. For those who view liberalism as a pure, ideal theory (both those who support the Law and think that it passes the test of liberalism and those who oppose the Law and think that it fails the test of liberalism) this paper points to the dark side of liberalism, and thereby suggests that Israel might not be the only pariah state, but even within the new paradigm (the second analysis), the Law of Return is at the extreme end of the spectrum and scores badly.
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Khalil, Abdul Wahab. "حقوق الملكية الفكرية وتحدياتها في الفقه الإسلامي". Mahakim: Journal of Islamic Family Law 4, № 1 (9 січня 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/mh.v4i1.1693.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Contemporary life throws a number of new problems that need to be highlighted and clarified its legality, including Intellectual Property Rights. They were rights that appear in European societies, and then dealt with in the Islamic countries, so ulama’ and researches try to find out their legality. This research attempts to uncover the reality of intellectual property rights and their challenges in Islamic jurisprudence. The research reaches several results, the most important of which is that Islamic jurisprudence considers this kind of rights as a right and treasure that may be given and owned, attacking it is considered a punishable crime, and the intellectual property may be copied for personal use.
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Wahab Ahmad Khalil, Abdul. "حقوق الملكية الفكرية وتحدياتها في الفقه الإسلامي". Mahakim: Journal of Islamic Family Law 4, № 1 (7 червня 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/mahakim.v4i1.112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Contemporary life throws a number of new problems that need to be highlighted and clarified its legality, including Intellectual Property Rights. They were rights that appear in European societies, and then dealt with in the Islamic countries, so ulama’ and researches try to find out their legality. This research attempts to uncover the reality of intellectual property rights and their challenges in Islamic jurisprudence. The research reaches several results, the most important of which is that Islamic jurisprudence considers this kind of rights as a right and treasure that may be given and owned, attacking it is considered a punishable crime, and the intellectual property may be copied for personal use.
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Hernández-López, Ernesto. "Sriracha: Lessons from the Legal Troubles of a Popular Hot Sauce." Gastronomica 15, no. 4 (2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2015.15.4.27.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay describes the recent “Sriracha Apocalypse” dispute between Huy Fong Foods, maker of the popular hot sauce Sriracha, and Irwindale, California. For six months, the world watched as it appeared that Huy Fong’s new plant would be legally shut down by this tiny Los Angeles suburb. Irwindale argued that odors and fumes from the grinding of jalapeño peppers to make Sriracha were creating a public nuisance. This seemed odd, considering that Irwindale had eagerly invited Huy Fong to relocate its chile-grinding operations to their community and that air-quality regulators had not found a problem. The essay highlights three important lessons from this spicy legal drama regarding food and place, the legality of foodways, and California’s role in these contemporary food debates.
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Xu, Jiacong, Xuefeng Li, Yiyong Pan, and Mingyang Du. "Satisfaction of Logistics Dispatchers Who Use Electric Tricycles\linebreak for the Last Mile of Delivery: Perspective from Policy Intervention." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 7638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137638.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates the satisfaction factors of logistics dispatchers who used electric tricycles for the last mile of delivery under policy intervention, and a questionnaire survey is conducted on the last-mile dispatchers in Nanjing. Based on four principal components extracted by exploratory factor analysis, the structural equation model (SEM) for the relationship between exogenous variables (sound policy, legality, and standardizing system) and endogenous variables (perceived convenience and satisfaction) is established to obtain the factors influencing the satisfaction of dispatchers. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients between the perceived convenience, sound policy, legality, standardizing system and the dispatchers’ satisfaction are 0.606, 0.448, 0.242 and −0.366, respectively. The correlations between perceived convenience, sound policy, legality and dispatchers’ satisfaction are significantly positive. The correlations between standardizing system and dispatchers’ satisfaction are negative. Finally, corresponding improvement policies are proposed based on the analysis of the model. The research results help improve the dispatcher’s satisfaction during the last-mile distribution process and provide support for standards by using electric tricycles and the formulation of new policies.
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Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Dwi Nowo Martono, Iyus Hendrawan, Yuanita Indriani, Budhi Heryanto, and Gatot Rambi Hastoro. "THE INCREASING OF BUSINESS CAPACITY OF TENANT OF PROCESSED FOOD PODUCTS IN SRAGEN STP GANESHA SUKOWATI." ICCD 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol1.iss1.80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Science Techno Park (STP) Ganesha Sukawati Sragen is one of the STP in Indonesia. The STP Ganesha Sukawati Program in Sragen is to increase the business capacity of the SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) that are selected as tenants. Business capacity building is carried out by providing training and mentoring on business legality, improvement of food processing processes, packaging and labels, simple bookkeeping, and provision of equipment assistance. The assistance results showed that tenant knowledge and skills increased by 30-40% regarding: (1) business legality. This is indicated by the preparation of requirements related to the management of the legality of the business; (2) producing the Aloe veranata product. This is indicated by the resulting crisp texture of aloe vera products; (3) labels and packaging. This is indicated by the availability of labels with new designs that contain more complete information in accordance with the labeling regulations; (4) management and business governance. This is indicated by the tenants in preparing business bookkeeping and business plans that are feasible; (5) tenants receive the assistance in leasing the equipment to assist business development.
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Schneider, Jane. "The Italian Antimafia, New Media, and the Culture of Legality by Robin Pickering-Iazzi." University of Toronto Quarterly 88, no. 3 (December 2019): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.88.3.hr73.
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Macedo, Joseli. "Urban land policy and new land tenure paradigms: Legitimacy vs. legality in Brazilian cities." Land Use Policy 25, no. 2 (April 2008): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.08.001.
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