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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Surbakti, Suriani, Heidi G. Parker, James K. McIntyre, Hendra K. Maury, Kylie M. Cairns, Meagan Selvig, Margaretha Pangau-Adam, et al. "New Guinea highland wild dogs are the original New Guinea singing dogs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 39 (August 31, 2020): 24369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007242117.

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New Guinea singing dogs (NGSD) are identifiable by their namesake vocalizations, which are unlike any other canid population. Their novel behaviors and potential singular origin during dog domestication make them an attractive, but elusive, subject for evolutionary and conservation study. Although once plentiful on the island of New Guinea (NG), they were presumed to currently exist only in captivity. This conclusion was based on the lack of sightings in the lowlands of the island and the concurrent expansion of European- and Asian-derived dogs. We have analyzed the first nuclear genomes from a canid population discovered during a recent expedition to the highlands of NG. The extreme altitude (>4,000 m) of the highland wild dogs’ (HWD) observed range and confirmed vocalizations indicate their potential to be a wild NGSD population. Comparison of single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes shows strong similarity between HWD and the homogeneous captive NGSD, with the HWD showing significantly higher genetic diversity. Admixture analyses and estimation of shared haplotypes with phylogenetically diverse populations also indicates the HWD is a novel population within the distinct evolutionary lineage of Oceanic canids. Taken together, these data indicate the HWD possesses a distinct potential to aid in the conservation of NGSD both in the wild and under human care.

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2

Wardani, Wita, Jaenudin Jaenudin, Ismail Apandi, Anne Kusumawaty, and Wahyudi Santoso. "A NEW SPECIES OF DEPARIA FROM NEW GUINEA." REINWARDTIA 20, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v20i2.4231.

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WARDANI, W., JAENUDIN, APANDI, I., KUSUMAWATY, A. & SANTOSO, W. 2021. A new species of Deparia from New Guinea. Reinwardtia 20(2): 57−61. — Deparia stellata is a new species of highland in Eastern New Guinea, described from a specimen found among unidentified piles of New Guinean Expedition in 1975. Its distinctive stellate-hairs on all axis and occasionally on rachis-scale margin are the main character that differentiate the species to other Deparia.

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3

Shaw, Ben, Judith H. Field, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Simon Coxe, Adelle C. F. Coster, Anne Ford, Jemina Haro, et al. "Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago." Science Advances 6, no. 13 (March 2020): eaay4573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay4573.

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The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was associated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia.

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4

Haberle, Simon G. "Prehistoric human impact on rainforest biodiversity in highland New Guinea." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1478 (January 5, 2007): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1981.

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In the highlands of New Guinea, the development of agriculture as an indigenous innovation during the Early Holocene is considered to have resulted in rapid loss of forest cover, a decrease in forest biodiversity and increased land degradation over thousands of years. But how important is human activity in shaping the diversity of vegetation communities over millennial time-scales? An evaluation of the change in biodiversity of forest habitats through the Late Glacial transition to the present in five palaeoecological sites from highland valleys, where intensive agriculture is practised today, is presented. A detailed analysis of the longest and most continuous record from Papua New Guinea is also presented using available biodiversity indices (palynological richness and biodiversity indicator taxa) as a means of identifying changes in diversity. The analysis shows that the collapse of key forest habitats in the highland valleys is evident during the Mid–Late Holocene. These changes are best explained by the adoption of new land management practices and altered disturbance regimes associated with agricultural activity, though climate change may also play a role. The implications of these findings for ecosystem conservation and sustainability of agriculture in New Guinea are discussed.

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5

Johnson, Patricia L., James W. Wood, and Maxine Weinstein. "Female fecundity in highland Papua New Guinea." Biodemography and Social Biology 37, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1990.9988744.

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6

Sexton, Lorraine. "“Eating” money in highland Papua New Guinea." Food and Foodways 3, no. 1-2 (November 1988): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07409710.1988.9961940.

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7

Sillitoe, Paul, and Karen Hardy. "Living Lithics: ethnoarchaeology in Highland Papua New Guinea." Antiquity 77, no. 297 (September 2003): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092619.

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This paper represents the joint work of two very different specialists. The fieldwork was undertaken by Sillitoe as part of his ethnographic research in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the interpretative work was done by an archaeologist, Hardy. The work described here represents some of the last direct evidence from users of stone tools. It shows how procurement, manufacture, use, storage and the relative roles of men and women in the process was dependant on what other materials were available – material often sadly elusive in the archaeological record. Discard did not reflect use, but was often guided by the thoughtful wish to avoid cut feet.

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8

Stoneking, M., L. B. Jorde, K. Bhatia, and A. C. Wilson. "Geographic variation in human mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea." Genetics 124, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.717.

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Abstract High resolution mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction maps, consisting of an average of 370 sites per mtDNA map, were constructed for 119 people from 25 localities in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Comparison of these PNG restriction maps to published maps from Australian, Caucasian, Asian and African mtDNAs reveals that PNG has the lowest amount of mtDNA variation, and that PNG mtDNA lineages originated from Southeast Asia. The statistical significance of geographic structuring of populations with respect to mtDNA was assessed by comparing observed GST values to a distribution of GST values generated by random resampling of the data. These analyses show that there is significant structuring of mtDNA variation among worldwide populations, between highland and coastal PNG populations, and even between two highland PNG populations located approximately 200 km apart. However, coastal PNG populations are essentially panmictic, despite being spread over several hundred kilometers. Highland PNG populations also have more mtDNA variability and more mtDNA types represented per founding lineage than coastal PNG populations. All of these observations are consistent with a more ancient, restricted origin of highland PNG populations, internal isolation of highland PNG populations from one another and from coastal populations, and more recent and extensive population movements through coastal PNG. An apparent linguistic effect on PNG mtDNA variation disappeared when geography was taken into account. The high resolution technique for examining mtDNA variation, coupled with extensive geographic sampling within a single defined area, leads to an enhanced understanding of the influence of geography on mtDNA variation in human populations.

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9

Brown, Paula, and D. K. Feil. "The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies." Man 24, no. 2 (June 1989): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803323.

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10

Barker, John, and D. K. Feil. "The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies." Pacific Affairs 62, no. 3 (1989): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760667.

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11

Wood, James W., Daina Lai, Patricia L. Johnson, Kenneth L. Campbell, and Ila A. Maslar. "Lactation and birth spacing in highland New Guinea." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, S9 (1985): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000025190.

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SummaryThe effects of infant suckling patterns on the post-partum resumption of ovulation and on birth-spacing are investigated among the Gainj of highland New Guinea. Based on hormonal evidence, the median duration of lactational anovulation is 20·4 months, accounting for about 75% of the median interval between live birth and next successful conception (i.e. resulting in live birth). Throughout lactation, suckling episodes are short and frequent, the interval changing slowly over time, from 24 minutes in newborns to 80 minutes in 3-year olds. Maternal serum prolactin concentrations decline in parallel with the changes in suckling patterns, approaching the level observed in non-nursing women by about 24 months post-partum. A path analysis indicates that the interval between suckling episodes is the principal determinant of maternal prolactin concentration, with time since parturition affecting prolactin secretion only in so far as it affects suckling frequency. The extremely prolonged contraceptive effect of breast-feeding in this population thus appears to be due to (i) a slow decline in suckling frequency with time since parturition and (ii) absence of a decline over time in hypothalamic–pituitary responsiveness to the suckling stimulus.

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12

Johnson, Patricia Lyons. "Women and development: A highland New Guinea example." Human Ecology 16, no. 2 (June 1988): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00888088.

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13

Denham, Tim, Simon Haberle, and Carol Lentfer. "New evidence and revised interpretations of early agriculture in Highland New Guinea." Antiquity 78, no. 302 (December 2004): 839–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113481.

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This review of the evidence for early agriculture in New Guinea supported by new data from Kuk Swamp demonstrates that cultivation had begun there by at least 6950–6440 cal BP and probably much earlier. Contrary to previous ideas, the first farming in New Guinea was not owed to SouthEast Asia, but emerged independently in the Highlands. Indeed plants such as the banana were probably first domesticated in New Guinea and later diffused into the Asian continent.

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14

Strathern, Andrew. "Circulating Cults in Highland New Guinea: Pointers for Research." Australian Journal of Anthropology 2, no. 1 (April 1991): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1991.tb00129.x.

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15

Balke, Michael, Ignacio Ribera, Lars Hendrich, Michael A. Miller, Katayo Sagata, Aloysius Posman, Alfried P. Vogler, and Rudolf Meier. "New Guinea highland origin of a widespread arthropod supertramp." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1666 (April 2009): 2359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0015.

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16

Finch, John. "Structure and Meaning in Papua New Guinea Highland Mythology." Oceania 55, no. 3 (March 1985): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1985.tb02075.x.

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17

Feil, D. K. "The evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea societies; A reappraisal." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 151, no. 1 (1995): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003054.

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18

Ramenofsky, Ann F. "Another Perspective on Acculturation and Health in Highland New Guinea." Current Anthropology 30, no. 1 (February 1989): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203711.

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19

Borsboom, A. P., Fredrik Barth, H. J. M. Claessen, Paul Grijp, Simon Kooijman, Adrian Horridge, Jelle Miedema, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 144, no. 4 (1988): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003288.

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- A.P. Borsboom, Fredrik Barth, Cosmologies in the making; A generative approach to cultural variation in Inner New Guinea, Cambridge studies in social anthropology, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 99 pp., - H.J.M. Claessen, Paul van der Grijp, Sporen in de Antropologie; Liber Amicorum voor Jan Pouwer, Nijmegen: Instituut voor Kulturele en Sociale Antropologie, 1987. Bibl., tab., ill. 330 pp., Ton Lemaire, Albert Trouwborst (eds.) - Simon Kooijman, Adrian Horridge, Outrigger canoes of Bali and Madura, Indonesia, Bishop museum special bulletin 77, Honolulu: Bishop museum press, 1987. xii + 178 pp., 4 maps, 1 colour photograph, 19 black and white photographs, 71 line drawings. - Jelle Miedema, D.K. Feil, The evolution of highland Papua New Guinea societies, Cambridge: University Press, 1987, xii + 313 pp. - Jelle Miedema, James F. Weiner, Mountain Papuans; Historical and comparitive perspectives from New Guinea fringe highlands societies. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1988, 230 pp. - Jetta Wille, Paulus M.F. van der Grijp, Produktie en denkwijzen in Polynesië; Sociale asymmetrie, ideologie en verandering op de Tonga-eilanden, Proefschrift Nijmegen, 1987.

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20

Pospisil, Leopold. ": The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies . D. K. Feil." American Anthropologist 90, no. 4 (December 1988): 1020–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00700.

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21

Hodge, A. M., G. K. Dowse, R. T. Erasmus, R. A. Spark, K. Nathaniel, P. Z. Zimmet, and M. P. Alpers. "Serum Lipids and Modernization in Coastal and Highland Papua New Guinea." American Journal of Epidemiology 144, no. 12 (December 15, 1996): 1129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008891.

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22

Witt, C. S., and M. P. Alpers. "Immune function in adult highland Papua New Guinea patients with pneumonia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 2 (March 1989): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90677-9.

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23

Wagner, Roy. "The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. D. K. Feil." Journal of Anthropological Research 45, no. 3 (October 1989): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.45.3.3630289.

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24

Desowitz, R. S., and G. Barnish. "Entamoeba poleckiand other intestinal protozoa in Papua New Guinea highland children." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 80, no. 4 (August 1986): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1986.11812040.

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25

Lederman, Rena. "Changing Times in Mendi: Notes towards Writing Highland New Guinea History." Ethnohistory 33, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482507.

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26

WATSON, JAMES B. "The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. D. K. FEIL." American Ethnologist 16, no. 3 (August 1989): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1989.16.3.02a00340.

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27

Upcroft, Jacqueline A., Linda A. Dunn, Tilda Wal, Sepehr Tabrizi, Maria G. Delgadillo-Correa, Patricia J. Johnson, Suzanne Garland, Peter Siba, and Peter Upcroft. "Metronidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis from highland women in Papua New Guinea." Sexual Health 6, no. 4 (2009): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09011.

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Background: The prevalence of the sexually transmissible protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis in the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been reported to be as high as 46% and although not previously studied in Papua New Guinea, clinical resistance against metronidazole (Mz), the drug most commonly used to treat trichomoniasis, is well documented worldwide. This study was primarily aimed at assessing resistance to Mz in T. vaginalis strains from the Goroka region. Methods: Consenting patients presenting at the Goroka Base Hospital Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Clinic and local women were asked to provide two vaginal swabs: one for culturing of the parasite; and one for polymerase chain reaction detection of T. vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. T. vaginalis isolates were assayed for Mz susceptibility and a selection was genotyped. Results: The prevalence of T. vaginalis was determined to be 32.9% by culture and polymerase chain reaction of swabs among 82 local women and patients from the STD clinic. An unexpectedly high level of in vitro Mz resistance was determined with 17.4% of isolates displaying unexpectedly high resistance to Mz. The ability to identify isolates of T. vaginalis by genotyping was confirmed and the results revealed a more homogeneous T. vaginalis population in Papua New Guinea compared with isolates from elsewhere. Conclusion: T. vaginalis is highly prevalent in the Goroka region and in vitro Mz resistance data suggest that clinical resistance may become an issue.

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28

Grossman, Lawrence S. "Diet, income, and subsistence in an eastern highland village, Papua New Guinea." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 26, no. 3 (October 1991): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1991.9991205.

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29

Wood, James W., Peter E. Smouse, and Jeffrey C. Long. "Sex-Specific Dispersal Patterns in Two Human Populations of Highland New Guinea." American Naturalist 125, no. 6 (June 1985): 747–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284378.

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30

Wood, James W., Patricia L. Johnson, and Kenneth L. Campbell. "Demographic and endocrinological aspects of low natural fertility in highland New Guinea." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 1 (January 1985): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015479.

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SummaryThe Gainj of highland Papua New Guinea do not use contraception but have a total fertility rate of only 4·3 live births per woman, one of the lowest ever recorded in a natural fertility setting. From an analysis of cross-sectional demographic and endocrinological data, the causes of low reproductive output have been identified in women of this population as: late menarche and marriage, a long interval between marriage and first birth, a high probability of widowhood at later reproductive ages, low effective fecundability and prolonged lactational amenorrhoea. These are combined with near-universal marriage, a low prevalence of primary sterility and a pattern of onset of secondary sterility similar to that found in other populations. Of all the factors limiting fertility, by far the most important are those involved in birth spacing, especially lactational amenorrhoea.

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31

Field, JH, GR Summerhayes, S. Luu, ACF Coster, A. Ford, H. Mandui, R. Fullagar, et al. "Functional studies of flaked and ground stone artefacts reveal starchy tree nut and root exploitation in mid-Holocene highland New Guinea." Holocene 30, no. 9 (May 12, 2020): 1360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620919983.

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Ground stone technology for processing starchy plant foods has its origins in the late Pleistocene, with subsequent intensification and transformation of this technology coinciding with the global emergence of agriculture in the early Holocene. On the island of New Guinea, agriculture first emerges in the highland Wahgi Valley, potentially from c. 9 kya, and clearly evident by 6.5 kya. Approximately 400 km further east in the highland Ivane Valley, long-term occupation sequences span the Holocene and late Pleistocene, but there is currently no direct evidence for wetland agriculture. Here, we report rare evidence for ground stone implements from a secure mid-Holocene archaeological context in the Ivane Valley. The Joe’s Garden site has flaked and ground stone artefacts with significant starch assemblages dating to approximately 4.4 kya. We present the first empirical evidence for the function of stone bowls from a New Guinea highland setting. Usewear and residues indicate the grinding and pounding of endemic starch-rich plant foods. Geometric morphometric analysis of starch grains shows that at least two taxa were processed: Castanopsis acuminatissima (nut) and Pueraria lobata (tuber). This regional example adds to our understanding of the trajectories of diverse plant food exploitation and ground stone technology development witnessed globally in the Holocene.

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32

Araho, Nick, Robin Torrence, and J. Peter White. "Valuable and Useful: Mid-Holocene Stemmed Obsidian Artefacts from West New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 (2002): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001444.

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Distinctive obsidian artefacts from West New Britain appear sometime before 3950 cal BC and terminate abruptly at 1650 cal BC. We propose that they had a wide range of meanings for their users and functioned in both utilitarian and ceremonial contexts, similar to more recent ground stone axes from Highland New Guinea. They therefore represent the earliest evidence for valuables in Papua New Guinea. Here we draw together studies of the technology, spatial distribution, and chemical sourcing of the artefacts, along with considerations of fragility and brightness, to evaluate competing models for their function as utilitarian items and as exchange goods. Whereas many artefacts were probably useful tools integrated within a mobile settlement pattern, others were clearly reserved for special functions, and many may have operated in both the utilitarian and ceremonial spheres.

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33

Nou, Garry G., Sean T. Casey, and B. Priya L. T. Balasubramaniam. "Establishing a National Emergency Medical Team (EMT) in Papua New Guinea (PNG)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, S2 (November 2022): s59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22001583.

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Background/Introduction:Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a Pacific nation of over nine million. It is one of the world’s most diverse nations, with over 800 languages and geographic diversity that includes both tropical islands and highland mountains. Located on the Pacific “ring of fire,” PNG is regularly struck by disasters and outbreaks. The COVID-19 pandemic triggered multiple deployments of international EMTs to PNG, which were coordinated through a national EMT Coordination Cell. To strengthen rapid, national response to future emergencies, the PNG Government through its National Department of Health is now developing the “PNG EMT.”Objectives:To describe the development of the PNG EMT.Method/Description:PNG’s national EMT development was inspired by multiple international EMT deployments, including the 2018 Highlands earthquake and multiple COVID-19 deployments. With support from WHO, PNG’s National Department of Health led EMT coordination efforts in those responses, and recognized the need for similar capabilities to be developed for national response.Results/Outcomes:To develop the PNG EMT, a focal point was appointed, a national technical working group was formed, and SOPs have been drafted with support from WHO and partners. In consultation with PNG and other Pacific EMTs, WHO is procuring a tailored Pacific EMT cache, including items specifically selected for PNG’s diverse geographic and climactic environments. PNG plans to train team members and be ready for self-sufficient national deployments by late 2022.Conclusion:PNG is strengthening readiness for future emergencies by developing a national EMT capable of rapid response to challenging and austere post-disaster environments.

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34

Tonkinson, Robert, and Rena Lederman. "What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea." Pacific Affairs 61, no. 1 (1988): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758125.

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35

Gregory, Chris, and Rena Lederman. "What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea." Man 22, no. 4 (December 1987): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803377.

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36

Rumsey, Alan. "The Articulation of Indigenous and Exogenous Orders in Highland New Guinea and Beyond." Australian Journal of Anthropology 17, no. 1 (April 2006): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2006.tb00047.x.

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37

Johnson, Patricia Lyons. "Changing household composition, labor patterns, and fertility in a highland New Guinea population." Human Ecology 18, no. 4 (December 1990): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00889465.

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38

Gewertz, Deborah, and Rena Lederman. "What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea." Ethnohistory 36, no. 2 (1989): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482278.

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39

Poyer, Lin. "Recent Theory in Highland New Guinea:Identity Work: Constructing Pacific Lives.;Arrow Talk: Transaction, Transition, and Contradiction in New Guinea Highlands History.;Humors and Substances: Ideas of the Body in New Guinea." American Anthropologist 104, no. 3 (September 2002): 964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.964.

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40

O'Hanlon, Michael. "Modernity and the `Graphicalization' of Meaning: New Guinea Highland Shield Design in Historical Perspective." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1, no. 3 (September 1995): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034571.

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41

Brush, G., G. A. Harrison, A. J. Boyce, and J. A. Lourie. "Parotid gland enlargement and female reproductive performance in a Papua New Guinea highland population." Annals of Human Biology 16, no. 5 (January 1989): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014468900000562.

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42

Summerhayes, G. R., M. Leavesley, A. Fairbairn, H. Mandui, J. Field, A. Ford, and R. Fullagar. "Human Adaptation and Plant Use in Highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 Years Ago." Science 330, no. 6000 (September 30, 2010): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1193130.

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43

Yamauchi, Taro, Masahiro Umezaki, and Ryutaro Ohtsuka. "Physical activity and subsistence pattern of the Huli, a Papua New Guinea Highland population." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114, no. 3 (2001): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200103)114:3<258::aid-ajpa1024>3.0.co;2-y.

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44

Kuswantoro, Farid. "Seed and Germination Study of a New Guinea Endemic Plant Species Grevillea papuana Diels." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 61115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.61115.

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Анотація:

Grevillea papuana is a culturally important endemic plant species of New Guinea highland. Although G. papuana conservation and propagation attempts were already conducted, this species seed and germination characters information were still very limited. This study aimed to provide information regarding G. papuana seed and germination biology. Seed characteristic and germination trials were conducted in this study. Data analysis was conducted descriptively, while germination parameters were also calculated. G. papuana has a light, elliptic, and winged seed. The species germination was low and ununiform with phanerocotylar epigeal foliaceous (PEF) seedling functional type.

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45

Gan, Han Ming, Mun Hua Tan, Rury Eprilurahman, and Christopher M. Austin. "The complete mitogenome ofCherax monticola(Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae), a large highland crayfish from New Guinea." Mitochondrial DNA 27, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.892105.

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46

Rumsey, Alan. "Intersubjectivity, deception and the ‘opacity of other minds’: Perspectives from Highland New Guinea and beyond." Language & Communication 33, no. 3 (July 2013): 326–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2013.06.003.

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47

Gaffney, Dylan, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Anne Ford, James M. Scott, Tim Denham, Judith Field, and William R. Dickinson. "Earliest Pottery on New Guinea Mainland Reveals Austronesian Influences in Highland Environments 3000 Years Ago." PLOS ONE 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2015): e0134497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134497.

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48

O'HANLON, MICHAEL. "What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea. RENA LEDERMAN." American Ethnologist 17, no. 1 (February 1990): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1990.17.1.02a00150.

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49

Maina, Solomon, Martin J. Barbetti, Owain R. Edwards, David Minemba, Michael W. Areke, and Roger A. C. Jones. "Genetic Connectivity Between Papaya Ringspot Virus Genomes from Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia, and New Recombination Insights." Plant Disease 103, no. 4 (April 2019): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-18-1136-re.

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Анотація:

Isolates of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) were obtained from plants of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) or cucumber (Cucumis sativus) showing mosaic symptoms growing at Zage in Goroka District in the Eastern Highland Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) or Bagl in the Mount Hagen District, Western Highlands Province. The samples were sent to Australia on FTA cards where they were subjected to High Throughput Sequencing (HTS). When the coding regions of the six new PRSV genomic sequences obtained via HTS were compared with those of 54 other complete PRSV sequences from other parts of the world, all six grouped together with the 12 northern Australian sequences within major phylogroup B minor phylogroup I, the Australian sequences coming from three widely dispersed locations spanning the north of the continent. Notably, none of the PNG isolates grouped with genomic sequences from the nearby country of East Timor in phylogroup A. The closest genetic match between Australian and PNG sequences was a nucleotide (nt) sequence identity of 96.9%, whereas between PNG and East Timorese isolates it was only 83.1%. These phylogenetic and nt identity findings demonstrate genetic connectivity between PRSV populations from PNG and Australia. Recombination analysis of the 60 PRSV sequences available revealed evidence of 26 recombination events within 18 isolates, only four of which were within major phylogroup B and none of which were from PNG or Australia. Within the recombinant genomes, the P1, Cl, NIa-Pro, NIb, 6K2, and 5′UTR regions contained the highest numbers of recombination breakpoints. After removal of nonrecombinant sequences, four minor phylogroups were lost (IV, VII, VIII, XV), only one of which was in phylogroup B. When genome regions from which recombinationally derived tracts of sequence were removed from recombinants prior to alignment with nonrecombinant genomes, seven previous minor phylogroups within major phylogroup A, and two within major phylogroup B, merged either partially or entirely forming four merged minor phylogroups. The genetic connectivity between PNG and northern Australian isolates and absence of detectable recombination within either group suggests that PRSV isolates from East Timor, rather than PNG, might pose a biosecurity threat to northern Australian agriculture should they prove more virulent than those already present.

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50

King, H., A. Collins, L. F. King, P. Heywood, M. Alpers, J. Coventry, and P. Zimmet. "Blood pressure in Papua New Guinea: a survey of two highland villages in the Asaro Valley." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 39, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.39.3.215.

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