Дисертації: "Neoclassical and the economics of property rights"

1

Velev, Ivan Mitev. "Property rights and market institutions: The case of Russian property reform." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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2

Harison, Elad. "Software intellectual property rights : economics and policy analysis /." Maastricht : UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/511861311.pdf.

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3

Kiema, Ilkka. "Essays on the economics of intellectual property rights /." [Helsinki] : University of Helsinki, 2008. https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/42546/essayson.pdf?sequence=1.

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4

Hackett, Petal Jean. "Essays on intellectual property rights policy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7934.

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This dissertation will take a theoretical approach to analyzing certain challenges in the design of intellectual property rights (`IPR') policy. The first essay looks the advisability of introducing IPR into a market which is currently only very lightly protected - the US fashion industry. The proposed Innovative Design Protection and Piracy Prevention Act is intended to introduce EU standards into the US. Using a sequential, 2-firm, vertical differentiation framework, I analyze the effects of protection on investment in innovative designs by high-quality (`designer') and lower-quality (`mass-market') firms when the mass-marketer may opt to imitate, consumers prefer trendsetting designs and firms compete in prices. I show that design protection, by transforming mass-marketers from imitators to innovators, may reduce both designer pro ts and welfare. The model provides possible explanations for the dearth of EU case law and the increase in designer/mass-marketer collaborations. The second essay contributes to the literature on patent design and fee shifting, contrasting the effects of the American (or `each party pays') rule and English (or `losing party pays') rule of legal cost allocation on optimal patent breadth when innovation is sequential and firms are differentiated duopolists. I show that if litigation spending is endogenous, the American rule may induce broader patents and a higher probability of infringement than the English rule if R&D costs are sufficiently low. If, however, R&D costs are moderate, the ranking is reversed and it is the English rule that leads to broader patents. Neither rule supports lower patent breadth than the other over the entire parameter space. As such, any attempts to reform the US patent system by narrowing patents must carefully weigh the impact on firms' legal spending decisions if policymakers do not wish to adversely affect investment incentives. The third and final essay analyzes the effects of corporate structure on licensing behaviour. Policymakers and legal scholars are concerned about the potential for an Anticommons, an underuse of early stage research tools to produce complex final products, typically arising from either blocking or stacking. I use a simple, one-period differentiated duopoly model to show that if patentees have flexibility in corporate structure, Anticommons problems are greatly reduced. The model suggests that if the patentee owns the single (or single set) of essential IPR and goods are of symmetric quality, Anticommons issues may be entirely eliminated, as the patentee will always license, simply shifting its corporate structure depending on the identity of the downstream competitor. If the rival produces a more valuable good, Anticommons problems are reduced. Further, if the patentee holds 1 of 2 essential patents, the ability to shift its corporate structure may reduce total licensing costs to rival firms. However the analysis offers a cautionary note: while spin-offs by the patentee help to sustain downstream competition, they may restrict market output, and therefore welfare. Thus the inefficiency in the patent system may be in the opposite direction than is currently thought - there may be too much technology transfer, rather than too little.

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5

謝建煌 and Kin-wong Che. "On the formation of property rights." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976487.

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6

Weikard, Hans-Peter. "Property rights and resource allocation in an overlapping generations model." Universität Potsdam, 1997. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/854/.

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The paper is an enquiry into dynamic social contract theory. The social contract defines the rules of resource use. An intergenerational social contract in an economy with a single exhaustible resource is examined within a framework of an overlapping generations model. It is assumed that new generations do not accept the old social contract, and access to resources will be renegotiated between any incumbent generation and their successors. It turns out that later generations will be in an unfortunate position regardless of their bargaining power.

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7

Yin, Nina. "Essays on the economics of innovation and intellectual property rights." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10025/document.

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L'innovation a reçu beaucoup d'attention de la part des économistes. En conséquence, les droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI), qui permettent à l'innovateur, pour récupérer son coût de R&D, de pratiquer un prix de monopole, ont obtenu une large acceptation. Équilibrer l'efficacité dynamique et statique de la propriété intellectuelle est une préoccupation majeure pour les décideurs politiques. De nombreuses études ont abordé cette question, mais ne sont pas parvenues à un consensus. Dans le premier chapitre, je tente de répondre à la question suivante: Faut-il accorder une exclusivité commerciale supplémentaire pour les nouveaux innovateurs dans l'industrie pharmaceutique? Mes résultats montrent que la valeur acquise par une nouvelle innovation l’emporte sur la perte d'exclusivité sur le marché, mais avec un bénéfice mineur. Dans le chapitre deux (avec Roberta Dessi), nous tournons notre attention vers les aspects financiers des activités innovantes. Nous passons en revue les données empiriques sur l'impact du capital-risque sur l'innovation. Nous proposons un modèle théorique simplifié pour éclairer les signaux potentiels d'endogénéité afin d’identifier comment le capital-risque influence l'innovation. Dans le chapitre trois (avec Margaret K. Kyle), nous explorons les effets potentiels des droits de propriété intellectuelle et des exemptions de recherche sur les avancées cumulées dans le développement de médicaments. Nos résultats montrent que la protection des brevets tend à promouvoir les activités innovantes et faciliter les essais cliniques menés sur les médicaments après lancement. Les exemptions de recherche se révèlent être associées à une diminution des activités d'innovation de suivi. Chacun de ces trois chapitres est autonome. Les chapitres un et trois enquêtent sur le bien-fondé de l'octroi de droits de propriété intellectuelle à l'innovateur. Le deuxième chapitre examine les dispositions financières des activités d'innovation
Innovation has received much attention from economists. As a result, intellectual property rights (IPR), which allow the innovator to recover their R&D cost from monopoly pricing, have obtained wide acceptance. Balancing the dynamic and static efficiency of IPR is a primary concern for the policy makers. Many studies have addressed this question but reached no consensus. In chapter one, I try to answer the following question: Should we grant additional market exclusivity to incremental innovators in the pharmaceutical industry? My results show that the value gained from incremental innovation outweighs the loss from market exclusivity, but with minor benefit. In chapter two (with Roberta Dessi), we turn our attention to the financial aspects of the innovative activities. We review the empirical evidence on the impact of venture capital on innovation. We propose a simplified theoretical model to illuminate the potential endogeneity caveats in identifying the causal effects of venture capital on innovation. In chapter three (with Margaret K. Kyle), we explore the potential effects of intellectual property rights and research exemptions on cumulative advances in drug development. Our results show that the overall effect of patent protection tends to promote innovative activities; post-launch drugs facilitate the clinical trials conducted on them. Research exemptions turn out to be associated with a lower level of follow-up innovation activities. Each of these three chapters is self-contained. Chapters one and three investigate the rationale of granting the innovator intellectual property rights by exploring the pros and cons of intellectual property rights. Chapter two investigates the financial provisions of innovation activities

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8

Birdyshaw, Edward Leon. "Property rights and the environmental Kuznets' curve /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3147814.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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9

Granath, Magdalena, and Maren Sluiter. "Do property rights matter to FDI? : A cross-sectional study of property rights, institutions and FDI in middle income countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40187.

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Property rights are an important subject of economic theory and as a product of institutional qualities an essential determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The purpose of this study is to examine how middle income countries with, on average, weak property rights can attract investments from abroad, given their (formal) institutions, and if differences in institutional qualities have an effect on FDI inflows. Using a panel approach to observe a sample of 20 countries over ten years, we find that there is mixed evidence supporting this theory. Whilst the theoretical background suggests that institutional qualities do affect a country’s ability to attract or deter investments, we cannot conclude a significant effect in our results. Furthermore, the study concludes that certain products of institutional qualities (democracy, corruption) can lead to mixed effects on the net inflows of FDI, but that an important determinant is the market-size of the country.

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10

Harison, Elad. "Intellectual property rights, innovation and software technologies : the economics of monopoly rights and knowledge disclosure /." Cheltenham : E. Elgar, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9781847205827.

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11

Dutta, Antara. "Intellectual property rights, market structure and social welfare : three essays in industrial organization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37413.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-118).
This dissertation consists of three essays on the effects of intellectual property rights protection on market structure and social welfare in the Indian pharamaceutical industry. In contrast to pharmaceutical industries in the developed world, India had historically enforced a weak system of intellectual property rights protection that eliminated most legal barriers to entry in its pharmaceuticals markets. As a condition of its membership to the World Trade Organization, India became required to extend legal protection to all pharmaceutical products by 2005. The first essay analyzes the dramatic increase in the number of products released by domestic firms in India in the period leading up to the 2005 deadline. Speculation in the media linked this phenomenon to the imminent change in patent regime. The essay uses data on pharmaceutical products being sold in India in combination with data on drugs patented internationally to investigate the possibility that Indian firms launched products in the domestic industry as a strategic response to the anticipated change implied by the WTO. Results of the estimation do not provide conclusive evidence of strategic behavior by firms in markets where the patent enforcement could affect the future profitability of domestic firms.
(cont.) The results suggest that much of the increase in product launches was driven by the size of the market and the age of the drugs in question. However, without more information on counterfactual current and future profits, we cannot rule out strategic behaviour by domestic firms. The second essay develops a structural model of demand, supply and entry and relates the free entry setting of the industry during the sample period to two sets of welfare issues. The model incorporates firm heterogeneity and product differentiation and backs out demand and supply-side parameters for five key therapeutic categories in the industry. Results of the estimation show that demand varies significantly across the therapeutic categories and that firm heterogeneity is an important factor for both demand and entry costs. Counterfactual simulations of the effect of entry by foreign firms into selected drugs find no evidence of socially "excessive" entry; on the contrary, the simulations suggest large gains to consumers from the addition of more firms, which would overwhelm the losses to producers and thus increase social welfare.
(cont.) Simulations of the welfare effects of patent enforcement in India for four drugs that were under patent protection in the US at the time show losses of over $1 million on average for consumers in these markets and an average reduction in market size of approximately 35,000 patients. In comparison, the increase in profits of the global patent-holders for these drug are estimated to range between $0.08 million and $0.5 million. These gains are modest, particularly in comparison to the costs of global drug development that range between $200 million and $300 million. The third essay looks for empirical evidence of early-mover advantages for pioneering firms in pharmaceutical products markets in India. The first half of the paper employs fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. Estimates from this basic model suggest that an earlier entry translates into positive gains for firms, in terms of both higher prices and higher revenues. The second half of the paper tackles the sample selection issues arising from the fact that firms choose their own orders of entry. A firm's order of entry into a market is modelled as a continuous decision variable at the first-stage. The selection model then uses the residuals from this first-stage to correct the sample selection bias at the second-stage.
(cont.) The order of entry continues to have a strong effect on the price and revenue received by a firm, with earlier entrants retaining larger long-term advantages. In particular, after accounting for the endogeneity of entry, results suggest that the pure order-of-entry effect on revenue allows the first entrant into a market to earn more than two times the revenue of the fifth entrant and over six times the revenue of the tenth entrant.
by Antara Dutta.
Ph.D.

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12

Munshifwa, Ephraim Kabunda. "Property rights and the production of the urban built environment in Zambia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15572.

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This study investigated the phenomenon whereby settlements with ostensibly similar socio- economic status exhibited significantly different physical outcomes, such as in the quality of houses, spatial arrangements and available services. The study investigated three related questions. Firstly, given the similarity in the levels of incomes, what is the relationship between property rights and physical development outcomes in low income settlements? Secondly, what are the underlying mechanisms and processes by which these physical developments are produced? Thirdly, what is the relationship between formal and informal institutions and organisations in the production of the built environment? Corresponding to these questions were three hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that, at any given level of average incomes, different strengths of property rights have differential effects on physical development outcomes. The second hypothesis was that different property rights are associated with different mechanisms and processes in the physical development process and thirdly that situations of extra-legal property rights require State mechanisms in the production of the built environment. Using a theoretical, conceptual and analytical framework provided by the new institutional economics, the study employed the comparative institutional analysis methodology to determine the influence of three types of property rights on the production of the built environment in Zambia. These rights were categorised as informal, semi-legal and legalised, and are to be found respectively in Mindolo North, Chipata and Ipusukilo, three settlements in Kitwe selected as case studies. Empirical data was collected using household surveys, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and observations. The study finds that stronger property rights are associated with better quality physical development outcomes. Furthermore, the study finds that different types of property rights are associated with different mechanisms and processes for the production of the built environment. Finally, the study finds that where property rights are extra- illegal or informal, successful development requires that there be facilitative interaction between formal institutions of the State at one hand, and informal institutions and organisations at the other.

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13

Stettler, Michael. "Institutions, property rights and external effects : new institutional economics and the economics of John R. Commons /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00006017.pdf.

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14

Jakobsson, Amanda. "Essays on international trade and intellectual property rights." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Nationalekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-2107.

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15

Fails, Matthew David Krieckhaus Jonathan Tabor. "The political economy of property rights institutions, interests, and economic prosperity /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6972.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 26, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Jonathan Krieckhaus. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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16

Dijk, Theodorus Willem Peter van. "The limits of patent protection essays on the economics of intellectual property rights /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1994. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7031.

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17

Rosal, JoaÌƒo MauriÌcio. "Financial economics under structural uncertainty and low property rights : an agency-theoretic perspective." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406772.

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18

Desrieux, Claudine. "Allocation of property rights and incomplete contracting : the economics of local public services." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA111012.

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19

Molina, Campodonico Oswaldo. "Essays on development economics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68f7a892-da8d-4104-a948-79cab1357d42.

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This thesis is a collection of essays on the relevance of property right reforms on the wellbeing of poor households in developing countries; specifically titling programmes in urban Peru. The first essay assesses the effects of titling on housing investment. The availability of a unique dataset permits us to trace households' investment behaviour. This allows us to investigate if tenure security induces households to make sizeable investments, the evolution of this effect over time, and whether heterogeneous expectations about future tenure security matter for the estimated impact. Evidence reveals significant effects, especially on large investment; however, the response on this type of investment may take several years to become effective. The second essay contributes to the debate on the sustainability of property rights reforms by emphasising the importance of strong registration systems. Policymakers have focused on the process of granting titles but the conditions needed to maintain the formality of future plot transactions have been left unattended. The analysis exploits an exogenous variation in legislation to examine the impact of a change in the registration process on the registration rate of plot transactions. Evidence suggests a large negative effect, implying that a weak registration system could threaten the reform. The third essay explores the impact of titling on the risk preferences of slum dwellers. The analysis provides evidence that titled dwellers reported lower values of the risk aversion measure than their non-treated counterparts. Results also suggest that tenure security can influence slum dwellers' preference formation process. Evidence shows that beneficiaries who were exposed to tenure security during their youth report on average lower values of the risk aversion indicator than individuals titled at an older age.

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20

Ge, Muyang. "Three Essays on Land Property Rights, Water Trade, and Regional Development." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7492.

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This dissertation explores how property rights to a natural resource affect economic decisions for investment or sale, and how these decisions may in turn impact other areas of the economy. The first essay focuses on how incomplete land ownership on Indian Reservations in the United States affects landowner incentives to engage in agricultural production. The second essay explores how the transfer of water in arid regions via water right sales affects local labor markets and environmental outcomes. The third essay seeks to understand how shale-gas drilling has affected organic food production. This dissertation provides several policy implications. First, the findings suggest that the key to improving lagging agricultural development on American Indian land is to improve tribal farmers’ access to capital, so they can invest in agricultural systems (including irrigation) at the level of their neighbors enjoying fee-simple title. Second, while a potentially effective solution to reduce costly water shortfalls among high-value urban users, water sales from agricultural to urban users appear to simultaneously decrease employment and environmental quality in the water exporting region. Third, Drilling activities appear to discourage organic farming in Colorado. While farmers with mineral ownership benefit, identifying the direct causes of lost organic certification can inform policy that regulates negative externalities on organic farms caused by drilling.

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21

Collin, Matthew. "Essays in development economics : land rights, ethnicity and birth order." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ec6e451-2490-4081-bb48-32fcd05ba6e5.

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Aside from the introduction and conclusion, this thesis comprises four core chapters: The first chapter investigates the presence of endogenous peer effects in the adoption of formal property rights. Using data from a unique land titling experiment held in an unplanned settlement in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. I show a strong, positive impact of neighbour adoption on the household’s choice to purchase a land title. I also show that this relationship holds in a separate, identical experiment held a year later in a nearby community, as well as in administrative data for approximately 45,000 land parcels in the same city. I also discuss possible channels, including the possibility of complementarities in the reduction in expropriation risk. The second chapter examines the relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and the demand for formal land tenure. Using a unique census of two highly fractionalised settle- ments in Dar es Salaam, I show that households located near coethnics are significantly less likely to purchase a limited form of land tenure recently offered by the government. I attempt to address one of the chief concerns, endogenous sorting of households, by con- ditioning on a households choice of neighbors upon arrival in the neighborhood. These results suggest that close-knit ethnic groups may be less likely to accept state-provided goods if they can generate reasonable substitutes. The third chapter is a short chapter which presents results from a recent policy experi- ment in Tanzania where formal land titles were provided to informal settlers at randomised prices. Land owners were also randomly assigned conditional discounts, which could only be applied if a woman was designated as owner or co-owner of the land in question. Results show that conditionality has no adverse effects on demand for land titles, yet drastically increases the probability a woman is included. We discuss the implications of these results for the expected bargaining power impacts of the intervention. The final chapter investigates birth order effects on both anthropometric and edu- cation outcomes in a longitudinal survey of children from the Philippines. Birth order effects are present early in life for both outcomes, but attenuate as children approach adulthood. There is also evidence for nonlinear birth order effects, with both firstborn and lastborn children holding an advantage over middleborn children. These results are at odds with prevalent theories of birth order which predict lasting and monotonic differences in outcomes across children.

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22

Cameron, Samuel. "DES Working Paper No 1: A Paler Shade of Litigation: Still more confusion in Musical Property Rights." Department of Development and Economic Studies, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2976.

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No
This paper gives an economic analysis of the judicial decisions in the disputes over authorship of Procol Harum's 'A Whiter Shade of Pale'. The first legal contest took place in 2006, 39 years after the song was written and was found in favour of the plaintiff (Fisher), in the first case he has brought against Brooker-Reid, in terms of his right to authorship. He was deemed to merit 40% of the musical composition rights but only from the date of his application onwards. However the case went to appeal with the result that in April 2008, it was found that although Fisher was still entitled to the authorship status he had been granted that he was not now entitled to any share whatsoever of the composing royalties. This case is partly unusual in that the judge, in the initial case, had formal musical training and saw fit to interpolate this human capital into the proceedings. The defendants made a number of remarks about the nature of the precedent set and its implications which can be usefully discussed in terms of economic models of production. In the appeal hearing one of the reasons given for the decision reached was the argument that the previous cases set an unfortunate precedent detrimental to composers of pop/rock music. The 'rock and pop' music production mode is discussed here with reference to this and other pertinent cases.

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23

SANOGO, RAMATA. "THE EFFECTS OF INSECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS ON INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1066408335.

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24

Berglöf, Erik. "Corporate control and capital structure : essays on property rights and financial contracts." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 1991. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-907.

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25

Matsinhe, Tania Romana. "The likely impact of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) in Mozambique : the case of anti-malarial drugs." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6990.

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Bibliography: leaves 94-99.
Since 1994, there has been a lot of attention drawn on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as the most important international instrument ever negotiated in this area. TRIPS establishes minimum universal standards in all areas of intellectual property and the intention is to implement these standards globally through a strong enforcement mechanism established in WTO. These standards affect pharmaceuticals, which many countries had previously excluded from patent protection in order to produce drugs at reduced prices and hence contribute to the improvement of public health. But now any Member State must comply with these minimum standards since failure to do so will result to the WTO dispute settlement system. No extensive review of the practical implications of the TRIPS Agreement has taken place at the global and national levels. The main objective of this paper is to examine the likely impact of this agreement on anti-malarial drugs in Mozambique. Given the persistence of the malaria epidemic in the country and the resistance to the drugs being utilized for this disease there is an acknowledged need for a new drug to eradicate the problem. The problem is that this new drug is likely to be under patent and this country has relied on generic drugs for all its existence and being a Member of the WTO Agreement they now have to wait until patents on the required drugs have expired or be submissive to the more expensive original brand. To accomplish this objective and to ascertain the end result of the above situation, past experiences were a major tool. By reviewing experiences of less developed countries in relation to patent protection and pharmaceuticals, some conclusions were made possible. In order to narrow down the conclusions drawn from these country experiences, a study was done in the Mozambican public sector by reviewing and analyzing the existing laws and regulations pertaining to pharmaceuticals and patent protection. This was done through questionnaires and interviews of the main stakeholders in this area. With this information the researcher was able to describe where Mozambique stands in relation to patents and how this might affect the pharmaceutical industry as a Member of the WTO agreement in the long run. This study therefore, relies heavily on secondary data.

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26

Daya, Yusuf. "Intellectual property rights and the protection of traditional knowledge in Western Cape agriculture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49992.

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Анотація:

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the extent to which the current intellectual property system is suited to the protection of traditional knowledge in the Western Cape. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates economic and legal theory as well as legal philosophy, this study argues that although advances in the fields of biotechnology has brought with it the need for greater intellectual property rights protection, the protection of traditional knowledge has largely been ignored. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge holds immense economic value for both commercial entities seeking to develop products based on traditional knowledge as well as for the communities that possess such knowledge. Protecting traditional knowledge is necessary to ensure that the communities contributing their knowledge are recognized and compensated for such contributions. In order for a system to provide adequate protection for traditional knowledge it has to be consistent with and suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. This study therefore evaluates the prevailing system of knowledge protection as embodied in the intellectual property rights regime as a means of protecting traditional knowledge. The analysis reveals that the dominant justification for the existence ofIPRs is based on utilitarian considerations that promote IPRs as a necessary incentive encouraging innovative activity. This utilitarian justification also provides the basis for an economic justification for the existence of IPRs that suggests that the conferring of exclusive rights (in the form of IPRs) to innovators ensure that such innovators are able to recover their research costs and realize profits from their inventions. The IPR system as it exists is underpinned by these considerations and embedded in principles of individualism and private property. The WTO reinforces and promotes this approach to intellectual property in the TRIPs agreement by recognizing intellectual property as a 'trade related' issue. The inclusion of IPRs as a 'trade related' issue in the multilateral framework of the WTO reflects the interests of multinational corporations and developed nations who rely extensively on these mechanisms to maintain their power and wealth in an increasingly knowledge driven global economy. The exclusion of traditional knowledge within the TRIPs, coupled with the desire to extend patents to cover life forms is also indicative of this bias inherent in the system. South African intellectual property legislation is then applied to the traditional knowledge of an indigenous medicinal plant to test whether IPRs are able to provide adequate protection to traditional knowledge. In this regard it is found that patent protection, which could potentially provide the greatest form of protection for traditional knowledge is. not suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. Problems of identifying owners, determining inventors and novelty, time limited rights and costs all limits the potential of patents as a tool for protecting traditional knowledge. Similar constraints limit the potential of other categories of IPRs to provide protection for traditional knowledge. However, it was found that IPRs do provide a certain measure of defensive protection. The study therefore concludes that the IPR system as it exists, both in the international trade environment as well as at the national level, fails to adequately address the threat of appropriation and the concerns of traditional knowledge holders. Amending the IPR system and/or developing sui generis systems of protection are therefore necessary to ensure that the knowledge of communities are protected and such communities are able to benefit from the exploitation oftheir knowledge and resources.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom geskik is vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis in die Wes-Kaap. 'n Multidissiplinêre benadering, wat uit elemente van ekonomiese- en regsteorie sowel as regsfilosofie haal, is gevolg om te wys dat die beskerming van tradisionele kennis grootliks geïgnoreer is, alhoewel nuwe deurbrake in biotegnologie die behoefte skep vir groter bekerming van intellektuele eiendom. Tradisionele etnobotaniese kennis het geweldige ekonomiese waarde vir beide die kommersiële entiteite wat produkte uit sodanige kennis wil produseer sowel as vir tradisionele gemeenskappe aan wie die kennis behoort. Dus, indien sulke gemeenskappe voordeel wil trek uit hierdie kennis, is dit nodig dat hul bydraes erken moet word, en dat hulle daarvoor vergoed moet word. Sulke beskerming sal net doeltreffend wees indien dit aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie gemeenskappe. Dus word die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis geevalueer in hierdie studie. Die ondersoek wys dat die sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom berus op die teoretiese basis van nutsmaksimering, waar die hoofdoel te vinde is in die bydrae wat dit kan maak tot ekonomiese welvaart deur middel van innovasie. In hierdie opsig word beskerming van intellektuele eiendom beskou as 'n manier waardeur die innoveerder sy navorsings- en ontwikkelingskostes kan delg en wins kan maak. Hierdie benadering word onderskryf deur die WTO in die TRIPS Ooreenkoms. In hierdie opsig word die belange van veral die ryk lande en die multinasionale maatskappye bevorder, 'n sleutelvoordeel in 'n wêreld waar kennis gepaardgaan met mag in die mark. Hierdie verskynsel word versterk deur die uitsluiting van tradisionele kennis van die TRIPS Ooreenkoms en die behoefte daaraan om patentregte uit te brei. Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor intellektuele eiendom word vervolgens toegepas op die geval van tradisionele kennis oor 'n inheemse medisinale plant om te toets of intellektuele eiendomsreg genoegsame beskerming aan tradisionele kennis bied. Daar is gevind dat patentregte, wat potensieël die grootste mate van beskerming sou kon bied, nie gepas is in die geval van houers van tradisionele kennis nie. Probleme wat voorkom sluit in die identifisering van eienaars, innoveerders en innoverings, die tydsbeperking op regte, asook kosteoorwegings. Ander vorms van beskerming is aan soortgelyke kritiek onderhewig, alhoewel bevind is dat intellektuele eiendomsreg wel 'n mate van defensiewe beskerming bied. Die gevolgtrekking word dus gemaak dat die huidige vorms van beskerming vir intellektuele eiendomsreg, beide internasionaal sowel as in Suid-Afrika, nie die belange van die houers van tradisionele kennis beskerm nie. Dit is dus nodig om die huidige vorms aan te spreek, of om sui generis beskerming te ontwikkel om hiervoor te sorg.

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27

Njoya, Wanjiru Neema. "Ownership and property rights in the company : a law and economics analysis of shareholder and employee interests." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421654.

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28

Liu, Qian. "Property rights systems and the creation of social capital in two types of enterprises in rural China /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074423.

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29

Nekbakhtshoev, Navruz. "Institutions and property rights reform| Explaining variation in outcomes of land tenure reform in cotton-producing areas of Tajikistan." Thesis, Indiana University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10111949.

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Анотація:

This dissertation examines the conditions that facilitate or impede the transformation of land rights from common to individual property. It does so by focusing on cotton-growing areas of Tajikistan, which exhibit substantial variation in patterns of land tenure arrangement. Specifically, the project addresses the following questions: Why, despite efforts by state and international organizations to support land reform, some, but not other, farmworkers established individual tenure by withdrawing their land shares from collective peasant farms? Why do some cotton-growing areas have more agricultural land held in family farms, whereas other areas in collective peasant farms? Drawing on the distributional theory of property rights, I argue that to understand why land tenure reform has unfolded as it did in Tajikistan, one has to consider the effect of land reform strategy, land allocation formula, observable resources such as off-farm income, and reliability of access to water and its interaction with the level of labor supply. These factors affect the bargaining power of Soviet rural elites-turned-managers of collective peasant farms, who resist land subdivision, and Soviet farmworkers-turned-shareholders, who prefer land individualization, and as a consequence cause much of the variability one observes in patterns of land redistribution. Predicated on qualitative (interviews and participant observations), and quantitative (multilevel linear and logistic models) methods of analysis, the findings of this dissertation have implications for the literature on property rights, decentralization, and the postcommunist literature on land reform, and generate policy implications that might be relevant to government and international organizations involved in promoting land reform in Tajikistan and other developing countries.

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Allaheeb, Bassim Abdullah H. "Decision-making In Different Cultures: Essays In Experimental Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242752.

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People interact with each other rationally and irrationally. Standard economic theories assume that people act rationally, yet, behavioral economic theories indicate that sometimes people act irrationally because of the specific situation, their character, and many other factors. Culture plays a role in shaping people’s preferences, values, personalities, norms, and beliefs. That being the case, it is important to shed some light on the effect of different types of cultures on people’s decision-making behavior, in order to better understand human nature with regard to economic decisions. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to define how people from various cultures behave differently while making economic decisions, and to provide a better understanding for the motives behind people’s preferences towards decision-making. The first and second chapters of this thesis consider studies in experimental economics about the effect of introducing effort to the ultimatum game. The first chapter provides evidence that people’s decisions are driven by either hierarchy or property rights by comparing the results of three different cultures. The second chapter shows the impact of proposers’ effort in the ultimatum game, in which, culturally driven phenomenon impact on the proposers’ behavior. The third chapter investigates the impact of the Islam religion on experimental studies with regard to decision making and it shows that religious beliefs play an important role in shaping people’s preferences.

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Meeks, Robyn. "Essays on the Economics of Household Water Access in Developing Countries." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10367.

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This dissertation focuses on the economics of household water access in developing countries. The first paper explores whether improvements in water technology enable changes in household time allocation and, thereby, productivity gains. To do so, it exploits differences in timing of shared water tap construction across Kyrgyz villages. Households in villages that received the drinking water infrastructure are more likely to have water close to their homes. This reduced the time intensity of home production activities impacted by water. Village-level incidence of acute intestinal infections fell amongst children. Although adults show no signs of health improvements, they do benefit from reductions in the time spent caring for sick children. Individuals reallocate time savings to additional leisure and market labor, primarily work on the household farm, and the returns to the additional farm labor approximately equal the hourly farm wage. Time intensive water collection can be a source of gender inequality in households lacking water infrastructure. The second paper uses a natural experiment to investigate culture as a source of gender inequality and its role in determining gender roles for activities, such as water collection. Using exogenous variation in district-level cultural composition due to events in Kyrgyzstan during Soviet rule, I estimate the persistence of differences in gender equality between traditional sedentary farming cultures and nomadic herding cultures. Results indicate that Soviet institutions increased educational attainment in both cultures. Other cultural differences - such as gender of household water collector and perceptions of domestic violence - persist. One impediment to the construction of water infrastructure is insecure land tenure or property rights. The third paper explores whether alleviating this impediment through a program providing land titles in rural Peru is associated with improvements in water access. Utilizing the phased in timing, I exploit the differences in project implementation timing between households that held property titles prior to the project and those that did not. Results indicate that land titling is associated with increases in water access. Supporting evidence suggests that either the government or a utility might be responsible for the improvements.

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Kubiszewski, Ida. "Searching for the Sweet Spot: Managing Information as a Good that Improves with Use." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2010. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/129.

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Анотація:

‘Additive’ goods and services are defined as those that improve with use. They are not naturally rival, or even non-rival, but are “anti-rival.” Information is an example. Information can be made excludable through the use of patents and copyrights, however this does not necessarily lead to socially optimal production and allocation. A more flexible, open access, and decentralized process for the production and allocation of information could improve social welfare. This dissertation describes the challenges and problems with privatizing and restricting access to information and reviews alternative mechanisms for its allocation. Two particular issues at opposite ends of the access spectrum are: (1) strict barriers to private industry databases and (2) quality perception and control of open access information. The first chapter discusses our current system of producing and distributing information and potential ways to stimulate the transition to a new regime. This paper concludes that some of the ideas to seed such a transition include: (1) redefining wellbeing metrics; (2) ensuring the wellbeing of populations during the transition; (3) reducing complexity and increase resilience within institutions; (4) expanding the “commons sector”; and (4) using the internet to remove communication barriers and improve democracy. The second chapter discusses our current system of determining which information to produce, which resources to allocate towards the production of information, and how to distribute that information once produced. The paper concludes that alternative incentive methods, both inside and outside of the market, of producing information and new methods for distributing it to those that can make best use of it, would improve social welfare. These include: (1) prizes; (2) non-monetary incentives; (3) capping salaries; (4) research consortium; and (5) publicly funded research. Chapter 3 explores the difficulty in determining basic energy information under the current proprietary information system using an analysis of the energy return on investment (EROI) of wind energy. It utilizes a meta-analysis of the energy return on investment (EROI) to obtain basic information about the energy inputs and outputs necessary for the manufacturing, installing, operating, and decommissioning of wind turbines. This analysis shows an average EROI for all studies (operational and conceptual) of 25.2 (n=114; std. dev.=22.3). It concludes that making information proprietary severely limits the accuracy of EROI estimates and increases the difficulty of making the best social choices. Chapter 4 explores the perceived credibility of web-based information using an experiment with Encyclopedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and the Encyclopedia of Earth. Compared to Encyclopedia Britannica, both Encyclopedia of Earth and Wikipedia were found to provide a statistically negative perception of credibility. The other factors analyzed (presence or absence of an author, references, a biased sponsor, or an award) contribute to “brand equity” a composite characteristic that takes significant time to develop. The relatively new Encyclopedia of Earth has not yet developed enough brand recognition to affect credibility one-way or the other, but its positive characteristics should help build the brand and credibility over time.

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Talbot-Jones, Julia. "The Institutional Economics of Granting a River Legal Standing." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132935.

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Анотація:

The governance of water is of increasing concern to policy analysts. Several property rights systems, which allow for ownership of water by the individual, community, or state have been advocated, but no approach has been uniformly successful in resolving water quality or scarcity issues. In some cases, identifying alternative property rights arrangements for governing water systems could be useful. This research examines how a river system can be granted legal standing and the institutional economic effects of doing so. It is the first academic treatment of this subject. Focusing on the case of the Whanganui River, New Zealand, a careful critique of the new property rights arrangement - termed resource self-determination - is given. Using Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, game theory, and economic experiments, the economic and socio-ecological outcomes observed under state ownership are compared with the outcomes expected under resource self-determination. To understand how and why the new property rights approach was identified for the Whanganui River, a critical analysis of the institutional variables central to the identification of resource self-determination is also undertaken using a new dynamic version of the IAD framework developed as part of this research. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of resource self-determination is likely to result in an increase in transaction costs and a redistribution of water within the system, but that the new framework could successfully deliver on the objectives of the new legislation. For policy makers interested in replicating the approach for other river systems, words of caution, as well as recommendations, are offered.

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Pelai, Fernando Momesso 1977. "Reestruturação patrimonial na industria petroquimica brasileira : abordagem a partir dos conceitos de direitos de propriedade, custos de agencia e custos de transação." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286137.

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Анотація:

Orientador: Jose Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:27:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelai_FernandoMomesso_M.pdf: 427229 bytes, checksum: 9bfc08f1ccd75151754184c568eeb816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar o processo em curso de reestruturação organizacional da indústria petroquímica brasileira. Existem vários motivos para a escolha deste tema: a relevância econômica do setor; o fato de ainda ser dominado por grupos de capital nacional; a importância do processo de reestruturação para a dinâmica dessa indústria; o volume de recursos e porte dos grupos empresariais envolvidos nas transações que caracterizam o referido processo; a presença constante do assunto nos veículos de mídia especializados em negócios e economia.O tratamento das questões será principalmente sob a perspectiva de abordagens teóricas centradas nas teorias de custos de transação, custos de agência e direitos de propriedade, comumente vistas como parte da chamada Nova Economia lnstitucional (NEI), escolhidas em virtude da afinidade entre os conceitos que incorpora e os aspectos tecnológicos, estruturais e institucionais do setor no Brasil. primeiro passo foi discorrer sobre as características fundamentais da indústria petroquímica num contexto geral, de forma a evidenciar aspectos estruturais presentes e estabelecer as relações pertinentes com algumas estratégias empresariais. Procuramos prover uma forma de interpretação da lógica de decisão dos agentes econômicos participantes do setor, os grupos empresariais.A segunda etapa foi trazer uma discussão segmentada nos temas formas organizacionais e governança corporativa, para situar os conceitos fundamentais de direitos de propriedade, custos de agência e custos de transação. Foi a partir deste aparato teórico que pudemos tratar dos fenômenos ocorridos.Na seqüência passamos ao setor petroquímico no Brasil, ressaltando as maIS importantes características, principalmente no que tange à problemática das escolhas de política estatal, as estratégias privadas e conseqüências sobre a estrutura organizacional da indústria. Discute-se os impactos do programa de privatizações de participações da estatal Petroquisa em várias empresas do setor. Ao fim procuramos desenvolver uma discussão sobre as pressões competitivas existentes por ocasião do início do processo de reestruturação a ser tratado em seguida.Ao analisar a reestruturação ocorrida no setor petroquímico nacional na última década e meia, conclui-se que a estrutura de governança foi o principal eixo motivado r do processo, pois os players procuraram, essencialmente, melhorar a assunção dos direitos de propriedade de ativos estratégicos mitigando custos de transação e custos de agência. Deve-se ressaltar, as modificações na estrutura de govenança não se explicam como fim em si, mas surgem em virtude da identificação de inadequações na mesma, que se colocavam como óbices à tomada de decisões cruciais pelos players, como novas inversões em novas plantas, bem como ampliações de capacidade, que limitavam o crescimento destes grupos.De acordo com esta lógica, viu-se a progressiva atenção de alguns grupos a políticas de govenança corporativa mais equilibradas com os interesses de acionistas minoritários, visando melhores termos na obtenção de recursos de terceiros.Tendo-se em mente a reestruturação em perspectiva abrangente, podemos afirmar que os resultados obtidos até o momento foram positivos sob a ótica da estrutura de governança foco deste trabalho. A última empreitada foi tratar dos possíveis movimentos a serem concretizados na indústria nos próximos anos, período que terá como diferencial a presença de investimentos reais de vulto desligados dos pólos construídos nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. O diagnóstico é ambíguo, pois revelam-se dois fenômenos concomitantes: o uso de esquemas de associação entre grupos planejado para alguns projetos incita potenciais conflitos de interesses entre estes grupos. Pela análise realizada ao longo do trabalho, entende-se que estes conflitos atuam no sentido de reduzir a atratividade de novos projetos de investimento. Por outro lado, existem inversões reais que indicam ausência destas associações entre grupos, o que deve apresentar resultados positivos para a estrutura de governança da indústria.No aspecto metodológico, o trabalho inova ao introduzir uma ferramenta analítica especialmente desenvolvida para a análise de redes complexas. Trata-se do programa esloveno Pajek, e que possibilita sistematizar e parametrizar a discussão sobre a evolução da estrutura de propriedade do setor
Mestrado
Teoria Economica
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

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35

Li, Ke 1969. "A general equilibrium analysis of the division of labour : violation and enforcement of property rights, impersonal networking decisions and bundling sale." Monash University, School of Asian Languages and Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9256.

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36

Yoo, Dongwoo. "Institutions and Economic Growth." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306863145.

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Staphorst, Leonard. "The impact of intellectual property rights from publicly financed research and development on governance mode decisions for research alliances." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24604.

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Анотація:

This study consisted of two distinct research phases, performed within the context of the South African Council for Science and Industrial Research (and its current and potential research alliances). The purpose of the study was to develop a decision making model that would enable strategists at publicly financed research and development organisations to analyse and predict governance mode decisions, as well as select optimal governance mode structures (ranging from quasi-market structures, such as once-off contracts, to quasi-hierarchy structures, such as research joint ventures) for research alliances. During the qualitative first phase, the study aimed to identify impact domains within South Africa’s new Bayh-Dole-like Intellectual Property Rights legislative framework that consists of the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act, as well as the Technology Innovation Agency Act, which could potentially influence research alliances (based on the Transactional Cost Economics, Resource-based View and Real Options Approach perspectives) with publicly financed research and development organisations. This was followed by the quantitative second phase, which attempted to verify the validity of a value-mediated governance mode model that included the highest ranked impact domains identified during the first phase as formative indicators for the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength uncertainty factor. A qualitative online survey amongst senior managers at the Council for Science and Industrial Research, followed by Theme Extraction combined with Constant Comparative Method analysis, as well as a weighted frequency analysis, constituted the research methodology employed during the first phase’s identification and ranking of impact domains within the South African legislative framework. This phase demonstrated that the highest ranked impact domains (primarily driven by the Transactional Cost Economics perspective) included the choice of Intellectual Property Rights ownership, state walk-in rights on undeclared Intellectual Property, and benefit-sharing policies for the creators of Intellectual Property. The second phase consisted of a quantitative online survey, distributed amongst current and potential research alliance partners of the Council for Science and Industrial Research, followed by Structural Equation Modelling of a value-mediated governance model that included, amongst others, the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength as an uncertainty factor. This phase revealed not only that the impact domains identified during the first phase could be used as formative indicators of the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength, but also that stronger perceived regimes are positively related to the preference for quasi-hierarchy research alliance governance modes. Furthermore, it established that the expected value of a research alliance, which was shown to be positively influenced by the strength of the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime, acted as a mediating factor on the relationship between the perceived Intellectual Property Rights regime strength and the preferred research alliance governance mode. Keywords: Bayh-Dole, Formative Indicators, Intellectual Property Rights, Research Alliances, Real Options Approach, Resource-based View, Quasi-Market Governance Modes, Quasi- Hierarchy Governance Modes, Structural Equation Modelling, Transactional Cost Economics, Value-mediated Governance Model. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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38

Hirnle, Christoph. "Bewertung unternehmensübergreifender IT-Investitionen : ein organisationsökonomischer Zugang /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz252652509inh.pdf.

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39

Gelles, Jan-David. "Patentes de invención, nuevas tecnologías y la apropiación privada del conocimiento público." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118121.

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In this working paper an examination is made of the logical balance of the deductive argument that commonly appears in various economic texts to justify a system of patents of invention. The examination mentioned should be applied in times of radical technological change in the world to avoid a priori extensions of the legal and institutional protection provided by a system of patents of invention based on past technological realities. The result of the examination shows partial lack of balance when proper account is taken of the financial expenses and coordination efforts by governments as well as of the free distribution of useful knowledge in the fields of biotechnology and the Internet. To refer to that non-legitimate appropriation of public knowledge by the private sector the term ‘epistemo-piracy’ is coined by analogy with ‘bio-piracy’ of common use. The fields of biotechnology and the Internet were chosen because they are preponderant to explain the rise in the number of patents of invention in the world.
En este documento de trabajo se plantea un examen de equilibrio lógico del argumento deductivo utilizado de manera corriente en diversos textos económicos para alentar un sistema de patentes de invención. Asimismo se propone que dicho examen de equilibrio se debe aplicar en épocas de cambio radical en la realidad tecnológica mundial para evitar extensiones apriorísticas de la protección legal e institucional que confiere un sistema de patentes de invención basado en realidades tecnológicas pasadas. El resultado del examen planteado arroja desequilibrio parcial cuando se toman en cuenta los gastos de financiamiento y la coordinación gubernamental, así como la distribución gratuita de los conocimientos útiles obtenidos en los campos de la biotecnología e Internet. Para referirse a esa apropiación indebida de conocimientos de dominio público por parte del sector privado se acuña la palabra epistemo-piratería, por analogía con bio-piratería de uso común. Los campos tecnológicos antes mencionados fueron escogidos porque son preponderantes para explicar el incremento en el número de patentes de invención registrados en el nivel global.

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40

Petit, Elizabeth J. "The Rule of Law and U.S. Direct Investment Abroad." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/623.

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This paper employs an augmented gravity model for a sample of 96 host countries to examine the impact of host country rule of law on direct investment from the United States. This paper further investigates the gap between property rights and freedom from corruption, the two primary components of a country’s rule of law. Property rights and freedom from corruption are both shown to have a significant positive effect on U.S. outward foreign direct investment. This thesis argues that freedom from corruption is a more powerful measure than property rights for determining the location of U.S. direct investment. This suggests that for host countries, reducing the level of corruption may be more effective at stimulating direct capital investment from U.S. investors than expanding property rights.

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Li, Yuting. "Foreign direct investment versus joint ventures." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8724.

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Master of Arts
Department of Economics
Yang M. Chang
This paper studies economic factors that affect a multinational’s decision between serving a foreign market via foreign direct investment (FDI) and setting up a joint venture (JV) with a local firm in the host country. The factors that we consider include the substitutability of products produced by competing firms, as well as the hotly debated intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection. In a simple North-South framework, we show that JV is the equilibrium market structure when the degree of R&D spillover is moderate, products are considerably substitutable, and IPRs strong. The government of South needs to maintain a minimum level of IRP to encourage an effective JV. For increasing social welfare, the South also needs to have a policy that limits foreign ownership in a JV.

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42

Rebechi, Felipe Luís. "Estrangeiro e propriedade rural: estudo da regulação da aquisição de propriedade rural por estrangeiros no Brasil e respectivos impactos nos investimentos externos ao agronegócio sob a perspectiva de Direito e Economia." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7089.

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Utilizando o ferramental teórico (com destaque a Teoria da Escolha Racional) e empírico desenvolvido pela Ciência Econômica, a disciplina de Direito e Economia (ou Análise Econômica do Direito) proporciona uma compreensão aprofundada do fenômeno jurídico. Neste trabalho, sob a ótica de Direito e Economia, sobretudo da Análise Econômica dos Direitos de Propriedade, estuda-se o marco legal que disciplina a aquisição de imóveis rurais por estrangeiros no Brasil, Lei nº 5.709/1971, e a problemática gerada pelo Parecer AGU/LA nº 01/2010 da Advocacia-Geral da União, que representou um sensível acréscimo aos custos de transação relacionados a investimentos externos ao agronegócio brasileiro, impactando, inclusive, o rol de garantias disponíveis aos investidores estrangeiros. Estuda-se, ainda, com o objetivo de contribuir com a discussão, as atuais propostas legislativas para a matéria, Projeto de Lei nº 2.289/2007 e seu substitutivo, Projeto de Lei nº 4.059/2012. Identifica-se, ao fim, através da análise das principais diferenças dos referidos projetos, bem como de suas esperadas consequências no campo econômico, de acordo com a orientação de Direito e Economia, o Projeto de Lei nº 4.059/2012 como a resposta jurídica mais adequada à problemática resultante do atual posicionamento da Advocacia-Geral da União.
Using the theoretical (with emphasis on the Theory of Rational Choice) and empirical tools developed by Economic Science, Law and Economics (or Economic Analysis of Law) provides an in-depth understanding of the legal phenomenon. In this paper, from the perspective of Law and Economics, specially the Economic Analysis of Property Rights, we study the legal framework that governs the acquisition of rural properties by foreigners in Brazil, Law No. 5,709/1971, and the problem generated by Opinion AGU/LA No. 01/2010 issued by the Brazilian Attorney General’s Office (Advocacia-Geral da União), which significantly increased the transaction costs related to foreign investments in the Brazilian agribusiness, impacting the list of guarantees available to foreign investors. In addition, with the intent to contribute to the discussion, we study the current legislative proposals for the matter, Bill No. 2,289/2007 and its substitute, Bill No. 4,059/2012. Finally, through the analysis of the main differences between both referred Bills, as well as their expected consequences in the economic field, in accordance with Law and Economics, Bill No. 4,059/2012 is identified as the more appropriate legal response to the problematic resulting from the current opinion of the Brazilian Attorney General’s Office (Advocacia-Geral da União).

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43

Kitamura, Shuhei. "Land, Power and Technology : Essays on Political Economy and Historical Development." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131258.

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Land Ownership and Development: Evidence from Postwar Japan This paper analyzes the effect of land ownership on technology adoption and structural transformation. A large-scale land reform in postwar Japan enforced a large number of tenant farmers who were cultivating land to become owners of this land. I find that the municipalities which had many owner farmers after the land reform tended to experience a quick entry of new agricultural machines which became available after the reform. The adoption of the machines reduced the dependence on family labor, and led to a reallocation of labor from agriculture to industries and service sectors in urban centers when these sectors were growing. I also analyze the aggregate impact of labor reallocation on economic growth by using a simple growth model and micro data. I find that it increased GDP by about 12 percent of the GDP in 1974 during 1955-74. I also find a large and positive effect on agricultural productivity. Loyalty and Treason: Theory and Evidence from Japan's Land Reform A historically large-scale land reform in Japan after World War II enforced by the occupation forces redistributed a large area of farmlands to tenant farmers. The reform demolished hierarchical structures by weakening landlords' power in villages and towns. This paper investigates how the change in the social and economic structure of small communities affects electoral outcomes in the presence of clientelism. I find that there was a considerable decrease in the vote share of conservative parties in highly affected areas after the reform. I find the supporting evidence that the effect was driven by the fact that the tenant farmers who had obtained land exited from the long-term tenancy contract and became independent landowners. The effect was relatively persistent. Finally, I also find the surprising result that there was a decrease, rather than an increase, in turnout in these areas after the reform. Geography and State Fragmentation We examine how geography affects the location of borders between sovereign states in Europe and surrounding areas from 1500 until today at the grid-cell level. This is motivated by an observation that the richest places in this region also have the highest historical border presence, suggesting a hitherto unexplored link between geography and modern development, working through state fragmentation. The raw correlations show that borders tend to be located on mountains, by rivers, closer to coasts, and in areas suitable for rainfed, but not irrigated, agriculture. Many of these patterns also hold with rigorous spatial controls. For example, cells with more rivers and more rugged terrain than their neighboring cells have higher border densities. However, the fragmenting effects of suitability for rainfed agriculture are reversed with such neighbor controls. Moreover, we find that borders are less likely to survive over time when they separate large states from small, but this size-difference effect is mitigated by, e.g., rugged terrain.

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Bucht, Martin. "Markanknutna gemensamma nyttigheter : en analysmodell för byggande, underhåll, användning och finansiering." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4139.

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This thesis deals with appropriate legislation concerning common utilities, such as infra-structural facilities and natural resources, which can regulate construction, maintenance, use and financing. Appropriate legislation can be viewed in the two main perspectives, effi-ciency and equity, and the thesis concerns primarily on efficiency. The purpose is to develop an analytical model, which can be used to facilitate structured assessments concerning the management of common utilities. The problem field concerned is of great complexity, and the model is therefore to be viewed as a support for decision-making, not as an instrument capable of delivering ready-made solutions. To structure the problem area it’s divided into three parts, the social, physical and institu-tional environments. The social environment is concerned with factors, such as group size and amount of trust and social capital, which can influence the feasibility of co-operation. The analysis leads to a classification of three social groups: Close-knit, loosely-knit and anonymous. The physical environment is concerned with characteristics of utilities, which influences need for, and feasibility of, co-operation. Rivalry of use and excludability are identified as important factors in this aspect. By combining them six types of goods can be identified: Private goods, club goods, common pool resources, toll goods, public goods and local pub-lic goods. The institutional environment is concerned with rules, which can control the use of com-mon utilities. Two concepts are identified as pivotal: property rights regimes and decision-making procedures. There are four property rights regimes: Individual rights, group rights, public rights (limited and unlimited) and no rights. Furthermore there are three decision-making procedures: Market regulation, group decision-making and public decision-making. A fourth possibility is no decision making-forum. By linking together social groups and types of goods a matrix is obtained in which each square represents a unique combination of social and physical environment. In this analyti-cal framework it is analysed which combinations of property rights regimes and decision-making procedures that are best suited to each square. In the end, Swedish legislation on roads, water and sewerage installations and aesthetic design of buildings is analysed with aid of the analytical model.
QC 20100825

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45

Cook, John Stanley. "A cybernetic approach to land management issues." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36222/2/John_Cook_Thesis.pdf.

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This work is a digital version of a dissertation that was first submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in March 1994. The work was concerned with problems of self-organisation and organisation ranging from local to global levels of hierarchy. It considers organisations as living entities from local to global things that a living entity – more particularly, an individual, a body corporate or a body politic - must know and do to maintain an existence – that is to remain viable – or to be sustainable. The term ‘land management’ as used in 1994 was later subsumed into a more general concept of ‘natural resource management’ and then merged with ideas about sustainable socioeconomic and sustainable ecological development. The cybernetic approach contains many cognitive elements of human observation, language and learning that combine into production processes. The approach tends to highlight instances where systems (or organisations) can fail because they have very little chance of succeeding. Thus there are logical necessities as well as technical possibilities in designing, constructing, operating and maintaining production systems that function reliably over extended periods. Chapter numbers and titles to the original thesis are as follows: 1. Land management as a problem of coping with complexity 2. Background theory in systems theory and cybernetic principles 3. Operationalisation of cybernetic principles in Beer’s Viable System Model 4. Issues in the design of viable cadastral surveying and mapping organisation 5. An analysis of the tendency for fragmentation in surveying and mapping organisation 6. Perambulating the boundaries of Sydney – a problem of social control under poor standards of literacy 7. Cybernetic principles in the process of legislation 8. Closer settlement policy and viability in agricultural production 9. Rate of return in leasing Crown lands

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Gustafsson, Peter. "Essays on trade and technological change." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2006. http://www2.hhs.se/EFI/summary/709.htm.

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Di, Roberto Hadrien. "Le marché foncier, une affaire de famille ? : une analyse institutionnelle des transactions de terres agricoles dans les Hautes Terres à Madagascar." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTD003.

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Dans un contexte de compétition accrue pour l’accès aux terres agricoles en Afrique, le rôle des marchés fonciers suscite un intérêt renouvelé. Alors qu’une littérature croissante s’intéresse aux effets des marchés en termes d’efficience et d’équité, les institutions sous-jacentes à leur fonctionnement restent peu connues. À partir d’une étude dans les Hautes Terres à Madagascar, cette thèse interroge le rôle des institutions locales dans le fonctionnement des marchés fonciers d’achats/ventes, et notamment le rôle de la famille qui est traditionnellement impliquée dans la gouvernance des terres « ancestrales ». Mobilisant à la fois des données qualitatives et quantitatives de première main, cette thèse s’organise autour de trois axes d’analyse : le rôle des règles locales dans le fonctionnement concret des transactions ; les effets allocatifs des transactions en termes d’équité ; les conflits et la sécurisation des transactions.La thèse montre que les marchés ne privent pas la famille de ses prérogatives foncières. Au contraire, la famille contribue à organiser les transactions marchandes. Elle participe à la régulation du « droit de vendre ». Elle valide les ventes de terres acquises par héritage et met en œuvre des règles de priorité intrafamiliale. La thèse met également en évidence que les achats bénéficient plus fréquemment mais non uniquement aux ménages les plus aisés. Les marchés ne creusent pas les inégalités foncières et, contre toute attente, ils contribuent même à rééquilibrer la répartition des terres en faveur des ménages ayant moins hérité. Ceci peut s’expliquer à nouveau par le poids de la famille dans l’organisation des transactions marchandes. La famille contribue au maintien et au respect de règles qui ont pour effet de limiter la diffusion de l’information et qui donnent un accès privilégié aux membres de la parentèle. Enfin, les transactions marchandes peuvent représenter une source de conflits. La majorité des conflits sont intrafamiliaux ; des tiers appartenant au groupe d’héritage contestent le « droit de vendre » ou remettent en cause le fait que la transaction passée était une vente définitive. Malgré l’existence de systèmes d’enregistrement formels (titrage, certification) ou semi-formels (« petits papiers ») des terres, la famille demeure le principal garant de la légitimité d’une vente et un acteur incontournable de la sécurisation des transactions
Increased competition for access to agricultural land in Africa has led to a renewed interest in land markets. While there is a growing literature on the economic effects of markets, in terms of efficiency and equity, little is known about the institutions underlying their operations. Based on a study conducted in the Malagasy Highlands, this thesis addresses the role of local institutions in the functioning of land markets, with a focus on the role of the family which is traditionally involved in “ancestral” land governance. Using mostly first-hand, qualitative and quantitative data, this work is structured around three main topics: the role of local rules in the concrete unfolding of transactions; the allocative effects of transactions in terms of equity; the conflicts that may arise and the institutional devices to secure transactions. The thesis shows that markets expansion does not deprive the family of its land’s prerogatives and that the family actually contributes to organizing land transactions. First, the family is involved in the definition and enforcement of the "right to sell": sales of inherited land require the approval of the family which also implements intra-family priority rules in the sales process. Second, although purchases are accessible only to the wealthiest households who can afford to pay for the price of land, land transactions do not appear to strengthen land inequalities. Indeed, our results suggest that land markets contribute to equalize the distribution of land in favor of households with less inheritance. The mitigation of inequalities stemming from inheritance is partly explained by specific family rules that channel land sales offers to relatively less endowed households. Finally, the thesis explores the interactions between family and land markets through an analysis of conflicts and transaction securing practices. Results show that market transactions can trigger family-induced conflicts. One common conflict type is related to the contestation, by third party belonging to the family inheritance group, of the "right to sell". A second type has to do with the ex post re-interpretation of the terms of a past transaction (the seller claiming that the “sale” was in fact a long-term tenure arrangement). On the other hand, and despite the existence of land transaction registration devices, either formal (titles, certificates) or semi-formal (“piece of papers”), the family continues to play a key role in legitimating sales and securing transactions

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Ferreira, Gabriel Murad Velloso. "GOVERNANÇA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A FIDELIDADE EM COOPERATIVAS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3816.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Historically, the cooperatives are configured as collective arrangements with direct action on the needs of their associates. The cooperative system is expressive in both economic and social aspects, however, it is noticeable that the sector is undergoing a restructuring, given the downward trend in the number of enterprises, and especially in Rio Grande do Sul, where it has decreased of 31% from 2010 to 2013. This reduction in agricultural sector accounted for 14% in the same time period, which reinforces a need for readjustment of the management and governance system in agricultural cooperatives. Whether in literature or in the cooperative sector, it is a recurring approach that the opportunism and the lack of loyalty of members are the central problems faced by cooperatives. These organizations, without the loyalty of members, while they lose the sense of their existence, they also lose the operational and scale efficiency which puts the enterprise in disadvantage in its operating segment. For this thesis context and according to Williamson s approach, the governance is shaped by means of norms, rules, contracts, monitoring and incentives, to guarantee the continuity of a transaction in which potential conflicts threaten the achievement of cooperation. The loyalty of associates to the cooperative is understood as being the main characteristic of the cooperation. Thus, this thesis debates the relationship between the governance adopted by the cooperatives and the loyalty of members. Therefore, it was aimed to analyze gaps in governance of agricultural cooperatives in Rio Grande do Sul and their relationship on the loyalty of associates. This thesis was based upon the New Institutional Economics (NIE) approach: Property Rights, Agency Theory and Transaction Cost Economics. To perform this research, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative phase consisted of in-depth interviews with experts in cooperatives. The information was categorized and examined through the technique of content analysis. The quantitative phase was characterized by a questionnaire sent to the agricultural cooperatives of Rio Grande do Sul. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were used. In the multivariate statistics case a factor analysis was performed, so that the sets of factors that influence the loyalty of members could be identified. Afterwards, regression analysis allowed to verify the direction and the intensity of the impact of these factors on loyalty. The main results pointed out that the governance adopted by the cooperatives is not the most efficient, i.e., governance and the offered incentives do not minimize transaction costs in order to maintain (and increase) the loyalty of members with the cooperative. Thus, a conceptual model was proposed for the gaps in governance. The model embraces six dimensions: Contractual Gaps; Operational Gaps; Communication Gaps; Management Gaps; Audit Gaps and Immediate Benefits Offer Gaps. The quantitative analysis indicated that the higher the Audit Committee Effectiveness it tends to be higher the loyalty of members, with about 17% of loyalty explained by the effectiveness of the audit board.
Historicamente, as cooperativas se configuraram como arranjos coletivos com atuação direta nas necessidades de seus associados. O sistema cooperativo é expressivo tanto nos aspectos econômicos como sociais, no entanto, percebe-se que o setor vem passando por uma reestruturação, haja vista a tendência de redução no número de empreendimentos, especialmente no Rio Grande do Sul, onde se teve um decréscimo de 31% de 2010 para 2013. No ramo agropecuário essa redução representou 14% no mesmo período, o que reforça uma necessidade de readequação do sistema de gestão e da governança nas cooperativas agropecuárias. Recorrente é a abordagem, seja na literatura ou no setor cooperativista, de que as ações oportunísticas e a falta de fidelidade dos associados são problemas centrais que as cooperativas enfrentam. Sem a fidelidade do cooperado, estas organizações, ao mesmo tempo em que perdem o sentido da sua existência, perdem em eficiência operacional e de escala, o que coloca o empreendimento em desvantagem no segmento de atuação. Para o contexto dessa tese, e a partir da abordagem de Williamson, a governança é a forma de, por meio de normas, regras, contratos, monitoramentos e incentivos, se garantir a continuidade de uma transação, na qual conflitos potenciais ameaçam a realização da cooperação. A fidelidade dos associados para com a cooperativa é entendida como sendo a principal característica da cooperação. Assim, esta tese versa sobre a relação da governança adotada pelas cooperativas com a fidelização dos cooperados. Dessa forma, objetivou-se analisar as falhas de governança de cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul e suas relações com a fidelidade dos cooperados. Como fundamentação, foram utilizadas as abordagens teóricas da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI): Direitos de Propriedade, Teoria da Agência e Economia dos Custos de Transação. Para a operacionalização da pesquisa, foram utilizados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A fase qualitativa consistiu na realização de entrevistas em profundidade com experts em cooperativismo. As informações foram categorizadas e trabalhadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A fase quantitativa caracterizou-se pelo envio de questionário para as cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e multivariadas. No caso das multivariadas, realizou-se a análise fatorial, para que se pudesse identificar os conjuntos de fatores que influenciam na fidelidade dos cooperados. Posteriormente, a análise de regressão permitiu verificar o sentido e a intensidade do impacto dos fatores na fidelidade. Os principais resultados apontaram que a governança adotada pelas cooperativas não é a mais eficiente, ou seja, a governança e os incentivos oferecidos não minimizam os custos de transação, de forma a se manter (e aumentar) a fidelidade dos sócios com a cooperativa. Assim, propôs-se um modelo conceitual para as falhas de governança. O modelo abrange seis dimensões: Falhas Contratuais; Falhas Operacionais; Falhas de Comunicação; Falhas de Gestão; Falhas de Fiscalização e Falhas na Oferta de Benefícios Imediatos. A análise quantitativa indicou que quanto maior a Efetividade do Conselho Fiscal , maior tende a ser a fidelidade dos cooperados, sendo que cerca de 17% da fidelidade é explicada pela efetividade do conselho fiscal.

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Olsson, Mikael. "Ownership reform and corporate governance : The Slovak privatisation process in 1990-1996." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : [S. Academiae Upsaliensis], 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400167769.

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Antoun-Nakhle, Racquel. "Les contrats de mariage religieux comme contrats de distribution sélective : cas de cinq communautés religieuses au Liban." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020045.

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L’objectif central de cette thèse est de montrer que les contrats de mariage religieux de cinq communautés libanaises s’identifient aux contrats de distribution sélective et que les comportements des ménages (en termes de prise de décision, d’offre de travail et de fertilité) sont largement expliqués par cette proximité législative. L’analogie entre ces deux types de contrats apparaît clairement au niveau des points suivants : d’abord, au niveau de l’objet du contrat, contrat d’échange et de réciprocité. Ensuite, au niveau des rapports entre les parties, la femme est assimilée au concessionnaire et l’époux au concédant, il est question de collaboration et d’interdépendance. En outre, au niveau de l’asymétrie dans les obligations des parties, tout comme le contrat de distribution sélective est dit contrat léonin au profit du concédant le contrat de mariage renferme des clauses patriarcales. Enfin, la rupture du contrat pose le problème de la précarité de la situation du concessionnaire. C’est la dimension « asymétrie dans les droits et les obligations » entre les parties qui détermine la proximité de chaque type de contrat de mariage de la distribution sélective. Et c’est par rapport à ce prisme que les choix des ménages seront analysés. Dans cette perspective, l’approche entrepreneuriale de la famille est retenue parmi les modèles d’analyse économique de la famille. Cette approche a l’avantage de considérer que la relation matrimoniale tout comme la relation commerciale est régie par un contrat. Une enquête est menée pour vérifier l’impact de la législation matrimoniale sur les choix des ménages. Les Beyrouthins semblent être les plus sensibles aux clauses contractuelles
This thesis attempts to look at religious marriage contracts of five Lebanese communities as selective distribution contracts and to explain the economic behavior of households (in terms of decision making, labor supply and fertility) by the proximity between the two legislations. The analogy between these two types of contracts is clear in the following points: First, the analogy is conceived in terms of the purpose of the contract, contract of exchange and reciprocity. Then, at the relationship between the parties, the woman is the dealer and the spouse is the manufacturer, it is about collaboration and interdependence. On the asymmetry in obligations of the parties, as the selective distribution contract is said one-sided contract in favor of the grantor, the marriage contract contains also patriarchal clauses. And finally, the precarious situation of the dealer for breach of contract. This is the “asymmetry in the rights and obligations "between the parties that determines the proximity of each type of religious marriage contract to the selective distribution contract. And it is from this prism that the economic choice of households will be analyzed. In this perspective, the entrepreneurial approach of the family is selected as a model for economic analysis of the family. This approach has the advantage of considering the marital relationship as a relation governed by a contract, as is the case of a trade contract. A survey has been conducted to justify the impact of legislation on the economic choice of Lebanese households. The inhabitants of Beirut seem to be most sensitive to the contractual terms

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Дисертації з теми "Neoclassical and the economics of property rights"

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